tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14038093161220643342024-03-18T23:04:30.596-07:00Obscure BattlesJeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.comBlogger35125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-65777640717970091562023-12-04T18:14:00.000-08:002024-03-16T20:13:08.525-07:00The Jhelum<p> </p><h2>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Alexander's Last Battle</span></span></h2><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: x-large;"><span>June, 326 BCE </span></span></h1><h2></h2><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;"><span>Also called the Hydaspes</span></span></h4>
<h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #990000;">Macedonians under </span></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" target="_blank">Alexander III of Macedon</a></b></span></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #990000;">,</span> approx. 26,500 (5,800 cavalry, 22,200 infantry)</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #674ea7;"><span style="font-size: small;">Indians under<b> </b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porus" target="_blank"><b> Porus</b>,</a> Raja of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puru_(Vedic_tribe)" target="_blank">Pauravas</a>, approx. 32,000 (2,000 cavalry, 30,000 infantry, 85 elephants, 240 chariots) </span></span><br />
<br /><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: small;"><b>Sunrise:</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"> 04:43 <b> <span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunset: </span></b>19:11 </span> <br /> <span style="font-size: x-small;">(approximate times calculated from<a href="https://gml.noaa.gov/grad/solcalc/sunrise.html" target="_blank"> NOAA's Sunrise/Sunset Calculator</a> based on location. However as the calculator does not figure for dates
prior to 1700, this was based mid May for this year. It may have been a few
minutes off. </span></p><p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Weather:</b> </span><span style="font-size: small;">Monsoon came early this year, apparently. Very rainy from snowmelt off of the Himalayas. The Jhelum</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">River was swollen and wide. Ground on either side was soggy.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Approx. Location:</b></span><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/32%C2%B035'18.4%22N+73%C2%B020'54.2%22E/@32.5717299,73.3373704,12.92z/data=!4m4!3m3!8m2!3d32.5884324!4d73.3483995?entry=ttu" target="_blank"> </a></span><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/32%C2%B035'18.4%22N+73%C2%B020'54.2%22E/@32.5717299,73.3373704,12.92z/data=!4m4!3m3!8m2!3d32.5884324!4d73.3483995?entry=ttu" target="_blank">32°35'18" N, 73°20'54" E</a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Near modern city of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandi_Bahauddin" target="_blank">Mandi Bahuaddin</a>, NW Punjab, Pakistan</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span>When a pastime gets out of hand.</span><span><br /></span></span></b></span></div><p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">T</span></span>his was to be Alexander the Great's last major battle, though he didn't know it. (Wait! That's not a spoiler. He wasn't killed here. Geeze! Leap to conclusions, why don't you!) But other factors eventually persuaded him that his youthful pastime of endless slaughter and conquest had reached its nadir. He needed a new hobby.</p><p>This story, too, is another example of how ancient history narratives can be bent by ancient propaganda, leading us to doubt their veracity. Once wonders if tales of events in our current times will be understood, or believed in 4349 (the same distance to the future as we are to this battle in the past). That's assuming the human race is still here in 2349 years. But, with that major caveat, let's get to this event...<br /></p><p>For eight years since his invasion of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" target="_blank">Persian Achaemenid Empir</a>e, starting with <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2020/05/the-granicus-334-bce.html" target="_blank">the Granicus</a> in 334 BCE, the boy king had won battle after battle, suffered innumerable wounds, caused hundreds of thousands of deaths, overthrown the reigning Great King, Darius III, and continued to push farther and farther east, past the Indus River, to the subcontinent of India. </p><p>In his youth he had studied at the knee of the great Aristotle, who had told him that the earth ended in the east at the world-encircling Ocean, just past what is now Afghanistan and the Hindu Kush mountain range. Greek mythology had that both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus" target="_blank">Dionysus </a>and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles" target="_blank">Heracles </a>had conquered this unknown land, and now Alexander wanted to outdo that god and godette by going farther east and, I presume, surfing in that reputed Ocean, preminiscent (Okay, just made up that word) of <a href="https://duckduckgo.com/?t=ffab&q=Col.+Kilgore+surfs+in+Apocalypse+Now&atb=v133-1&iax=videos&ia=videos&iai=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DuchT2LH3eTY" target="_blank">Col. Kilgore in <i>Apocalypse Now</i></a>. </p><p><i style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Strategic moves at the River Jhelum prior to the battle</b>. While there doesn't seem to have been an actual settlement at the site of Jalapur (an important place in the narrative below), I have labeled it in a parenthesis.. After the battle Alexander supposedly founded a town there, naming it after his soon-to-be-deceased horse, Bucephalus, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boukephala_and_Nikaia" target="_blank">Boukephala</a>. Apparently it received its current name, Jalapur Shafir during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Akbar sometime in the 16th century. More than you wanted to know...okay...I'll stop here.</i></p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhVZ6OP7w2YVulLqu04LIaJNYp0yaUzUE6-dfgeQqBWzvSGC8NuqLZm93E9_sO_uEklzohLeCIKygH66VxeWlCMGCsyZu2Od-h2yUsXmvrJeoTvv1pucozEnyqwJQynEFgAAiuzfipRezJNLLmEABlyXjwwekOCYOka1ydqW7OrNTeY_MIi8qGWli03xsX/s3000/Hydaspes%20Big%20View.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1750" data-original-width="3000" height="1116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhVZ6OP7w2YVulLqu04LIaJNYp0yaUzUE6-dfgeQqBWzvSGC8NuqLZm93E9_sO_uEklzohLeCIKygH66VxeWlCMGCsyZu2Od-h2yUsXmvrJeoTvv1pucozEnyqwJQynEFgAAiuzfipRezJNLLmEABlyXjwwekOCYOka1ydqW7OrNTeY_MIi8qGWli03xsX/w1913-h1116/Hydaspes%20Big%20View.jpg" width="1913" /></a><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">T</span></b></span><span style="font-size: small;">o</span> get us to this particular battle, Alexander had not been back to his home in Macedonia in over eight years. Nor had most of his army, the ones who were still alive, anyway. After his first battle at the <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2020/05/the-granicus-334-bce.html" target="_blank">Granicus i</a>n 334 he spent eight more years conquering all of Darius's empire, defeating the Great King in two big battles (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" target="_blank">Issus </a>and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" target="_blank">Gaugamela</a>) and taking a long side trip down through Palestine, conquering city after city (yes, including Gaza<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">—</span>that poor city hasn't had a break in 5,000 years), into Egypt. The Great King Darius III never formally capitulated to Alexander, but withdrew eastward to try and raise yet another army to face him. Darius, though, was treacherously assassinated by a couple of his own satraps in 330, so Alexander never had the satisfaction of having him bend the knee to him, acknowledging him as his successor. Alexander thought that would've somehow given him legitimacy. It pissed him off...royally. <br /></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">After occupying the great cities of Babylon, Susa, Ecbatana, and burning the capital Persepolis to the ground (out of spite for the ancient Greeks' nemeses), Alexander continued his quest farther east to subdue that extreme edge of the Achaemenid Empire. He marched along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, into Parthia, Bactria, Sogdiana, across the Hindu Kush range, into today's Afghanistan; founding innumerable cities named after himself, coercing local satraps and rajahs to perform <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proskynesis" target="_blank">proskynesis </a></i>(prostrate themselves, literally), and exterminating those who resisted. His goal was to continue past the easternmost frontiers of the Persian Empire at the Indus river, farther than anyone (including Heracles or Dionysus in legend) had ever gone, to the shores of Ocean, the end of the world. Just like Aristotle had promised it would be there.<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Needless to say, his troops were pretty tired and just wanted to go home. They had marched some 11,679.29 miles since leaving Pella (or 18,796 km for you metricophiles--and yes, I calculated this myself using Alexander's route and Google maps.) They'd had all the booty they could carry. And this vacation took far longer than any of them had signed up for. And none of them surfed anyway.<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Alexander reaches the far end of the Persian Empire</span></span></h3><p style="text-align: left;">By the time his army had crossed the Indus River (in the Punjab), Alexander had acquired an Indian ally in one Raja Ambhi of Taxila (near modern Rawalpindi, Pakistan). Taxila was the easternmost satrapy of the empire and after word of Alexander's defeat of Darius and the fall of the Achaemenids reached him, Ambhi had taken this opportunity to make himself raja and set up his own independent kingdom. Ambhi was, at the time, also a mortal enemy of the raja of the Pauvaras to the southeast, Porus, and saw in his convenient alliance with Alexander a way to defeat his enemy for good. He met Alexander on a plain outside Taxila and offered his army, his elephants, and his hospitality.</p><p style="text-align: left;"> The Macedonian king, who had arrived in Taxila in early
February, spent the next few months resting his army there, enjoying
the bountiful countryside (including some rare wine that was grown in
the hills surrounding, apparently unique this east in Asia), and partying in the best Bacchic tradition. Ambhi was a good host.</p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Alexander had meanwhile sent word to Porus and to Abisares, another raja to the north of the Pauvaras, that he wished to meet with them too, ostensibly to bring their kingdoms under his "protection". Abisares prevaricated, accepting some gifts that the westerner had sent him and sending back obsequious ambassadors assuring Alexander of his submission, but using the time to build up his own army. Porus said he would very much like to meet Alexander, but with his whole army in full battle array, at the border of his kingdom on the Jhelum. Neither Porus's nor Abisare's kingdoms had ever been part of the Achaemenid Empire and they weren't about to start now, thank you very much.<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">When he got this bellicose reply from Porus in early June, Alexander also received intelligence that Abisares, in spite of his thank you letters for all the gifts and his protestations of loyalty, was also heading south with his army to join Porus. (That duplicitous son-of-a-bitch!) The king had to act now. He formed his army, packed up the pontoon bridges at the Indus, and marched them all south to attack Porus as fast as they could<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Unfortunately, Alexander was apparently not appreciative of the regular onset of the South Asian monsoon, which started up in June this year. So his army had to slog 104 miles (167 km) through mud and the Nandana Pass to arrive at the likely crossing of the Jhelum before Abisares got there to join Porus. Reportedly, according to Alexander's biographer, Peter Green, they did it in two days! Towing their pontoons and trireme ships! What's a little rain to these gnarly bastards?<span style="color: #cc0000;">*</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-small;">*I'm not buyin' it. Peter Green, in his biography of Alexander (see references below) cites this two-day figure from Pliny, a Roman historian who, three centuries after the fact, evidently got it second-or-third-hand from some of Alexander's obsequious press-hacks, who were notorious for exaggerating The Boy Wonder's feats. Marching 104 miles in the driving rain, and mud, through mountain passes? In normal weather, on flat, dry ground the average adult human can walk about thee miles per hour. So 104 miles would've taken some 35 hours in clear weather with dry roads. That's non-stop, without rest</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-small;">—</span></span><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-small;">and pulling wagons and boats and hundreds of tons of arms and armor. Also the boats and pontoons had to be dismantled and dragged another 29 miles (46.67 km) overland from the Indus to Taxila before they even started for the Jhelum. His army may have been in good shape, but they weren't Marvel Superheroes. Also, neither Diodorus nor Arrian mention this incredible marching speed; they both just say the Macedonians hurried to the Hydaspes<i>.</i></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><i style="color: #b45f06;">View
from hills above Jalapur Sharif, Pakistan, looking south toward Alexander's
fording site across the Jhelum, which you can just make out in the hazy distance. This is probably the sight Alexander first had of the limit of his newly acquired empire as he emerged from the Nandana Pass. <span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@32.6801459,73.3873485,3a,62.8y,161.54h,98.63t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipOfQFzF4ZMkESLr-NBT6GbDhUXyTQSEWhIvnJm8!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipOfQFzF4ZMkESLr-NBT6GbDhUXyTQSEWhIvnJm8%3Dw203-h100-k-no-pi-0-ya181.00002-ro-0-fo100!7i8192!8i4096?entry=ttu" target="_blank">Image from Google Maps, Mohammed Zohaib</a>.</span></i></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5JwdNFar6yMh2wZX86KH4OKlIPGLtg6lN08SJsJpeZZmKyzm57BK02P71C-gOGJ42ntIFUg9v9hXoniuFet0SizSvls4iliM5eQO671aIbCBhuxsQNHid_z_rzzTDHnYq7YDQODYdrjrENYLl0PEcPEeoGVhEcbFeIfvguoK7sgWuA2TVn4HaGbOo1IXx/s800/Looking%20south%20from%20Jalapur%20toward%20the%20Jhelum.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="313" data-original-width="800" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5JwdNFar6yMh2wZX86KH4OKlIPGLtg6lN08SJsJpeZZmKyzm57BK02P71C-gOGJ42ntIFUg9v9hXoniuFet0SizSvls4iliM5eQO671aIbCBhuxsQNHid_z_rzzTDHnYq7YDQODYdrjrENYLl0PEcPEeoGVhEcbFeIfvguoK7sgWuA2TVn4HaGbOo1IXx/w925-h362/Looking%20south%20from%20Jalapur%20toward%20the%20Jhelum.jpg" width="925" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Nobody counted on the river being so wide, though.</span></span></h3></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The Jhelum was the very eastern border of the Persian Empire, the beginning of India proper. When Alexander's army arrived at the logical crossing at Haranpur (see map), they were alarmed at how wide the river was (a mere tributary of a tributary of the Indus). The melting of the snow off the Himalayas and the monsoon rains had turned it into a churning flood. Just across the river, Alexander could see the massed army of Porus, including his 85 (or 200, depending on whose narrative you believe) war elephants, trumpeting menacingly and just waiting to trample whoever waded ashore. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Alexander decided to set up camp around Haranpur and wait for his pontoon boats to arrive from the Indus (ready to reassemble in their Ikea boxes). Meanwhile he had his men patrol up and down the river, looking for other unguarded crossing points. Porus, at the same time, had followed these patrols from his side of the river, setting up guard posts for miles to warn him of any attempted crossing. He and his army knew this terrain far better than these Western invaders. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>View from the south side of the Jhelum today looking north toward Haranpur.</b> This part of the river, even 2,350 years ago, was a traditional crossing point due to the shallowness and slow flow here; so much so that two millennia later, during the British Raj period in the 19th century, engineers picked it to build the first railroad bridge over the river. <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Victoria+Bridge/@32.5777402,73.1590332,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m8!1e2!3m6!1sAF1QipPBvTdXvpw58ZqX_ycPWlAWcrIu9TTJcrQLgdg6!2e10!3e12!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipPBvTdXvpw58ZqX_ycPWlAWcrIu9TTJcrQLgdg6%3Dw212-h100-k-no!7i3264!8i1536!4m7!3m6!1s0x3921cb641adc04e3:0x2e22876c1073e63b!8m2!3d32.5777402!4d73.1590332!10e5!16s%2Fg%2F11sjx91r1b?entry=ttu" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Image from Google Maps, Billu FF</span></a></i></span><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLBiYCTaj5hrqnUutmstu1EpA5Di0CaD8DVTOrTY6IcnxlzE-U1aPUBepH77Xxf5kGiLEsN3LEFBfxec_LlShcANrBsOS4gRSawx7IOk1aUHrXVB_aDgwr3UqozOzWh_v6Ypas7AAiNttSGAvq7adTacU_6GFifnpXKGjDdo6fNiIn8MTXp_WtOBz6JqbX/s1073/Crossing%20at%20Haranpur%20Victoria%20Bridge.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="469" data-original-width="1073" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLBiYCTaj5hrqnUutmstu1EpA5Di0CaD8DVTOrTY6IcnxlzE-U1aPUBepH77Xxf5kGiLEsN3LEFBfxec_LlShcANrBsOS4gRSawx7IOk1aUHrXVB_aDgwr3UqozOzWh_v6Ypas7AAiNttSGAvq7adTacU_6GFifnpXKGjDdo6fNiIn8MTXp_WtOBz6JqbX/w640-h280/Crossing%20at%20Haranpur%20Victoria%20Bridge.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">At the same time, recognizing that he may have to wait until the monsoon ended in the fall (as his own Indian allies advised him), Alexander made ostentatious show of bringing in hay and provisions to his camp, all in plain sight of Porus. According to his Roman era biographers, this was all part of Alexander's genius in lulling the Indian monarch into complacency, as were all the show attempts to cross the river at various locations. Eventually Porus, witnessing all the settling-in activity around the Macedonian camp and boring of Alexander's futile attempts to cross the river, concluded that nothing was going to happen until the rains stopped anyway. He slacked off and stopped chasing the Macedonians up and down the opposite shore. He did, though, keep his system of guard posts in place, for miles up and down the river, each a shout's distance from each other. Porus wasn't an idiot. And his troops were experienced warriors.<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Porus also knew, in spite of the invincible reputation of the Macedonians, he had a secret weapon: his elephants. Elephants had been part of South Asian warfare for centuries. They were the tanks of the ancient world. Alexander's troops had first encountered elephants in battle at Gaugamela, where Darius had deployed some, but not in the numbers or as aggressively as Porus would. And Alexander had noted that his own horses, unused to these gigantic monsters, panicked at the sight of them, refusing to charge forward. He noted this again when, as Ambhi had met him at Taxila in February, that that raja's own "friendly" elephants had seemed to unnerve his cavalry. So the last thing Alexander wanted to do was attempt a crossing of the Jhelum in the face of 85 (or 130 or 200 depending on the source) of these monsters. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><i style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Eighteenth century illustration of a contemporary Indian war elephan</b>t, not much different from what they had probably looked like for two thousand years (though without chain mail armor). Though war-elephants from the Punic and later Hellenic Period wars had howdahs (wooden towers) on top, the Indians apparently didn't use these cumbersome contraptions, at least in battle. Most of their elephants had a human crew of two, a </i><span style="color: #b45f06;">mahout </span><i style="color: #b45f06;">(driver) on the animal's neck and a warrior seated behind, both armed with bows and long lances. Foot soldiers would flank the beast, protecting it from enemy soldiers trying to hamstring or spear it from the side or back, much like modern infantry support tanks today. <a href="https://www.philamuseum.org/collection/object/88265?" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Unknown artist from C1750, Philadelphia Museum of Art</span></a></i><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHvdFqtGeYPSlM0nFfueLOSTBciJSgO3Lp8rb84LYfz2gb2Tp2KVs7vETPU5zMBgIW2rMwFh-fmN8NDqIDkdabznXQovPCx57N6PN4rWWWzWdUtSCJgxbKtu-32hGWOyVCnsuYN0QbPMltiQ6KzvAF4gnwVkTW7x3R8BRwZjTU2TFqSowDBq5L2Ce8rl-R/s650/Elephant_in_Battle.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="543" data-original-width="650" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHvdFqtGeYPSlM0nFfueLOSTBciJSgO3Lp8rb84LYfz2gb2Tp2KVs7vETPU5zMBgIW2rMwFh-fmN8NDqIDkdabznXQovPCx57N6PN4rWWWzWdUtSCJgxbKtu-32hGWOyVCnsuYN0QbPMltiQ6KzvAF4gnwVkTW7x3R8BRwZjTU2TFqSowDBq5L2Ce8rl-R/s16000/Elephant_in_Battle.jpg" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">For an unspecified number of days or weeks, this routine went on; the Macedonians making demonstrations on the north bank, the Indians making counter-demonstrations on their side. But Alexander's local guides had revealed to him a practical and concealed crossing point some 17 miles (27 km) upstream, at a place that would later be founded as a city by Alexander, <span style="color: #b45f06;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boukephala_and_Nikaia" target="_blank">Boukephala</a></span>, (after Alexander's soon-to-be-deceased horse) and later, in the 16th century, renamed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalalpur_Sharif" target="_blank">Jalapur Sharif </a>.<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The area was hidden in a <i>nullah </i>(a local word for ravine) formed by a stream, the Kahan Kas. The Jhelum River was pinched off back then by a large, wooded island called Admana, concealing activity from the opposite bank. Alexander had his boats carted up the road one night from Haranpur and reassembled in the nullah, ready to launch into the narrow river on the near side of the Admana Island. The next day he marched his cavalry, his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypaspists" target="_blank">Hypaspists </a>(the Royal Foot Guard), two <i>taxeis </i>of his Phalanx infantry (6,000 heavy infantry, a taxis is like a brigade, composed of six <i>syntagma</i>, or battalions, of 256 men each), three thousand of his light infantry from his main camp up to the nullah. While he did this in apparently broad daylight, their movement was concealed due to a particularly strong thunderstorm that day and the overland route of march was at least three miles beyond the river, so the noise, potential dust, and even sight of the moving host would not have been detected by Porus' outposts on the far side of the river. According to Plutarch, though, the storm was so frightful that many men were "burned to death by the thunderbolts" (p<a href="https://bigsoundbank.com/sound-0477-wilhelm-scream.html" target="_blank">lay Wilhelm scream here</a>). To further mask his move from Porus, Alexander had a look-alike dressed up in a replica of his famous royal cloak, galloping around the base camp at Haranpur and moving in and out of his royal tent. He had left Craterus back at the original crossing site to make loud demonstrations with over 9,000 men to conceal his real flanking movement. And he had Meleager, with three additional taxeis of infantry (4,600) covering the lower passages across the river between Haranpur and Admana Island, ready to ferry across to reinforce the main army should it successfully engage Porus. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Those of you who have read my previous article on Alexander's first battle at the <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2020/05/the-granicus-334-bce.html" target="_blank">Granicus</a> will recognize this strategy as a natural evolution of his ploy in that battle: diverting his enemy with a show of activity on the opposite bank of the river, while secretly crossing upstream to outflank him. It's been a ploy that countless generals have used since, explained in the first <i>Jurassic Park</i> movie where Muldoon describes how one velociraptor distracts her prey from the front while the other attacks from the side. So I guess you could say the trick is millions of years old.<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">At dawn the rain had eased a little. Loading all of his infantry on the assembled boats, and his cavalry on rafts that his men had stitched together from cowhides and stuffed with hay (this works?), Alexander launched his force down the northern channel of the river, concealed by the woods of Admana Island. Everything went well. When this flotilla floated down past the southwestern tip of the island, it turned toward the opposite shore and landed. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Only problem: it wasn't the opposite shore but another island in the stream. Oops! So they had to then spend valuable time looking for still another fording site from here to the actual southern bank. When they finally found it, the men had to wade across up to their chests. Arrian says that this ford was so deep that the horses had could barely keep their heads above water, which, if you think about it, seems to contradict his previous depiction of men wading up to their chests. Unless the horses were Shetland ponies. <br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Of course, by this time, the Indian lookouts on the opposite bank saw what was happening and sent messengers galloping downstream to alert Porus. Actually, though it isn't described in any of the narratives I researched (Arrian's, Diodorus', Plutarch's, Green's), I was troubled by the timing. It would've taken almost an hour, even on dry ground, for a horse to gallop as far as Porus' camp (17 miles, 27 km, 136 furlongs, 180 stadia). So I'm speculating that this is where the Indians' chain of watch-posts came in, with those manning them passing on prearranged signals, by fire, flag, drums, or horns; sort of like my favorite scene (one of them) in Peter Jackson's third <i>Lord of the Rings</i> movie, where <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jm0wz0ZlYqc" rel="nofollow">the chain of signal beacons alert Rohan of Sauron's attack on Minas Tirith</a>. At least that's my fantasy. But I wasn't there (neither were Arrian, Diodorus, Plutarch, or Peter Green), so it may have just as well been a Pony Express delivering the message. <br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Porus, getting this warning, not sure if this was a main attack or another diversion, sent one of his sons with a thousand cavalry and some chariots over to make a reconnaissance-in-force, enough, he thought, to catch the Macedonians as they were emerging from the water and before they had had time to get in formation.There were at least three versions of what happened next. In one version (related by Aristoboulos) Porus' son (let's call him Porus the Younger, or P2) came up with only sixty chariots to reconnoiter but not engage, then turned and dashed back to report the bad news to his dad. In the second version, P2 came up with a larger force as Alexander was emerging from the water with his cavalry. In this telling P2 personally wounded Alexander, and killed his horse Bucephalus.<span style="color: #cc0000;">*</span> But in the third account<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">—a little tease of what's to come.<br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Meanwhile, once Alexander had disposed of Porus the Younger farther upstream, he decided to take the rest of his cavalry, with all his light, bow-armed steppe riders, westward and intercept Porus the Elder. His infantry he left to follow. Alexander wanted time to let his infantry come up and time for them to rest (they'd been marching in the mud all the previous day, and their ford across the Jhelum had been pretty stressful, poor babies). His goal was to eliminate the threat to his infantry by Porus' cavalry. So he launched a preemptive strike with his Agema <i>ila</i> (squadron) of elite Companions, his four <i>hipparchies</i><span style="color: #990000;">*</span> of heavy cavalry</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">, and his Scythians, Bactrians, Sogdian, and Dahae mounted bowmen, 5,300 hundred of the finest cavalry in the world. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: x-small; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">*A hipparchy. 500 men, is equivalent to a cavalry regiment, composed of two squadrons (<i>ilae</i>) usually arranged in a wedge formation. For more detail on Alexander's cavalry organization my post on the <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2020/05/the-granicus-334-bce.html" target="_blank">Battle of the Granicus.</a><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">It was also during this phase of the coming battle that Meleager, with his three taxeis of infantry, ferried across the Jhelum to join the rest on the left bank. Since the river was in spate, and supposedly only fordable at the Haranpur and the Admana Island places, it isn't clear when or how these reinforcements came across the river. It is possible that after Alexander had landed further upstream that he had sent his fleet of boats down for Meleager to use. Or it is also possible that Meleager had his own boats. At any rate, Alexander's infantry was now up to seven taxeis of heavy troops (10,680) and approximately three thousand peltasts and archers.<br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><i>Ground
in approximate location of the battlefield, on the south bank of the
Jhelum. The land here was relatively flat and peppered with light scrub forest, partially
obscuring any formations more than a few hundred yards away, at least from </i></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><i>ground-level</i></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><i>. </i></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><i>Image from
<a href="https://www.livius.org/pictures/pakistan/jhelum-hydaspes/hydaspes-battlefield/" target="_blank">Livius.org, by Jona Lendering.</a></i></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfCBZQFVjDdkJXS14p6XIhpTlgf10LRmzTOZsNaO6KrpajVhbKl55nfJB0SBIhCPpkIYN5l-CGSYg2TfhiiQ3VWzQkvLCjLEB8CHr3TQ697vaSOI333nsi9cckfMSryDpZskxes6qoqFCguCPRPwmVG7pId0t0SlPxmaY5o3dIejkuWyJnIG2xTV3PQ3d-/s700/Left%20bank%20of%20the%20Jhelum%20by%20Jona%20Lendering.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="530" data-original-width="700" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfCBZQFVjDdkJXS14p6XIhpTlgf10LRmzTOZsNaO6KrpajVhbKl55nfJB0SBIhCPpkIYN5l-CGSYg2TfhiiQ3VWzQkvLCjLEB8CHr3TQ697vaSOI333nsi9cckfMSryDpZskxes6qoqFCguCPRPwmVG7pId0t0SlPxmaY5o3dIejkuWyJnIG2xTV3PQ3d-/s16000/Left%20bank%20of%20the%20Jhelum%20by%20Jona%20Lendering.jpg" /></a></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Porus gets ready.</span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><br /></span></span></h2></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Meanwhile, Porus had been marching his army up the left bank to meet Alexander. When he reached the preselected zone that was sandier, not as muddy, and relatively clear of trees , he deployed to wait for Alexander. He didn't want to tire his own troops out. In the center he aligned his twenty-or-thirty thousand infantry in a fairly deep formation, about three thousand yards wide, but interspersed in the thirty-yard spaces between the elephants in front of them. On either flank he split both his cavalry and chariot forces. In front of the infantry he spread out his eighty-five elephants, about thirty yards apart from each other. Arrian describes the formation of the Indian army as looking like a fortress, with the "curtain wall" of infantry interspersed between the "towers" of elephants. The idea was, in Indian tactics, to have the elephants carry the main assault, supported in the interstices by the lightly armed infantry, much like in modern warfare where infantry support tanks. Porus himself, mounted on the biggest elephant, positioned himself on the extreme left of the elephant line, from where he could observe, direct, and be seen by the whole army.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Arch over the Southern Gate at the Great Stupa of Sanchi in India, 3rd century BCE, showing the look of warriors, chariots, and war elephants of this era</i></span>.<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i> They may not have had much armor, but they had fetching earrings.</i></span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: x-small; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanchi#/media/File:War_of_the_Relics_of_the_Buddha_Sanchi_Stupa_1Southern_Gateway.jpg" target="_blank">From Wikipedia "Siege of the Seven Kingdoms " over the south gate of Stupa 1 at Kushinagar.</a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /> <br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbf5spIrtbF45Y8cRhMeDUfsfLtHK1-byRu2RMxxlbGVTdivSuPJ2HRI-U3FoPo7ZiY9PrVJYawD5kpkn0WteT39Ys7UqoQQpbwfr6xt7x8kBYiOYquWK2o_yEVws8R7EIWeMjUTKI6954eZ2UKq6tBBrGvMbzssWEQaaUbC6j1NQwiiWL1vMd9DJR0th8/s1920/War_over_the_Buddha's_Relics,_South_Gate,_Stupa_no._1,_Sanchi.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="544" data-original-width="1920" height="387" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbf5spIrtbF45Y8cRhMeDUfsfLtHK1-byRu2RMxxlbGVTdivSuPJ2HRI-U3FoPo7ZiY9PrVJYawD5kpkn0WteT39Ys7UqoQQpbwfr6xt7x8kBYiOYquWK2o_yEVws8R7EIWeMjUTKI6954eZ2UKq6tBBrGvMbzssWEQaaUbC6j1NQwiiWL1vMd9DJR0th8/w1362-h387/War_over_the_Buddha's_Relics,_South_Gate,_Stupa_no._1,_Sanchi.jpg" width="1362" /></a></div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Before long, Porus saw the Macedonian horse start to appear, galloping through the trees toward him. Alexander had<i> a lot</i> of cavalry. <br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Alexander, leading his hipparchies of Companion cavalry through the scrub woods, came upon Porus's host on the latter's left flank, close to the river. He ordered his light cavalry, all the approximately three thousand mounted bowmen of the Central Asian Steppe to advance and shower the Indian cavalry and chariots with arrows. Porus, seeing how his own cavalry and chariots on that flank were outnumbered and that Alexander seemed to have massed all his cavalry on that side, ordered his right flank cavalry to gallop up behind his own army and join the battle on the north side. Alexander, seeing this, then ordered two of his hipparchies (Coenus' and Demetrius') to move south, and follow the Indian right wing cavalry up the back of their army, taking all of Porus' cavalry in the rear (see map below). Why Porus or any of his commanders didn't notice this move is a puzzle. Also I'm not sure if Alexander, who was himself engaged in the lead of his Agema cavalry squadron, was in a position to notice the move of Porus' right flank cavalry, two miles to the south. Realistically, he probably already had the plan to detach Coeius' two hipparchies in a sweeping move from the beginning, probably to engage that wing's horse, and they just continued to follow those up the backside of the Indian host when Porus ordered them north.<br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">When Porus's outnumbered cavalry started getting the worst of it, even after their reinforcement from the southern flank, and when they realized they were hit from front and back, they all retreated to the shelter of the elephants. They knew that Alexander's horses were terrified of these beasts and could not be persuaded to approach them, whereas the Indians' horses had long been used to elephants, so their presence was a refuge...for a time.<br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">It was about this time that the five taxeis the Macedonian main phalanx, led by Seleucus with the two taxeis of Hypaspists (or Foot Companions, Alexander's "Grenadiers"), began its assault on the Indian center. These were proceeded by the three thousand or so Agranian peltasts and Cretan archers, who swarmed ahead and began unleashing missiles at the oncoming elephants and their riders.<br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Opening phase of the battle proper. </b>Alexander moves with all his cavalry against the left wing of Porus. In reaction, the raja orders his right wing cavalry to reinforce his left, hoping to counter Alexander's cavalry. Alexander sends the hipparchies of Coenus and Demetrius to move across the Indian front and follow their cavalry clear up the backside of their army to attack the Pauvara cavalry from the rear. The Macedonian infantry hang bac</span><span style="color: #b45f06;">k.</span><span style="color: #b45f06;"> For now.</span></i><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy_kOBeM9vnorgoTfmcEsKvQHtQ-Q3ej-A0QfBm_bpXTmTfof57szOTC4hZ1dW_s0fOEcSx1EduKKPIbfWC_ICKazVxsEh2PSLxmpEfnCrh2_8GtAW2fQ6I5NetXVhgGOuiwjptcRrYcL8A9o1nLzL2bYvm8G6YbTu9NyD6km4uCvVjM9babhgHEv9EYAX/s2136/Jhelum%20Battle%20closeup.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2136" data-original-width="2000" height="1542" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy_kOBeM9vnorgoTfmcEsKvQHtQ-Q3ej-A0QfBm_bpXTmTfof57szOTC4hZ1dW_s0fOEcSx1EduKKPIbfWC_ICKazVxsEh2PSLxmpEfnCrh2_8GtAW2fQ6I5NetXVhgGOuiwjptcRrYcL8A9o1nLzL2bYvm8G6YbTu9NyD6km4uCvVjM9babhgHEv9EYAX/w1444-h1542/Jhelum%20Battle%20closeup.jpg" width="1444" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Squashed brains and exploding guts! Cool!</span></span></h1></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">In dealing with the formidable threat of war elephants, one of the tactics that the peltasts and archers had learned at the Battle of Gaugamela five years before, as well as from their recent Indian allies at Taxila, was that if they managed to bring down the mahouts off the elephants' necks, the animals would likely become panicked, turning into as much of a danger to their own people as the enemy. So this they started to do. Of course, the Indian infantry between the elephants, also armed with javelins, long swords, and longbows, fought back at the Greek light troops, to protect their "tanks". Other Greek peltasts bravely rushed in to stab the pachyderms in their sides and stomachs, and to slash at their legs with axes and curved swords, hamstringing them. Diodorus luridly describes the carnage as maddened elephants squashed bodies into pulp, or picked them up with their trunks to smash them to the ground, or gored them with their tusks. But one by one the elephants did start to panic as they were tormented and wounded and their mahouts killed. As they turned to run, the poor, frightened animals turned out being even more deadly to their own side as the enemy.<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">So how what were the Indian foot doing all this time? Peter Green postulates in his description of the battle that the Indian bowmen, who had long, bamboo bows, had failed to string them before the battle, waiting until the last minute to attempt to do so, but that the muddy, slippery ground made this extremely difficult. He also described that the manner in which the Indians had to anchor the bows on the ground to aim them was hindered because, again the mud made them slip. The Cretan archers, as well as the Central Asian mounted archers, had smaller, compound bows which could be loaded and reloaded fast, and shot with deadly accuracy and high penetration energy. This disparity in archery effect between the armies reminds me of that between the English longbowmen at the <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2015/03/crecy-1346.html" target="_blank">Battle of Cr<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">é</span></span></span></span>cy</a> (of which I have written earlier) and the Genoese crossbowmen in French service, where the former had kept their bowstrings dry under their helmets during that day's earlier rainstorm, quickly restringing as soon as the rain had stopped, and the Genoese had left their crossbows strung, so they were wet, limp, and essentially useless. In both battles, little details like this seemed to have made the decisive difference.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">After the battle between Alexander's light infantry and the elephants
had been going on for awhile, the Macedonian phalanx, having locked
shields and assumed a tight formation, finally came up, their sixteen
foot sarissas lowered, their front bristling with sharp points for a
depth of twelve feet. As Xenophon had pointed out in his Anabasis, while
horses would not voluntarily impale themselves on a hedge of pointy
pikes, neither would elephants. It must have taken some grit for the
Macedonian infantry to go up against these huge beasts, but their
discipline and recent experience with elephants at Gaugamela stood them
fast. Soon the big animals had lost most of their human crews to the
Agranian and Cretan missiles and they began to back away from the
phalanx and into the tight formation of their own infantry and their own
cavalry who had taken refuge behind them, with disastrous effect to the
Indians. <br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Macedonian phalanx in attack formation</b>, the first five ranks</span></i><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"> lowering their sarissas to form an impenetrable barrier.</span></i><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">The following eleven ranks held their sarissas upright, where</span></i><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"> their wavering served as a kind of force field to deflect</span></i><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"> incoming arrows.</span></i><br /></div><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarissa" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Illustration by F. Mitchell from Wikipedia article on sarrisas.</span></a></span></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHghOGKhgI4NFvkAn_eBHEZLbE_JRqjGx3HFGN5q3m_Z1TEGmkjfV-_lsafYbFqzyy26FH-odjWJGQ77vMttAhJJBBmRi2xvuX_Of5Y9oIHcwbRx8pZ_rKbW2gtyArd_9-tt7v3_qOXDKmadzy0wzSGVu-X0FkCRaMGMgMnpLvIouBe6Ki9rtVJG7fe1Es/s600/Makedonische_phalanx.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="257" data-original-width="600" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHghOGKhgI4NFvkAn_eBHEZLbE_JRqjGx3HFGN5q3m_Z1TEGmkjfV-_lsafYbFqzyy26FH-odjWJGQ77vMttAhJJBBmRi2xvuX_Of5Y9oIHcwbRx8pZ_rKbW2gtyArd_9-tt7v3_qOXDKmadzy0wzSGVu-X0FkCRaMGMgMnpLvIouBe6Ki9rtVJG7fe1Es/w650-h278/Makedonische_phalanx.png" width="650" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></i></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">While this was happening to the front. Alexander's cavalry, which had routed Porus' horse, had wrapped around the northern flank and rear of the Paurava foot and started stabbing and slashing at them. Indian infantry in this age were not generally armored as the Greeks were. They had long hyde shields but most of them (except for some elite <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kshatriya" target="_blank"><i>Kshatriyas</i></a>, or warrior caste) had no helmets or body armor to protect them. So while they were fleet and nimble, they were terribly vulnerable to heavy cavalry lances as well as Steppe horse archers. While the ancient texts seem to indicate that the Indian foot soldiers were well-trained, professional soldiers, they also note that in open battle they did not fight in tight formations, as the Greeks did, but loosely deployed, so they could dash in and out of combat individually. Consequently, they were more vulnerable to cavalry and the tightly packed phalanx of the Macedonians.<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The result was that Porus' army was hemmed in, and the rout happened like any avalanche; first in "pebbles" of ones and twos, then handfuls, and then in a rush of thousands, especially as their own elephants were turning and crushing them. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Eventually Porus recognized that things were not going so well. He rallied about forty surviving elephants to him, mounted on the largest himself, and personally led a counterattack on the Macedonians. Unfortunately, he was a very large man and an easy target (Diodrous describes him as five cubits in height, or over seven feet, and Arrian say he was over eight feet<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">—</span>undoubtedly another exaggeration from antiquity). Diodorus writes that he was shot off his elephant by a peltast or archer and fell wounded to the ground. Arrian records that he was shot so many times he became weak from loss of blood and turned his elephant around to retreat, but staying on top of it. Because he was so conspicuous, his falling or retreat was the just the cue for the rest of his wavering army needed to call it a day,. Everyone started running as fast as they could.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Arrian mentions that Craterus suddenly showed up with his two taxeis of Macedonian infantry and Greek mercenaries in the rear of Porus' army, catching the fleeing Indians in their rout and joining in the slaughter. Now Craterus had specific orders not to attempt a crossing unless Porus's elephants and reserve he had left to guard the crossing had vacated, or that he could see that Alexander was driving back the enemy. Arrian does mention that Porus had left a reserve force to hold the crossing, along with some elephants, though not how many. However if he had 85 elephants at the main battle and started off with 130, well you do the math (no, I'll do the math; 45 elephants facing Craterus). And if the battle proper had been fought eight or nine miles to the east, as has been speculated, the outcome would not have been apparent to Craterus through the trees. So this is another one of those fuzzy details of this battle that has eluded me. He may, however, have noticed the increasing flood of fleeing Indians, and Porus' reserve on the opposite bank may have also started retreating, caught up in the panic. At any rate, Arrian reports that Craterus did cross the river and killed more retreating Indians, completing the victory. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Was this the victory we have been led to believe?<br /></span></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Arrian writes that Porus lost 20,000 foot, 3,000 horse, and all his chariots. He does not say how many elephants were killed but that all the survivors were rounded up and captured by Alexander's men and the mahouts of his Indian allies. On the Macedonian side he records only 80 infantry killed, and 230 cavalry. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Diodorus, though, records that 12,000 Indians fell and 9,000 taken captive, along with 80 elephants. He clicks off 700 Macedonian infantry and 280 cavalry dead. So a bit of discrepancy there from Arrian. Peter Green's analysis is that the Macedonian casualty figure is closer to 4,000, which would have been a staggering 21% rate of the forces engaged in the battle proper. Of course, too, the dramatically high numbers of Indian casualties may be an exaggeration; nobody was counting their dead (that we have surviving records of). But even in modern warfare, actual casualty rates are rarely accurate and often exaggerated higher or lower depending on which side is reporting and what their political motivations may be. Alexander certainly had a motive to downplay the number of his own casualties to his own men and inflate those of the Indians to keep their morale up. <br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">There is an anecdote that Porus did eventually slide off his elephant and was captured, and that Alexander had him brought to him, summoning Indian doctors to administer to the tall, wounded king. Alexander was so moved by Porus' bravery that he wanted to honor him. He asked Porus how he expected to be treated and the raja only said, "Like a king." So Alexander honored this request and not only let him keep his kingdom, but subsequently gave him a ton of money and enlisted him as an ally to guard his empire against the east. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Of course, the Macedonian was very conscious of his image and his chroniclers were unctuous in describing his chivalry to fallen adversaries (like the charity with which he had treated the female members of Darius' family after the <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Battle_of_Issus/" target="_blank">Battle of Issus</a>). But the king certainly didn't act very chivalrous with most of his enemies, whom, when he defeated them in battle or captured their cities, just slaughtered them along with all their male subjects, enslaving their women and children, and often just massacring them too. His treatment of Gaza and Tyre six years earlier was genocidal war-crime level. I know he liked to think of himself as a noble, enlightened king, one bringing the more civilized Greek culture to the barbarian East, one who would be admired down through history. He certainly let his fawning PR hacks promote that propaganda. But he really was no different from any other conqueror right up to this day; a ruthless, bloodthirsty, genocidal maniac. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">After his "victory" at the Jhelum, he continued his campaign eastward for another month, clear to the Beas River in modern Punjab, India, slaughtering locals and capturing fortified towns. But he couldn't trust his army to
follow him farther east. His army had had enough. They refused to follow him farther. Once they got a sight of the Himalayas in the distance, and the endless plain of the Ganges before them, and heard rumors of hundreds of thousands of Indian warriors and 6,000 elephants, they told him, in effect, that if he wanted to reach the eastern edge of the world, he could go by himself and send them a selfie.<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">So he decided to take his army home (well, at least to Babylon). In November, after the monsoon season had
ended and his army had built a vast fleet of some 1,800 vessels, he
started his retreat (though he probably said, "Retreat, Hell! I'm just
attacking in another direction!" with honors to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_P._Smith" target="_blank">Marine Gen. O.P.Smith</a>)
but not in the direction from which they had come. Instead they floated
and marched down the Jhelum to the Chenab and eventually to the Indus
until they reached the Indian Ocean. Along the way they kept running
into more Indian tribes, having to battle or terrify them into
submission. In one of these sieges Alexander sustained the most serious
wound in his short, yet puncture-riddled life. He nearly died of it and
it took weeks to recover.<span style="color: #cc0000;">*</span> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: x-small;">*It probably ended up shortening his life in
the end; he died three years later from a terminal hangover in bed at
the ripe age of 33.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">These poor people didn't see the Greeks as civilizing missionaries, gifting them with their enlightened civilization, but as pagan, uncouth barbarians. India already had a well-established, sophisticated civilization, thank you very much; one that had even back then thrived for thousands of years. This eastern part of the Persian Empire had always been contentious even under the Achaemenids. And the Indians regarded their resistance as a religious crusade, something that the Persians, in the western part of their empire, with their more universally tolerant Zoroastrian religion, didn't invoke. Zealous religion never leads to peace. Ever. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The telling thing is that, less than twenty-five years after Alexanders' conquest, after his founding of countless towns named "Alexandria" in India, after his colonizing the whole region with his soldiers and hand-picked satraps, not a single Macedonian was left alive there. Porus himself, the beneficiary of Alexander's chivalry and munificence, allied himself with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" target="_blank">Chandragupta Maurya</a> to help found the great Maurya Empire across India (but that's possibly the subject of another Obscure Battle post)<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">My alternate theory about this battle</span></b></span><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">This battle (Hydaspes in Greek) is historically cited as Alexander's
most close-run victory, with Porus giving him a fight he had not
experienced before. It undoubtedly was a very desperate battle, and not a
sure thing as he went into it. But the wide recorded difference in relative
casualties should be taken with a truckload of salt; probably contemporary
propaganda to highlight the Macedonian's irresistible fighting prowess.<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">It is also suspicious that Alexander would've been so generous to Porus after such a decisive a victory if he had annihilated his army as he was said to have done. I'll allow that this could've been an act of smart diplomacy in order to shore up the eastern edge of his newly-won empire with a grateful adversary-turned-ally (as the United States did with Japan and Germany after WWII). But it also could have been a smoke-screen of rationalization. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">I submit that the battle on the Jhelum may have actually been a stand-off, with neither side winning the battle, and Porus retreating with a diminished but intact force, much as Robert E.Lee had done after his "defeat" at <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2023/10/antietam-1862.html" target="_blank">Antietam</a> in 1862. The fact that shortly after the battle, Alexander faced a threat of mutiny by his own Macedonians, who wanted to go home, may have had more to do with his reaching an accommodation with Porus than his touted chivalry in honoring a worthy foe. This may have been the cover story. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Alexander's long dream had been to keep marching east until he reached the world encircling Ocean. He must have known by this time that there was far more to conquer; he hadn't really got that far into the Indian subcontinent. And he must have learned from the monarchs and new friends he had made in this part of the world of all the lands and peoples beyond this western frontier of India. By the time the army had reached Gurdaspur, 155 miles east of the Jhelum, the easternmost point of
their 17,000 mile journey, they could see the awesome wall of the Himalayas in
the distance, and how the plains of India just kept going on and on. The troops and their officers realized there would be no end to this; they were
nowhere near the end of the world, or Ocean. And there were reports that beyond the Ganges [sic. Plutarch mistakes the Beas with that river] , there was an incomprehensibly massive army under one Androcottus (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" target="_blank">Chandragupta Maurya</a>) of hundreds of thousands of men, with as many as 6,000 elephants. Moreover, if Peter Green's estimate that the true casualty cost to the Macedonians at that battle was 21% of their effective force, it is another argument in favor of Alexander reaching his limit, and the limit of his troops' trust in him.<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">To sum up, my theory is that Alexander didn't win this last big battle at the Jhelum (the Hydaspes), in spite of the propaganda that has filtered down for 2,350 years. It was probably a draw. And ultimately, it turned out to be a strategic defeat, signalling to all the other rajas in India that they could beat this guy. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">I know, you beg to differ.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Wargaming Jhelum</span></b></span><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div>This battle (Hydaspes in Greek) has a number of interesting scenario possibilities to wargame. Since it was always recognized as Alexander's most difficult battle, that in itself suggests a great what-if. Here are some variants to test:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: medium;"><b>1.</b> </span>What if Alexander had delayed his crossing of the river until the monsoon was over (say in August)? He might have had to contend with an even larger enemy force as Porus' erstwhile ally, Abisares the Raja of Kashmir, came down to reinforce the Pauravas. But by that time reinforcements from Greece and Babylon would have also arrived (30,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry, according to Green), strengthening both armies. Also the tactical considerations of an unfordable river, muddy ground, and miserable conditions of fighting in continuous rain would have evaporated (literally). </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">2.</span></b></span> What if Alexander had planned for a more efficient crossing of the Jhelum around the Admana Island to land on the actual south bank instead of the surprise, second island, thereby saving hours?</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">3. </span></b></span>What if Porus had been more aggressive in sending a stronger force (including some elephants) up to the Admana crossing earlier?</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: medium;">4. </span></span></b>What if Porus had used his more nimble and numerous infantry to outflank the Macedonian phalanx and attack them from the rear? He would have left enough in the center to support the elephants, but he certainly could have spared a flanking force of fifteen thousand or so to sweep southeast, around through the scrub forest. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: medium;">5.</span></span></b> What if Porus had used all or at least some of his elephants more aggressively, charging into the Macedonian cavalry who were already terrified of getting anywhere near these monsters?</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Combat Considerations</span></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> Obviously, the two cultures had very different tactics and capabilities to take into account during a wargame of this battle. And rules should conform to those. For details on the formations of Macedonians I refer to my section on that (with graphics) in my previous post on <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2020/05/the-granicus-334-bce.html" target="_blank">the Granicus</a>.<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Macedonian Phalanx Infantry</span></b> fought in tight formations with unapproachable front (by man or beast). They were also trained to change formation and front quickly. It should also be rated as the very highest in combat efficiency.</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b> </b></span></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Macedonian heavy and light cavalry</b></span> (Danae, Scythians, Bactrians, Sogdanians) should also be rated higher in CE than Indian cavalry. </div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><br /><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Indian infantry</b></span> were not a bunch of drafted peasants, but were more-or-less experienced and professional warriors, so should be also rated high in CE and morale. But they were not trained to fight in dense columns with pikes.</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"> </div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Indian chariots </b></span>were pretty much useless in this wet weather, even thought the ground was supposedly not as muddy. </div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"> </div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Elephants </b></span>need special rules. Hellenic cavalry should not be able to approach them (or come within javelin range), but Indian cavalry can shelter behind them. In close combat they should be rated very high (I'd leave it to your individual algorithm to determine how high). But they should also have vulnerable morale, and likely turn on their own side in a retreat. They are also vulnerable to light infantry attack and will not charge into the front of tight Macedonian phalanx. </div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"> </div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>The death of either leader </b></span>(Porus or Alexander) should be a risk, since both fought in the thick of it. Should this happen, morale throws for every unit in that army (or overall) should be taken to see if they run. </div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Weather Considerations</span></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> Since it rained heavily rules about movement and tactics should be taken into account:</div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Movement</b></span>; Galloping and running is out. Chariots get stuck in the mud (roll for each unit of these before moving them). For campaign scale games, I'd halve all normal movement cross country.<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Archery</b></span>: Indian archers, due to the nature of their bows, are not as effective as Greek and Steppe cavalry archers with their composite bows.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Visibility</b></span>: Because it was raining, and the landscape was covered in scrub forest, visibility should be restricted. I'd recommend 1,000 yards.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"><h2><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Order of Battle<br /></span></span></h2><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">The strength for the two armies was based roughly on Arrian's history, but are probably very approximate. Of course the strength and composition of the Indian army under Porus was even more wildly speculative. For instance, reports of the elephant strengths varied between 85 and 200, and Diodorus gives him 50,000 infantry, 3,000 cavalry, 1,000 chariots and 130 elephants. And Plutarch records only 20,000 infantry. And while Porus was said to have left part of his force guarding the ford at Haranpur, I could not find the strength of that wing. I also could not find if Alexander's estimated 5,000 Taxila allies brought any of their own elephants or chariots with them. Nevertheless, here is a rough tally. Don't use it for any term papers.<br /></span></span></p><h2><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGqEiDDmd_tpYbiKz0BAcjPaa__10tI4QMR34SOmxhvtWTTCMiVdO9DytyoWg39HncELXHXDtBp5g6trCrlZIxQySjd_3pq4UKti4pc66NAdhSuSWDajaW60-Y7-MXfA2b176O9Zx0_H5WgMsn1KdAWoL5SOCxS4ZkfRN08H0Tqz4MoHi44sjNzP1ucSEg/s1503/Jhelum%20OOB%20table.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1503" data-original-width="600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGqEiDDmd_tpYbiKz0BAcjPaa__10tI4QMR34SOmxhvtWTTCMiVdO9DytyoWg39HncELXHXDtBp5g6trCrlZIxQySjd_3pq4UKti4pc66NAdhSuSWDajaW60-Y7-MXfA2b176O9Zx0_H5WgMsn1KdAWoL5SOCxS4ZkfRN08H0Tqz4MoHi44sjNzP1ucSEg/s16000/Jhelum%20OOB%20table.jpg" /></a></h2><h2><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><br /> </span></span></h2><h2><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">References</span></span></h2>
</div><br />
Arrian, James Romm (ed) <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9781400079674" target="_blank">The Landmark Arrian: The Campaigns of Alexander</a>, 2012, Anchor Books, ISBN 978-1-4000-7967-4<br />
<br />
Connolly, Peter, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9781853673030" target="_blank">Greece and Rome at War</a>, 1998, Greenhill Books, ISBN 1-85367-303-X<div id="watermark"> </div><div id="watermark"></div><div id="watermark">Dodge, Theodore Ayrault, <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Alexander/0RcwAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1" target="_blank">Great Captains: Alexander</a>, 1890, Houghton Mifflin, Cambridge, MA, <br />
<br />
Fuller, J.F.C, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Generalship-Alexander-Great-J-F-C-Fuller/dp/0306813300/ref=sr_1_2?dchild=1&keywords=The+Generalship+of+Alexander+the+Great&qid=1589228941&s=books&sr=1-2" target="_blank"><u>The Generalship of Alexander the Great</u></a>, 1960, Da Capo Press, ISBN 0-306-81330-0 <br />
<br />
Green, Peter, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9780520275867" target="_blank">Alexander of Macedon 356-323 BC</a>, 2013, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-27586-7 <br />
<div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark">
<br /></div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark">
Hackett, John (ed), <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Warfare-Ancient-World-OUT-PRINT/dp/0816024596/ref=sr_1_3?keywords=WArfare+in+the+ancient+world&qid=1564171606&s=books&sr=1-3" target="_blank">Warfare in the Ancient World</a>, 1989, Facts on File, ISBN 0-8160-2459-6</div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark">
Hanson, Victor Davis, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9780304359820" target="_blank">The Wars of the Ancient Greeks</a>, 1999, Cassell, ISBN 0-304-35222-5</div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark">
Head, Duncan, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-2221111535650" target="_blank">Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars, 359 BC to 146 BC</a>, 1982, Wargames Research Group, ISBN13: 2221111535650</div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark">
Unwin, Vanessa and Catton, Charles (ed), <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Fighting-Techniques-Ancient-World-3000/dp/0312309325/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=fighting+techniques+of+the+ancient+world+3000+bc+-+and+500%2C&qid=1564171045&s=books&sr=1-1" target="_blank">Fighting Techniques of the Ancient World 3000 BC - AD 500,</a> 2002, Amber Books, ISBN 0-312-30932-5</div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark">
Warry, John, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9781566194631" target="_blank">Warfare in the Classical World,</a> 1995, University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 0-8061-2794-5</div>
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;">Online References:</span></h3>
</div>
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<div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark">
Arrian, The Anabasis of Alexander, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Anabasis_of_Alexander/Book_V">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Anabasis_of_Alexander/Book_V</a></div>
</div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark">
Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, Book XVII,<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/17E*.html" target="_blank"> https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/17E*.html</a><br />
</div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark">
<br /></div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark">
Plutarch, <u>Life of Alexander,</u> <a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alexander*/8.html">https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alexander*/8.html</a><br />
<br /></div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark">Xenophon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1170/1170-h/1170-h.htm#link2H_4_0003" target="_blank">The Anabasis </a></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"> </div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Movies:</span></b></span></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"> </div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark">Stone, Oliver, director, <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0346491/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_7_tt_1_nm_7_q_Alexander" target="_blank">Alexander </a>2004</div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark">Okay.
Maybe not scholarly, and a pretty awful Oliver Stone potboiler, but
whoever was the technical adviser on Macedonian tactics had the battle
scene of Gaugemela pretty damn right. And though the depiction of the
Battle at the Jhelum in the movie was a little confusing (and some of the timelines
of events, like the threatened mutiny of the Macedonians, were out of
order), it was damn fun. <br /></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"><br /><br /> <span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Copyright
2023, Jeffery P. Berry Trust, all rights reserved. No part of this post
may be used for republication or re-posting without documented
permission of the Jeffery P. Berry Trust. However, feel free to link to
this site as a resource from related sites. Original images are copy-protected by Digimarc embedded digital watermarks.</span></i></span></span></div>
</div><p><br /></p><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-19273787604628335532023-10-13T16:27:00.012-07:002023-12-05T15:29:12.311-08:00Antietam, 1862<div class="separator"><p style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #990000;">American Civil War</span></span></p></div>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></span></h2><h2><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></span></h2><h2><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;">Wednesday, 17 September 1862</span></span></h2><p>
<span style="color: blue;">Army of the Potomac under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan" target="_blank">George B. McClellan</a>: approx 74,000, 294 Guns</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Army of Northern Virginia under<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" target="_blank"> Robert E. Lee</a>: approx 35,000, 230 Guns</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Weather:</span> Rainstorm the night before, ending in the early morning hours. Ground fog at dawn for an hour or so. Otherwise clear, though the air was apparently windless and heavy, becoming "smoggy" with gunsmoke pretty quickly.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Sunrise: <span style="color: black;">05:53 </span>Sunset:</span> 18:16 <br />
( <a href="https://gml.noaa.gov/grad/solcalc/sunrise.html" target="_blank">NOAA Improved Sunrise/Sunset Calculator</a><a href="https://gml.noaa.gov/grad/solcalc/"> </a>from date and coordinates)</p><p><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/moon/@4369352?month=9&year=1862" target="_blank">Moon in waning crescent</a>, not rising until 00:38 on the 18th. So it was a black night.<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span>
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<![endif]--><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Antietam+National+Battlefield/@39.4704766,-77.7418793,3496m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x89c9e5ad0b25f195:0x6bad6e2599e8f00d!8m2!3d39.4687452!4d-77.7387923" target="_blank">39° 28’ 12” N, 77° 33’ 24” W</a>
<br />
</p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Caveats:</b></span> </span>Okay. Let me be upfront right off. This isn't an obscure battle to<i> aficionadi </i>of the American Civil War. Get over it. I named this domain "Obscure Battles" for this blog years ago, when my first articles <u>were </u>a
series of obscure battles (to most normal people). And I have since done
battles much more well known--at least to people who paid attention in
their high school history classes and don't get all their information
from Tik Tok. So it is with this.</p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">As usual, my own take on this battle is what is obscure. And, I'm sure, wrong.<br /></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">Perhaps as much as any battle in American history (or world history for that matter), Antietam
is rich with detail and anecdotes of the fighting. I have to admit, in
writing up this vast battle, it is tedious to cover all of it.
For those of you wanting juicy, minute-by-minute accounts I heartily
recommend Stephen Sears' book, <u>Landscape Turned Red</u>, or John Priest's collection of personal memoirs, <u>Antietam: The Soldiers' Battle</u>. These and other books listed in my bibliography below. Otherwise I'm going to cover the broad action.</p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A Personal Note:</span> </span></b>Two decades ago I visited this battlefield and spent three days
there walking over almost every inch of the ground, listening to Park
Rangers/Historians (like Paul Chiles) describe the battle. So it has a
personal appeal to me, something I had meant to write about and do maps
of for some time. So while this is not an "obscure battle", it is certainly something I have been working on for several years. <i><br /></i></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><i>This map shows unit positions at the beginning of the battle, from just before sunrise to about 06:30. Details of the ground, the nature of the crops in the fields, the
fences and roads, were derived from the incredibly detailed series of
maps done by Carman and Cope from 1899 to 1908, on the <a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3842am.gcw0248000/?sp=1&st=single" target="_blank">Library of Congress's Websit</a>e.</i> The footprint of the unit markers are to scale, based on reported or estimated strength levels. </i></span><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">©</span>Jeffery P.Berry Trust 2023 protected by Digimarc digital watermark.</span></span></i> </p><p>
</p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpAQ9xmiCkOY0ju-NBgVKs6p8KMIFBYc9gHA3G1zczliGmSvOFJVDM_9zHbver3ZNcF6BPS_mYYzM89j2X58Srk_hjfIiOsi618wvANkEn2juuMiPGXPQ7A7miUazb9yYyOpCccnm9prIf0PTuMaUcsLADiorniuM60j-8I5B7WAPlTvnF8POvA0wVsCqw/s5007/Antietam%201862--0530.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="5007" data-original-width="3500" height="3921" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpAQ9xmiCkOY0ju-NBgVKs6p8KMIFBYc9gHA3G1zczliGmSvOFJVDM_9zHbver3ZNcF6BPS_mYYzM89j2X58Srk_hjfIiOsi618wvANkEn2juuMiPGXPQ7A7miUazb9yYyOpCccnm9prIf0PTuMaUcsLADiorniuM60j-8I5B7WAPlTvnF8POvA0wVsCqw/w2741-h3921/Antietam%201862--0530.jpg" width="2741" /></a><h2><br /></h2><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i></span><h2><span style="color: #b45f06;">A mess of a battle that ironically saved the Union and freed four million Americans from slavery</span></h2><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;">B</span>ecause
my country and its media seem to be writhing in the dark fantasy of
another impending civil war (I mean, wouldn't that be fun?), I've been
thinking of and re-reading histories of our last one. As with all
contemplation of history, the parallels are chilling. And frustrating how we never seem to learn. But fortunately
there are also fundamental differences. Nevertheless, I felt compelled
to deal with this battle, which though a tactical mess, turned out to be
a turning point, not just in the American Civil War, but in the history
of human rights in my country and the world.</span></p><p>Toward the late summer of 1862<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">—</span>things
were looking pretty dire for the survival of the American republic.
Though there had been some Union victories in the West (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" target="_blank">Shiloh</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" target="_blank"> Fort Donelson</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Henry" target="_blank">Fort Henry</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" target="_blank"> Pea Ridge</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_New_Orleans" target="_blank">New Orleans</a>),
and though the Confederacy was increasingly blockaded from its trade
with Europe by the U.S. Navy, things were not looking good for the
United States. Anti-American parties in Europe's two superpowers, the
U.K. and Napoleon III's France, were clamoring for their governments to
intervene and put an end to the American experiment in self-government,
which had too long been regarded as a bunch of arrogant, shrill
trouble-makers. The textile industries in Europe were also in terrible
recession because of the cut-off of Southern cotton due to the Union
blockade. While the U.K. would eventually exploit its recently acquired
empire in India as an alternative source of cotton and though there was
enough warehoused supply in England to last until the end of 1862, that
country faced record unemployment in its huge textile industry. Because
of this, the Civil War was having a political knock-on effect on
Britain's Liberal Palmerston Government. Even though Britain and France had
both outlawed the slave trade in their own empires, they hypocritically
reaped economic rewards from its continuation in the United States. They
were getting intense domestic and political pressure at home to end the American
Civil War, to recognize the Confederacy (even with and especially for
its slavery), and to get on with life. Sheeze!</p><p>President Lincoln
had long realized that the true animus behind Southern secession and the
war had been slavery. He ran for office on eradicating it. And when he
was elected, the Southern state legislatures, anticipating his
anti-slavery agenda, just took it upon themselves to start leaving the
Union one after another, as some (especially South Carolina) had been
repeatedly threatening to do practically since the Constitution was
ratified 72 years before. It's a threat we've heard time and time again
ever since, whenever certain states think their "rights" as states have
been violated by a "tyrannical" Federal government. I don't think an
election year goes by without Texas threatening secession. <br /></p><p>By
the second year of the war, Lincoln realized that in order to retain
the continued backing of his own newly-formed Republican Party, he had
to move toward Emancipation, but without losing the remaining slave
states in the Union to secession (Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, and the
soon-to-be newest state of West Virginia). This was also a midterm
election year, and, as in most midterms, the incumbent party was worried
about losing seats in Congress. So "Abolitionist" Republicans were
clamoring that something be done to move forward the single issue that
had swept them into power in 1860 in the first place. This issue was
something that was the elephant in the room. (Get it? "elephant"?
Republican Party?...oh, never mind.)<br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">But there was a slight problem. </span></b> </span></h2><p>Up
until the summer of 1862, except in the West as I mentioned above, the Union had been
suffering defeat after defeat on the battlefield. The two major European powers, Great Britain and France, were debating whether to intervene to
impose an end to the war and recognize the Confederacy, and resume their
importation of cotton, which, as I said, was vital to those countries'
textile industries. For Britain, the strongest of the European powers
(economically at least), the hypocrisy of backing a slave power like the
Confederacy held a political booby trap. Britain had officially
outlawed slavery since 1834 throughout their empire (well, <i>officially
</i>anyway). Certainly there was mass unemployment and recession, but to
come to the open defense of slave drivers would have spelled political
suicide in the Palmerston Liberal Government. The Tories were loudly clamoring for intervention, hoping for the final end to the American "experiment" and the re-acquisition of Britain's North American colonies. Parliament and the Palmerston government were being
lobbied heavily by Confederate emissaries to do so, citing their
faction's cavalcade of military victories in Virginia and Kentucky.<br /></p><p>Napoleon
III of France was personally less anti-slavery, or at least
indifferent to it, and somewhat prone to support the Confederacy if it
would back his long attempt to add Mexico to his empire. But it was
still a political gamble for him to openly support another country's
secessionist region if doing so would harm his own country's economy.
Also, like the U.K., France had officially abolished slavery throughout
its empire at the inauguration of the 2nd Republic in 1848. But the
French economy was still limping from its stalemated war against Austria
in Italy two years before. And Napoleon III's adventure in Mexico was
stalling (e.g. the disastrous French defeat at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Puebla" target="_blank">Battle of Puebla</a> on <i>el Cinco de Mayo</i>
five months before). So the Confederate envoys were hopeful they could
persuade the French dictator to back their case for recognition in
exchange for supporting the claim of his hoped-for client, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" target="_blank">Emperor Maximilian I (and Last) of Mexico</a> (actually, and ironically, an Austrian.)</p><p>But by September the
American government was sensing things could flip either way for it in
Europe. An intervention by either Britain or France could spell disaster
for the Union. Much as an intervention by so-called "neutral" powers to enforce a ceasefire in Ukraine could spell disaster for the existence of that country today.<br /></p><p>Though Lincoln had drafted and polished his
Emancipation Proclamation since July of 1862, he felt and was advised by
his cabinet and party that, if issued prematurely, it would merely seem
like a last, pathetically desperate gesture, and might actually
precipitate foreign intervention. He was also worried about losing the
four remaining slave states (so you don't have to scroll up: Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, West Virginia). He'd
also risk losing the backing of the wavering pro-Union Democrats in the
North, who weren't all that keen on emancipation, which their base
considered an entirely different issue from secession. There was a
midterm election looming in November and Lincoln was worried about
losing his Republican majority in Congress. If all of these threats were
to materialize, the country would go down blub-blub, without having
practically emancipated one enslaved person or saving the Union.<br /></p><p>As I reread all of
this history of my country's Civil War, I was struck by the parallels in
our own times with the economic and political stress all of the NATO
countries and other democracies in the world are feeling from Russia's
current invasion of Ukraine. All of the free democracies have declared
moral opposition to it, and doing what they can to support the
Ukrainians, but they are also suffering economically from the sanctions
on Russian energy exports and most recently by the grain blockade
re-initiated by Putin's Russia on Ukraine (reneging on an earlier agreement not to interfere with those). In 1862 the British and French, as well as smaller European countries, were feeling the same moral vs economic dilemma <i>vis-a-vis </i>the American Civil War, but over cotton instead of fossil fuels and grain. The only factor that isn't the same is that no one had nuclear weapons back in 1862.<br /></p><p>So,
by September, Lincoln needed one game-changing victory in the East,
closer to Washington and the press, before he felt he had the political
capital to issue his Emancipation Proclamation and give the country that
higher moral purpose for the war. It was initially about secession, of
course; but the reason the Confederate states seceded in the first place was their
opposition to emancipation. They were inextricably linked.<br /></p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjazA9zs2mQprafwc8qpH2Emc0eqIJ892vTH4mUclgEu2Njv92QHfeOwuNmDRPahqi0KHwXcIWmJcTBlrO7SB7S-Fk8_12ZKgLhv15kiMzPY0XHH86n2g9wm_W4g0GmeuSW7y0uP8q_j8HCiGgaMR9gqB6xzf_HfIZhHbsDDF0YuhGlc-kgxaF21ZILhQ/s900/McClellan.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="708" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjazA9zs2mQprafwc8qpH2Emc0eqIJ892vTH4mUclgEu2Njv92QHfeOwuNmDRPahqi0KHwXcIWmJcTBlrO7SB7S-Fk8_12ZKgLhv15kiMzPY0XHH86n2g9wm_W4g0GmeuSW7y0uP8q_j8HCiGgaMR9gqB6xzf_HfIZhHbsDDF0YuhGlc-kgxaF21ZILhQ/w317-h400/McClellan.jpg" width="317" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>George B. McClellan</b><br />Posing as "The Young Napoleon"<br />He did love to pose.</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Yet Lincoln's tools were dull.</span></h2><p></p><p style="text-align: left;">Frustrated
with the string of incompetent generals he had appointed to lead the
Eastern Theater armies, who all had presided over defeat after defeat,
and after the last humiliation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" target="_blank">Second Bull Run</a>
in mid-August, Lincoln was forced to offer the command again to George
McClellan. The President was reluctant to do this because McClellan had
spectacularly failed in his Peninsula Campaign in Virginia earlier in
the year. "The Young Napoleon", as his fawning entourage and the Democratic press
nicknamed him, actually won battle after battle in that venture (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" target="_blank">Seven Days Battles</a>),
inflicting horrific casualties on the outnumbered Confederates. And yet
after each tactical victory, seizing defeat from the jaws of victory, The Young Napoleon would retreat. He did this over and over until he
backed himself against the James River. Lincoln, exasperated by
McClellan's ineptitude, cowardice, and weak excuses, finally ordered him
to pack up and come back to Washington, relieving the Young Napoleon of
command. "Little Mac" (as he was supposedly also fondly known by the Union
soldiers, though I suspect that was so much press puffery too) blamed
his failure in the Peninsula on Lincoln (whom he dubbed "a Well-Meaning Baboon" and, "the Original Gorilla"...and probably other simian
epithets) for not sending him enough reinforcements, and ammunition, and other supplies. He had been
complaining throughout the campaign that instead of vastly outnumbering the
Rebels (as was actually the case), it was <i>he </i>who was outnumbered; his estimate of Lee's army growing by 100,000 each week.<br /></p><p style="text-align: left;">McClellan
was one of those blustery generals who was more concerned with the
press and his self-image that with actual fighting. He frequently wrote
his wife, Ellen, describing himself as the country's savior, appointed
by God. He actually wrote this, over and over. He must have been a eye-rolling joke for those non-sycophantic officers on his staff and under his command.
And certainly we've seen enough of his self-anointed, "heroic-victim"
type in our own time (not naming any names). I have long wondered what Ellen, his wife, really
thought of him. Did she "Yes, Dear," him throughout the war?<br /></p><p>The
Confederacy, on the other hand, was blessed with McClellan's almost exact opposite. Robert
E. Lee had been appointed command of the Army of Northern Virginia (ANV)
by President Jefferson Davis since the wounding of its previous
commander, Joe Johnston, during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" target="_blank">Battle of Seven Pines</a> during the Peninsula Campaign.
It was Lee who was responsible for the bitch-slapping of the Army of
the Potomac month after month throughout the summer of 1862. Though the
Union troops in Virginia had fought ferociously, they had been led by
one incompetent commanding general after another (including McClellan).
Lee seemed unstoppable. Even when he lost a battle (as he did
throughout the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" target="_blank">Seven Days Battles</a> and would again at Antietam<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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spoiler), he never quit. And his men grew to feel they were invincible,
even when hungry, barefoot, and skinny from starvation. The prevailing
myth among them was that one Johnny Reb could lick ten Billy Yanks. <br /></p><p>Mindful
of the global implications of the Confederacy's survival, Lee and
Jeff Davis concurred that while the ANV was beating the Yankees in
battle after battle on Virginia soil, it was strategically vital to take
the war up North to prove to the world's superpowers that the
Confederacy was going to win, and that it would be best for those powers
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<![endif]--><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">—</span>an economic crisis I'll elaborate on below. <br /></p><p>And even though the South <i>was </i>for
the time winning battle after battle in Virginia, the fact that so much of the war
was fought in that state meant that Virginia farmers, commerce, and
people were suffering. It was another reason to take the war into the
North. Make the people of Maryland and Pennsylvania suffer and see how
long <i>they'd </i>support the war. Also, many in the South were
convinced that the people of Maryland would rise up and join them (being
in a slave state themselves). This was based partly on the Confederate
misperceptions of the significance of<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" target="_blank"> the Baltimore Riot </a>in
1861 and the somewhat pro-Confederacy sentiments in eastern Maryland,
particularly on the Chesapeake. But western Marylanders were, for the
most part, not pro-secession at all. They wanted to stay out of it. It
reminds me of the gross miscalculation that Vladimir Putin made of his
reception in "liberating" Ukraine earlier in 2022. Like the Ukrainians,
the white people of western Maryland had no interest in being "liberated" by the
Confederates. In fact, as Lee was to find to his chagrin, his invasion
would set off a virulent pro-Union backlash in Maryland. <br /></p><p>Meanwhile,
after its humiliating defeat at Second Bull Run, the Army of the
Potomac had been reforming around Washington. As I earlier pointed out,
Lincoln felt he had no choice but to fire its latest hapless commander,
John Pope, and, running out of available talent, reinstate McClellan. As
the Young Napoleon had initially organized the Army of the Potomac, he
seemed the likely man to reorganize it. Lincoln, though, was not
optimistic about McClellan; he just felt he had no other option at the
time.<br /></p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikajs3pdt3Jl6HsNjiaHZZDLyRE8ZYzOfaaDKvQpLnl4aBhuP-sTFci74qCULpnWsjevKSlmElcixm90RiyF9_68OQ4s7-GfxViN2-u5nx_6a39Oqh4mx4wZJT9G7cgg226GvJMFfcRtI0jxP66YPxljV_it-26t-ks1oaxcaoT3XvlyMJ1mcSzKLZmQ/s648/Harper's%20Weekly.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="648" data-original-width="460" height="519" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikajs3pdt3Jl6HsNjiaHZZDLyRE8ZYzOfaaDKvQpLnl4aBhuP-sTFci74qCULpnWsjevKSlmElcixm90RiyF9_68OQ4s7-GfxViN2-u5nx_6a39Oqh4mx4wZJT9G7cgg226GvJMFfcRtI0jxP66YPxljV_it-26t-ks1oaxcaoT3XvlyMJ1mcSzKLZmQ/w368-h519/Harper's%20Weekly.jpg" width="368" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Not all papers admired "The Young Napoleon".</span></i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>McClellan
was thought to be very popular in the Army and it seemed as though he would be able to re-instill confidence in the defeated
troops, who, in spite of their string of defeats, had actually great
confidence in themselves. It was their succession of buffoon commanders
who exasperated them. And they still had confidence in their Little Mac. At least that's what the press had claimed.<br /><p></p><p>This
historic claim to his popularity has always mystified me. When
McClellan was the Army of the Potomac's commander during the Peninsula,
he had not exactly shown brilliance, nor followed up the repeated
battlefield victories of his troops with strategic offense; he just kept
retreating and retreating until his back was to the James River. But then his
reputed military genius may have been propped up by biased reporting
of the press lackeys who were following McClellan, Democrat-biased papers like <i>The New York Herald</i>,
as well as the subsequently published letters the Commanding General
himself had written to his wife, whining about how nobody appreciated
him and that he had only nit-wits to work with... blah, blah, blah. In fact, he said again and again how
nothing was his fault; it was always those "traitors in Washington" who
wouldn't send him enough troops. Or sandwiches.<br /></p><p>Since some isolated experiences during the Mexican-American War fifteen years before, he also had no actual combat experience. The only other battle he had remotely been close to was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rich_Mountain" target="_blank">Rich Mountain </a>in
1861, where, like the Peninsula and, we'll see, later Antietam, he had led from the
rear. This small battle he prematurely assumed he lost because he heard
Rebel cheering in the distance. But it was his subordinate, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rosecrans" target="_blank">William Rosecrans</a>, who counterattacked and beat the Confederates, a feat which Li'l Mac was quick to take credit for. <br /></p><p>I
have long wondered if McClellan's reputation for popularity with the
army was only in his own imagination and that of his entourage of press
sycophants. The Civil War was seventy-five years before George Gallup
invented the first public opinion poll. So back then the best political
assessment of the mood of the electorate was taken by<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/before-opinion-polling-tracking-public-sentiment-in-civil-war-era-politics/" target="_blank"> the mood of the press</a>,
of which each paper was extremely partisan (Not like today.). Lincoln knew this, and was
skeptical of the Democratic press's claims of McClellan's reported
popularity. But Lincoln himself was not so prescient as to flaunt
McClellan's appeal to the troops reported in those papers, or among the
Northern Democrats still in Congress. Lincoln was a consummate
politician, so for the most part went by his gut instead of polls or newspaper opinions.<br /></p><p>But the president<i> was </i>galled
to have to turn back to McClellan, who had shown Lincoln and his whole
cabinet unconcealed disdain for months, and had displayed himself as a
self-preening clown. When he had
been ordered to go to the reinforcement of General Pope fighting the
Second Battle of Bull Run, he blatantly held his Army of the Potomac
back until Pope was defeated. Talk about traitors! </p><p>But things
changed with Lee's crossing the Potomac, putting the capital itself in
peril. Lincoln felt he didn't yet have anyone else he could turn to. The
president had been warned by his staff that McClellan (a rabid, anti-abolitionist Democrat) had
political ambitions himself and there had been rumors of his plotting to
turn on Washington and install himself as a military dictator. But, <i>in extremis</i>,
Lincoln felt he had to work with the tools he had in his box. And
McClellan was certainly a tool. Lincoln later wrote to another AOTP
commander, General Hooker, when he subsequently turned to him to
command, even after rumors of Hooker's off-record remarks about himself
installing a military dictatorship, "What I now ask of you is military
success, and I will risk the dictatorship." I'm sure he was thinking of
that in having to turn to McClellan in September 1862.</p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;">"We'll be welcomed as liberators!"</span><br /></h2><p>Three
days after Second Bull Run (2 Sept), Lee decided to act. After
replenishing the ANV from the captured Union depot stocks at Manassas
Junction, he began to move his army of 50,000 up to White's Ford on the
Potomac, just 23 miles up river from D.C. Freed of the threat to
Richmond by the withdrawal of nearly all the Federal troops back to
Washington, and of the perceived diplomatic need to goad the European
powers into recognizing the Confederacy's viability, Lee and Davis both
recognized that now was the time to take the war north to prove that the
South was winning their independence.<br /></p><p>Unfortunately, as the ANV started
moving, it was subsequently reduced by desertion of an
estimated 15,000
men who, tired of fighting barefoot and starving, reasoned that they
had done their part by
driving back the Yankees from their home states.The Southern enthusiasm for their war of independence was not universal, and, in many
cases extended no farther than the gates of their own farms. The saying among the Confederate rank-and-file was, "Rich man's war, poor man's fight." <a href="https://acwm.org/blog/myths-and-misunderstandings-slaveholding-and-confederate-soldier/" target="_blank">As few as 10% of soldiers owned slaves themselves</a>, and as few as 25% came from families who did. It was the principle of the thing to them. And they were also <a href="https://themoderatevoice.com/rich-mans-war-poor-mans-fight/" target="_blank">inflamed by the Southern press</a>, politicians, and their own preachers that the freeing of slaves would unleash rapine and murder upon their families (a familiar argument by anti-immigration politicians throughout American history, up until and including today).<br /></p><p>Also many soldiers in Lee's army
felt that they had been lied to when they had originally signed up for a twelve month enlistment, only to have their government rescind that
agreement that April and unilaterally extended it to three years, or
"the duration of the war" (a vague loop hole). The Confederate Congress
thereby enacted the first universal conscription act in American
history, drafting all men from 18-35. So much for fighting for freedom! These
admittedly war-time laws flew in the face what these patriots had
volunteered for; liberty. So thousands of those one-year Confederate
consignees were deserting in droves, believing they had been betrayed,
and, at the very least, had done their duty by defending their home state
(not the Confederacy at large). </p><p>After all these desertions, by the time Lee had crossed into Maryland his
army was down to about 35,000. But, it must be said, those remaining
were the most dedicated<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">—</span>and lethal. <br /></p><div style="text-align: left;"><p>The first units started
crossing on 4 September. Fortunately the water level on the Potomac at
this time of year was low, so the men took off their pants (and what
shoes they had) and, balancing these and packs and muskets on their
heads, were able to wade across the 360 yard (320 m) wide river relatively
easily at White's and Cheek's Fords. By the 7th nearly all of the
remaining men of the ANV had crossed into Maryland. </p><p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>Pants off, everybody!</b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b> </b> </span></i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>White's Ford looking from the Virginia side of the Potomac. <span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(You'll
have to pardon my crude mosaicing of the panoramic image. I made it
from a sequence of shots I took in 2001 with my old, manual Nikon F.) </span></span></i></span><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">©</span>Jeffery P.Berry Trust 2023 protected by Digimarc digital watermark.</span></span></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRqFdDBZ8YPHmEzcs8vPd3vEMOOTjl7olb8ILK887SCsyEZtbnvFbqQ6ReLkhJj5dw_yIj8Wy16JplSMaYVsZxydG8ul_-5_-bzUksZEM_6GlcnavBmnhhhNKoglIMA4V76PHlGcJ3TBsu03it_nH1LB6Tjayh1jhZIUSs-T_OXkKcjy5VwGNLUra6iw/s1200/Whites%20Ford--Pano.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="1200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRqFdDBZ8YPHmEzcs8vPd3vEMOOTjl7olb8ILK887SCsyEZtbnvFbqQ6ReLkhJj5dw_yIj8Wy16JplSMaYVsZxydG8ul_-5_-bzUksZEM_6GlcnavBmnhhhNKoglIMA4V76PHlGcJ3TBsu03it_nH1LB6Tjayh1jhZIUSs-T_OXkKcjy5VwGNLUra6iw/s16000/Whites%20Ford--Pano.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p><br />Like
the current invasion of Ukraine by Russia we are witnessing in our own
time (or should I say, "Special Military Operation"?), Lee and Davis
had grossly misjudged the reception they expected in Maryland. As I mentioned above, they had
anticipated that Maryland, a slave state itself, would, when
"liberated", rise up and join The Cause. This miscalculation stemmed
from poor local intelligence and an over-reliance on the pro-Democrat
Baltimore press, suggesting that all of Maryland was ready to join the Rebellion. Eastern Marylanders did tend to sympathize with the South.
But not Western Marylanders, through whose towns and farms the ANV now
marched. Many people defiantly displayed Stars-n-Stripes flags from
their windows, including the immortalized 95 year-old <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Fritchie" target="_blank">Barbara Fritchie</a> in Frederick, who was <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1863/10/barbara-frietchie/303951/" target="_blank">misquoted in Whittier's jingoistic poem</a>,
"'Shoot if you must, this old grey head/But spare your country's flag,'
she said". There has been considerable controversy if this incident
was Barbara herself, or other women in other towns the Secesh army
marched through. There were several anecdotes of women waving American
flags from their houses, and some reports of women wrapping themselves
in that flag and daring the Rebs to shoot them. Mostly people watched
the marching Johnnies out of sullen curiosity, but decidedly, not cheering. So in spite of the optimism of thousands of pro-secession Marylanders
joining their ranks, fewer than 200 did, hardly enough to replace the 15,000 deserters "who had done enough."</p><p>The ANV now fanned
out into several enterprises. Though it is commonly thought to be a
cardinal sin in war, Lee, though usually on the numerically inferior side,
frequently split his force to confuse the enemy. It was one of his
signature moves. To him, that enemy was a single man, McClellan, and
from his experience with the Young Napoleon in the Peninsula, he felt he
knew his boy. Lee could split up his army and spread it all over western
Maryland and knew that McClellan would take no chances, move slow, (the
Northern pro-Republican press had nicknamed him "Tardy George"), and
not be a problem. </p><p><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Black Americans being driven to Virginia from Maryland as "contraband" by Lee's cavalry.</b> <br />I'm sure these people welcomed their Liberators. Harper's Illustration, Nov 1862</span></i> <br /></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3e0fwQtUMf9fbNMVQko3IIy2GNyIElr7rkmVw3tYY1ZEwOuma8VLHZJKu9CJ78aWC1j8gssrprD-mSl_Z0ufqS7Swvio1xLmzFGcxKykQWA437_uBiF9_CVwNgnni860CmjfUR0mN_sSuJBFAU45F-TGQjOtQf7vqgPlGAXh97bzSJzfn75Jv0AMgCOaj/s640/a%20Slaves%20being%20driven%20to%20Lower%20South%20from%20Virginia,%201852.%20Harper's%20Weekly%20(November%208,%201862),%20p.713..jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="382" data-original-width="640" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3e0fwQtUMf9fbNMVQko3IIy2GNyIElr7rkmVw3tYY1ZEwOuma8VLHZJKu9CJ78aWC1j8gssrprD-mSl_Z0ufqS7Swvio1xLmzFGcxKykQWA437_uBiF9_CVwNgnni860CmjfUR0mN_sSuJBFAU45F-TGQjOtQf7vqgPlGAXh97bzSJzfn75Jv0AMgCOaj/w639-h382/a%20Slaves%20being%20driven%20to%20Lower%20South%20from%20Virginia,%201852.%20Harper's%20Weekly%20(November%208,%201862),%20p.713..jpg" width="639" /></a></td></tr><tr style="text-align: left;"><td class="tr-caption"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Also, during this and Lee's subsequent invasion of Pennsylvania the next
year, Confederate cavalry took it upon themselves, in their
confiscation of private property as a necessity of war, to include the
confiscation (or, let's call it what it was, kidnapping) of Black Americans as "contraband", driving them back into
Virginia to be sold as slaves. Many were legally free citizens of
Maryland. It didn't matter. Though there doesn't seem to be direct
evidence that Lee himself officially ordered this slave raid on Americans, he
certainly turned a blind eye on it. </p><p>Lee had written a secret order, the infamous
Order 191, to four of his generals (Longstreet, Jackson, D.H.Hill, and
McLaws) to take their respective commands in four directions. Longstreet
was to take 10,000 men and move northwest to Hagerstown, near the
Pennsylvania border. D.H.Hill was to follow with his 5,000 and block
the northern passes over the long South Mountain into western Maryland.
Jackson was to take his corps , about 13,000, up to seize Martinsburg
on the upper Potomac and then back down the Virginia side to seize the
main Federal depot at Harper's Ferry at the confluence of the Potomac
and Shenandoah Rivers. John Walker was to take his 3,400 up onto Loudon Heights on the Virginia side of Harper's Ferry to shell if from that dominating position. And finally Lafayette McClaws was to take 7,000
men (including Dick Anderson's division) and occupy the southern part of Elk
Mountain, overlooking Harper's Ferry from the Potomac's Maryland shore.
It was a bold and complex operation.<i> (See map below.)</i></p><p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>Movement of forces from the 3rd to the 13th of September.</b> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Remember,
light source on the mountains is coming from the bottom right...you
know...where the sun rises. People have objected t the way I portray
shadows in these maps as confusing, thinking that, conventionally, one
should portray shadows coming from a light source to the upper
left...oh, never mind. </span></i></span><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">©</span>Jeffery P.Berry Trust 2023 protected by Digimarc digital watermark.</span></span></i><i> <br /></i></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFCD4ktBJpKBkLOO-qyJwbDkMnh6UAya1Soe4yo4dlR_jr1-5w8tAJFjL92gWG1p89RtRr4JzYMDmQmOLL_tNylbQBvLSju0mFBq9KQyUH46TFiR4VwmOqln8nr9_RwVGFRQqwsS3Vx5EjXw_-T9yBR_RIIEUGCwcaIdhP5mfUqJzjc0hcYpw1qjXqftXJ/s1641/Antietam%20Campaign%20Map%20for%20posting.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1641" data-original-width="1200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFCD4ktBJpKBkLOO-qyJwbDkMnh6UAya1Soe4yo4dlR_jr1-5w8tAJFjL92gWG1p89RtRr4JzYMDmQmOLL_tNylbQBvLSju0mFBq9KQyUH46TFiR4VwmOqln8nr9_RwVGFRQqwsS3Vx5EjXw_-T9yBR_RIIEUGCwcaIdhP5mfUqJzjc0hcYpw1qjXqftXJ/s16000/Antietam%20Campaign%20Map%20for%20posting.jpg" /></a><i> </i><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Windfall in the Grass: Special Order 191<i><br /></i></span></b></h2><p></p><div style="text-align: left;">As luck would have it (and luck always has it in war), after Lee's army marched west and southwest out of Frederick on the Tuesday the 9th,
and when McClellan's army began to march in, two enlisted men from the Union Twelfth
Corps were lounging in a glade west of town when one of them had a
"Hel-lo! What's this?" moment. Corporal Barton Mitchell of the 27th <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--> Indiana saw a package wrapped in paper lying in the grass; the package
contained, to his delight, three cigars. The cigars themselves were a
treat, but the wrapping paper had some provocative writing on it. When
the two men started reading it, they realized it was quite significant.
Dutifully they passed the message up the chain of command until it found
its way to McClellan's HQ, now in Frederick. They had discovered a copy
of<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Order_191" target="_blank"> Lee's Order 191</a>. Apparently, when Jackson received the order on the 9<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><sup><span style="font-size: xx-small;">th</span></sup></span>,
not noticing that D.H.Hill was also on the list, he had a copy made,
wrapped up some cigars in it for his friend, and sent a staff officer
off to find Gen. Hill and deliver it to him. Evidently, this copy was
what fell out of the courier's pocket and into the grass, where Corporal
Mitchell found it. I can just imagine the courier's gulp as he patted
his own pockets wondering where his package was. We've all had that gulp when we couldn't find our wallets/phone/keys/transponder to the Enterprise.<br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJJ2yPdodZLIUZnDHadMrLU-nQyHA7Ln5sf-ToG0cBvTIijGb21OToSVe4c9sXTd3NE1GI8MfHNKvNKfHZW2Bl2fFrW-P2L_yNzjaQEIaLTj60-3jOVQK2mUS1nNOd4BbM1n3EVF5K2VI3LPMBh1Ok4QBHo5iLZfExhdWB414F_-tgOOJqLGd2L6WuZg/s1280/Lost%20Order%20191.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1014" data-original-width="1280" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJJ2yPdodZLIUZnDHadMrLU-nQyHA7Ln5sf-ToG0cBvTIijGb21OToSVe4c9sXTd3NE1GI8MfHNKvNKfHZW2Bl2fFrW-P2L_yNzjaQEIaLTj60-3jOVQK2mUS1nNOd4BbM1n3EVF5K2VI3LPMBh1Ok4QBHo5iLZfExhdWB414F_-tgOOJqLGd2L6WuZg/w360-h284/Lost%20Order%20191.jpg" width="360" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>Copy of Special Order 191</b><br />discovered lying in a meadow and hand delivered to <br />General McClellan, potentially changing the war. <br />Or not.</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;">For
the two soldiers' pains in dutifully passing the package to their
company officer and ultimately on to McClellan's headquarters,
naturally, that intervening officer kept the cigars for himself. Dick.
(In a lesson of karma, though, that officer, one Capt. Peter Kop, was
killed eight days later in The Cornfield at Antietam, while the two
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<![endif]--><p></p><p>When McClellan received this unlikely intelligence windfall the morning of Saturday, the 13th,
one of his staff officers, who had worked with Jackson's chief-of-staff
before the war, verified the signature and handwriting, and therefore
the authenticity. McClellan immediately realized this gift of fate and,
jumping up, exclaimed, "Now I know what to do! Here is a paper with
which, if I cannot whip Bobby Lee, I will be willing to go home."
Anyway, that's what he wrote his wife Ellen that he said. Oh, had she
but been there to applaud his dramatic soliloquy! Her hero! (Or, "Yes,
dear, that's nice.")<br /></p><p>Guess what: He did nothing. Good ol' Li'l
Mac never disappointed. For six hours after receiving this decisive
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the incredible intelligence that Lee had split up his army ironically
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overwhelming force under Lee. No responsible commander would dissipate
his force unless that force was vastly superior to the enemy. So George
reasoned, and it was seconded by his incompetent intelligence chief,
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">—</span>no, make that
half-a-million men! Lee, himself reading all of the same Northern
newspapers that McClellan read, knew about McClellan's delusions, and
probably chuckled to himself, knowing that it would inhibit Tardy
George's reaction. Some historians have speculated that the leak of
Lee's plans was deliberate, with the goal of reinforcing McClellan's
belief in the size of the ANV. But it would seem to be an inefficient
way to plant a psych in a package of cigars in a random field, hoping
some random soldiers would just happen upon it.<br /></p><p>So, before the
decisive battle is even joined, both sides commit colossal blunders:
1) Lee spreads his army out and, through criminally lax security, blows
his plan to his enemy. And 2) McClellan gets this God-given look into
his adversary's plans and vulnerabilities, and fails to act. </p><p>But wait... it gets better...</p> <p></p><p></p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">South Mountain and Harper's Ferry</span></b><br /></span><p></p><p></p><p>It wasn't until Sunday the 14th that the Army of the Potomac started to move towards its objectives, the two gaps through South Mountain (Turner's and Crampton's), with the target being Longstreet's Corps, cutting it off from Jackson and McLaws off to the south, besieging Harper's Ferry (See map above). Of course, during the night, Lee's own spy on McClellan's staff had plenty of time to get word to him that the Yankees had his plans and were getting ready to act. Lee ordered Longstreet to pull back to Boonesboro from his foray up to Hagerstown, and for D.H.Hill to move his 5,000 men back to Turner's Gap (the northernmost pass) to fortify it and block the Yankees. He also alerted McLaws and J.E.B. Stuart to send over some troops from their expedition to Harper's Ferry back east to block Crampton's Gap, about 9 miles south of Turner's Gap. Their mission was to delay the advance of McClellan long enough for Lee to pull in his army and find a defensive position...let's see...ohhhh...here...at this little town called Sharpsburg (imagine a cinematic zoom-in shot of a map with Lee's finger pointing to the spot.)</p><p><i style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Action at Turner's Gap</b> on Sunday, the 14th. Library of Congress </i><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrwpakL-Xf9YxEDsUMUdRZjz4MYy3KO8RT_qzqM1nRLlLKcPnvJQHh7M3KTSU6SkYTwguYRBzPLdX52vgsE8jyAtDFeFpID940GV3JSXWvOTWBpiLRZ95ADAuI4HBktSyb1sgyxiof7zUgjEBmaMoTpIzHLQ0ZneJgUK40QU8yKPcc1TY_cxE7hecKoo7M/s2000/The-battle-of-South-Mountain-MD.-Sunday-Sept.-14-1862-01231u.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1345" data-original-width="2000" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrwpakL-Xf9YxEDsUMUdRZjz4MYy3KO8RT_qzqM1nRLlLKcPnvJQHh7M3KTSU6SkYTwguYRBzPLdX52vgsE8jyAtDFeFpID940GV3JSXWvOTWBpiLRZ95ADAuI4HBktSyb1sgyxiof7zUgjEBmaMoTpIzHLQ0ZneJgUK40QU8yKPcc1TY_cxE7hecKoo7M/w640-h430/The-battle-of-South-Mountain-MD.-Sunday-Sept.-14-1862-01231u.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br />The actions around the three gaps over South Mountain got lugubriously going as the first Union troops under Burnside and Franklin started making their way up three paths through the woods, eventually encountering D.H.Hill's Confederates and some of McLaws' troops waiting behind some stone walls. This battle unfolded slowly as more and more of the Union First, Sixth, and Ninth Corps brigades came up over the long day. At first Hill had only a handful of men and guns to hold back the Yankees, but gradually Longstreet fed him more and more. Eventually, by the end of the day there were something like 28,000 Federals and 18,000 Confederates engaged, with a total of about 5,000 casualties between them. The Yankees didn't break through on that day, owing to the slowness of McClellan again, and Lee's men withdrew after the sun went down, having felt they had done their job of holding off the Blue Wave long enough for Jackson to take Harper's Ferry and Lee to prepare his defense at Sharpsburg. So let's give South Mountain to the Confederates<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">— </span>just didn't feel the urgency. Some, like "Baldy" Smith (2nd Div, Sixth Corps) and Darius Couch (1st Div, Fourth Corps), were AWOL the whole damn day. Smith said he got a late start. And nobody seemed to know where the hell Couch was; he showed up late that night, explaining he got lost. Yeah, right. McClellan, as usual, was no help at all. Unlike Lee, who kept close touch with all of his commanders, McClellan just didn't seem to care. He was busy posing for the press and writing love letters to his wife about how he was about to go into battle. He was a commander that loved the <i>idea </i>of being in charge but just didn't like to do the actual <i>charging.</i></p><p>Meanwhile, down south at Harper's Ferry, the Union garrison commander, Col. Dixon Miles, was busy doing nothing as well. By the 13th he had let himself be completely surrounded by Jackson, Walker, and McLaws. He had originally about 11,500 men under his command, and this was added to by another 2,500 when Gen. Julius White retreating down from Martinsburg in front of Jackson's wide sweeping movement (see campaign map above). Gen. White, though senior to Miles, deferred to the colonel out of respect for that officer's long veteranship (38 years in the Army), while Miles was merely a businessman who had obtained his commission from political favors at the start of the war. Before the 13th Miles had more than enough men to eject McLaws' and Walker's troops from the Maryland Heights to the north and the Loudon Heights to the east across the Shenandoah River. But aside from a contingent he dispatched up to Maryland Heights, he chose to sit tight, explaining to his complaining officers, "I am ordered to hold this place and God damn my soul to Hell if I don't.." When Jackson showed up at the Bolivar Heights overlooking the town from the west that morning, the Confederates had a superiority of two-to-one and three dominating positions, with more than 50 guns. Miles stayed put. Though his men had been fighting off the Rebs, and even managed to push them back from Bolivar Heights on the 13th, he ordered them back down the hill into the town. A squad of Union cavalry under Capt. Charles Russell crept out of town late that night and made its way up to find McClellan in Frederick. McClellan did write orders for Franklin to break through Crampton's Gap and relieve Harper's Ferry, and sent three couriers to Miles with orders to hold on at all costs; that help was on the way. But those messengers never managed to reach Miles.</p><p>By the morning of the 15th, after a day of relentless bombardment, Miles told his officers he had done all he could and had decided to surrender. His officers and men were furious. They told him they could break out, across the pontoon bridge to Maryland and fight their way up to join McClellan. But Miles sighed and said no, it was all over. Unfortunately (or fortunately), a cannonball hit him in the leg at that moment and he died the next day, ingloriously and in agony (and, based on his oath from the previous day," damned in Hell"). His successor, Gen. White, chose to obey Miles' last order and surrender the town, all its magazine and stores, and 12,600 men without further resistance.<br /></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwN03PEHuE7AXUAAWJey0TRPMmcSnXseMVMMbfCgv4kWGe9q5dq1h7qzNxUqNo9TY1bp32oj3oLHyLMThg0KDKT2HBeObbhlnM7leHe8ZBYvuz7yXo2GKapo7dXX12VfNcMSwUcUC-Sjitx3uIf6C-SdKXmGPu5Kr9Fhab7KJ01xesmb1SVtUidF--gg/s523/Grimes%20Davis.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="523" data-original-width="407" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwN03PEHuE7AXUAAWJey0TRPMmcSnXseMVMMbfCgv4kWGe9q5dq1h7qzNxUqNo9TY1bp32oj3oLHyLMThg0KDKT2HBeObbhlnM7leHe8ZBYvuz7yXo2GKapo7dXX12VfNcMSwUcUC-Sjitx3uIf6C-SdKXmGPu5Kr9Fhab7KJ01xesmb1SVtUidF--gg/w256-h320/Grimes%20Davis.jpg" width="256" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>B.F. "Grimes" Davis</b><br />Union cavalry officer who used <br />his southern drawl to fool<br />Confederate troops in the dark.</span></i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>The previous day, however, another of Miles' disgusted officers, Col. Benjamin Franklin <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Davis" target="_blank">"Grimes" Davis</a>, a native Mississippian and Jefferson Davis' cousin who had remained loyal to the Union, said "F*** this!" (or the Victorian equivalent) and took 1,400 of his cavalry northwest across the Potomac on the still-intact pontoon bridge from Harper's Ferry and went on a raid that captured a Rebel wagon train of stolen supplies bound for Jackson, using his broad Southern drawl in the dark to fool the escorts into thinking he was one of them. He continued with this prize up to Greencastle, Pennsylvania, then went back down to join up with the Army of the Potomac on the Antietam Creek. I love this incident, both because it would've made a great war movie, but also because it showed that just because you were a Southerner didn't mean you weren't a loyal American (see my article on <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2019/07/snodgrass-hill-1863.html" target="_blank">Chickamauga) </a>like those other Union officers from the South, George Thomas, Winfield Scott, John Fremont, David Farragut, and Jesse Reno (just killed at Turner's Gap, above), Grimes Davis was another patriot.<br /><p></p><p>One has to wonder about those remaining twelve thousand-plus Union troops who were meekly surrendered by their commander. Had they followed Davis across the pontoon bridge, would they have been been put to good use two days later at Antietam? Judging by the way we'll see how McClellan would use the overwhelming force he already had, probably not.<br /></p><p>Anyway, Miles' surrender of Harper's Ferry came just in time for Lee and at the worst time for McClellan. For now the 26,000 Confederates that were used in its siege were free to head northwest to consolidate the whole ANV at Sharpsburg. While the Union victories at Crampton's and Turner's Gaps over South Mountain on the 14th had forced Lee to frantically withdraw his thinned out troops to Sharpsburg, McClellan, true to form and still far behind the lines, decided to rest his army once more and wait for supplies to come up. Li'l Mac was far more comfortable micromanaging logistics than leading combat operations. So he gave Lee an extra day to draw in his scattered army and set up his positions the high ground west of Antietam Creek. </p><p>Late on Monday the 15th, McClellan finally ordered his army to tentatively begin reconnoitering the Confederate positions around Sharpsburg, but would not authorize any aggressive moves. By the morning of the 16th he had a three-to-one superiority in place against Lee. But he yawned, put his feet up on his camp desk in front of Pry's farmhouse, and said there was time the next day to begin his assault. Lincoln had been sending him urgent messages after his report of the minor victories at the South Mountain gaps on the 14th, urging him to press on and destroy the disunited Rebel army. But the Young Napoleon apparently had no intention of doing so. As he wrote his wife, he felt his primary job was to persuade Lee to go back to Virginia, which, to him seemed to be happening, and to do so without any unpleasantness. So to him it was time to celebrate his great strategic victory. You just want to slap this incompetent, self-important little dip. Though he was reportedly popular among some of this troops, he was the worst possible commander at the nation's most critical time.<br /></p><p>Lee, pretty nervous himself, was tensely awaiting the arrival of Jackson, McLaws, Walker and the rest of the commands who had just captured Harper's Ferry. Gradually those forces began to come up on the 15th and 16th. A.P. Hill's 3,600 men were still managing the captured 12,600 Federals and shipping off the captured stores (including Black people) south and wouldn't arrive until late on the 17th. But for the two days of McClellan's leisure, the Confederates grew stronger around Sharpsburg. By sunset on the 16th, though, they still numbered only around 30,000 to McClellan's 74,000.</p><p>And McClellan continued to do nothing. Based on his "gut", and on the horrible assessments provided by Pinkerton, his incompetent intelligence chief, and his refusal to use his own cavalry to feel out the enemy, he assumed that it was Lee who outnumbered him, by 100,000 men or more.<br /></p><p>Lee, though probably biting his fingernails, knew his enemy. He knew that McClellan had never personally led in a battle himself, and that he was a coward, preferring to hang back, observing through "heavy lenses", to risk nothing, and retreat at the first check. The Confederate was counting on this posturing phony to act as he had in the Peninsula earlier that year. </p><p>What Lee didn't count on was the ferocity of the Union rank and file. After the Rebel victories in the first part of 1862, there was a confidence among the Southern troops that one of them could whip ten Yankees. But, as we'll see, this was to prove fatal overconfidence. The Bluecoats were itching for payback.<br /></p><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">McClellan is finally ready to order the attack...sort of</span></span></b></div><p>Not until the 17th, almost two days after Lee had built up his army and dug in, did McClellan issue orders to attack. 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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">—</span>out of date before publication. So in holding his cavalry back, he prevented it from screening his own maneuvers and blinded himself to what his enemy was doing. Brilliant! </p><p>(Are you getting the impression that I don't like this guy?)<br /></p><p>Evidently, in delaying his attack all during the 16th, McClellan hoped that Bobby Lee would take the opportunity to retreat. Instead Bobby used that opportunity to build up his forces as they marched up from Harper's Ferry. McClellan also evidently believed he was still outnumbered by Lee; that the Confederates had at least 100,000 men, three times what they in fact had. </p><p><i style="color: #b45f06;"><b>The front lawn of this Pry Mansion</b> was quite a convivial spot for a picnic and for McClellan to look across the stream and countryside. It was also quite out of range of any enemy artillery or cavalry raids. </i><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">©</span>Jeffery P.Berry Trust 2023 protected by Digimarc digital watermark.</span></span></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKnnIPunOwybaI8fEh-Bq-tiPRFzj9mMiWXffRynRiZTcJgAkLIPLNlxSaGtJ0dHkTV7p7I5EcXHWrqhiKUnsiIsNC8u5qsP58MrtFnpkKt8HVegdAusK4K03v-pMPF8k_SCtYhdhu6Cfuzqy3kiPZUFHM98KPc2D0lesv8Bf2zj4uoFoa0pzm_KxE5xeY/s2500/02%20Pry%20House%20sm.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="417" data-original-width="2500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKnnIPunOwybaI8fEh-Bq-tiPRFzj9mMiWXffRynRiZTcJgAkLIPLNlxSaGtJ0dHkTV7p7I5EcXHWrqhiKUnsiIsNC8u5qsP58MrtFnpkKt8HVegdAusK4K03v-pMPF8k_SCtYhdhu6Cfuzqy3kiPZUFHM98KPc2D0lesv8Bf2zj4uoFoa0pzm_KxE5xeY/s16000/02%20Pry%20House%20sm.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p><br /><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Panorama toward the battlefield from the hill behind the Pry House. This was on a clear day, without smoke or morning haze, so you can see very little out to the actual front from here. </span></i><i style="color: #b45f06;"> <br /></i><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">©</span>Jeffery P.Berry Trust 2023 protected by Digimarc digital watermark.</span></span></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNpebJId_iE-Qww_mmplkIyfMMa-YA6gTm3SXz5E80oNSJTar2d3Y7uZlsqTmNDMQZabYj9KgsWKlu7VO7sRMHLCnRP4mVLrFtfgnKg4mu6hOW60ZNRVRWAkWOl1Fb5cMeG4OODWSSsWoOHBDpcNLWahIyrFK8vtZtaWBIa9unIP-zVSeNqIXy30MSJGPK/s3200/01%20Pry%20House%20sm.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="3200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNpebJId_iE-Qww_mmplkIyfMMa-YA6gTm3SXz5E80oNSJTar2d3Y7uZlsqTmNDMQZabYj9KgsWKlu7VO7sRMHLCnRP4mVLrFtfgnKg4mu6hOW60ZNRVRWAkWOl1Fb5cMeG4OODWSSsWoOHBDpcNLWahIyrFK8vtZtaWBIa9unIP-zVSeNqIXy30MSJGPK/s16000/01%20Pry%20House%20sm.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><br /><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Well...we might as well start the battle.<br /></b></span></span></p><p>At 5:30 on the 17th Hooker, on his own initiative, still having no direct orders from McClellan to attack, started his offensive at dawn. Mansfield's Twelfth Corps was still in bivouac a mile to the rear of
Hooker's, having been up almost all night crossing the Antietam, so were just starting to brew coffee
when the battle started. On the Confederate side, during the wee hours, Jackson had reinforced Lee's northern wing partially behind hastily thrown-up breastworks from the dismantled fence rails along the Hagerstown Pike. And he sent out hundreds of skirmishers into the West and East Woods to harass the bivouacking Yankees.<br /></p><p>Hooker had about 9,200 men and 43 guns in his First Corps, backed up by Mansfield's Corps with some 8,000 men with 38 guns. Not an overwhelming force against Lee's left flank, imagined by McClellan's gut to be as many as a million men, (actually a little over 15,000 with 74 guns). Moreover, Lee held interior lines while the Army of the Potomac was stretched out around a six mile arc, bisected by the Antietam Creek, further squandering McClellan's numerical advantage. The Young Napoleon's tactical plan couldn't have been worse.<br /></p><p><i style="color: #b45f06;">Reprise of the map at the top of this post, so you won't have to scroll up. Isn't that considerate of me? This is the situation about half-an-hour after the beginning of Hooker's advance.</i><i> <br /></i><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">©</span>Jeffery P.Berry Trust 2023 protected by Digimarc digital watermark.</span></span></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpAQ9xmiCkOY0ju-NBgVKs6p8KMIFBYc9gHA3G1zczliGmSvOFJVDM_9zHbver3ZNcF6BPS_mYYzM89j2X58Srk_hjfIiOsi618wvANkEn2juuMiPGXPQ7A7miUazb9yYyOpCccnm9prIf0PTuMaUcsLADiorniuM60j-8I5B7WAPlTvnF8POvA0wVsCqw/s5007/Antietam%201862--0530.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="5007" data-original-width="3500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpAQ9xmiCkOY0ju-NBgVKs6p8KMIFBYc9gHA3G1zczliGmSvOFJVDM_9zHbver3ZNcF6BPS_mYYzM89j2X58Srk_hjfIiOsi618wvANkEn2juuMiPGXPQ7A7miUazb9yYyOpCccnm9prIf0PTuMaUcsLADiorniuM60j-8I5B7WAPlTvnF8POvA0wVsCqw/s16000/Antietam%201862--0530.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>Hooker's primary objective at this time was a small, stone church
(officially The German Baptist Church of the Brethren, but snarkily nicknamed by the less evangelical locals "the Dunkers" after their rite of
full immersion baptism). The path of Hooker's first wave of attack was across
a cornfield between the West Woods and the East Woods, hereafter called
by it's generic "The Cornfield". None of these features had these names
at the start of the battle; they were probably originally named for the lands' owners
(Miller, Poffenberger, Morrison). But they all became the sites of such
carnage that they were capitalized by historians and the National Park
Service since.</p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz2Utkg7twgowKBA6uYoEu4v8LAHnYva5j85Hx1Cx8nK9BpeJYO7eZo1CxNT1SFWMPYViZEKSHcJOzx13YI_pCtjPqx1C969xgutU0FHh1007LDKXXdhq7affxSlTc-AgCu8NvfqSdssYhiD-HvAeSoZnOYmBJpzC9h7Us0P8n9AvDKJFgL6aC80k4KIMJ/s1149/Dunker%20Church--0002.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="779" data-original-width="1149" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz2Utkg7twgowKBA6uYoEu4v8LAHnYva5j85Hx1Cx8nK9BpeJYO7eZo1CxNT1SFWMPYViZEKSHcJOzx13YI_pCtjPqx1C969xgutU0FHh1007LDKXXdhq7affxSlTc-AgCu8NvfqSdssYhiD-HvAeSoZnOYmBJpzC9h7Us0P8n9AvDKJFgL6aC80k4KIMJ/s320/Dunker%20Church--0002.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr style="text-align: left;"><td class="tr-caption"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Dunker Church</b> in 2001. Doesn't really look like a </span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><br />church, does it? Those German Baptists were real<br />fundamentalists.</span></i><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">©</span>Jeffery P.Berry Trust 2023 Digimarc protected<br /></span></span></i></td><td class="tr-caption"><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">.</span></span></i></td><td class="tr-caption"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Hooker's left wing, led by Seymour's Pennsylvanians, moved through what would later be called the East Woods to lay down fire on Walker's (officially Trimble's) brigade hunkered down in the plowed field north of the burning Mumma farm. Some of these Pennsylvania troops, called "Bucktails" for the deer tails they had pinned to their caps, were armed with the new Sharps breechloader rifles, so they were able to pour out a volume of fire greatly magnifying their numbers. The Rebs were at a distinct disadvantage. They had earlier set fire to the Mumma farm, evidently to deny it to the Yankees, but now they were lying under the smoke of it, taking sniper fire from the woods in front of them, and in enfilade from some 20 pounder Parrott guns across the Antietam Creek. They hunkered down, trying to take shelter in the furrows of the plowed field and the little Mumma family cemetery. Must have been fun.<p></p><p>Hooker's divisions under Ricketts and Doubleday launched their charge toward the Dunker Church through the Cornfield, Miller's meadow, and the West Woods in waves, only to be cut down by the Confederates waiting behind the makeshift barricades as they emerged from the rows of corn into the open. Rather than immediately retreating, though, they stood and returned fire. Both sides took terrible casualties, some of the highest rates in the war, until they ran out of ammunition and reluctantly withdrew, only to be replaced by supporting brigades. The Rebels' and Lee's cockiness that one Johnny Reb was worth ten Billy Yanks was quickly dispelled. These Yankees were tough sons-o-bitches and eager to give back on the humiliating losses of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" target="_blank">Peninsula</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" target="_blank">Second Bull Run</a>, <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/05/cedar-mountain-1862_24.html" target="_blank">Cedar Mountain</a>, and the other defeats they had endured prior to Antietam (mostly due to the incompetence of their commanders, not to the cowardice of the soldiers). </p><p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>One of the many waves of Union attacks toward the Dunker Church that morning</b><br />Salon painting by Thurle de Thulstrup, 1887</i></span> <br /></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRZIpFOYCtGe4pSirQf866uWm402Kyl45EbA4D3T5Sh_Rnt5JGJsRulzHuob7bP27fzDpc07AoKuB7G7-jhV6Tkl-Vd8wMyA1pR4Lt2sl5YWjybd6s2_HMi7Fdc5MIfX3SCW-cASW8YBD5WQewFYaEd75wnMvU6dr87NAHjlVkjVzSerRygKv3c0_BW-1g/s500/battle-of-antietam-painting.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="345" data-original-width="500" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRZIpFOYCtGe4pSirQf866uWm402Kyl45EbA4D3T5Sh_Rnt5JGJsRulzHuob7bP27fzDpc07AoKuB7G7-jhV6Tkl-Vd8wMyA1pR4Lt2sl5YWjybd6s2_HMi7Fdc5MIfX3SCW-cASW8YBD5WQewFYaEd75wnMvU6dr87NAHjlVkjVzSerRygKv3c0_BW-1g/w640-h442/battle-of-antietam-painting.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>As if illustrating this rank-and-file resolve vs incompetent leadership, one brigade commander, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Christian" target="_blank">Col. William H. Christian</a>, lost his nerve and seemed to become deranged as he had his troops perform a series of parade-ground evolutions while under fire from Confederate artillery. Many were killed during this pointless ritual, and yet, under their company officers, the men closed ranks and did not break. But their commander did. Mumbling something about being unused to such carnage (though he was a long veteran of combat), he suddenly just started walking to the rear. He sadly ended up resigning his commission two days later. But I'm not judging. Considering all the years of combat he had endured, he probably just broke from PTSD. But his men didn't. They went forward and fought hard, killing as many as they were killed. </p><p></p><p style="text-align: left;">For about an hour Hooker's corps engaged in this mutual massacre. Hooker himself, unlike Christian (and especially unlike McClellan), rode back and forth along the thickest of the fighting, losing many staff officers, exposing himself to the slaughter, and ordering gaps plugged by reserves. However, because of McClellan's withholding of his cavalry behind the Antietam instead of deploying it as a screen, Hooker didn't have any knowledge of the enemy force on his own right (held by some of J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry and guns) and kept Meade's division in reserve and facing that way. So he was fighting against terrible odds with one hand tied behind his back. He sent urgent requests back to McClellan that he was "driving Lee" but needed Mansfield's Twelfth Corps (8,000 men) to come to his support. He got no replies. Since it was so early, it may have been that Li'l Mac, two miles away at the Pry House, was presumably still enjoying his croissants and latte ("Mmmm, you should try these, Pinky, they're delicious!"), but there is no record of him having ordered Mansfield to move up to support Hooker, or even of his ordering Burnside to move down to the South Bridge and begin his attack on Lee's right flank, nor of his ordering any of his reserve of 56,000 lounging around on the east side of the Antietam to get up. There were plenty of memoirs by his staff and reporters of easy-chairs being brought out to the front lawn of the Pry House for them all to enjoy the view. In spite of Hooker's flag signals and dispatch riders pleading for help, McClellan was heard to blithely say, "All goes well. Hooker is driving them." <br /></p><p style="text-align: left;">On the Confederate side, Jackson was doing everything he could to keep the ANV's flank from caving. He pushed brigade after brigade to plug gaps and try to hold Hooker's attack in check. He barely did. The Rebs were taking as many casualties as they gave. These Yankees were not the pushovers that Lee and everybody had assumed. Both sides fought until their regiments were decimated and only withdrew when their ammunition ran out and they were relieved. It was a battle of attrition. The only tactical question was which would run out of men and bullets first. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1iw40hs27Yum6zIJPdNcqAiuyoY6ssyGeOx4Mp7KTDOTnVVDOydqzVP4Bq6RSyNWTwZGUQQMbN3_Ms8UMGhQjYjMejmuR4GGYgDDjcK0cmYxm5DaxUW9720iGpFOCAKlF1LcCTRzAcjbyV3c56Apybh-nRvRzA-MAJXjQQSbW5v9mfKImaOjGCEfcVs-9/s1430/02%20Hagerstown%20Pike.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1430" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1iw40hs27Yum6zIJPdNcqAiuyoY6ssyGeOx4Mp7KTDOTnVVDOydqzVP4Bq6RSyNWTwZGUQQMbN3_Ms8UMGhQjYjMejmuR4GGYgDDjcK0cmYxm5DaxUW9720iGpFOCAKlF1LcCTRzAcjbyV3c56Apybh-nRvRzA-MAJXjQQSbW5v9mfKImaOjGCEfcVs-9/w455-h382/02%20Hagerstown%20Pike.jpg" width="455" /></a></div><p>Alexander Gardner's post-battle photography was considered almost obscene in its day; the true cost of war. 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human beings, sons, brothers, fathers<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, husbands, friends—</span>
lying along the west fence of the Hagerstown Pike (to the right in this photo, not the farm trail to the left of them). Antietam was to become the bloodiest single day of American history (yes, including 9/11). </p><p>And this was just the beginning of that day.</p><p>About the climax of Hooker's drive at 6:30, reinforcements for Lee started arriving from Harper's Ferry. McLaws' and Richard Anderson's divisions, (about 7,200 and 34 guns together).After having marched all night, the column head showed up on the road west of Sharpsburg. They were most welcome. Also, since there didn't seem to be any Federal movement at all on the east bank of the Antietam, which would've threatened his right flank, Lee felt safe enough to request that Longstreet move one of his brigades (George <b>T.</b> Anderson's, not to be confused with George <b>B.</b> Anderson's<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span>I know, too many Andersons in this army) over to the left to reinforce Jackson. </p><p>Jackson was indeed running out of resources. He started throwing in his last reserves. About 07:00 he ordered Hood's already depleted division resting in the West Woods to charge across the field east of the Dunker Church. Though Hooker's divisions had apparently captured this ground, these "fresh" Confederates (mostly Texans) threw them back across the Cornfield and East Woods until they themselves were stopped by Hooker's artillery and his own reserves from Meade's division. Then, in turn, Ripley's Georgians and North Carolinians attacked, throwing Meade's men back. And back and forth. </p><p><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>View from Hagerstown Pike across the Cornfield.</b> Site of the back-and-forth carnage in the morning. Taken in 2001. Corn in Sept 1862 would've been higher. </span></i><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><br />©</span>Jeffery P.Berry Trust 2023 protected by Digimarc digital watermark.</span></span></i><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQNO25R1u_dwVV6fQDOoBbeh-2XX3NFYHyNCd2V7PWj3jZW6NNrajAcdS7f77Hq0lwxXXiOyFmaHpAo2-lwqDaMCoLJ8GwCvZkxeDSiExZDpKUhURJqFUeECgBLsQOAqpS6bAJXhwiS1CzTzX5KUWmaIfpfvRhPMGrtpUDBSlZVEtBjh7SCLCSpw6hWBX2/s900/21%20Cornfield%20from%20the%20South%20small.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="900" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQNO25R1u_dwVV6fQDOoBbeh-2XX3NFYHyNCd2V7PWj3jZW6NNrajAcdS7f77Hq0lwxXXiOyFmaHpAo2-lwqDaMCoLJ8GwCvZkxeDSiExZDpKUhURJqFUeECgBLsQOAqpS6bAJXhwiS1CzTzX5KUWmaIfpfvRhPMGrtpUDBSlZVEtBjh7SCLCSpw6hWBX2/w672-h362/21%20Cornfield%20from%20the%20South%20small.jpg" width="672" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p>At around 07:20, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_K._Mansfield" target="_blank">Mansfield</a>'s Twelfth Corp began to show up and join the
fight, relieving Hooker's exhausted troops. Most of the soldiers of this
corps were green Pennsylvanians, less than a month in service, but
eager to fight. Mansfield himself, though a 40-year veteran had never
held a field command, or even had any combat experience since the Mexican-American War sixteen years earlier . This corps was his first <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span>awarded just two days
before. McClellan had given him no direct orders to support Hooker, but he
took it upon himself (with Hooker's persuasion), to join the battle. No
sooner, though, had he begun to put his troops into line than he himself
was taken out by a shell fragment and evacuated to the rear (where he
died the next morning). Mansfield was replaced by the senior division
commander of the corps, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpheus_S._Williams" target="_blank">Alpheus Williams</a>, who had been acting corps
commander prior to Mansfield's promotion two days before.<br /></p><p>Though rookies, and
stiffened by the more veteran (but smaller regiments) of the corps, the
Pennsylvanians pitched into the Confederates still hanging on in the
Cornfield, the East Woods, and the fields between the Miller place and
the Dunker Church. They paid dearly, but also slaughtered their foe in kind. Hood's, Ripley's, all of the survivors' of Jackson's resistance, were driven back beyond the Dunker Church. </p><p>Finally, Jackson, depleted of all reserves except for one brigade (Early's, now under William Smith positioned to the west to guard Stuart's batteries), had no resources left. Lee promised him McLaws' newly arrived division (but exhausted after having marched all night in the rain from Harper's Ferry). It didn't look good. </p><p>The hour-and-a-half battle for the Dunker Church had been so vicious that
both sides had suffered casualties not yet seen in this war, or any war
in the history of the United States. Some regiments on both sides were
completely wiped out. One regiment, the 6th Georgia, suffered 90%
casualties. Most engaged had 50% at least. And nearly everyone on both
sides had no more ammunition. It was apocalyptic. <br /></p><p>But Hooker had by 7:30 finally achieved his initial object, the area around the Church at the junction of the Hagerstown Pike and the Smoketown Road. The next object was to drive in Lee's northern flank completely, cut off his retreat to Harper's Ferry, and force him to collapse and surrender, But Hooker's own forces were so exhausted and diminished that he needed reinforcements from McClellan's vast reserves to accomplish that. And he needed them before Lee could rally and regroup.</p><p>I'll leave you to guess what the Young Napoleon's response to this was. </p><p>Go on...take your time. He certainly did.<br /></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">"Well...okay, I guess you can go. But leave one division here."</span></b></span></p><p>From their comfy perch back in their easy chairs on Pry's hill, McClellan and his staff couldn't make out clearly what was going on over at the Dunker's Church. The woods, the smoke from the burning buildings at Mumma's farm, and all the smoke from the battle were obscuring their telescopes. He had been heartened by Hooker's last message that he was "driving Lee". But, frankly, he couldn't very well make out the urgent flag signals that Hooker and Mansfield needed help (he didn't know that both had been wounded, Mansfield mortally).<br /></p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwxOWMI4d3081oVFJh9xNsSG9p0p75VM5DtJqTV1LF4ZMyT-iuLbpo-hqefyZTk0W5pXfxt1ppAWs3evznqYllI_sriF7Fu46tF2qWqwQ8YIwna_VMgyJZh13PvsbEgiG-jxw-pFMtsR9gT3aJrao82gzPtwMG898YutnMC9Xtd8lBNLNQ4QlOlNNX9toV/s960/Bull%20Sumner.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="920" data-original-width="960" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwxOWMI4d3081oVFJh9xNsSG9p0p75VM5DtJqTV1LF4ZMyT-iuLbpo-hqefyZTk0W5pXfxt1ppAWs3evznqYllI_sriF7Fu46tF2qWqwQ8YIwna_VMgyJZh13PvsbEgiG-jxw-pFMtsR9gT3aJrao82gzPtwMG898YutnMC9Xtd8lBNLNQ4QlOlNNX9toV/w346-h332/Bull%20Sumner.jpg" width="346" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Edwin "Bull" Sumner, posing to look impetuous.<br />Yes, he looks a little like Lee, to me, too.</span></i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>The aptly nicknamed Edwin "Bull" Sumner, commander of the very large Second Corps (15,200 men), was stomping up and down along the ford on the creek below Pry's Mill, anxious to get across to have at the enemy. He was an impetuous, aggressive general. But impetuosity and aggression were exactly what was needed at this moment. His divisions were ready to go on the east bank of the Antietam, itching to splash over. Only wusses need bridges. Sumner rode up the hill to the Pry House HQ to personally get an order to attack from McClellan, but he was stopped by the commanding general's staff officers, telling him the Great One was in deep meditation and not to be disturbed. <p></p><p>Apparently there was much speculation on McClellan's staff that by "driving Lee" Hooker had meant that he had driven him back across the Potomac, which would've suited McClellan beautifully. He had no wish for the unpleasantness of a battle of annihilation. The idea of even taking Lee at a moment of disadvantage was not what gentlemen indulged in. Let him go. And good riddance.</p><p></p><p></p><p>But finally, a little after 8:30, McClellan sent word to Sumner down by the Antietam that his corps had permission to cross and help Hooker. The Bull didn't need confirmation of this order and started at once. But as he was pushing his divisions across the stream, another messenger galloped down to tell him to leave one division of his three (Richardson's <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">—</span>just in case. What if Lee's so-called retreat was merely a trap, luring the Union army into the jaws of the hidden hundreds of thousands of Rebels hiding behind the woods? Better to be prepared.</p><p>A better prepared general (says this armchair one) would've have used his abundant cavalry to reconnoiter and screen the enemy ahead of time, instead of holding them all back in a bandbox. A better prepared general would've used real time intelligence instead of just his gut. But then I used to be an intelligence officer so I'm just a little biased.<br /></p><p><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Pry's Ford</b>, where Sumner's II Corps crossed the Antietam about 08:30. </span></i><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><br /></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">©</span>Jeffery P.Berry Trust 2023 protected by Digimarc digital watermark.</span></span></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWCYk8RIqtrFY4NoztcfkPJLks16hcvT07qLkNdiGwN4vjhLwXMHS7fqnPWdG25tfHrSI88DdOe3jc0X3G1uve4GbgGgafskoFZ2nw-UWZH_BqeddcmCGG-HXuKSYbel2ilH4yeAnGu-Fl9CiV-_cRQr4a8iflVuNmwPXKgExOBtH230EC1qgtk5mbQg8h/s1353/04%20Pry's%20Ford%20sm.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="1353" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWCYk8RIqtrFY4NoztcfkPJLks16hcvT07qLkNdiGwN4vjhLwXMHS7fqnPWdG25tfHrSI88DdOe3jc0X3G1uve4GbgGgafskoFZ2nw-UWZH_BqeddcmCGG-HXuKSYbel2ilH4yeAnGu-Fl9CiV-_cRQr4a8iflVuNmwPXKgExOBtH230EC1qgtk5mbQg8h/w1522-h281/04%20Pry's%20Ford%20sm.jpg" width="1522" /></a></div><br /><p><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">The Second Attempt<br /></span></b></span></p><p>It took Sumner about an hour to wade his two divisions across the creek and lead Sedgwick's division the two miles (3.22 km) to the vicinity of the East Woods. On the way he ran into Hooker, who was being taken back to the field hospital, bleeding from a mangled foot and drifting in and out of consciousness; so he didn't get much information out of him. He finally reached the East Woods, where he met Alpheus Williams, the successor commander of Twelfth Corps (remember, Mansfield was mortally wounded), who tried to brief him on the stalemated situation. But "Bull" Sumner wasn't named that for nothing. He dismissed Williams as cowardly and incompetent, and wouldn't listen to his advice. Instead Sumner had the three of Sedgwick's brigades line up one behind another, thirty yards apart, stacked in one gigantic grand column (reminiscent of Ney's Grand Column at Waterloo). Then they moved majestically across the open ground of the Miller farm, into the West Woods. Sumner refused any advice from the officers and men who had been already fighting there all morning. He didn't seem interested in what enemy lay to the west or south, or what their dispositions were. Instead, he personally led Sedgwick's 3,600 men due west, right into a trap. Maybe McClellan's caution had been prescient after all.</p><p>During the hour's lull that had followed the first fighting in this sector, both sides had fallen back and taken a breather. Jackson, though having essentially lost the first round, didn't consider the game over. He rallied his broken regiments and fed fresh forces into the West Woods (well, as fresh as McClaws's could be after having marched all night in the rain and mud and without a rest stop.). He also had J.E.B. Stuart move all Pelham's artillery up on the ridge due west of the West Woods to rain down shot and shell on the approaching Grand Column of Sedgwick's division. Meanwhile, S.D.Lee's massed Confederate batteries south of the Dunker Church were perfectly positioned to enfilade the approaching Yankees from the south from 700 yards (640 m).<br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgdURlj2Spvl-2cUAX0CeGQWCZ5TZpo8DNXQPBUcX-5KHDFG0teYBADocADjqJHhulfkOpsBfs_xBA1cJCVqIuJfW-F4meGf_3f4VZ3fQnObaNlun3PgYgyPnv9MP1gHcg4rc7yA1wmxhH3rDlVDwL1gXsGlFqCdAq3y5IIUE0yLpUR0_HEHx4oZa60pbq/s1200/artillery_hell_by_captain_james_hope.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="543" data-original-width="1200" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgdURlj2Spvl-2cUAX0CeGQWCZ5TZpo8DNXQPBUcX-5KHDFG0teYBADocADjqJHhulfkOpsBfs_xBA1cJCVqIuJfW-F4meGf_3f4VZ3fQnObaNlun3PgYgyPnv9MP1gHcg4rc7yA1wmxhH3rDlVDwL1gXsGlFqCdAq3y5IIUE0yLpUR0_HEHx4oZa60pbq/w680-h307/artillery_hell_by_captain_james_hope.jpg" width="680" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Capt. James Hope's painting from memory of S.D.Lee's guns below the Dunker Church, <br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>in a perfect position to take Sedgwick's Grand Column in enfilade. Hope, who was an amateur<br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>painter, can be forgiven for perspective errors. Those Union troops aren't really ants. But Capt. Hope was <br />actually there, so we have to look at this painting (for all of its perspective errors) as an accurate document.</i></span><br /></div></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Sedgwick's troops, lined up so close, one brigade behind another, that they couldn't maneuver. They were also sitting ducks for artillery. They started taking horrendous casualties even before Sumner got them to the West Woods. And once inside those woods, they were attacked from the front and left flank by Confederate regiments lying in ambush. Because they were so tightly packed, they couldn't easily change front. Some regiments lost half their men without being able to fire a shot. Sedgwick himself was wounded five times. <br /></p><p>It didn't take long for the Bull to realize his mistake. He frantically rode back to try and stop the next brigade of troops in the column, and to make them retreat. They thought he was rallying them (they couldn't hear him through the deafening explosions and fusillade of musketry), but he was actually trying to get them to fall back. When he got to the rear he sent messengers to Williams (whom he had disdained before) and to McClellan to send him reinforcements. In personally leading Sedgwick's division into the blind attack into the West Woods, he had left his following division under French far in the rear, still crossing the Pry Ford. So he lost touch with his own immediate supports. </p><p> After giving as much as they took, Sedgwick's division fell back with horrendous losses to the North Woods. Elements of Gorman's brigade (1<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">st</span></span> MN, 82nd NY, and 19th MA) held on at the north end of the West Woods but most of those woods were still in the possession of the Confederates by 9:30. </p><p>At the south end of Miller's field, around the Dunker Church, the fighting continued back and forth until the early afternoon, with counterattacks back and forth by Greene's Union division and waves of Confederates. In the end, both sides had endured horrendous casualties and the open ground and the Cornfield were carpeted with dead and wounded Americans. By late morning Southern forces held the West Woods and the Northerners the East Woods, and nobody held the middle. It was a bloody standoff.<br /></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">"Bees!? Now bees?! Are you kidding me?!"<br /></span></b></span></p><p>Shortly after Sedgwick's disastrous attack and retreat, Sumner's Third Division under <a href="https://antietam.aotw.org/officers.php?officer_id=43&from=results" target="_blank">William French</a> (called "Old Blinky" by his men for a facial tick he had when he spoke) arrived somewhat southwest of all this action around the Cornfield. Having no communication with his division commander, Bull Sumner, who had galloped ahead to take part personally in the first, blind attack, French veered southward over the ridgeline north of the Mumma Farm. Here he spotted a target of opportunity along a line formed by a sunken road between the Hagerstown Pike and the Boonesboro Pike. This sunken road would be later called "Bloody Lane" by the participants (and the National Park Service). A pretty literal epithet. But it was, during that day, just referred to as "The Sunken Road".<br /></p><p>During the lull between the first Union attacks on the Dunker Church and this second wave, Longstreet and Lee, who had been nervous of an enveloping assault from the south across the Rohrbach Bridge, observed that there seemed to be no movement down there. Burnside's/Cox's Ninth Federal Corps all seemed to be just enjoying their morning coffee and making no moves to cross. In fact, McClellan had sent no orders so far that morning for Burnside to cross the bridge. Likewise, there didn't seem to be any movement by the Yankees across the Middle Bridge from the Boonesboro Pike. Lee knew his enemy, and having fought McClellan so many times before, knew that he was timid and could only focus on one thing at a time. So he and Longstreet concurred that it was safe to temporarily move the forces they had on the southern flank up to the center to absorb the Union attacks on that front. So Longstreet started doing that about 07:00. </p><p><i style="color: #b45f06;">Panorama of the view from the observation tower at the east end of Bloody Lane at the Antietam National Battlefield Park. </i><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">©</span>Jeffery P.Berry Trust 2023 protected by Digimarc digital watermark.</span></span></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwQOgkoOProew5wAJxxg-Z5RTusSQrZS7zs6KgYoTYCc8F8xXW7Tgd-Cbivj1uedWqFa5nrtMZwLBS40wMwQ5s-CmIjYRnhRjot6PE2xez_W7tzXsYHixOjsj1GmGOAQveY4RsV-nsk9fsndUvq8WWpDQ0N9jHHdipQsk_H1o9vu1lza-SQWCR9TBg9F3y/s3000/17%20View%20from%20Tower.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="3000" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwQOgkoOProew5wAJxxg-Z5RTusSQrZS7zs6KgYoTYCc8F8xXW7Tgd-Cbivj1uedWqFa5nrtMZwLBS40wMwQ5s-CmIjYRnhRjot6PE2xez_W7tzXsYHixOjsj1GmGOAQveY4RsV-nsk9fsndUvq8WWpDQ0N9jHHdipQsk_H1o9vu1lza-SQWCR9TBg9F3y/s16000/17%20View%20from%20Tower.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p></p><p>Longstreet lined up D.H.Hill's division in the natural trench of that sunken road. They enhanced the position by dismantling the snake fence on both sides and piled up the planks into a breastwork. About 09:00 By the time they saw the first flags of the Union regiments pop up on the ridgeline above them, they were ready. Their officers passed the word to wait for it...wait for it....wa-a-a-a-it for it. </p><p>The first of those Yankees (1st DE, 5th MD, 4th NY, all new recruits of Weber's brigade) got within 80 yards of the sunken road, the sword came down. The Rebels, having propped their muzzles on their breastworks to take careful aim, let 'er rip. Fire and smoke rippled down the whole line. It seemed like the whole first rank of bluecoats went down. These were also pounded from H.P. Jones' batteries about 600 yards on the hill at Piper's farm to the south. The advancing line of Weber's brigade stopped and tried to return fire. But they were standing upright in the open and the Confederates were below them, behind cover. It was not a fair fight. Within five minutes Weber's brigade, which had begun the battle with 1,670 men, had lost 450 (over a quarter of their strength--so you don't have to do the math). They retired back over the cover of the hill where they came from. To the credit of these inexperienced Yankees, though, they didn't flee the field but knelt or lay down just behind the ridgeline to continue the firefight. They may have been raw recruits but they were brave. And tough. And every one was worth at least one Johnny Reb. So there.</p><p><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Three-sixty degree panorama POV of what French's troops could see as they approached the Sunken Road from the north. </span></i><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"></span></i><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">©</span>Jeffery P.Berry Trust 2023 protected by Digimarc digital watermark.</span></span></i> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4QxqlM4irVb3N6gvoRsZgYIty8GpJRFscOQmvtNrOfT-aG-1zy7ZQY9RbdGjiQmhcKsrXRF1dOM1Y_rF5mJ8ZWfKWyQhpFBoaFoxhlEWd1j7AnPxXISHX1_WQgVtKdyKmKZqnHojn4yxB75eboaeTZvZ1UfcCdzPSuLYlQG4dnWdjUltDaG6Vgwp4tHLi/s3750/18%20North%20of%20Bloody%20Lane%20June%202001.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="469" data-original-width="3750" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4QxqlM4irVb3N6gvoRsZgYIty8GpJRFscOQmvtNrOfT-aG-1zy7ZQY9RbdGjiQmhcKsrXRF1dOM1Y_rF5mJ8ZWfKWyQhpFBoaFoxhlEWd1j7AnPxXISHX1_WQgVtKdyKmKZqnHojn4yxB75eboaeTZvZ1UfcCdzPSuLYlQG4dnWdjUltDaG6Vgwp4tHLi/w2734-h342/18%20North%20of%20Bloody%20Lane%20June%202001.jpg" width="2734" /></a></div><br /><p><br />Right behind this first wave French's second brigade, another 1,800 raw recruits under Dwight Morris, marched up and over the firing line of Weber's men and down toward the sunken road. 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<![endif]--><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">—</span>okay, 411.18-594.36 metres, for my international readers), wreaking horrible carnage. And from the east, less than a mile (1.6 km) across the Antietam (but still within range of Civil War era artillery), as many as 20 rifled guns were able to shoot right up the Sunken Road, turning the ditch into a giant food processor. Hence the later nickname, Bloody Lane. And hence one of the nicknames veterans gave for the Battle of Antietam, "Artillery Hell".<br /></p><p>So while Hill's men held, it was only a question of time how long before they were all minced. (Sorry...I meant "passed away". Is that a more sensitive phrase?)</p><p><i style="color: #b45f06;">Capt. James Hope's painting of </i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>The Aftermath of Bloody Lane</b></span><i style="color: #b45f06;">, and all the passed away, c. 1870-ish <br />Another reason this battle has been nicknamed "Artillery Hell".</i></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Aftermath_at_Bloody_Lane_by_Captain_James_Hope.jpg/800px-The_Aftermath_at_Bloody_Lane_by_Captain_James_Hope.jpg" height="303" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Aftermath_at_Bloody_Lane_by_Captain_James_Hope.jpg/800px-The_Aftermath_at_Bloody_Lane_by_Captain_James_Hope.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="665" /></td></tr><tr style="text-align: left;"><td class="tr-caption"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Unlike McClellan, Lee had been very active in moving all over the battlefield, ordering up reserves, redeploying artillery, rallying retreating regiments, and plugging holes. He had ordered up Dick Anderson's newly arrived division to rush through Sharpsburg over to reinforce Hill's hard-pressed men in the Bloody Lane. Unfortunately, before he could get to the front, Anderson himself was shot off his horse by a random canister bullet and severely wounded in leading this advance through Piper's cornfield, leaving his senior brigadier, Roger Pryor, in command of the whole division. Pryor himself was getting lost in the confusion and had not been made aware of Anderson's wounding and that he was in charge. Consequently, the succeeding brigades of the division got all tangled with each other in advancing. The only one that made it to the sunken road at first was Wright's 459 men. </p><p><i style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Situation map for 0930, the crisis point for the Confederate center</b><br /></i><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">©</span>Jeffery P.Berry Trust 2023 protected by Digimarc digital watermark.</span></span></i></p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJJNgu0wnlPgRmzDoViKVblR1uJbjGxYdr7Mmm0YsJS1yV7g8X85rw-WNT9yHRSzZBLP6mWnbS7GE2X_EVHDryQ502KlKRfPJf0-VlENueE7i7NdKO8FLOt1Icvf1QuRF0uHEwl3agzraUHKViZhYtVx3usY9W1X4gq87Xo7i08DMy3vq0ENq8GxjbhW5u/s4967/Antietam%201862--0930.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4967" data-original-width="3500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJJNgu0wnlPgRmzDoViKVblR1uJbjGxYdr7Mmm0YsJS1yV7g8X85rw-WNT9yHRSzZBLP6mWnbS7GE2X_EVHDryQ502KlKRfPJf0-VlENueE7i7NdKO8FLOt1Icvf1QuRF0uHEwl3agzraUHKViZhYtVx3usY9W1X4gq87Xo7i08DMy3vq0ENq8GxjbhW5u/s16000/Antietam%201862--0930.jpg" /></a><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>A little after 09:00, as McClellan got Sumner's urgent message for
help, and as more elements of Porter's Fifth Corps began arriving from
Frederick, he thought he was safe enough to release Sumner's last division he'd been holding back (Richardson's First Division, Second Corps)
to cross the Pry Ford and go to his aid. By 09:30 Richardson's first
brigade (Meagher's, "Irish Brigade", 834 veterans) arrived on the left
flank of French's pinned down division above the Sunken Road and, lowering bayonets, immediately started to charge
down the slope to <b><u>G.B</u></b>.Anderson's North Carolinians at the eastern edge of that defile. The
same fate met Meagher's Irishmen, taking out nearly half of them in the
first volley, and driving the rest to ground. Then came Richardson's
second brigade, Caldwell's (1,100 men), who, seeing the fate of the
Irish Brigade in their head-on assault, maneuvered east around the exposed
right flank of the Confederates in the Sunken Road and started enfilading
them. <p>Around the same time, the rest of Dick Anderson's (that's <u>Richard</u>, as opposed to <u>George B.</u>... C'mon! Keep up!)
"relieving" brigades began to make their way out of Henry Piper's cornfield
and pile into the Sunken Road to join D.H.Hill's men, already packed like sardines in the confined gully. This overcrowding
didn't help. The men were so crowded and intermixed with "relieving" regiments they were having trouble maintaining their previously efficient method of reloading and firing in pairs. And nobody knew who was in charge. </p><p>In twos and threes and eventually in whole companies, the
jammed mob of out-flanked Confederates started climbing back out of the trench
to run back through the cornfield toward Piper's farm. </p><p>Seeing this trickle and then the sequential retrograde movement as a sign the enemy was on the verge of collapse, Col. Joseph Barnes, the enterprising CO of the 29th Massachusetts (the only non-Irish regiment in Meagher's Brigade),
jumped up and shouted for his men to follow him in a charge down the
hill. Always irritated by the obnoxious, high-pitched squeal of the "Rebel Yell" they had been subjected to in so many battles, Barnes exhorted his men to yell in their own way to scare "the bloody bastards" (an Irish term of endearment). This noisy charge from a foe they had assumed defeated triggered general panic among the confused and outflanked Confederates packed in
the Sunken Road, ("Hey! <i>We're</i> the ones who do the shrill yelling!"). Soon, one by one, other frustrated and pinned down Union regiments jumped up to join the 29th's charge and rush down the hill. Joining the yip-yip-yip.</p><p>Just before Barnes' attack, Confederate Gen. Rodes, noticing that Caldwell's Yankees were outflanking
his line from the east, rode up and ordered the CO of the 6th Alabama <sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></sup>have
a few companies redeploy right and return fire at the Yankees.
Apparently, Lt.Col. Lightfoot, the regiment's commander, misunderstood
the order in all the confusion and instead, ordered the whole battalion
to about-face and retreat to the rear (huh?). His neighboring
regimental CO asked him if retreat were a general order for the whole
brigade, and Lightfoot said, yeah. So the previous trickle of ones and twos
inadvertently became a general rout as one after another Confederate
regiments clambered out of the Sunken Road and ran across the cornfield
back to the Piper farm. </p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2nUYMZ7iGX999eqJGRTfKkD4fUjn7YpmsJRdW1ye8Gku0FtdtKWhRjOhzLO_gen_XAcZj0atdL5_a5hoLTizuUqKQV9oaIE_nPCVExUz5C-kRKoWNEodM7XiebzYiKUFpB6iPjJxH0TyljK8ObEBJbfsSqpftyKUv2iv7ykYwZNYzXeMtqZZqkeeRmkuL/s446/gardner-Bloody%20lane.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="446" data-original-width="438" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2nUYMZ7iGX999eqJGRTfKkD4fUjn7YpmsJRdW1ye8Gku0FtdtKWhRjOhzLO_gen_XAcZj0atdL5_a5hoLTizuUqKQV9oaIE_nPCVExUz5C-kRKoWNEodM7XiebzYiKUFpB6iPjJxH0TyljK8ObEBJbfsSqpftyKUv2iv7ykYwZNYzXeMtqZZqkeeRmkuL/s320/gardner-Bloody%20lane.jpg" width="314" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Alexander Gardner's photo of "Bloody Lane"<br />the day after the battle.</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>As the charging, screaming Yankees leapt into the ditch, themselves badly mauled by the morning's fight, they furiously fired into the corpses and wounded the Rebels left behind or stabbed them with their bayonets. It would, in later years, have been a war crime. And reading the memoirs of the participants (<a href="https://www.powells.com/book/antietam-9780195084665" target="_blank">Priest, <u>Antietam: The Soldiers' Battle</u></a>) reminded me of that scene in the D-Day movie <i>Saving Private Ryan</i> when the frustrated American soldiers, having finally overrun the German defenses at Omaha Beach, started a massacre of fleeing Germans, shooting down into their trenches as they fled. (I can't believe you've never seen that classic movie!)<br /><p></p>Back at the Confederate massed batteries of H.P.Jones around Piper's farm behind the Sunken Road, they were now frustrated by the crowd of fleeing friendlies heading toward them and didn't dare fire at the pursuing Yankees behind and among them, Whether by design or luck, the Federals used the Confederate panic to their own advantage. And the Sunken Road, this bastion of Lee's center, collapsed. <p>But the Yankees who had been equally fighting and dying all morning were also spent by this time (about noon), most regiments having lost close to half their strength. Rather than chasing the routed Confederates all the way to the Potomac, Richardson and French halted the pursuit. They weren't sure if there weren't more Rebs lurking over the ridge between them and Sharpsburg, and, to be fair, there were several forlorn hope counter-attacks by small crowds of Rebels for the next couple of hours. So what was left of Richardson's and French's divisions fell back to regroup in the Sunken Road.<br /></p><p>To the northwest, after Hood's attack across the Cornfield earlier had petered out, George Greene of the Federal Twelfth Corps, took two brigades of his division and charged out of the East Woods, driving all the Confederates still in the field, past the Dunker Church and into the West Woods. Greene then settled into defensive positions in the West Woods around the church for the rest of the morning. It was the farthest penetration of Lee's line so far. And Hooker's original objective, the little church, was finally achieved.<br /></p><p>As the afternoon began, there was a lull in the fighting. It seemed as if both sides were taking a deep breath.<br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">"Retreat, Hell!"</span><br /></h2><p>You might've thought this already horrific morning would have spelled the end for Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, or even for the Confederacy. After all, Lee's center and left had given way and were seeming to fall back toward the Potomac. You might've thought McClellan would've taken the opportunity to order a general attack along the whole front with his vastly superior force, three fresh corps (Fifth,Sixth, Ninth, and all the cavalry) 41,000 troops waiting for orders on the other side of the Antietam.<br /></p><p>You might've thought. But, of course, McClellan wasn't close to the front or in touch enough to know what was going on in the center, or how close Lee's army was to collapse. The Pry House, McClellan's headquarters, was too far from the action and, besides, though he was high on a hill, his view was obscured by trees and smoke. Unlike Lee, he didn't think it necessary to go to where the fighting was to find out what was happening himself, or to rally his troops. That would've been too dangerous. Besides, listening to the opinion of his incompetent intelligence officer, Pinkerton, and not using his cavalry for reconnaissance, he was still believing that Lee was concealing his main strength in waiting (like maybe a few million more angry bees?). It would've been just what his sly Virginian nemesis would've wanted Li'l Mac to do: attack across the whole length of the Antietam, right into a trap.<br /></p><p>"Hah! Nice try, Bobby! I'm not falling for that!"</p><p>So, the fighting on the north side of the battlefield just went on, back and forth, neither side gaining any ground but just grinding each other up senselessly. By 10:00 over 8,000 Americans had killed or wounded each other. And the slaughter was just beginning. Even taking account of the fact that the United States in 1862 had one-tenth the population it has today, that number is staggering; the proportional demographic equivalent of 80,000 casualties in 2023. In four hours! And the Confederates didn't even have machine guns, or drones, or modern artillery or hijacked planes to crash into skyscrapers.<br /></p><p>Except for a few limp feints, from about 12:00 on the fighting on the northern and middle sectors of the battlefield had settled down to sporadic skirmish fire and artillery barrages. Both sides were exhausted. McClellan had yet to visit the front to see for himself. When he sent an order for Sumner to renew his attack, Sumner yelled at the messenger, "Go back, young man, and tell General McClellan I have no command!" </p><p>At this point the Young Napoleon finally bestirred himself to ride over and assess the situation personally. At last he saw that there was essential stalemate along the right and center, and sent back orders that Gen. Franklin, with his newly arrived Sixth Corps (12,000 men and 42 guns), should cross the Antietam at Pry's Ford and merely support the depleted three corps hanging on. 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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">—</span>another brilliant use of cavalry (wait...where's that sarcasm emoji?). Evidently, he thought, like the Old Napoleon, he'd hold his cavalry concentrated in the center, ready to deliver a<i> </i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">coup de gr</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">â</span>ce </i>in the Old School Style. He countermanded his attack orders to Sumner and issued orders for all four corps in the northern sector to just "hold their positions." Yeah, thanks for that. He was still paranoid about Lee's "hidden reinforcements" and didn't want to risk losing. He was just hoping that Bobby Lee would consider himself chastened and retreat meekly back into Virginia, like an honorable gentleman.<br /></p><p><i style="color: #b45f06;">Capt. Cope's panorama of the midpoint
of the battle, when McClellan (the tiny group of horses in the center
distance) finally decides to visit the front mid-afternoon. In this scene looking
north, Cope has depicted the burning Mumma farm, the edge of the East
Woods on the left, and French's and Richardson's divisions attacking
the Sunken Road on the right.</i> <br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKkipV8fB2wtRMDWWtPQXhJD54luFrU6wORYquACYbVKfibsK91XKzqFMgrze_akfcE5WZ2zhO7cosyduCr9kPDfUy2A0fe3ype-k3WSKmYske48JdECAQvHxf3y7PyCFU8PAkg-E9kwpKUIw9TsJ1KzsDopc_YhsgJxWv-EfuqpIA0QQgQe_fdE9KoFBv/s2400/McClellan%20visits%20the%20front--Cope.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKkipV8fB2wtRMDWWtPQXhJD54luFrU6wORYquACYbVKfibsK91XKzqFMgrze_akfcE5WZ2zhO7cosyduCr9kPDfUy2A0fe3ype-k3WSKmYske48JdECAQvHxf3y7PyCFU8PAkg-E9kwpKUIw9TsJ1KzsDopc_YhsgJxWv-EfuqpIA0QQgQe_fdE9KoFBv/s2400/McClellan%20visits%20the%20front--Cope.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1081" data-original-width="2400" height="365" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKkipV8fB2wtRMDWWtPQXhJD54luFrU6wORYquACYbVKfibsK91XKzqFMgrze_akfcE5WZ2zhO7cosyduCr9kPDfUy2A0fe3ype-k3WSKmYske48JdECAQvHxf3y7PyCFU8PAkg-E9kwpKUIw9TsJ1KzsDopc_YhsgJxWv-EfuqpIA0QQgQe_fdE9KoFBv/w811-h365/McClellan%20visits%20the%20front--Cope.jpg" width="811" /></a>But both Lee and Jackson weren't meek about anything. Or chastened. Jackson had been organizing<i> ad hoc </i>assault<i> </i>teams from the survivors of the morning's battle and was intending to renew the assault on what he thought were the spent Federals on the northern flank. He had a volunteer soldier climb a tree and start counting enemy regimental flags over to the east. When the man got to 39, Jackson had him come down; there were still too many intact Yankee formations. And their artillery didn't seem to be running low on ammunition either. So he thought the prudent thing, since the enemy seemed to be exhausted too, was to just hold tight. So out of character for Stonewall.<br /></p><p>Lee was counting on his assessment of the meekness of his enemy counterpart, betting that he wouldn't dare start up the battle in the northern or center sectors again. And he was also counting on the arrival of A.P. Hill's 3,500-man Light Division from Harper's Ferry to shore up his southern flank. His object was to fight McClellan to a standstill and then, next day, see what Mac would do. Probably nothing. As events would prove, he knew his enemy. </p><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>"Burnside's" Bridge </b></span><br /></h1><p>As if in afterthought, after his little mid-afternoon field trip over to visit the northern flank, McClellan wondered what the hell was happening with Burnside's mission to cross at the lower bridge and create a diversionary attack on Lee's southern flank. When, the day before, he had taken First Corps from Burnside, given it to Hooker, and then handed him command of the left wing of the Army of the Potomac (which was essentially just the Ninth Corps under Jacob Cox), the Little Napoleon had vaguely spoken in broad terms about Burnside's role in a strategic double envelopment. </p><p></p><p>Burnside, not being particularly independent or aggressive, assumed he would be given direct orders when to begin this hypothetical operation McClellan had spoken of the night before. Since his ephemeral title was "wing commander" not corps commander, Burnside also never formally relieved Cox of his command of Ninth Corps (13,000 men and 55 guns in four divisions, whom he had inherited from Jesse Reno when he had been accidentally killed by a picket in his own command at Fox's Gap three days before). Cox and Burnside sat at Ninth Corps' field headquarters on a hill a thousand yards northeast of the lower bridge, letting skirmishers exchange potshots at each other across the creek. Cox himself wondered when Burnside was going to give him the order to cross the Antietam, just as Burnside was waiting for the formal order from McClellan.</p><p>So, for most of the morning the two of them watched the battle unfold to the northwest and did pretty much nothing in the way of crossing the creek.<br /></p><p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>View across "Burnside" Bridge</b> that the 51st New York and 51st Pennsylvania Regiments would've had as they charged, looking up at the Georgia snipers shooting at them from the wooded heights. </i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Yours truly standing on it 135 years later. </i></span><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Jeffery P.Berry Trust 2023 protected by Digimarc digital watermark.</span></span></i> </p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJKItBuX5emjNsDpe40C8JYKbp8de-yfkdlIxB0kdIGPqmrOYQuVdcakYxmJjlqLIb4uMSYKcD64xS2yvNHsEgiD2ELU8qh8TJVOrmHVbjHiC02ZGWsrvnqZcKWGvvjD88GC5RwhlJB6MbqbF54C-YleY7-jAaUUOECg2nL5G3n23VGeCN6RQXsc5wZrMw/s1143/1997%2011%2030%20Antietam%209%20Jeff%20on%20Burnside%20Bridge.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="806" data-original-width="1143" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJKItBuX5emjNsDpe40C8JYKbp8de-yfkdlIxB0kdIGPqmrOYQuVdcakYxmJjlqLIb4uMSYKcD64xS2yvNHsEgiD2ELU8qh8TJVOrmHVbjHiC02ZGWsrvnqZcKWGvvjD88GC5RwhlJB6MbqbF54C-YleY7-jAaUUOECg2nL5G3n23VGeCN6RQXsc5wZrMw/w653-h462/1997%2011%2030%20Antietam%209%20Jeff%20on%20Burnside%20Bridge.jpg" width="653" /></a></td></tr><tr style="text-align: left;"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>. </i></span><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>.</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <p></p><p> </p><p>The Confederate force guarding the right bank of the Antietam in this sector didn't seem particularly strong. Spread out on the ridge above the bridge, hiding behind the rocks of an old, abandoned quarry, was a single, tiny half-brigade of about 350 Georgians under <a href="https://antietam.aotw.org/officers.php?officer_id=128&from=results" target="_blank">Robert A.Toombs</a> (2nd and 20th Georgia) and further downstream a single regiment (50th Georgia) of 100, plus some cats-n-dogs detachments from other regiments. These handful of people were spending the whole morning and early afternoon popping away at the Yankees below, who were shooting back up at them from behind the fences and walls on the opposite bank. </p><p>When McClellan was reconnoitering this sector the day before, his staff engineers had also apparently found a ford below the bridge. Burnside did order Cox to have one of his division commanders, Rodman, send some of his own engineers down to that reported ford and they only found that it was unusable. The stream was indeed shallow there (as it was pretty much all up and down the creek) but the banks on both sides at the ford that McClellan's experts had found were essentially 100 foot cliffs, so it was impractical as a crossing point for massed troops, much less artillery. It seems even Little Mac's engineers were incompetent. What they didn't find, though, were two actual, practical fords (locally called Snavely's Ford and Myer's Ford after two local farmers) about a mile-and-a-half below the bridge. These wouldn't be discovered until later on the 17th.<br /></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFlN4R-5Ih9GQVW0i9FrfsVRrJKhblhoA5hIO8EhybMlY-iiLFbbj8bo5MbUFSTOTkavrsJcTMBVEyMBzEHzCc9TlVxkAarwhAKmwcd_B3AKQYl5O2h5oxpeT55pqVzmKSdKvMWFjtAAuewQ3d-zXOb87bI1nBRKF02ZERYJh2wypFILt5JsHD1-DCKb4Z/s1054/Ambrose_Burnside2.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1054" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFlN4R-5Ih9GQVW0i9FrfsVRrJKhblhoA5hIO8EhybMlY-iiLFbbj8bo5MbUFSTOTkavrsJcTMBVEyMBzEHzCc9TlVxkAarwhAKmwcd_B3AKQYl5O2h5oxpeT55pqVzmKSdKvMWFjtAAuewQ3d-zXOb87bI1nBRKF02ZERYJh2wypFILt5JsHD1-DCKb4Z/s320/Ambrose_Burnside2.jpg" width="243" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>Ambrose Burnside</b><br />And, yes, that </i>is<i> where the word<br />"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideburns" target="_blank">sideburns</a>" originated</i></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Looking for other crossing places was evidently not high on Burnside's to-do list. With the rest of the army using the other fords up and down the waist-deep Antietam all day, you'd have thought it would've occurred to Burnside to just wade his massive force across anywhere, everywhere all at once (I loved <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6710474/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0_tt_8_nm_0_q_Everywhere" target="_blank">that movie</a>, by the way), up and down the creek, to brush aside the handful of Toombs' pickets. But noooooooo. Apparently, he thought he was supposed to rush his men across this narrow bridge, under the fire of snipers on the hill above. That's what real men would've done.</p><p>Gen. Cox, standing beside Burnside, his "supervisor", claimed that they had an excellent view of the whole battlefield from their headquarters on top of the hill back from the bridge, actually better than from McClellan's headquarters up at the Pry House. From there they could see the battle unfolding to the northwest, and how Lee was drawing more and more troops from this southern sector up to there. By 09:00 Longstreet had only about 2,000 men left guarding this southern flank, most of them set back on high ground in front of Sharpsburg; against Ninth Corps' 13,000. Still, Burnside thought he should await direct orders from McClellan to begin his crossing and attack. He didn't want to upset the intricate timing of the Master Plan.<br /></p><p>But McClellan had completely forgotten about this, his intricate master plan...at least until his afternoon promenade when he suddenly remembered and wondered where Burnside was.</p><p>Well, Burnside had been, for the past several hours, trying one half-hearted attempt after another to seize the bridge. His first, about 09:00 was to see if two companies totaling just 90 men from the 11th Ohio could rush the bridge. This feeble charge was decimated by the Georgians among the rocks and driven back. His second try, about an hour or so later, was to direct a single regiment, the 11th Connecticut (about 440 men), to try and rush the bridge. These poor men, supported by artillery but otherwise alone, failed with 33% casualties and fell back. Then an hour after that, he ordered <i>two</i> regiments ( 2nd Maryland and 6th New Hampshire, 634 men) to try and rush the bridge; and these were also cut down and pushed back. Then he had a whole brigade, Crook's 1,500 from Scammon's Kanawa division, make the attempt. These only got lost in some woods and ended up in fruitless skirmish fire from across the creek well to the north of the bridge. </p><p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>View from the Confederate side of the lower bridge</b>, looking down from the ridge where Toombs' snipers were shooting from. </i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i> </i></span><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Jeffery P.Berry Trust 2023 protected by Digimarc digital watermark.</span></span></i></p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl0Uoc7hQzOlom3nCbFF-w396rH_4uYCt99QDyJtXsTgL1ve-idG4Is1ac6ToqepKDAZqjn-4lEaZy2Ht5lVA-XPNehHYVyqz1ZWkXJtVw5vV1p7mCGJ0Eco0lCAFdkcnaOLiMpkCQv0Z3l9fiqzJB0Cvbgs0Efj_x897R9T0IrXO3EVfnlRo6C9iKidwi/s1716/19%20Burnside%20Bridge%20from%20the%20west%20bank.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="460" data-original-width="1716" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl0Uoc7hQzOlom3nCbFF-w396rH_4uYCt99QDyJtXsTgL1ve-idG4Is1ac6ToqepKDAZqjn-4lEaZy2Ht5lVA-XPNehHYVyqz1ZWkXJtVw5vV1p7mCGJ0Eco0lCAFdkcnaOLiMpkCQv0Z3l9fiqzJB0Cvbgs0Efj_x897R9T0IrXO3EVfnlRo6C9iKidwi/w1252-h336/19%20Burnside%20Bridge%20from%20the%20west%20bank.jpg" width="1252" /></a><p><br /><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"> View across the Burnside Bridge from the west bank of the Antietam</span></i>. <i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Jeffery P.Berry Trust 2023 protected by Digimarc digital watermark.</span></span></i></p><p><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6AA0jycoP-QH7OnE8D8hAxIwDPazsSEobz8Mv9ZgH_ksdhHdHfwV6i_7-8ggX4Wv-huvSZ_VIut4lfEVk9jN40qtEOKuHmygmHjOmTi_8gpU2ay2a1c8wkB0bAF2_dk_c5FhNT1uby99QbkEoJhl2BOkWvqRkSUO8v9FBwwHakeBEd3WWTf0rKfAL1Uuo/s2000/20%20Burnside%20Bridge%20from%20the%20west%20closeer.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="602" data-original-width="2000" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6AA0jycoP-QH7OnE8D8hAxIwDPazsSEobz8Mv9ZgH_ksdhHdHfwV6i_7-8ggX4Wv-huvSZ_VIut4lfEVk9jN40qtEOKuHmygmHjOmTi_8gpU2ay2a1c8wkB0bAF2_dk_c5FhNT1uby99QbkEoJhl2BOkWvqRkSUO8v9FBwwHakeBEd3WWTf0rKfAL1Uuo/w1135-h342/20%20Burnside%20Bridge%20from%20the%20west%20closeer.jpg" width="1135" /></a></span></span></i></div><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /> </span></span></i><p></p><p>Finally, after hours of these inadequate attempts, Burnside got a stern note from his old friend, McClellan, demanding that he take the bridge at once and move his corps across the creek or be relieved. As he received this latest harsh warning from his commander-in-chief, he informed the messenger testily that he was, as luck would have it, in the midst of launching that very project even as they spoke. So there.<br /></p><p>He had issued orders for another of his brigades, Ferrero's, to rush the bridge in a column of fours, and for another division under Rodman to march downstream to the unguarded Snavely Ford (one of the fords his own engineers had discovered hours before) and cross there, outflanking the pesky Confederates. And, as luck would have it, Crook's brigade, who had been pinned down for hours, found another ford about 300 yards upstream of the bridge and waded across. All of these operations were pulled off smartly. One wonders if they would've been pulled off equally smartly four hours before when they might've made a difference in the battle up north.<br /></p><p>Around 13:00, as soon as the 51st New York and 51st Pennsylvania of Ferrero's brigade had finally stormed across the bridge, its defender, Gen. Toombs, whose Georgian skirmishers were running out of ammunition after half-a-day's continuous pot-shotting, ordered his 300 survivors to retreat back to the main Confederate line in front of Sharpsburg. He had, in fact, some satisfaction that in holding back the timid Burnside for the entire morning and into the afternoon, he had bought valuable time for Lee to reinforce his right with A.P. Hill's incoming reinforcements, and had inflicted something like 500 casualties on the Yankees to his loss of around 160. Pretty heroic considering he was outnumbered nearly thirty to one.</p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>A sidenote about<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Toombs" target="_blank"> Robert Augustus Toombs</a></b> <br />His original object in joining the Confederate Army was to rise in political office, which he thought would help his career. In spite of this heroic stand holding off Burnside's entire corps for four hours, he was never promoted beyond brigade commander, which irritated the hell out of him. After the war his pride and stubbornness prevented him from asking for a pardon for insurrection, so, because of Section 3 of the 14th Amendment he couldn't again vote or run for office (a section that has recently come up again regarding certain former presidents who shall remain nameless). So his political ambitions were quashed, in spite of his heroism...for the losing side. </span></span><br /></p><p><i style="color: #b45f06;">Capt. Cope's rendering of the final charge by the 51st NY & PA across the lower bridge about 13:00.</i><br /></p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwnzkW-rCkWxTwXi5szh-i4ZkIwRjaTZf9AGxYDIQdcFRgkknCkX-2hInCWvr2_fAGOl_t0pqLFOwXu4fZNtUPzx0Curj9Zw2Zl2WjaF6Xq1Fqw0vQskSmDtz6WWiq0mHVc4PmGPbmgpiSKyMCJB59A51hv4gYl2L9crz8h6o9MFJCYP4ueEL6cnovN9zd/s800/Burnside%20Bridge%20painting%20Cope.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="364" data-original-width="800" height="357" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwnzkW-rCkWxTwXi5szh-i4ZkIwRjaTZf9AGxYDIQdcFRgkknCkX-2hInCWvr2_fAGOl_t0pqLFOwXu4fZNtUPzx0Curj9Zw2Zl2WjaF6Xq1Fqw0vQskSmDtz6WWiq0mHVc4PmGPbmgpiSKyMCJB59A51hv4gYl2L9crz8h6o9MFJCYP4ueEL6cnovN9zd/w784-h357/Burnside%20Bridge%20painting%20Cope.png" width="784" /></a><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>By 13:00 Burnside had finally crossed the bridge and driven off the sparse defenders. Now he waited. No one seems to know why. But it took another two-and-a-half hours to get his whole corps across the creek and lined up to make their attack on the Confederate right. Part of this delay was because so many of his troops were in reserve, over a mile back from the bridgehead and it took time for them to get to their feet and march across the bridge.Why it didn't occur to him or to Cox to move them up in close support of his 13:00 attack is anybody's guess. This this lack of foresight and slowness on Burnside's part was part of the reason the battle of Fredericksburg three months later, </span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>where he was in overall command, </span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>was such a fiasco. </span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>By 15:00 Burnside had finally got his whole Ninth Corps up on the bluff west of the creek and ready to attack David Jones's thinly stretched division. Apparently, Burnside was waiting for confirmation that his right would be supported by Pleasanton's cavalry and Porter's Fifth Corps before he started his attack. But he got a negative on that. Pleasanton's orders were to just hold the Middle Bridge, and when McClellan got the request from Burnside for the Fifth Corps to cross and protect his flank, Porter just shook his head and told his commander not to risk it, cautioning that the Fifth Corps was his last line of reserves (well, yeah, those 15,000 and Franklin's Sixth Corps' 12,000, and Pleasanton's 4,000 cavalry, and Couch's 6,000, all 37,000 more or less completely fresh and by themselves outnumbering what was left of Lee's entire ANV,),<br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>An Aside on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitz_John_Porter" target="_blank">Fitz John Porter</a></b><br />Porter was suspected by many in Washington and in the AOTP for being a Confederate sympathizer (if not downright fifth columnist--pun intended). At Second Bull Run the previous month, he had deliberately held back his corps when Pope ordered him to come to his aid, causing that Union defeat. And both he and McClellan were outspoken anti-abolitionists and anti-war Democrats. After Antietam, an investigation by the Joint Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War recommended that Porter be court-martialed. He was convicted and dishonorably dismissed from the Army, tough he was never imprisoned. In my mind both he and McClellan were outright traitors.</span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"> <br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>Finally, about 15:30 Burnside's attack got underway. At first, the 13,000 men were able to fairly easily drive in David Jones' puny Rebel regiments scattered thinly along the walls, fences, cornfields, and ravines to the south of Sharpsburg. On the left, Rodman's Third Division, Ninth Corps, found and successfully crossed the Antietam at Snavely's Ford (see map) and started rolling up Jones' right flank. On Burnside's right advance skirmishers of Maxwell's division got as far as the downtown metropolitan part of Sharpsburg. Burnside's' goal was to take the town and cut off the rest of Lee's army from the only road leading to Boteler's Ford, the primary crossing of the Potomac back into Virginia. And by 16:30 he was about to achieve that. Confederates were falling back into the town, their batteries limbering up and retreating, and all looked lost to Longstreet. The battle was McClellan's.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Panorama of Garnett's position at the center of the Confederate line</i></span>. </span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"></span></i></span></span><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Jeffery P.Berry Trust 2023 protected by Digimarc digital watermark.</span></span></i></p><p style="text-align: left;"><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQwX6tGmZqhHcYEYWn9bbRzmTnWSnz9mf30PnWZ6URD9GYM3TcMOtwwOiLgLYe0IQuzM71io2EEu7smoA2NuHjVghrGW6_akIXY70_kf3T13HQcsVTX08qtJYogEITE9_n0GjNeHf2upWwThU_qgH5OknnNYYlBsbikxWuwVRAnq5v1TqC7uze3oti2Q1g/s2500/09%20Garnett.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="313" data-original-width="2500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQwX6tGmZqhHcYEYWn9bbRzmTnWSnz9mf30PnWZ6URD9GYM3TcMOtwwOiLgLYe0IQuzM71io2EEu7smoA2NuHjVghrGW6_akIXY70_kf3T13HQcsVTX08qtJYogEITE9_n0GjNeHf2upWwThU_qgH5OknnNYYlBsbikxWuwVRAnq5v1TqC7uze3oti2Q1g/s16000/09%20Garnett.jpg" /></a></span></span></i></div><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /> </span></span></i><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">View from Jones' defensive line on the Confederate right looking toward the Burnside Bridge. Just look at that happy rainbow off to the south. </span></i></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"><span><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Again, I apologize for the crude mosaicing of this pano, which I did manually years ago, using scanned images I took at the end of the day, when the light was rapidly changing as I panned my Nikon on its tripod</span></i></span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">. </span></i></span></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i></i></span><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Jeffery P.Berry Trust 2023 protected by Digimarc digital watermark.</span></span></i></p><p style="text-align: left;"><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDN3OnblRTkPaLxLKbxdKqlgRCIc9-LaD-2iPLuSnfWczuEqU0IL0MirYWZaE0FItrT3Dube1HeFu17r7Ifr9prfJsxYtGaftHfGEBthtO1WPhD0cVeROJaAGYv0TDZ7jdu4UQOdAcL3R7yjdd2CFg0xOm-Uj56a_egmFF77z1BvDdEwzjZXucR_RgYpps/s2600/Kempers%20position.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="486" data-original-width="2600" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDN3OnblRTkPaLxLKbxdKqlgRCIc9-LaD-2iPLuSnfWczuEqU0IL0MirYWZaE0FItrT3Dube1HeFu17r7Ifr9prfJsxYtGaftHfGEBthtO1WPhD0cVeROJaAGYv0TDZ7jdu4UQOdAcL3R7yjdd2CFg0xOm-Uj56a_egmFF77z1BvDdEwzjZXucR_RgYpps/w1806-h338/Kempers%20position.jpg" width="1806" /></a></span></span></i></div><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /> </span></span></i><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">But just then...</span></span></b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>As if in a dumb war movie where everything seems to be lost (or <i><a href="https://duckduckgo.com/?t=ffab&q=The+Rohirim+show+up+in+Return+of+the+King+scene&atb=v133-1&iax=videos&ia=videos&iai=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D7lwJOxN_gXc" target="_blank">Lord of the Rings</a></i> or <a href="https://duckduckgo.com/?t=ffab&q=Game+of+Thrones+battle+where+Little+Finger+shows+up+to+win+the+battle&atb=v133-1&iax=videos&ia=videos&iai=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DdINMFYprPhk" target="_blank"><i>Game of Thrones</i></a>, not that those are dumb movies, so don't get offended) both sides noticed a large column of troops marching up from the southwest. Lee saw these newcomers and asked his aide to identify them with his telescope. He was told they were carrying Virginia state flags and Confederate Stars-n-Bars. "Those'll be A.P.Hill's men arriving from Harper's Ferry." Lee said flatly (but you know he was heaving a huge sigh of relief inside). Shortly after than A.P.Hill himself, tricked out in his flaming red battle shirt, road up and greeted his white-haired commander. There were probably hugs and back slaps all around.<br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>The left flank of Burnside's line, Rodman's division (now under Harland as its original commander was hit by a sniper while crossing the Antietam) was taken by surprise by the lead units of A.P.Hill's attack. At first there was confusion and hesitation. The left-hand Union regiment, the 16th Connecticut, was so new that they hadn't been properly drilled yet and most had not even loaded or fired their muskets before. As the mystery troops approached they were confused even more because these newcomers seemed to be wearing blue Federal uniforms. Which they were. In their looting of the Harper's Ferry Federal depots, Hill's men had discarded their old, tattered butternut coats for brand new blue uniforms. They were also, at first, brandishing captured Stars-in-Stripes from the surrendered Union garrison (the sneaky bastards!). The color bearer of the 16th Connecticut went closer with a companion to check these guys out. When they got to within 20 yards (18.29 meters to my international readers), a volley cut the two down, which was hardly sporting. So now the Confederate flags went up and the blue-clad Rebs fanned out and started firing en-masse. <br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>The inexperienced Connecticut boys attempted to turn and respond, but they were falling like flies (and other toppling metaphors). Gamely they managed to get off some shots, but they had lost about a quarter of their men within a couple of minutes and broke for the rear. The 4th Rhode Island attempted to come to their aid, but they too were cut down. Within minutes the whole left flank of Burnside's line had collapsed. They only retreated to the ridge and rocks above the bridge, but no further, and rallied there. So even while these were untested, untrained young men, they behaved like warriors. </span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>Hill had dispatched two-thirds of his division farther to the north to hit the center of Burnside's line. These Yankees were also confused about the hordes of blue uniforms popping up on their front and hesitated to fire, until they suffered the same nasty surprise as the men of Harland's division. The drive on Sharpsburg ground to a halt and the Union brigades began to fall slowly back toward the bridge.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Panorama from A.P.Hill's POV. </i></span></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i></i></span><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Jeffery P.Berry Trust 2023 protected by Digimarc digital watermark.</span></span></i></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK3-jHpkrTEFoTJYbt-zmBcCK-qXV9q1fQg44rjxRPWF5hCPayJv8Qh9KNlC7cgaryqbQnhPhzbMNnXApfhL3ppmJ_0fhISx93WUjCvXqkmiSMy_Jz2Mh2MJ4gtyG8M5Sv6lgCitxws-HViZmjddZ1zXW7tYwEwWN28CAVPVnx7t25FOUsZTfHg7OdTYdI/s3330/07%20AP%20Hill%20sm.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="555" data-original-width="3330" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK3-jHpkrTEFoTJYbt-zmBcCK-qXV9q1fQg44rjxRPWF5hCPayJv8Qh9KNlC7cgaryqbQnhPhzbMNnXApfhL3ppmJ_0fhISx93WUjCvXqkmiSMy_Jz2Mh2MJ4gtyG8M5Sv6lgCitxws-HViZmjddZ1zXW7tYwEwWN28CAVPVnx7t25FOUsZTfHg7OdTYdI/w2351-h392/07%20AP%20Hill%20sm.jpg" width="2351" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span><br /></span></span><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>By 17:00 Burnside and Cox managed to rally their brigades around the bridgehead, while Federal batteries pounded Hill's newly arrived Confederates, driving them back. After nearly eleven hours of mutual slaughter, the Battle of Antietam sputtered out. For the next hour or so, and into the twilight, there was sporadic shooting all along the front. But neither side moved again. Everyone settled in for the night. And the night was filled with the hideous cacophony of thousands of groaning, maimed, dying men.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>Both McClellan and Lee sighed in huge relief. Both thought they had managed to avoid annihilation. But on only Lee's side was that real. McClellan had not realized he had actually won the battle. If he had pressed the next morning with his 37,000 fresh troops (he had close to 70,000 total at hand by then), he could have completely obliterated the Army of Northern Virginia and greatly shortened the war, if not ended the rebellion completely.</span></span></p><p><i style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Situation map for 1730, when the battle seemed to just come to an end, as if by mutual agreement.</b><br /></i><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">©</span>Jeffery P.Berry Trust 2023 protected by Digimarc digital watermark.</span></span></i></p><p><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKpY9wqHxZJCZVSyT1PRg7IQj-MeZoGlzOx0eS3EMdSzLdX0cX9C6MPly2RY4TkQkUqL91w83J-YmVZKulvzmiF5pKZJLu0DyjbkzLOsxi2SEQ2mBknonbY5zgzgnDR9to8Gh0B6rDyu67PeSRErr2gCy8O341NiC8CP9mhnu6U_CiQI22iqVFQicpICRd/s4991/Antietam%201862--1730.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4991" data-original-width="3500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKpY9wqHxZJCZVSyT1PRg7IQj-MeZoGlzOx0eS3EMdSzLdX0cX9C6MPly2RY4TkQkUqL91w83J-YmVZKulvzmiF5pKZJLu0DyjbkzLOsxi2SEQ2mBknonbY5zgzgnDR9to8Gh0B6rDyu67PeSRErr2gCy8O341NiC8CP9mhnu6U_CiQI22iqVFQicpICRd/s16000/Antietam%201862--1730.jpg" /></a></span></span></i></div><i><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /> </span></span></i><p></p><p><i><span></span></i></p><p></p><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">A Lost Victory</span></span></h1><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>But in McCellan's mind, and that of his "intelligence" officer Pinkerton, and of Fitz John Porter, his Fifth Corps commander, they felt lucky they had survived. They dared not move. As far as they knew, Lee may have another 100,000 men lurking behind the West Woods. Just look at the trap Lee had sprung with A.P.Hill's counterattack at the end of the day. And McClellan was certainly not going to risk his cavalry to find out if there were more troops lurking or coming across the Potomac.<br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>The fact that Lee was still in place the next morning was proof to Little Mac that his enemy was still confident of victory. Lee. for his part, knew his adversary. He knew McClellan wouldn't renew the attack. Lee's own army had fought so ferociously that they had given McClellan the impression that they were backed by strong forces in hiding, not that they were fighting with their backs into a corner, for their very lives. Lee knew this was how McClellan reasoned or, at least,</span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span> rationalized his cowardice to himself. </span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>So neither army moved on the 18th. There was a truce declared so both sides could collect their dead and wounded. Combined, 3,675 Americans had died outright on the 17th, more than any other single day of all of America's wars, including World War II, and more than died on September 11, 2001 (2,977). There were some 19,000 wounded and missing, of which some 3,991 died of their wounds or were confirmed dead among the missing in the days following the battle, bringing the total immediate mortality up to 7,666. Given the relative population of the United States in 1862, that would have been the equivalent of 76,000 Americans dying on one day today.<br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>It was a terrible price to pay. But though the Young Napoleon wouldn't acknowledge he had won, Lincoln saw that it was just the victory that the nation needed, that <i>he </i>needed to issue the long delayed Emancipation Proclamation, which he did on 22 September, to make it effective on 1 January 1863. A terrible price to pay, but considering this awful battle was the turning point of the war, and changed the Civil War from a struggle to preserve the Union to a revolution in human rights, it was a needed price. </span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>The Union victory at Antietam also put to rest the anxiety over a possible intervention by the U.K. or France or any other European power (I'm lookin' at you, Russia!) to mediate. Palmerston's Liberal government in Britain wasn't about to recognize the Confederacy now, regardless of the pressure the Union blockade of Southern cotton was having on the British economy (they'd just have to get their cotton somewhere else--I'm lookin' at you, India!) . And Napoleon III had his hands full with his adventurism in Mexico and saw that he couldn't rely on Confederate help in helping him conquer that country. So Antietam pretty much nipped foreign intervention off at the bud.<br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>Yet, in spite of the widespread realization that Antietam was a Union victory, Lincoln was becoming increasingly frustrated with McClellan's post-battle inactivity. Frustration was probably an understatement. To the president, it was just more of the same wet-noodle-pushing that the Young Napoleon had exhibited in his Peninsula campaign, and throughout this latest one. In spite of Lincoln's daily urges to follow up the victory and finish off Lee's army, McClellan continued to do nothing. </span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span></span></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaBC98QVKKXubua9GwFOWrdBEbs7OIJNZYlDgCtouiw5HO2WlHylenvjHihOn2wOUY4h7gOSksd3zmGzau6slDsvFppSS6FzmXlI6WHCqHfB3sgSue3dr_wpZgiv_z5IgEWBgvkw0qmGwWTNz5fugC5_BasZxb1GFsDEI1tIi3YVQEVMEZ_bHZZOO4gzgl/s3510/McClellan%20and%20Wife.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3510" data-original-width="2178" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaBC98QVKKXubua9GwFOWrdBEbs7OIJNZYlDgCtouiw5HO2WlHylenvjHihOn2wOUY4h7gOSksd3zmGzau6slDsvFppSS6FzmXlI6WHCqHfB3sgSue3dr_wpZgiv_z5IgEWBgvkw0qmGwWTNz5fugC5_BasZxb1GFsDEI1tIi3YVQEVMEZ_bHZZOO4gzgl/w249-h400/McClellan%20and%20Wife.jpg" width="249" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>Ellen McClellan & Husband</b><br />in this </i>carte de visite<i>.<br />They look so cute together, <br />don't they?</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>Well, almost nothing. He did write many letters to his darling wife Ellen, whining about how nobody in Washington appreciated the "sacrifices" he made and "brilliant service" he did for his country. The evening of the 18th he wrote to her "The spectacle yesterday was the grandest I could conceive of; nothing could be more sublime. Those in whose judgment I rely tell me I fought the battle splendidly and that it was a masterpiece of art." I'm sure all those thousands of men dying in agony on that field, bleeding out, their guts torn out, and their limbs ripped off, felt it was a "masterpiece of art" as well, and thought themselves blessed they could be part of that "sublime" canvas. And I'm sure Ellen replied, "That's nice, dear."</span></span><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>He also wrote and made tirades to anyone in earshot about how all those "radicals" in the administration (like Stanton, Sumner, Chase, Halleck, and Welles) should be fired. He loudly and </span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>frequently </span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>referred to his commander-in-chief as "that Gorilla" and how he'd a mind to march on Washington and take charge of the government himself. Many of his cronies urged him to do it. I'm amazed by Lincoln's forbearance in not sacking the self-aggrandizing nincompoop earlier. <br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>Lincoln did hear of an intemperate conversation between one of McClellan's confidantes, a Maj. John Key (the brother of a staff officer of McClellan), and an officer of the War Department's Judge Advocate General's office in which Key revealed that McClellan's and Porter's true aim in not pursuing and destroying Lee's army was "...not the game. The object is that neither army shall get much advantage of the other; that both shall be kept in the field until they are exhausted, when we will make a compromise and<i> save slavery</i>." (italics mine). The JAG officer dutifully reported this treason to Secretary Stanton and he, Halleck, and the president immediately called Key to the Oval Office to confront him if that was what he had said. The major confessed he had said that and the president had him immediately cashiered. Why he wasn't arrested and tried for treason is another testament to Lincoln's temperance. Also, </span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>with all the witness-testified evidence against McClellan, </span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>why Lincoln didn't have him arrested and tried for treason is beyond me...at least until I put it into political context (see below). Porter, the Fifth Corps commander who was also an anti-abolitionist and one of McClellan's co-conspirators, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Fitz_John_Porter" target="_blank"><i>was </i>court-martialed</a> in January and cashiered (though though the charge in the court martial was for his disobedience of Pope at Second Bull Run and was later overturned).<br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span></span></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnBVROhysxnVrpghPG3wj9TTqtdM6WGwg_AUA6equLmOltECsyZfjGvRBcXLcpFSZyXXtge7139bCKuqApz0XmlMj0rZxVG4yjHovCGP5cMcs4pBN5TmJ-ROO5FoJOgthnsO5oU893OFXWsLBW8nfthTOpsnJSCvk6GKpU5DLfChnIH01fCyASeeM-YjhW/s640/lincoln_and_mcclellan_1862-10-03-640x512-3976069769.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="640" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnBVROhysxnVrpghPG3wj9TTqtdM6WGwg_AUA6equLmOltECsyZfjGvRBcXLcpFSZyXXtge7139bCKuqApz0XmlMj0rZxVG4yjHovCGP5cMcs4pBN5TmJ-ROO5FoJOgthnsO5oU893OFXWsLBW8nfthTOpsnJSCvk6GKpU5DLfChnIH01fCyASeeM-YjhW/w362-h289/lincoln_and_mcclellan_1862-10-03-640x512-3976069769.jpg" width="362" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">On 3 October Lincoln tries to persuade McClellan<br /> of the importance of destroying Lee's army.<br />But the Young Napoleon knew better than<br />"The Original Gorilla".<br />Alexander Gardner photographer.</span></i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span><br />But on 1 October, two weeks after the battle, Lincoln showed up at McClellan's headquarters in a surprise, four-day visit. General Porter confessed to a friendly pro-Democrat reporter that these impromptu visits never bode well for the host. As he had done when he visited McClellan just before firing him in the Peninsula earlier that year, Lincoln sat alone with McClellan in his tent and gently but firmly tried to persuade him of the strategic necessity of moving the army against Lee, who was already regrouping near Winchester down the Shenandoah Valley, and of taking the short route to Richmond, "on the inside of the chord" as the president invoked a geometry lesson in his talk with his general. He reassured the Young Napoleon that this argument was not an order from his commander-in-chief, whom he respected, but hoped he would see the reason of it. You've probably already guessed that McClellan was not in a reasoning mood. In letters to his wife he continued to describe Lincoln as "the Original Gorilla" and "a well-meaning<b> </b>Baboon", too stupid to grasp complex military subtleties. I think that McClellan was an historical example of what psychologists today would diagnose as exhibiting the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect" target="_blank">Dunning-Kruger Effect</a>, people of limited cognitive abilities over-estimating their own intelligence. <br /></span></span><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>Not only was McClellan truly arrogant and stupid, he was also underhanded, constantly stabbing the president and his cabinet in the back in the press. Though ordered by the president to spread copies of the Emancipation Proclamation to the troops so they knew what they were fighting for, McClellan was strongly opposed to emancipation and intending to run against Lincoln in the '64 election with that as his primary platform plank. So I guess the debate can be whether he was incompetent or just an asshole. Probably both.<br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>Lincoln returned to Washington on 4 October but continued to send harangues to McClellan to get moving. On 25 October, McClellan replied condescendingly that he couldn't move because his cavalry horses were fatigued, to which Lincoln caustically smacked back, "Will you pardon me for asking what the horses of your army have done since the battle of Antietam that fatigues anything?" (Also, I might've added, <i>during </i>the battle?). In all fairness, there had been a recent outbreak of hoof-and-mouth disease among some of the cavalry mounts; but still...</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>Finally, the next day, 26 October, McClellan proudly announced to great fanfare and to his press entourage that his army was starting its gradual move across the Potomac, just six weeks after his victory at Antietam. It took a week for the 100,000 men of the Army of the Potomac to cross what had taken Lee's army a single night. It also struck me as somewhat of a security lapse to broadcast his intended movement to the press. But let's just put that up with all the other sins on George's shelf.<br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Let's wait until after the election.<br /></span></span></b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>I have long wondered why Lincoln didn't just fire McClellan five weeks earlier, when he refused to budge after his victory at Antietam. Or when he had growing evidence of the would-be Napoleon's conspiracy to undermine and even overthrow the elected government. What was stopping him from just canning the bastard? </span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>Well, in a word, politics. As I pointed out at the beginning of this article, politics was behind the context of this necessary victory in the first place. Having made official the Emancipation Proclamation on 22 September, Lincoln was worried about its backlash in the ongoing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1862%E2%80%9363_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" target="_blank">Congressional mid-term elections of 1862-63 </a>(each state back then had its own date for Congressional elections, which stretched from June 1862 to late 1863). Because of the reported popularity of McClellan in the pro-Democrat, anti-war press, Lincoln fretted that the backlash would cause the Republicans to lose their majority in the House, and so lose him the support he needed to enforce emancipation and continue prosecuting the war. Lincoln wanted to wait to see the results of the bulk of the House and Senate elections on 4 November (mostly the swing states). After this, he had given himself and his cabinet the tripwire of McClellan's performance after he had begun his final move south. If McClellan would beat Lee to Richmond and force a battle there, he would let him continue. But by 5 November (the coincidental day after so many state elections) McClellan had allowed Lee to interpose Longstreet's Corps between him and Richmond at Culpeper Courthouse and Jackson's Corps to threaten his communications to the rear. </span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>That was it. He fired his ass. And turned the command of the ATOP to Burnside. Fortunately, the elections, while giving the "peace" and "anti-abolition" Democrats a few seats, had allowed the Republicans, the "war" Democrats, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionist_Party_(United_States)" target="_blank">Unionist Party </a>to retain control of the Congress by a workable margin. So the political consequences of firing the "hero" of Antietam were minimized. And, with the victory at Antietam, the threat of European recognition of the Confederacy or even intervention rapidly evaporated. <br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>McClellan had also dramatically overestimated his popularity among the rank and file in the army. He had predicted that if he were fired by the president, his men would rise up and carry him on their shoulders to Washington. This fantasy was fanned by many of the sycophants on his staff and the anti-emancipation Democrat press. But certain of his close friends (like Burnside and Cox) tried to disabuse him of that notion, telling him the truth over dinner that he wasn't as popular among the men as he imagined. I don't know how seriously McClellan took these friends' advice. I have friends myself who, when convinced they know what they know, cannot be dissuaded by facts.<br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>As it turned out, when announcement of the passing of command from McClellan to Burnside was made to the AOTP, much to the general's disappointment, they didn't rise up. It was <i>their </i>army, not McClellan's. And though he got some cheers as he rode off, they went back to making their coffee and settled in for the long haul. <br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>And Burnside went on to lead them to another murderous fiasco at <a href="https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/fredericksburg" target="_blank">Fredericksburg </a>in December.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9ZWCSeH0Tnk6VGeEeLB7s33I6bxK07ODsZSwDfAN0RpdrT34_eiEBSQ_ylkRSFBJGsvJP3QZY6Mc4vL4-rzW2d4u2BEk-BRItOTK_IYWQ37PyFTbubmdZiAQR75ffN8tNBjoZMGT637AVQy17hAz_j2A5h47pHn1U7TJDBctg7wNTYQvHsOevy1-wypQR/s1500/mcclellans-farewell-1500.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1079" data-original-width="1500" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9ZWCSeH0Tnk6VGeEeLB7s33I6bxK07ODsZSwDfAN0RpdrT34_eiEBSQ_ylkRSFBJGsvJP3QZY6Mc4vL4-rzW2d4u2BEk-BRItOTK_IYWQ37PyFTbubmdZiAQR75ffN8tNBjoZMGT637AVQy17hAz_j2A5h47pHn1U7TJDBctg7wNTYQvHsOevy1-wypQR/w640-h460/mcclellans-farewell-1500.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Li'l Mac says goodbye to his adoring troops on 10 October 1862.<br />Illustration from Harper's Weekly</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b> </b></span></span><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Wargaming Antietam</b></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>Obviously this battle has been wargamed until the cows came home. And the tactical and strategic issues I have highlighted around it have been repeatedly tested. But there are some scenarios that occurred to me that might be experimented with.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">1. Somebody put a stray bullet in McClellan's head.<br /></span></span></b><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Write a sad letter of condolence to Ellen. </span><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">2. Open Burnside's ssault across the Lower Bridge early<br /></span></span></b><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>It seems rather obvious that if Burnside/Cox had made an earnest assault with sufficient strength simultaneously with Hooker's and Mansfield's attacks in the north at the beginning of the day, Lee's entire position might have collapsed by mid-morning. So try this. </span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>You also might see what happened if McClellan had let Sumner move his Second Corps (all of his Second Corps) across Pry's Ford earlier.<br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">3. Use the Union Cavalry as it should've been: for reconnaisance. <br /></span></span></b><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>An interesting version might be to model the game engine on the classic <a href="https://www.battleshiponline.org/" target="_blank">Battleship </a>game format (or that venerable Avalon Hill game, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_(1964_game)" target="_blank">Midway</a></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_(1964_game)" target="_blank"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">™</span></a><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span>). Since McClellan essentially blinded himself by his refusal to use his cavalry as his eyes, one could hide all of both sides' actual forces from the other and use their cavalry to discover their strength and position. You could do this by having two battle maps on two separated tables (or erect a screen between them on a long dining room table; you figure it out).When I was going to the Navy Intelligence School at Lowry AFB years ago, we did this by dividing our teams into three rooms, Red and Blue teams and the referee room, where our instructors (or designated refs) could keep track of all units and movement. These were naval warfare games, but the format could easily be applied to land warfare where reconnaissance and hidden units are in play.<br /></span></span></p></div><div><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: small;"><span>4</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">.</span><span style="color: #b45f06;"> Start the battle on the 18th<br /></span></span></b><span style="font-size: small;"><span>While it is certainly more dramatic to have A.P.Hill's division arrive just at the last minute on the 17th, saving Lee's bacon, it might also be interesting to see if the battle would've played out differently had Lee had all of his forces. In other words, assume McClellan, following his prediliction to sabotage the war effort, delayed another day. His excuse might've been he wanted to wait until the rest of his Fifth and Sixth Corps, and even Couch's had time to come up. In that case. you would give each side full power. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>5. Rain</b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span>It rained the night before but cleared up by morning. Assume that the rain continued, making the ground muddy and the Antietam creek swollen. In this case movement rules would be slower, artillery effects would be less (shells and shot buring themselves in the mud), musket fire would've been less, visibility would be shortened, and the Antietam would not be fordable, making the bridges even more vital. </span><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span> </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span><br /></span></span><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Orders of Battle<br /></b></span></span></h1><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Strength</b></span></span>: The following OOBs are comprised of data from several sources (see <span style="color: #b45f06;">References </span>section below). While unit lists are, for the most part, agreed upon from a variety of trusted sources, strengths are not as verified. Estimated strength numbers in this list are noted with a tilde <span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">(</span>~<span style="font-size: small;">)</span></b></span>. More reliable strength numbers from reputable sources (like Priest, Sears, or <a href="https://antietam.aotw.org/oob.php" target="_blank">Brian Downey's excellent site</a>) are listed without a <span style="font-size: large;"><b>~</b></span> caveat. Nevertheless, since so many narratives are vague in this area, I would not cite the strength numbers in this OOB in any academic context, in case you are working on your doctoral thesis. They are probably good enough for wargaming purposes, though.<br /></p><p style="text-align: left;">Total strength levels are only for those commands actually at the battle. </p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Coat Color:</span></b></span> The first column in this OOB (as with my other battles on this site) are colored in the principle uniform color of the regiment. Of course, Confederate forces did not exactly have uniform coats. But A.P. Hill's division had just decked themselves out in brand new blue coats, relieved from the Union stocks at Harper's Ferry. This definitely caused some confusion on the south side of the battle.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhleJF0Wjs8T8Te6Q0v0_C7i6rl4aNiagVA9eSb2pLg7j0DKU2VwAh5P4Kj_3YBu_NV3ymFAoGiyuWoKB3BxgGB_71xCi8w3Euq4MAs7KlnaoKP1-dHhJ126QPasCF-aOX9Eok0bcWKwOZH5dsZh1t4sA8R-LSCdAMF9PfKp4pFnXv3PebqGRKizKQB_K_9/s12003/Antietam%20Union%20OOB%20for%20posting.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="12003" data-original-width="650" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhleJF0Wjs8T8Te6Q0v0_C7i6rl4aNiagVA9eSb2pLg7j0DKU2VwAh5P4Kj_3YBu_NV3ymFAoGiyuWoKB3BxgGB_71xCi8w3Euq4MAs7KlnaoKP1-dHhJ126QPasCF-aOX9Eok0bcWKwOZH5dsZh1t4sA8R-LSCdAMF9PfKp4pFnXv3PebqGRKizKQB_K_9/s16000/Antietam%20Union%20OOB%20for%20posting.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: x-large;"><span><b></b></span></span><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX1Lk9NdS4EnAtL22SFTw6q8D3AiJ-o7PcPP33-0NYHpq2A_9Wpwvbm5cSig5hWx8ie52qHWgdX9yNxYhdC5bgvQAtqmnKJl-ETpW8kurFUTqD0EmP-TpxyDIYQt96uswF3ZQJaW6M5b1_nSuHvhReU-t_WUomyT3RI4Rj84x3KYSYJYnZnU841sLmLpoh/s10946/Antietam%20Confederate%20OOB%20for%20posting.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="10946" data-original-width="650" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX1Lk9NdS4EnAtL22SFTw6q8D3AiJ-o7PcPP33-0NYHpq2A_9Wpwvbm5cSig5hWx8ie52qHWgdX9yNxYhdC5bgvQAtqmnKJl-ETpW8kurFUTqD0EmP-TpxyDIYQt96uswF3ZQJaW6M5b1_nSuHvhReU-t_WUomyT3RI4Rj84x3KYSYJYnZnU841sLmLpoh/s16000/Antietam%20Confederate%20OOB%20for%20posting.jpg" /></a></div></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">References</span></span></h1><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Printed Sources</span></span><br /></h3><p>Bailey, Ronald, H., <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/bloodiest-day-the-battle-of-antietam-9780809447404" target="_blank">The Bloodiest Day: The Battle of Antietam</a>, 1984, Time-Life Books, ISBN 0-8094-4740-1 </p><p>Commager, Henry Steele, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/the-blue-and-the-gray-9781628200683" target="_blank"><u>The Blue and the Gray</u></a>, 1982, The Fairfax Press, ISBN 0-517-383799<br /></p><p>Foote, Shelby, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/civil-war-volumes-1-3-box-set-9780394749136" target="_blank"><u>The Civil War: A Narrative: Vol 1, Fort Sumter to Perryvill</u></a>e, 1986, Vintage Books, ISBN: 0-394-74623-6<br /></p><p>Chiles, Paul, <a href="https://blueandgraymagazine.com/back-issue-index/" target="_blank">Artillery Hell! The Guns of Antietam</a>, 1998, Blue & Gray Magazine, Vol. XVI, #2<br /></p><p>Griffith, Paddy, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Battle-Tactics-Civil-Paddy-Griffith/dp/1847977898/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1414720437&sr=1-1&keywords=battle+tactics+of+the+civil+war" target="_blank">Battle Tactics of the Civil War</a>, 1987, Yale University Press, ISBN: 0-300-04247-7 <br />
<br />
Hess, Earl J., <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Union-Soldier-Battle-Enduring-Ordeal/dp/0700614214/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1414720558&sr=1-1&keywords=the+union+soldier+in+battle" target="_blank">The Union Soldier in Battle</a>, 1997, University of Kansas Press, ISBN: 0-7006-0837-0</p><p>Johnson, Curt & Anderson, Richard, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/artillery-hell-9780890966235" target="_blank"><u>Artillery Hell</u>: the Employment of Artillery at Antietam</a> 1995, Texas A7M University Press, ISBN 0-89096-623-0 </p><p>Luvaas, Jan & Nelson, Harold, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/guide-to-the-battle-of-antietam-9780700607846" target="_blank"><u>Guide to the Battle of Antietam</u></a>, 1987, University Press of Kansas, ISBN 0-7006-0784-6<br /></p><p>McPherson, James, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/battle-cry-of-freedom-the-civil-war-era-9780195168952" target="_blank"><u>Battle Cry of Freedom</u></a>, 1988, Ballantine Books, ISBN: 0-345-35942-9 <br /></p><p>McPherson, James, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/crossroads-of-freedom-9780195135213" target="_blank">Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam: The Battle That Changed the Course of the Civil War</a>, 2002, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-513521-0<br />
<br />
McWhiney & Jamieson, <a href="http://www.powells.com/book/-9780817302290" target="_blank">Attack and Die: Civil War Military Tactics and the Southern Heritage</a>, 1984, University of Alabama Press, ISBN: <span class="a-size-base a-color-base">978-0817302290</span> <br />
<br />
Naisawald, L. Van Loan, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Grape-Canister-L-Vanloan-Naisawald/dp/0811707024/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1414717715&sr=1-1&keywords=grape+and+canister" target="_blank">Grape and Canister:The Story of the Field Artillery of the Army of the Potomac 1861-1865</a>, 1960, Oxford University Press</p><p>Priest, John Michael, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/antietam-9780195084665" target="_blank">Antietam: The Soldier's Battle</a>, 1989. Oxford University Press, ISBN:0-19-508466-7 <br />
<br />
Sears, Stephen W., <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/landscape-turned-red-9780618344192" target="_blank">Landscape Turned Red, The Battle of Antietam</a>, 1983, Ticknor & Fields, ISBN: 0-89919-172-X</p><p>Sears, Stephen W., <u><a href="https://www.powells.com/book/george-b-mcclellan-9780306809132" target="_blank">George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon,</a></u> 1999, Da Capo Press, ISBN: 9780306809132</p><p><br /><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Video Sources:</span></b></span><br /><br />Burns, Ken, <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0098769/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0_tt_8_nm_0_q_The%2520Civil%2520War" target="_blank">The Civil War: Forever Free (1862), Episode 3</a>, Originally aired,1990. Stream it on PBS</p><p> <br /></p><p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Online Sources:</span></b></span><br /><br />Downy, Brian, <a href="https://antietam.aotw.org/index.php" target="_blank">Antietam on the Web</a>, an outstanding, meticulously compiled resource for details on orders of battle, personalities, and maps.</p><p><a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3842am.gcw0248000/?sp=1&st=single" target="_blank">Atlas of the Battlefield of Antietam</a>, Library of Congress site for 1908 maps supervised by the War Department by Carman and Cope; excellent cartography in an age a century before satellite imagery. Covers not only the OOB but almost a dozen maps of each phase of the day-long battle.</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antietam_Union_order_of_battle" target="_blank">Wikipedia Union Order of Battle for Antietam</a></p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antietam_Confederate_order_of_battle" target="_blank">Wikipedia Confederate Order of Battle for Antietam</a><br /></p><p>Woods, Michael E,<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/before-opinion-polling-tracking-public-sentiment-in-civil-war-era-politics/" target="_blank"> Before Opinion Polling: Tracking Public Sentiment in Civil War Era Politics</a>, 2019, www.journalofthecivilwar.org<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i>©
</i></span></span>Copyright 2023, Jeffery
P. Berry Trust, all rights reserved. No part of this post may be used
for re-publication or copy-and-pasting into another post without documented permission from the
Jeffery P. Berry Trust. However, feel free to link to this site as a
resource from related sites.</i></span></span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-44242366617312493712021-11-25T13:28:00.084-08:002023-08-12T11:09:53.149-07:00Falkirk Muir 1746<p> </p><h2><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"> 17 January 1746</span></span></span><br /></span></h2><h2><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: x-large;">Jacobite Rebellion<br /></span></h2><p>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>British Government Army</b>:</span></span> <span style="color: black;">under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hawley" target="_blank">Lt. Gen. Henry Hawley</a>, Governor of Scotland, approx. 8,000 with 10 guns</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #0b5394;">Jacobite Army</span><span style="color: #0b5394;">:</span></b></span> <span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #134f5c;">under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" target="_blank">Charles Edward Stuart</a>, approx. 7,500</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Location:<a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/55%C2%B059'17.7%22N+3%C2%B049'10.1%22W/@55.988247,-3.821663,773m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m14!1m7!3m6!1s0x48886fbe00fa6a4f:0xc30dab8665eff5d3!2sFalkirk,+UK!3b1!8m2!3d56.0018775!4d-3.7839131!3m5!1s0x0:0x0!7e2!8m2!3d55.9882437!4d-3.8194685" target="_blank"> </a><a target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">55</span></a></span></span><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/55%C2%B059'17.7%22N+3%C2%B049'10.1%22W/@55.988247,-3.821663,773m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m14!1m7!3m6!1s0x48886fbe00fa6a4f:0xc30dab8665eff5d3!2sFalkirk,+UK!3b1!8m2!3d56.0018775!4d-3.7839131!3m5!1s0x0:0x0!7e2!8m2!3d55.9882437!4d-3.8194685" target="_blank"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">°</span></span></span></span> 59' 17"N, 3</span></span></span><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">°</span></span></span></span> 49' 10"W</span></span></span></a><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@42.4691148,-71.3515686,768m/data=%213m1%211e3" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, </span></a></span></span></span><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">Just to the southwest of the town of Falkirk, Scotland</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span> </span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Weather:</span> Cold as a witch's you-know-what; cloudy in the morning, and then, by afternoon, a sleet storm blowing hard from the southwest, into the faces of the Government forces and reportedly damping their gunpowder. <span style="color: #b45f06;">Visibility: <span style="color: black;">Rain turning to sleet beginning around noon, which would have further reduced visibility. </span> <span style="color: #134f5c;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ground</span>:</span> <span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Soggy</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunrise: </span> 08:35 <span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunset: <span style="color: black;">16:18</span></span></span> <span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span><br />
</p><p><a href="https://gml.noaa.gov/grad/solcalc/sunrise.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Calculated using the NOAA improved Sunrise/Sunset calculator</span></a><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">All times UTC (Alpha, Zulu, which would also be local for Falkirk)</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<br />
</p><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;"><span>Another Victory that Lost the War.</span></span></h1>
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div><p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">T</span></span>his was the penultimate battle of the ill-starred Fifth Jacobite Rebellion, popularly known as "The '45". Those fans of the bodice-ripper <i>Outlander </i>TV series may not consider it an Obscure Battle, nor would many of my Scottish readers, but as this is my house and my rules, I decide what qualifies for my posts. Also, as it was fought just prior to the disastrous Battle of Culloden (well...disastrous for Bonnie Prince Charlie and his Scottish supporters, at any rate), it does have some interesting details that might shine light on that final fiasco. </p><p>(Note that this battle is not to be confused with the other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Falkirk" target="_blank">Battle of Falkirk</a> 448 years earlier; the <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0112573/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0" target="_blank">one Mel Gibson los</a>t in <i>Braveheart.</i>)</p><p>I was following my cousin's recent hike across Scotland, which she shared everyday with us on Facebook. She visited two battlefields, Falkirk and Culloden. And it sparked an old memory. When I was 17 and living with my parents in West London (Ealing, to be precise), my dad and I would frequent our neighborhood pub, the Duke of Kent, where we were embraced as amusing Yanks by the regulars. The pub was popular with several Scottish patrons and we used to tease each other about our accents, but bonding over the acknowledgement that it was the <i>English </i>who had the peculiar accents. One evening one of them started ranting about the "bloody Sassenachs" (i.e. "English", from the Gaelic for "Saxon"), and how much he hated them. He told us that these bloodthirsty monsters had rounded up all the people in a village near his in the Highlands, locked them in the church and set fire to it, burning them all alive; "Alive! Men, lasses, and wee bairns! Don't tell me about the &*#$@ English!" I was appalled. It was outrageous! How come this atrocity wasn't in the news? His friend, laughing, leaned into us and told us, "He's talking about the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745." I guess feelings were still trigger-happy about this period, even two centuries later, particularly after too many pints. But this was the first time I had heard about the '45. Or learned the term "Sassenach". Or "bairn".</p><p>As I researched this article (see my references at the end), I noticed again all the disparate accounts. The more I read history, the more I realize it's more like cable news; it depends on the individual prejudices and political axes to grind. Some historians try to be objective, but even my favorites cannot help but reveal their biases. In the case of the Jacobite rebellion, even though it is two-and-a-half centuries over, I noticed (as I did in that pub way back in 1967) that it isn't dead. Faulkner's relevant quote, "The past is never dead, it's not even past," is more true than ever. </p><p>So while those of you steeped in Scottish history may have favorite specific accounts yourselves, and may be incensed by the account written by this Yank amateur historian, my apologies. But also understand that in terms of the Jacobite cause (or rebellion, depending on your point of view) I don't have a dog in the fight. To me, both sides seem ridiculous. I'll have to say, though, that at least the Hanoverian position was based on Parliamentary law and the Jacobite on medieval dogma about Divine Right of Kings. So you can see where I, as an American, might also be biased.</p><p>Okay, enough prologue.<br /></p><p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>The map of the battlefield as it was starting. This was about 15:00. Very "about".</i></span><br /></p><p><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_N7lhkq2Iu0/YaKsPrH78XI/AAAAAAAAFjg/JeRb6Em5FRw1BT8fFzJSvrOA0zxTMy-CQCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Falkirk%2BMuir%2B1746%2B1400%2Bfor%2Bpost.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="2048" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_N7lhkq2Iu0/YaKsPrH78XI/AAAAAAAAFjg/JeRb6Em5FRw1BT8fFzJSvrOA0zxTMy-CQCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Falkirk%2BMuir%2B1746%2B1400%2Bfor%2Bpost.jpg" /></a></p><p><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Jaco-who?</span></span></b></p><p><span>But first, before we get to the carnage (which...and let's all be frank...is why we're all here, right?), a little background. You can always scroll down. There won't be a test this time.<br /></span></p><p><span><b>In 1688</b>, following the Glorious Revolution in the U.K. which deposed the Roman Catholic, tyrannical, and much-despised Stuart King, James II (and VII of Scotland), a political movement was generated by the minority of British, who, as in so many losing political parties to this day, imagined themselves as the cheated majority. Its object was to bring back James II, and then, after he died in 1701, his son, James Francis (who, to them, would have been James III/VIII). The movement was called Jacobitism, after the Latin for James, Jacobus. And it continued episodically for almost a century.<br /></span></p><p><span>Of course, in kicking out James, the Whig-dominated British Parliament </span><span><span>brought over James's Protestant daughter Mary II and her husband, William
of Orange (William III), from the Netherlands to be conjugal monarchs. William was also
genetically a Stuart and Mary's cousin, so he didn't need the marriage
to be in the direct line of succession from his grandfather, Charles I, but it was a nice plus.</span> And following the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_Act" target="_blank">Test Acts</a> of both the English and Scottish parliaments in the previous centuries, no monarch or any office-holder could be legitimate unless he/she was a Protestant (either Church of England, Presbyterian, or some sort of Calvinist). During two childless reigns (Mary's and Anne's) Parliament further enacted the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" target="_blank"> Settlement Act</a> in 1701 which reinforced the succession only to Protestant heirs. After Anne's death in 1714, the closest eligible heir, who was both Protestant and a Stuart, was George , Elector of Hanover, the son of James I's granddaughter (and also William III's cousin), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_of_Hanover" target="_blank">Sophia of Hanover</a>, who became George I, the first British king in the House of Hanover. This isn't so hard to follow, right? And it makes so much more sense than having <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtYU87QNjPw" target="_blank">strange women lying in ponds distributing swords as the basis for a system of government.</a> (to quote Monty Python).<br /></span></p><p><span>From 1688 there had been officially five attempts by Jacobites to achieve a coup to overthrow the legal monarch (well, legal if you recognize the Whiggish Parliaments that validated them) by military invasion of Britain; 1690, 1694. 1708, 1714, and 1745. All of these were backed by the French, who had a vested interest in sowing discord in their arch-enemy, Britain. The movement really never ended, but after the brutality and failure of the '45 rebellion, it withered to a pipe dream, with both the Old and New Pretenders dying of old age somewhere in their villas in Italy. The French essentially gave up backing this fruitless foreign policy after the last attempt. They had other things to worry about...oh, like the Seven Years War, or losing their colonies in the New World, or devastating famines, or, finally, the French Revolution.<br /></span></p><p><span>But in 1745 </span><span><span> the son of James Edward Francis Stuart (James III to his friends, or "The Old Pretender" to his enemies), </span>Charles Edward Stuart ("Bonnie Prince Charlie" to his friends, or "The Young Pretender" to his enemies) was backed by the French to launch a fifth and final invasion of Britain. Intelligence from Louis XV's agents indicated that there was widespread disaffection with the Hanoverian government in England, and particularly in Scotland, and that the Bonnie Prince and his army would be "welcomed as liberators". Ah yes. That old bit. And, of course, there was evidence of weapons of mass destruction secreted in the Highlands.<br /></span></p><p><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Bonnie Prince Lands</span></span></b></p><p><span></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Q8r9Q-B2knE/YZGGg4PhLaI/AAAAAAAAFgI/F9efoVCDARQ_v0c8qn4XnC45KTYzRFN1ACLcBGAsYHQ/s976/800px-William_Mosman_-_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart%252C_1720_-_1788._Eldest_son_of_Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="976" data-original-width="800" height="333" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Q8r9Q-B2knE/YZGGg4PhLaI/AAAAAAAAFgI/F9efoVCDARQ_v0c8qn4XnC45KTYzRFN1ACLcBGAsYHQ/w272-h333/800px-William_Mosman_-_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart%252C_1720_-_1788._Eldest_son_of_Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" width="272" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Bonnie Prince Charlie</b><br />I mean, just look at this adorable face!<br />Don't you just want to bink that wee nose?<br /></span></i><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">painted by William Mosman in 1750</span></i></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /></span></i></td></tr></tbody></table><span><br />On 23 July 1745 the Old Pretender's son, the 25-year-old Charles Edward Stuart, was rowed ashore on the Outer Hebridean island of <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Eriskay,+Isle+of+South+Uist+HS8+5JJ,+UK/@57.0883924,-7.327332,10734m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x488ceacd22a2a181:0xca1d5adfea48c19!8m2!3d57.08549!4d-7.3068828" target="_blank">Eriksay</a>. Originally he had had another ship with him (the <i>Elizabeth</i>) that had a force of French infantry and arms, but it was intercepted by the Royal Navy's <i>HMS Lion</i> and forced back to France after a four-day, running, sea battle. So Charles splashed onto the beach with a tiny entourage and only their own personal weapons. </span><p></p><p><span>Nevertheless, Charles was able to make his way over to the Scottish mainland and at <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Glenfinnan,+UK/@56.8702586,-5.4533769,2418m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x4889548377a3cd47:0x80b6f780e2515bdd!8m2!3d56.8714325!4d-5.4383094" target="_blank">Glenfinnan </a>(see map below), formally raised his banner and declared his father the legitimate King of Scotland, England, Wales, and Ireland. A bunch of Catholic Highland clans started rallying to him, calling him the "Bonnie Prince Charlie". As in the previous four risings they were primarily Catholic, but it was also from a fever of national pride that they rallied around a "native" Stuart prince...even one born in Italy. They were still not happy with the forced Union Acts of 1706-7 which duct-taped Scotland to England by consent of both of their parliaments. After all, both kingdoms had been ruled by the same monarchs for over a century, since James I (VI). This just made it official. Not to the Jacobites, though. It may have been 57 years since James II (Charles's grandfather) had been chased out of Britain, but like that Scot I met years ago in The Duke of Kent, they weren't going to let it go.<br /></span></p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-atudX9Ode04/YZGMMhHlKlI/AAAAAAAAFgQ/IIlshuqp6BwJS_ohKpS0t51MaNHfNfNaACLcBGAsYHQ/s800/Bonnie_Prince_Charlie%2527s_Glenfinnan_banner.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="800" height="198" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-atudX9Ode04/YZGMMhHlKlI/AAAAAAAAFgQ/IIlshuqp6BwJS_ohKpS0t51MaNHfNfNaACLcBGAsYHQ/w330-h198/Bonnie_Prince_Charlie%2527s_Glenfinnan_banner.jpg" width="330" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>The Bonnie Prince's Glenfinnan Banner</b><br />Inspiring, no?</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span>With this growing throng, Charles began to make his way eastward through the central Highlands, gathering more and more supporters. So far so good. By the time they had tiptoed past the Government stronghold of Fort William and dodged an intercepting force of Redcoats under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cope_(British_Army_officer)" target="_blank">Sir John Cope</a> (who went on up to <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Inverness,+UK/@57.4680376,-4.5020953,84993m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x488f715b2d17de2b:0x624309d12e3ec43d!8m2!3d57.477773!4d-4.224721" target="_blank">Inverness</a>, mistakenly believing that was Charles' destination), the Jacobite army, now swollen to almost almost 2,500 men, made their way to <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Perth,+UK/@56.3905233,-3.7294896,87484m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x488615c6fb484d03:0xb65f146e7df49618!8m2!3d56.394994!4d-3.4308381" target="_blank">Perth</a>, then over to <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Stirling+Castle/@56.12291,-3.9477555,688m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x48886292283cd5a7:0x7c5004fb1541fb67!8m2!3d56.122907!4d-3.9455615" target="_blank">Stirling </a>(another Government stronghold, which they bypassed), and finally to Edinburgh, the capitol of Scotland. Edinburgh city itself was not defended by Government forces. There they were welcomed by a small delegation of Jacobites. These, however, were not nearly a majority in Lowland Scotland, so there weren't throngs of cheering crowds welcoming the Bonnie Price into the city. And, as another buzz-chill, Edinburgh castle itself held fast. It commanded the city and was manned by several hundred pensioners and Government loyalists. Charles didn't have the time or the equipment to besiege the castle, so he let it be. <br /></span><p></p><p><span></span></p><span>Meanwhile, Cope, after reinforcing Inverness in the northwest (map below), made his way back to relieve Edinburgh via Aberdeen to Dunbar at the entrance to the Firth of Forth, arriving there on 17 September with a couple of thousand troops (horse and foot), the same day the Jacobites had marched into Edinburgh. A few days later, both little armies met at the mushy field of <a href="https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/BTL16" target="_blank">Prestonpans</a>, east of Edinburgh, and stared at each other for a few days. On the 21st</span><span> the Jacobites executed a surprise flanking maneuver worthy of Frederick the Great and in five minutes routed the Redcoats. Just five minutes! This was, needless to say, a huge morale booster to the Jacobite recruiting campaign and an equally huge bummer to the Hanoverian loyalists. For a bunch of ragtag snerfherders to so easily beat a professional army of Regulars! <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2017/07/lexington-concord-1775.html" target="_blank">Who would have thought</a>? But, to be fair, most of Cope's army were not regulars. They were largely untrained recruits, otherwise known as a home guard. The real Regulars were still over in Flanders under the Duke of Cumberland, <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2017/09/fontenoy-1745.html" target="_blank">fighting the French</a>.<br /></span><p></p><p><span>In spite of this shot in the arm from Prestonpans, it must be mentioned that while Charles and his army were encouraged by the enthusiasm of support from Catholics and Jacobites in Scotland, they were at the same time discouraged by the sullen hostility of the majority of people, particularly in the Lowlands. They weren't welcomed as liberators as Charles had expected and been promised. His men had been forced to threaten several local magistrates and landholders, extorting material support (food, horses, weapons, lodging) on pain of death, in many cases forcing local officials to read the proclamation of James's claims in public, with guns at their heads. The economy had been doing pretty well for the past several years through increased trade with the American colonies and the West and East Indies, and this rebellion had disrupted that. Moreover, there was considerable hostility between the Highlanders, Lowlanders, and Protestant Jacobites within Charles's army itself. Old clan rivalries made Charles' task like walking on eggs. And as happens in any civil war (and the English Civil War was just a century past) there was partisan divide even among close families. So distrust was epidemic.</span></p><p><span><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Map of Jacobite and Government movements in Scotland and England up to Falkirk. I have not represented the movements after that battle but have indicated the site of Culloden, the final battle of the rebellion three months later, up near Inverness.</span></i><br /></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9DGiJBMBUHQ/YZGZCceFRiI/AAAAAAAAFgo/7e4LeR6N3gEsyhZYkFl-joev5YDWYACjgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1356/1745%2BStrategic%2BMap%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1356" data-original-width="1000" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9DGiJBMBUHQ/YZGZCceFRiI/AAAAAAAAFgo/7e4LeR6N3gEsyhZYkFl-joev5YDWYACjgCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/1745%2BStrategic%2BMap%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" /></a></div><br /><span><br /></span><p></p><p><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>The Bonnie Prince Invades England</b></span></span></span></p><p><span>Not deterred by the underwhelming response in eastern Scotland, Charles decided to take his cause south to England. Everybody knew how much the English loved the Scots. And how much they loved his grandfather James's memory (insert sarcasm emoji here). So if he were to invade that country with an army of kilted, claymore-swinging Highlanders, he concluded that the English would swarm to his banner in a flood of brotherly support. That's what he'd been told, anyway (he'd never been to England himself). He believed that his mere presence with a Scottish army in England would cause the Hanoverian government to fall, with the people carrying him on their shoulders into Whitehall. Several of his generals, including Lord George Murray, thought this was a bad idea. They were vigorous in their advice to stay up in Scotland and consolidate their position there.<br /></span></p><p><span>So, if there are no other objections, let's go. </span></p><p><span></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8vSoFxutqLg/YZsA4QQzHJI/AAAAAAAAFjI/gB8P4DzwqbsUP2wSOsjgsjCV-95W9eDJgCLcBGAsYHQ/s976/Lord_George_Murray.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="976" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8vSoFxutqLg/YZsA4QQzHJI/AAAAAAAAFjI/gB8P4DzwqbsUP2wSOsjgsjCV-95W9eDJgCLcBGAsYHQ/w277-h320/Lord_George_Murray.jpg" width="277" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>Lord George Murray</b><br /></i></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>1st Duke of Atholl</i></span><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>I love the skeptical look on his face</i>. </span><br /><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>He was probably Charles's</i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i> most capable <br />general but there</i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i> was no love lost be-<br />tween the two. </i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Charles repeatedly rejected <br />Murray's </i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>advice and the lord rapidly<br /> lost respect</i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i> for the Bonnie Prince.</i></span><br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><span>On 2 November, leaving Edinburgh without taking its castle, the Jacobite army, now "swollen" to almost 5,000 men, headed toward the English border at Carlisle in two columns, a strategy designed to headfake the Government commander in northeast England, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wade" target="_blank">George Wade</a>, over in Newcastle. The northeast corridor into England, heading right toward York through Northumbria, was considered the logical avenue of attack, so half of Charles's force (under Lord George Murray) first marched in that direction while the other half (under Lord Perth ) went west toward Carlisle. But just before they crossed the border on the east, Murray's lefthand column jinked right and followed the border across the mountains to meet up with Charles at Carlisle (see map above).<br /></span><p></p><p><span>This worked. Wade, with an estimated 11,000 </span><span>Government </span><span>troops, couldn't figure out where Charles was going. And this being the middle of the four century climatic period known as the Little Ice Age, the snows had already started to fall by early November, blocking the passes over the Pennine mountains between Northumbria and northwest England. So Wade marched back and forth, trying one pass after another, exhausting his troops.</span></p><p><span>The still-small Jacobite army, now reunited, marched into Carlisle. But again, as at Edinburgh, they were disappointed not to be met with throngs of supporters and volunteers, eager to see a Catholic king ruling over them again. There were some sympathizers, but most had to be pressed into service or into surrendering their horses and food under threat of "military execution", as the euphemism of the day went. The Jacobites also forced the locals to put up their men in their houses, feeding them, changing their linen, giving them their WiFi passwords. There are also many testaments by the outraged locals about how the Highlanders soiled their homes (I won't go into the gross details). If any of you Americans among my readers ever wonder about the quaint Third Amendment to our Constitution, the one about not having to quarter troops in your homes, it gets back to this common practice. In all fairness, though, It wasn't just the Jacobites who did this. All armies just moved into people's houses back then and raided their fridges.<br /></span></p><p><span>The invasion continued on south, requisitioning, mooching, bullying, and "military executing" until it finally got to the vicinity of Derby in the East Midlands. One of its main tactics seemed to be what I call the "Airbnb Overbooking" strategy. Agents and detachments of Jacobites would fan out on either side of the prospective route of advance, making reservations at various towns for 2,000 here, 12,000 there, sparking apprehension. This accomplished two things; it spread terror in an economical way throughout western England, and it misdirected the defense by the Government. Nobody knew where Charles was heading next, and nobody knew how large the invading army actually was. When you hear of 10,000 reservations being made in one town, you tend to think that there are actually 10,000 in that party. Christopher Duffy, in his detailed study of <a href="https://www.amazon.com/45-Bonnie-Prince-Charlie-Jacobite/dp/0304355259/ref=sr_1_1?crid=12N9SGK5E2R47&dchild=1&keywords=the+45+Bonnie+Prince+Charlie+%26+the+Untold+Story+of+the+Jacobite+Rising&qid=1635377054&qsid=140-2078898-2334757&s=books&sprefix=the+45+bonnie+prince+charlie+%26+the+untold+story+of+the+jacobite+rising+%2Cstripbooks%2C158&sr=1-1&sres=0304355259" target="_blank">The '45</a>, (pp 300-313) lays out all of the possible avenues of assault on London that had been anticipated. This clever misdirection also confused the Duke of Cumberland, who had been recalled from Flanders with his troops to mount a defense of the Realm. He marched up and down and back and forth. And it set Whitehall in a panic. Now virtually all of the British troops on the Continent, as well as Hessian, Dutch, and Swiss mercenaries were called over to England.</span></p><p><span>While Cumberland had presided over the Allied defeat at <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2017/09/fontenoy-1745.html" target="_blank">Fontenoy </a>that spring </span><span><a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2017/09/fontenoy-1745.html" target="_blank">(see my post on that battle)</a></span><span>, he was still considered Britain's most talented soldier because of his brave performance at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dettingen" target="_blank">Dettingen </a></span><span><span>(under his dad, George II) </span>and, besides, his defeat at Fontenoy was actually the Dutch's fault (yeah, that was it!). His troops also seemed to love Cumberland, who, like Charles himself and other great commanders, shared their privations with them, marched on foot with them, put himself at the forefront of the fighting with them, personally rewarded them, and treated them decently, like fellow soldiers. So everybody was counting on him.</span></p><p><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>The Bonnie Prince Says "Nevermind."<br /></b></span></span></span></p><p><span>For some reason, even though his progress through England had been pretty smooth, and he had reached as far as the Midlands (<a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Harborough,+Market+Harborough+LE16+7RS,+UK/@52.5134779,-1.0335352,9055m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x48776fc41bf8bd91:0xa8f8ee96607a0515!8m2!3d52.5!4d-1" target="_blank">Market Harborough</a>, less than 80 miles from London, where Airbnb reservations for 12,000 had been booked), and Cumberland had not yet organized his response, Charles lost his nerve. </span></p><p><span>On 5 December he held a council of war in Derby with his senior commanders (Lords George Murray, Perth, Atholl, O'Sullivan, etc.). As I said, Lord George had been against the southern invasion in the first place. The promised landing of a French army in the southeast of England hadn't happened. The response to recruitment in England had been underwhelming; in fact, there was growing resentment of the Jacobites' very presence. Everyone in Charles's staff noticed. They had only managed to raise one battalion of Jacobite sympathizers in Manchester. Both the local and national economies were collapsing in the face of the invasion </span><span><span> (there had been a run on the banks in London and port traffic in Liverpool had stopped)</span>, which didn't bode well for The Bonnie Prince being carried on the shoulders of a grateful populace as he entered London. And it was snowing really hard. Anyway, that night, Charles had decided to retreat. </span></p><p><span>The moral effect on his army was, shall we say, not great. As Charles's regiments were ordered to get marching again early the next morning, when the sun started to come up, they noticed it was on their right instead of their left; they were marching back north! Duffy compares the psychological effect to what had happened to the French Army in the face of the German invasion in 1940, where they had been holding their own against Guderian and were suddenly ordered to fall back by the High Command. Or to the British in Malaya who had been successfully defending against the Japanese in 1942 and, without explanation, ordered to fall back to Singapore. This fateful decision also weighed heavily on Napoleon as he pondered the consequences of<a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2021/07/shevardino-1812.html" target="_blank"> his retreat from Moscow in 1812</a>. When you seem to be doing well, at least from the point of view of the frontline troops, and are suddenly ordered to retreat, it is usually taken as a sign of defeat. Lord George Murray had been right all along: This was a bad idea from the get-go.<br /></span></p><p><span>The retreat took the army all the way back to Carlisle on the border. The whole way they were hounded by Cumberland's dragoons, who, though they were swatted away each time (as at the little <a href="http://www.thesonsofscotland.co.uk/thebattleofcliftonmoor1745.htm" target="_blank">"battle" of Clifton </a>on 18 December), all this harassment eroded the confidence of the Highlanders...or, at least, insulted their honor, as if they were mere, undocumented immigrants and not liberators.<br /></span></p><p><span>Reaching Carlisle again on the 20th</span><span>, Charles made another strategically dumb decision by leaving some 394 men (whom he could ill afford from his diminutive army) and all of the guns he had captured at Prestonpans in the dilapidated fort there. They were summarily all captured ten days later. Cumberland wanted to execute all 394 as seditionists on the spot, but the Government insisted that they do it judicially, which they did a month later--either hanging them or "transporting" them to the West Indies and Georgia. "Transporting" was the euphemism for making them slaves.<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span>Charles, after making this useless sacrifice at Carlisle, continued his retreat up to Glasgow, getting there on Christmas Day. Glasgow, which he had avoided before, was a city generally hostile to Jacobitism. Charles himself bemoaned that he seemed to have no friends there. In fact, there was even an attempt on his life by a kid firing out of a window. Charles' quartermasters had to extort over</span> £5,000 in<span> supplies from the local merchants. Also, before they got to Glasgow, that city, far from being a Jacobite oasis, had mustered a regiment of some 700 <i>Loyalist </i>militia to march off to Edinburgh to join the Government army assembling there. Charles could recruit almost nobody to <i>his </i>cause in Glasgow. He had </span><span><span>a couple of city
magistrates seized as hostages, and took them with him to insure
that Glasgow wouldn't try any funny business behind him. But the whole enterprise was starting to founder.<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span>On New Years day Charles moved his army over to Falkirk, about 20 miles east of Glasgow, and rested his troops there for a couple of days. Then he moved 10 miles northwest to Stirling and its castle, still stoutly defended by a Government garrison, arriving in the town on 4 January. When he first passed Stirling on his way to Edinburgh back in September, he had had to bypass the castle since he didn't have the means (i.e. guns) or time to besiege it. And here it was, still untaken.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span>Below the defiant Stirling Castle he met John Drummond's Jacobite army who had been left in Scotland prior to the aborted English invasion. Drummond brought with him about 4,000 newly recruited men (mostly Lowlanders) and six newly imported French cannon, including two big 18 pounders, with which they intended to pound the castle into submission. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0NgNqoVzdi4/YZGYF1juNKI/AAAAAAAAFgg/FOMUcQNKMTY1BjdTfVpQzH7pSuMBPPCCQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1429/Stirling%2BCastle.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="816" data-original-width="1429" height="376" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0NgNqoVzdi4/YZGYF1juNKI/AAAAAAAAFgg/FOMUcQNKMTY1BjdTfVpQzH7pSuMBPPCCQCLcBGAsYHQ/w659-h376/Stirling%2BCastle.jpg" width="659" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Stirling Castle</b><br />photo by John Stocks on Google Maps</span></i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span>The men started digging trenches and the guns were emplaced. But the castle is perched on top of a high, volcanic plug overlooking a flat plain. The incompetent French engineer, Mirabelle de Gordon, who had come with the guns, set them up too close, too shallowly entrenched, and completely vulnerable to the batteries in the fort. These were quickly dismounted by the guns in the castle.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span>The Jacobites, after over four months of campaigning, had not managed to take a single fortified position from the Government (except Carlisle, which was surrendered without a siege and then retaken by Cumberland with a siege). All of the Scottish castles, from Inverness to Edinburgh to Stirling and all the forts up and down the Great Glen (Forts William, Augustus, George) were still held by Loyalist forces. Charles, apparently had felt he had to at least take Stirling since it dominated the head of the Forth and the gateway into the Highlands. Symbolically too, it overlooked the battlefields of Bannockburn and Stirling, where Robert the Bruce and William Wallace had defeated the hated English in the middle ages. So it was a patriotic prize, one to legitimize Charles's claim--at least to the throne of Scotland for his father. But he just couldn't take it. It must have been so vexing.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span>Maybe not surprisingly, the Prince got sick. He had been marching on his own feet for five months in the middle of this Little Ice Age winter. He was not a weakling (don't let that portrait by Mosman above fool you). But he was not a tough Highlander either. He had grown up in a villa in balmy Italy. So, with all of his frustrations and disappointments over the past six months since he landed in Eriksay; and the cold, miserable weather; and his inability to win more support; or even to take one goddam, measly castle...Sheeze!... he was entitled to some PTO, ("personal time off" to you non-corporate types).<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span>Also, he got distracted by another castle to storm. While resting with his cold at Bannockburn House just south of Stirling, the Bonnie One happened to meet a very charming young lady, one<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clementina_Walkinshaw" target="_blank"> Clementina <span style="background-color: white;">Walkinshaw</span></a> (I love that name. She had to be a Gryffindor.) who was to become his lifelong soulmate...at least until he became a burned-out, middle-aged, abusive alcoholic back in Italy and she had to be rescued by Charles's dad. But for now, love was in bloom. <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span>So that takes us up to the main point of this article, the Battle of Falkirk Muir. Which I'll begin now.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span>Hawley Moves His Army to Falkirk</span></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span>Lieutenant General Henry Hawley had been recently appointed as military governor of Scotland after Cope's loss at Prestonpans. He had distinguished himself in Flanders under Cumberland as a brave and competent cavalry commander, so the Duke had confidence in him. But he was also infamous among his own troops and the Scots as "Hangman Hawley" because of his ruthlessness, his sadism, and his readiness to summarily execute not just enemy prisoners but even his own men. His own commander, the Duke of Cumberland, apparently despised him and on several occasions actually countermanded his executions and whippings, admonishing him for going too far. (And we know how fondly Cumberland was thought of in Scotland.) One anecdote mentions Hawley as having the corpse of one of his victims hanging in his tent. Ah! What's that smell? <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KIQ1YSMS_o4/YZK4G9c2vnI/AAAAAAAAFgw/ZCUckCe6boUamwnB1GVU_DUvkxpBxmaMwCLcBGAsYHQ/s306/Henry_Hawley.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="306" data-original-width="198" height="402" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KIQ1YSMS_o4/YZK4G9c2vnI/AAAAAAAAFgw/ZCUckCe6boUamwnB1GVU_DUvkxpBxmaMwCLcBGAsYHQ/w260-h402/Henry_Hawley.jpg" width="260" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>Lt. Gen. Henry "Hangman" Hawley</b><br />by Christian Zincke 1746</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">On hearing that Charles had arrived in front of Stirling Castle, Hawley moved his army of 8,000 (12 regular foot battalions, about 1,700 militia, three regiments of dragoons, and ten guns) from Edinburgh to relieve that siege and, hopefully, draw Charles into a standup battle; one that would undo the shame of Prestonpans. Hawley arrived in Falkirk on the afternoon of the 16th</span><span style="font-size: small;">, the day after the Jacobites had checked out to move up to Stirling.</span><br /></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span>Falkirk was crowded with thousands of sightseers who had come in from all over to witness the anticipated battle. It was like an 18</span><span>th century Burning Man festival. </span><span><span>Prices of lodging, food, commemorative T-shirts, glo-sticks had gone through the roof.<span style="color: #666666;"> </span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-size: small;">(okay, maybe no T-shirts or glo-sticks)</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">. </span></span></span>This reminded me of all the sightseers who had traveled out from Washington to witness the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861, the opening battle of the American Civil War which Washingtonians thought would be a walkover for the Union. People are idiots. It's comforting to realize not just in our time.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span>This influx of tourists didn't particularly hinder Hawley's army. The regiments just set up their tents to the northwest of the town behind a defensive gully (The Mungal Burn) and by 13:00 they were cooking their dinner (or tea or whatever it is the Brits eat in the middle of the afternoon). Hawley and his officers just threw all the tourists out of the spacious Callendar House on the east side of town and moved in there. The Argyll and Glasgow militias, who didn't have tents, moved into all the houses and barns to the west of the town, ostensibly to guard against a Jacobite surprise attack. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_lFMSo6VHPw/YZK45prKt1I/AAAAAAAAFg4/UxaxHJxAHJIhErPHl_iW5iEyIDlpFvCXACLcBGAsYHQ/s1920/Falkirk.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="971" data-original-width="1920" height="332" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_lFMSo6VHPw/YZK45prKt1I/AAAAAAAAFg4/UxaxHJxAHJIhErPHl_iW5iEyIDlpFvCXACLcBGAsYHQ/w655-h332/Falkirk.jpg" width="655" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Contemporary view of Falkirk from the south, with its iconic Trinity Church and clocktower Steeple.</span></i></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></i></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span>Hawley and his staff got up at 05:00 the morning of the 17th</span><span> and after First Breakfast went out to use their spyglasses to see if they could see any evidence of aggressive Jacobite movement coming from the direction of Stirling. A large wood, called the Torwood, blocked their direct view of Stirling, but they could see no activity coming out of it. The Jacobites were coming, but nobody saw them yet. Evidently they had left enough people back at their camp to keep the campfires burning to fool the enemy. </span></p><p><span>A local Loyalist, one Alexander Grosset, though, took his servants and his own spyglass further west to see if he could see anything coming from that direction. By mid-morning he did detect a large mass of horse and foot marching from behind the Torwood, seeming to head toward the southwest, possibly in the direction of Glasgow. He sent an urgent message back to Hawley that the enemy was on the move, but he couldn't yet see in which direction. Hawley, who had gone back to Callendar House to enjoy his Second Breakfast, and satisfied that the enemy would not attack that day, refused to get up from his scones and merely ordered that the men put their kit on, but that they didn't need to fall in. Yet.<br /></span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span>Earlier that morning, Charles's own scouts had reported that the Government army had moved into Falkirk the day before, but that--at least as of that morning--there didn't seem to be any further movement by them; the Redcoats' hundreds of white tents were still up and they hadn't mustered. Charles and his staff thought they saw the chance to catch Hawley like they'd caught Cope at Prestonpans. The Prince ordered everybody to break off work on the siege for the day, form up in battle order, and start to march toward the enemy. By plan, though, they formed into columns of route (three men abreast) and took a more southerly route so as to come at the Government position from the southwest, concealed by the mound of the Falkirk Muir. By way of misdirection, Charles had Lord John Drummond take his cavalry, plus Ogilvy's and Lewis's Lowland infantry, and approach Falkirk from the northwest, crossing the Carron creek at the village oft Larbert, northwest of Falkirk. And making a big noise while they did it<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span>This indirect approach was almost exactly the tactic that Frederick the Great had used at <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/06/leuthen-1757.html" target="_blank">Leuthen</a> eleven years later </span><span>(<a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/06/leuthen-1757.html" target="_blank">see my post on that battle</a>)</span><span>, and what the Zulu had used at <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2019/02/isandlwana-1879.html" target="_blank">Isandlwana </a>over a century after that: Fix the enemy's attention with a smaller force in front of them, while sweeping around their flank, using the land to conceal your main assault.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span>About noon Hawley's dragoon pickets had started galloping in to report that Jacobite cavalry was coming at them through Larbert. But the volunteer, Mr. Grosset, who had not stopped watching from his post farther west, sent another message that the main Jacobite army had changed direction and was now starting to ford the Carron farther upstream, at a place called Dunipace, heading toward the southeast. Hawley's second-in-command, Major General Huske, who had <i>not </i>gone back to Callendar House for scones, finally ordered that his infantry fall in and form up, which they did within half-an-hour, their double lines facing due west in front of the tents, the Munghal Burn, a natural moat, in front of them. Huske was confident of the strength of the defensive position. He also ordered Capt. Cunningham to set up his ten guns on the left flank of the line, covering the approach.<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span>But now John Drummond's diversion pulled back from the bridge at Larbert and his column moved west to start to cross the Carron at Dunipace, behind the main Jacobite army. Huske realized, from Grosset's and his dragoons' further reports, that the main rebel army was now coming up on the far side of the Falkirk Muir to outflank them, just like they had done at Prestonpans. In reaction he ordered his infantry to left-face and quick march by files across the main Glasgow road, up onto the muir, and reform facing southwest, below the town. Local farmers and their families, realizing what was happening, started fleeing their farms to the south and west of the town and flooding into Falkirk.<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span>General Huske's dozen Government foot regiments were moving as fast as they could, but were struggling with muddy ground in trying to climb up onto the plateau from the north, somewhat slowing their progress. And the guns following them became hopelessly stuck. They had to have been re-limbered from their original deployment across the Glasgow road by civilian contractors using plow horses, unused to hauling artillery. This was long before Frederick the Great's innovation of militarizing his own artillery. These guns hadn't got but a hundred or so yards up a ravine on the northeast side of the muir before the lead pieces (two 6 pounders) sank up to their hubs in mud. Capt. Cunningham, who had been given responsibility for the artillery without adequate manpower (just 10 sailors and some local teamsters), not enough horses, and completely inappropriate equipment to pull them, finally gave up, cursing.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span>By this time Hawley had joined
Huske and had ridden forward up onto the muir to see, for the first
time, that the main Jacobite army was coming up from the southwest to
the crest of the ridge. This was going to be Prestonpans all over again!
(What Huske undoubtedly had just said.) Hawley approved the move.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Prestonpans All Over Again</span></b></span><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span>Repeating Prestonpans was exactly, in fact, what Lord George and Charles had in mind. They were going to position the army to the southwest of Falkirk on top of the muir and at dawn launch a flank attack. By the time they had got to the top of the hill (beating the Redcoats to it), it was about 15:00, with only a little over an hour of daylight left (official sunset at 16:18). </span><span>And, as if that weren't enough, it had started to blow very hard. A freezing rain had picked up, driving right into the faces of the Government army. </span><span><span><span>So it was also getting prematurely dark. </span></span> All of the spectators who had been set up to picnic south of the town, were now starting to pack up and head back to shelter of the town. <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span>Hawley, not wanting to get caught in this trap, and seeing the trouble his infantry were having climbing up the hill, ordered his three dragoon regiments to hurry forward to attack the Jacobite right flank before they could dress their lines, and to give his foot time to deploy.<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JONCmU405BI/YZL3wPBSYOI/AAAAAAAAFhI/mbpa4WW10AkSw6rxCUV3U4qzz1P0qB14gCLcBGAsYHQ/s960/Battlefield%2Bof%2BFalkirk%2Bpano--Susan%2BBrigham.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="414" data-original-width="960" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JONCmU405BI/YZL3wPBSYOI/AAAAAAAAFhI/mbpa4WW10AkSw6rxCUV3U4qzz1P0qB14gCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Battlefield%2Bof%2BFalkirk%2Bpano--Susan%2BBrigham.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Falkirk Muir today</b>. Looking east from where the Jacobites began to move toward Falkirk.<br />There were, apparently, no woods on it back in 1746. Photo by Susan Brigham.</span></i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span><br />By about 15:00-ish (none of the sources I relied on were specific about the timing of this battle), the Jacobite army under Lord George Murray had started to form up perpendicularly across the spine of the muir. He anchored his right on Abbot's Moss, the swampy ground bordering the Glen Burn (see first map above), with his right-hand company of Keppoch's MacDonnells actually sloshing around in the bog. This would protect his line from being outflanked by the Redcoat dragoons he could already see assembling about 600 yards to the east. The subsequent Highland regiments (right to left; Glengarry, Clanarald, Cluny, Cromartie, Farquharson, MacIntosh, Fraser, Appin, and Lochiel's Camerons). about 5,300 in all, began to fall in as they marched up the left bank of the Glen, past Seafield Farm. All formed up in three ranks, except Farquharson's small battalion of 150, which fell into a wedge-shaped formation, with the clan chief at the apex.</span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span>Behind this first line, from right to left, Atholl Brigade lined up with Ogilvy's, and Lewis's Lowlander regiments, about 2,400 men. Then came the three hundred or so horse under Elcho, Kilmarnock (owner, ironically, of Callendar House, where Hawley had spent the night), Stathalian, and Pitsligo. Charles himself took up position on a hillock on top of the muir a few hundred yards to the west, guarded by the three hundred or so Irish Picquets and the two companies of Royal Ecossais that Louis XV had generously lent him. The Jacobite guns themselves had also gotten stuck in the mud and left far behind on the other side of the Carron. The weather and the ground this day did not lend itself to deft maneuver.<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wNJUEMU6Vkc/YZr4AtU6nbI/AAAAAAAAFjA/fwZ3tZ7Jbtogkf84gBTPY4ctK7WNcjUtgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1320/Georgemurray.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1320" data-original-width="678" height="471" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wNJUEMU6Vkc/YZr4AtU6nbI/AAAAAAAAFjA/fwZ3tZ7Jbtogkf84gBTPY4ctK7WNcjUtgCLcBGAsYHQ/w245-h471/Georgemurray.jpg" width="245" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Lord George Murray</b><br />Probably Charles's most able general.</span></i><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span><br />Francis Ligonier, leading the Hanoverian cavalry, had his troopers make a series of feints in an effort to get the rebels to fire at them at long range. His experience had been that the Highlanders tended to get hyper-excited and that it was easy to provoke them into premature fire. Since they did not tend to have manufactured cartridges but were forced to laboriously load their muskets the old fashioned way, (pouring gunpowder out of a horn, dropping in the bullet, etc.), in practice, after they had fired off their first round, it would take them several minutes to reload. Instead they tended to throw down their guns once they had fired and pull out their claymores. But Lord George was mindful of this indiscipline too and stood in front of Keppoch's regiment and roared at the men to hold their fire until the enemy was within pointblank range. The signal would be that he himself would fire his own musket. And they obeyed him, holding their fire until...<br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span>As I said, it had started to rain,and the wind picked up from the west, right into the faces of the dragoons. Some accounts say the rain quickly turned to horizontal sleet, which was really stinging the Hanoverian dragoons. Now Ligonier ordered a general charge, still hoping that the Highlanders would fire prematurely and ineffectively. But the ground on the muir was pretty gooey and full of holes dug by the locals to extract peat. So the progress of the dragoons never got much above a slow trot. And their tight formation started to come apart.<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span>The 800 dragoons got to within ten paces of the Jacobite line when Murray fired his own firelock. That was the signal. The whole line to the left of him went off like a chain of firecrackers rolling north. The volley took down about eighty horses and men. But the dragoons kept on, crashing into the ranks of the Jacobites, hacking down on their heads with their swords and firing their pistols. Instead of running, though, the Highlanders dropped down and stabbed at the horses' bellies with their dirks or pulled the troopers from their horses. All Highland ranks dropped their muskets, whipped out their claymores and charged forward. It became a donnybrook (I know that's an Irish, not a Scottish term, but you know what I mean; a knock-down-drag-out-fight). <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CzKiB9amgI0/YZbrnr2wlkI/AAAAAAAAFhw/wXDlak2CpuQOQno7nFMXTAdjPu0lrl3wACLcBGAsYHQ/s600/Falkirk%2Bdragoons%2Bvs%2Bhighlanders.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="341" data-original-width="600" height="367" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CzKiB9amgI0/YZbrnr2wlkI/AAAAAAAAFhw/wXDlak2CpuQOQno7nFMXTAdjPu0lrl3wACLcBGAsYHQ/w645-h367/Falkirk%2Bdragoons%2Bvs%2Bhighlanders.jpg" width="645" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Battle of Falkirk by Lionel Edwards</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span><br />Unfortunately for the Government side, two of the mounted regiments, the previously disgraced 13th</span><span> and 14</span><span>th Dragoons who had fled at Prestonpans at the beginning of the war, again covered themselves with glory and ran away this time too, stampeding back into the supporting Glasgow militia. The Glaswegians, seeing the routed Redcoats bearing down on them, lit off a volley themselves to stop them. It didn't. The horsemen, and many riderless horses, just plowed into the ranks of the friendly militia and trampled or took many of them with them back into the Callendar Wood, and on to Edinburgh. </span></p><p><span>One excuse of why these two regiments bolted was that their horses, replaced since they had lost theirs at Prestonpans, were green and unused to gunfire. One account claims that some of them stampeded or threw their own riders when the dragoons fired their pistols over their heads. Yeah. blame it on the poor horse.<br /></span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span>Cobham's 10th</span><span> Dragoons, however, apparently still had their combat-seasoned mounts from their Flanders campaigns. Instead of fleeing back to Edinburgh with the rest, these dragoons wheeled right and rode north across the face of the forming Jacobite line, taking flanking fire the whole way, until they pulled up on the right of the forming Government foot and Ligonier managed to rally them.<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span>So point one for the Jacobite team. But Lord George Murray lost control of his right-hand regiments (all the McDonald's, McDonnells, and the Atholl Brigade, about 2,500), who continued to chase the fleeing dragoons and Glasgow militia--and, presumably, the civilian spectators--off the muir and into the Callendar Woods. Ironically, due to their impetuousness and indiscipline, half of Lord George's victorious troops also became MIA for the rest of the battle. So point for Team Hanover.<br /></span></p><p><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Below, aerial view of the battlefield looking south. You can clearly see in this photo the topography of the ground. The location of the Monument (lower right) is the end of the gully (or "ravine") in which the Government guns got stuck. The Jacobite line would have been arrayed across the width of the ridge in the middle distance, facing the Government line roughly parallel to the tree-lined road running down to the Glen Burn at the bottom the hill in the distance. None of the contemporary maps of the battle indicate trees on the actual field, though they do elsewhere (e.g. the Torwood to the north), so I have to assume that no trees were on the moor in 1746. <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@55.9902153,-3.8155568,3a,90y,185.72h,58.49t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipNafSgPAPia2b0C2oX7UWKxTQb0hXbzaw0eucoh!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipNafSgPAPia2b0C2oX7UWKxTQb0hXbzaw0eucoh%3Dw203-h100-k-no-pi-0-ya121.638336-ro-0-fo100!7i10000!8i5000!5m1!1e4" target="_blank">A complete 360 view of this shot can be seen on Google Maps</a>. Photo credit: D. Wilkinson.</span></i></p><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rLwqfLdb2-s/YZ_pBFJzsxI/AAAAAAAAFjQ/TjpipWHWaugzK3JF2Qj7c2U2vOeRey9sgCLcBGAsYHQ/s2574/Battlefeld%2Baerial%2B--%2BD%2BWilkenson--w%2Bnotes.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1221" data-original-width="2574" height="316" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rLwqfLdb2-s/YZ_pBFJzsxI/AAAAAAAAFjQ/TjpipWHWaugzK3JF2Qj7c2U2vOeRey9sgCLcBGAsYHQ/w664-h316/Battlefeld%2Baerial%2B--%2BD%2BWilkenson--w%2Bnotes.jpg" width="664" /></a><br /><i><br /></i><p><i><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: small;"></span></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: small;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pXzGcv2doy8/YZntmrR7amI/AAAAAAAAFig/9u-7quM1BKcFj6NP8AC_QhsebLpxUI2jwCLcBGAsYHQ/s960/Graffitum%2Bin%2Bwhich%2BCR%2B%2BCharles%2BRex%2Bis%2Bchanged%2Bto%2BGR%2BGeorge%2BRex.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pXzGcv2doy8/YZntmrR7amI/AAAAAAAAFig/9u-7quM1BKcFj6NP8AC_QhsebLpxUI2jwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Graffitum%2Bin%2Bwhich%2BCR%2B%2BCharles%2BRex%2Bis%2Bchanged%2Bto%2BGR%2BGeorge%2BRex.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></i></div><i><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: small;">One of "Charlie's Stones" marking the assumed position that Prince Charles was said to have taken, about a mile southwest of the front line. In the aerial pano above, there would have been no trees obstructing his view then. The "CR" engraved on one of the stones (for "Charles Rex") was thought to have been carved as a graffitum in the early 19th century. He wouldn't have been eligible for the Rex part in 1746. Apparently, some partisan vandal changed the "C" to a "G" for George (clever, clever) sometime later.<br /> Photo by Susan Brigham.<br /></span></i><br /><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Act II: The Redcoats Are Coming!</span></b></span><br />It had only taken the Government foot about half-an-hour to march up onto the muir and face the Jacobite line (see my comment on "Timing" in my Armchair General section below). By this time, though, their artillery were hopelessly stuck in the mud on the slope behind them. Nevertheless, as they crested the hill, they formed up in two lines--well, roughly. Apparently in the muck and the rain, the 18th century geometric perfection of the two lines was off. So they were still shuffling into place when the storm hit them.<br /></p><p>Though the left of the Jacobite first line (right to left, Cluny, Cromartie, Farquhason, MacIntosh, Fraser, Appin,and Lochiel's Camerons) was also still getting into position, they had become very excited as the Cobham Dragoons galloped across their front. They fired at dragoons, also hitting some Government foot behind the them. Then, seeing the other Hanoverian horse and Glasgow militia fleeing before the charging MacDonald's to their right, they decided to join in the fun. Highlanders dropped their empty muskets, whipped out their broadswords, and charged helter-skelter at the enemy in front of them.</p><p>By this time the sleet was making the assembling Government foot squint and bow their heads. As they were right-facing and dressing their lines, they couldn't help but notice all the dragoons, the Glasgow militia, and the thousand or so spectators fleeing, many of them right through their own lines. Apparently the left-hand regiments (Wolfe's and Cholmondeley's) actually fired at the retreating horsemen to ward them off. But these broke up the infantry formations in their panic and it spread like wildfire.<br /></p><p><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yAT7R_tGT1w/YaAG9469cuI/AAAAAAAAFjY/967P1giKFbkr4ms5LRPBRaQzfwparRLfQCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Falkirk%2BMuir%2B1746%2B1615%2B%2Bfor%2Bpost.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="2048" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yAT7R_tGT1w/YaAG9469cuI/AAAAAAAAFjY/967P1giKFbkr4ms5LRPBRaQzfwparRLfQCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Falkirk%2BMuir%2B1746%2B1615%2B%2Bfor%2Bpost.jpg" /></a></p><br /><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></b></span></p>Through the sleet these troops saw and heard the horde of screaming, sword-swinging Highlanders running at them. Though they had a ravine between themselves and the enemy, the Jacobites, seemed to have no trouble swarming down and up the other side. The government regiments let loose platoon volleys into their faces, but it didn't seem to stop the tidal wave. One explanation was that in the rain, they noticed that some of their muskets misfired; the gunpowder soaked in the pans (I have a further comment under Armchair General on the supposed wet powder later, too,) Normally this kind of controlled, platoon fire, which the British infantry were famous for, would have done the trick in stopping the Highland charge (as it would later at Culloden). But the more likely explanation why it didn't this time was that Government infantry overshot the Highlanders climbing up the near bank of the gully. But whether it was with the soaking powder, the steep slope, the freezing storm in their faces, or just the mob of homicidal maniacs about to crash on them, something snapped. <br /> <br />The Government infantry started to break. First the rear ranks in ones and twos, like a few pebbles starting an avalanche. Then one regiment after another, from left to right, came completely apart. The officers themselves did not break, but tried valiantly to steady the men and rally them. Hawley rode up and down pleading and threatening to shoot down anyone who tried to flee (his usual leadership style). But soon he himself was swept away by the tide of panic (or so he claimed). The victorious Jacobites kept after them, hacking down any slowpokes, and even slaughtering the panicky civilian tourists who got caught trying to make their way back into downtown Falkirk from the muir. These were all closely chased by the whole Jacobite line, who, as the MacDonalds did on the right, completely lost their order in the heat of the charge.<p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>An 18th century British battalion, executing its well-drilled platoon volleys, which resulted in more or less continuous fire. The battalion was divided into 18 "firings" or platoons. The first "firings" would all fire in a rapid sequence, and then immediately begin to reload (the average reload time with cartridges was about 20 seconds). Then the second "firings" would follow, and then the "third", all carefully staggered so the there was a continuous hail of lead all across the battalion. When done right, this drill would make the battalion essentially unapproachable from the front. In some cases, as at Falkirk, the front rank would kneel with their bayoneted muskets pointing forward like a fence, holding their fire in reserve in case the attacker managed to make it through the fire of the two rear ranks, then all firing into the chests of the enemy.</i></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ktgg5vuPLA8/YZmA7UvbHNI/AAAAAAAAFiA/JR4h11ez9Q8msrvCaDaTA0PDY0CsVMW8wCLcBGAsYHQ/s4823/Platoon%2BFire%2BDemo.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="4823" height="182" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ktgg5vuPLA8/YZmA7UvbHNI/AAAAAAAAFiA/JR4h11ez9Q8msrvCaDaTA0PDY0CsVMW8wCLcBGAsYHQ/w1339-h182/Platoon%2BFire%2BDemo.jpg" width="1339" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span><p></p>But on the Government right, Major General Cholmondeley, whose own regiment had bolted, rallied three-and-a-half regiments (Ligonier's 59th Foot, Barrell's 4th, Howard's 3rd, and a portion of Price's 14th), wheeled them left and had them fire volley after volley into the left flank of the charging Highlanders. The Hanoverian quartermaster later tallied up that they had fired off 15 of their 24 rounds. These four regiments not only kept their cool, but also, evidently, kept their powder dry. At least dry enough to unleash hell on the Jacobite flank. Also about this time, the rallied 10th Cobham Dragoons under Ligonier showed up again and charged into the flank and rear of Lochiel's Camerons on the Jacobite left. <br /><br />This did the trick. <br /> <br />The Highland charge stopped. Their own surprise at being outflanked and ravaged on their left caused them to panic in turn. And they began to run back the way they had come, like a wave that receded from a breakwater. Charles had sent his bodyguard, the Irish Picquets and his two companies of Royal Ecossais, up to support the charge, and while they did not break themselves, they were not able to stop the general retreat.<br /><br />Aside from the ongoing slaughter of the fleeing Government soldiers and local civilians (some of whom were even Jacobite sympathizers), this last heroic act on the part of those four regiments that Cholmondeley had taken charge of ended the battle. And, in so doing, they saved the retreating Government army. There was mayhem everywhere, on both sides. Except in those regiments who managed to march away intact. <br /> <br />This was another example of that same act by the rearguard of the retreating Union army at Chickamauga I had described in my earlier post on<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#"> Snodgrass Hill 1863</a>. Poetically, many of the Confederates who were charging at that later Civil War battle were the descendants of the same Jacobites who had done the same thing during "The '45", after their great-great-grandfathers had been deported to the Georgia Colony in 1746.<br /> <br />Eyewitnesses say that the whole battle had lasted less than half-an-hour. Some say ten minutes. Timing is vague.<p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">So who won? I mean really?</span></b></span><br /></span></span></p><p>Of course, by this time, about 16:30ish, the sun had set (as it does this time of year that close to the Arctic Circle) and the darkness and sleet prevented anybody from seeing what was going on.<br />Though histories give the technical victory to the Jacobites, at the time neither side knew who had won. Some, like the MacDonalds and MacDonnells on the right assumed they were victorious since they had caused the general rout of the dragoons to their immediate front and had run on after them, not seeing what was happening on their left over the crest of the hill, and in the rain, and the failing light.<br /><br />On the other side of the battlefield, the four Government regiments under Cholmondeley thought they had won the battle when they managed to stop and drive off the Highland charge with disciplined platoon fire and a last cavalry charge by the 10th Dragoons. </p><p>Prince Charles, who was about a mile back from the battle, couldn't tell what was happening and had to rely on conflicting reports. It wasn't until after midnight, when reports came in that the Government army had withdrawn from Falkirk that he decided to move into town.<br /><br />Hawley, who had allowed himself to be swept along by the retreat of the infantry (funny that his subordinate officers didn't allow themselves to be swept in the same way), was on his way back to Callendar House to pack up his things. He assumed he had lost. But then, in his report to Cumberland, he described it as "a severe check to the Highlanders'" offensive on Edinburgh, and the only reason he had fallen back to Linlithgow was because it was raining really hard in Falkirk, otherwise "we were masters of the field", and that he would return the next day to reclaim the town and move on to relieve Stirling. I'm sure everybody back at Cumberland's headquarters bought this. <br /> <br />In actuality it seems that the only formed troops left on the battlefield were those four Government regiments under Cholmondeley, the 10th Dragoons, and the Argyll Militia. On the Jacobite side there were only the 300 (more or less) Irish Picquets and Royal Ecossais and the small cavalry regiments. Bailey says that Lord George had also managed to rally about 800 of his original 5,300. Otherwise, both sides were pretty much dispersed. <br /><br />Hundreds were killed or wounded. But as the Highlanders and locals went right in that night like jackals to strip the dead of their valuable shoes, pants, coats, kilts, cloaks, socks, and all, no one could tell how many Jacobites or Hanoverians lay on the field. One described the ground as if covered in sheep. All naked corpses look alike. Even though though the bodies (and the wounded) had been stripped, local people said they could tell the Hanoverian dead because of the deep broadsword wounds in their shoulders and heads. But these might also have been innocent civilian spectators, caught by the Jacobites in full, homicidal Purge rage.<br /><br />So the comparative toll was not known. Duffy says that reports of the Jacobite dead varied from as few as 50 to as many as 1,200, both numbers which he doubts. On the Government side Hawley's quartermaster reported 67 killed and 280 missing (i.e. had been captured, deserted, or left wounded on the field). But Duffy thinks these numbers were downplayed for political reasons. Charles's quartermaster Col. MacLachlan claims he counted more than 800 English dead on the battlefield the next day. Also doubtful, especially as pointed out that it was hard to distinguish Jacobite from Government from civilian naked corpses. The best estimates were that about 3-4% of both armies were casualties, which is not what you'd expect from a decisive victory.<br /><br />But, technically, was it a Jacobite victory as conventional narratives credit it? By 18th century custom, whoever remained on the battlefield got to claim victory. But so many of the Jacobites had fled the field westward, thinking they had been defeated, or eastward, chasing the fleeing Redcoats, that for a time it looked as though nobody but the Hanoverians were left on the field. The intact regiments under Cholmondeley (59th, 4th, 3rd,14th Foot and the 10th Dragoons) marched in order back into camp and started cooking dinner. The cadres of several other regiments began to return to camp, too, rejoining their regiments whose officers had not fled. It was not until after midnight that the order was sent by Hawley (back in Lithlingow) for the army to pack up and join him there. </p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4EeXf2widpE/YZrVk_q655I/AAAAAAAAFiw/eHBDJLHZV9MMnNet5IAS_Sunz9HP70q6wCLcBGAsYHQ/s800/linlithgow%2B%252852%2529.JPG" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="521" data-original-width="800" height="260" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4EeXf2widpE/YZrVk_q655I/AAAAAAAAFiw/eHBDJLHZV9MMnNet5IAS_Sunz9HP70q6wCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h260/linlithgow%2B%252852%2529.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Linlithgow. where Hawley's army rallied.</b><br />Image from Robert Craig's blog <a href="https://loveofscotland.blogspot.com/2011/06/day-out-in-linlithgow.html" target="_blank">LoveofScotland</a></span></i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Hawley's force had indeed been pushed back. But as they rallied at Linlithgow about seven miles to the east, it became apparent that Charles had not destroyed the Government army as he had at Prestonpans. This would have been the true strategic measure of a victory. The Government army was still intact, In a few days it had regained its self-confidence once more and was freshly supplied from Edinburgh. For the next several days, in fact, more and more captured prisoners had made their escape from their Jacobite captors and found their way back to their regiments. The historian Geoffrey Bailey colorfully describes Falkirk as "leaking prisoners like a sieve."<br /><br />Nor had the Jacobites even captured the ten Government guns that had been stuck in the mud. Nearly all of Capt. Cunningham's ad hoc crew of civilian teamsters had joined the fleeing soldiers as they passed by, but with his handful of remaining sailors and the help of some of those retreating infantrymen, he had three guns hauled out and conveyed back to Linlithgow. The other seven guns he had the presence of mind to have all spiked (nails driven into their touchholes, making them useless). Hawley, who had not given Cunningham the means to move his guns to begin with, nevertheless, still wanted him hanged. (I guess the corpse "example" hanging in his tent needed refreshing). Cunningham was arrested but while awaiting court martial, he sadly slit his own wrists. In my opinion it was Hawley who should have slit his.<br /><br />Something like five hundred muskets and about 4,000 lbs of gunpowder from the abandoned camp had been captured by the Jacobites. Usually a victory also meant a harvest of enemy flags and symbols, but Charles's men had only managed to collect three dragoon guidons and a kettle drum (Oh boy! The kids are gonna love this!). None of the infantry flags had been captured from the retreating regiments. Ironically, one of the Jacobite regiments (Ogilvy's) had lost its flag when its young ensign dropped it in the mud to flee himself. <br /><br />The winter storm raged on all the next day. By that time all of the bodies had been stripped by the locals, and the wounded not moved or stabbed had died miserably in the freezing wet mud from loss of blood and from exposure <p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Atrocities and Propaganda</span></b></span><br /></span></span></p>In the following days the Jacobites who had "won" the town, buried a lot of bodies in a pit and claimed they were all the Government dead. But nobody knew for sure. Or how many were soldiers or innocent civilians caught in the general carnage. At one point it was testified that "6 or 8 Presbyterian ministers" had been caught and hacked to pieces as Protestants by the Jacobite Catholics. And a rumor (probably Hanoverian propaganda) spread that Prince Charlie forbade them to be buried so that they would be eaten by wild dogs, as dead Protestant heretics were treated in France. His side said he had ordered that he wanted their burial delayed so he could collect their names and parishes, in order to console their families. But you know how people would much rather believe a salacious infamy than the boring, exculpatory truth.<br /> <br />There were also reports of widespread atrocities committed by the Jacobites; that Highlanders wandering the field collecting dead would summarily kill any wounded person they came across, English or Scot. This story later led to Hawley ordering the murder of Jacobite wounded after Culloden, in retribution. (Though, let's be frank, given his homicidal tendencies, he probably would have done it anyway.) Another story described the Highlanders even burying one of their own wounded still alive, telling him to quit his sniveling as they shoveled mud on top of his face.<br /><br />The locals of Falkirk also reported that the victorious Jacobites had acted pretty much like cossacks on the days after the battle, looting the houses and farms, even of locals who protested that they were loyal to James Stuart. "Yeah, that's what they all say," they were told. And it was also reported that as prisoners were brought in, many were brutally stabbed to death by the Highlanders who received them.<br /> <br /> Of course, much of this, if not all, should be judged extremely skeptically, as nothing more than sneering Hanoverian calumny, sown for propaganda. But these stories, which spread rapidly, true or false, served to enrage Cumberland and his Government troops, and indeed all of Hanoverian Scotland and England. They fed the atrocities of the "pacification" of Scotland after Culloden by Cumberland, who, though by nature an enlightened and forgiving soul, was himself persuaded that he had been fighting consummate evil.<p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Defeat Snatched From the Jaws of Victory</span></b></span><br /></span></span></p>During these few days after the battle, Charles, who had re-caught his cold, did nothing to pursue his defeated enemy. His dispersed army slowly came back in, but many just went home for the winter, thinking they had done their part, and wanting to secure the loot they had acquired during the long campaign.<br /><br />The army also started to fray internally as ancient clan rivalries re-emerged. Two days after the battle, there had been an unfortunate, freak accident in which a soldier of the Clanarald regiment had been cleaning a captured Brown Bess musket when it went off accidentally, hitting the young colonel of the Glengarry regiment, Aeneas MacDonnell, who happened to be standing in the street outside the window. There had long been bad blood between these two subclans, the Clanarald MacDonalds and the Glengarry MacDonnells, even though they were relatives, and Glengarrys were sure that "this was no accident!." They wanted the Clanarald "assassin" executed. Though colonel MacDonnell didn't die for another three days, he insisted that the he was sure it was an accident and forgave the man. But when he eventually slipped away, the Glengarrys demanded that the Clanarald soldier be executed or they'd leave the cause. Reluctantly, the chief of the Clanaralds agreed to sacrifice his hapless soldier and they shot him with a firing squad, his own dad being one of the executioners (so that his son would die painlessly). But this incident re-opened an ancient feud between the two largest Jacobite regiments that was to weaken the cause clear up to Culloden. <br /> <br />And Charles didn't help. Everyone noticed that Charles didn't show up at Aeneas's funeral. The excuse that he was sick didn't fly. A true Highlander wouldn't moan in bed pathetically with a head cold when one of his loyal braves had died fighting for him.<p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sOL5c1Po1Dg/YZr2F0WiHAI/AAAAAAAAFi4/dnszL2HFTiU1MbvzmnI9ydlqgbdC-AubgCLcBGAsYHQ/s981/Clementina_Walkinshaw_NG.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="981" data-original-width="800" height="361" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sOL5c1Po1Dg/YZr2F0WiHAI/AAAAAAAAFi4/dnszL2HFTiU1MbvzmnI9ydlqgbdC-AubgCLcBGAsYHQ/w294-h361/Clementina_Walkinshaw_NG.jpg" width="294" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>Clementina Walkinshaw</b><br />The Bonnie Prince's girlfriend,with a name <br />right out of a Harry Potter book</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p>I don't know what The Young Prince had to do with these internal negotiations about the death of Aeneas MacDonnell, but he must have certainly been aware that his army was coming apart at the seams. Strategically he seemed unsure what to do next: Chase Hawley to Edinburgh or go back to Stirling and try to complete the siege? Eventually he decided on the latter. His best commander, Lord George Murray, was all for following up the victory and destroying the Government army at Edinburgh before it could recover. That Charles rejected this option further exacerbated a rift that had been developing between them since the ill-thought-out invasion of England. And when Charles decided he missed his new mistress, Ms. <span style="background-color: white;">Walkinshaw</span>, and retreated back to Bannockburn House to snuggle with her with his sniffles, Murray was completely disgusted. <br /><br />Apparently Charles was sure that when the stubborn garrison of Stirling Castle had heard of his "overwhelming victory" at Falkirk, they would immediately surrender. But since the paucity of artillery and the incompetent French engineer, Mirabelle, had made virtually no dent in the high fortress, and loyalist prisoners continued to escape their lax Jacobite captors and make their way into the castle to tell their own tale of Falkirk, the castle commander, Sir William Blakeney, issued a very rude reply to the demand to yield--rather like <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">General McAuliffe</a> at the Battle of the Bulge in 1944. I imagine the F-bomb was dropped--in that polite, 18th century way. ("I pray yr Highness might enjoy ye delight of carnal relations with yr honorable self," or something.)<br /><br />Moreover, the Royal Navy had tightened its blockade on the upper River Forth, cutting off all communication with support from France. So Charles decided to abandon the siege and move on up to Inverness to regroup. Hopefully all the Highlanders who had gone back home for Winter Break would return there. This, as events would unfold, would spell the final doom for the last Jacobite attempt in Britain. By 20 September, five months after Culloden, Charles Edward got on a ship and returned to France, telling everyone to hang tight, he would be back with a new French army and more weapons.</p><p> He never did. <br /><br />And Jacobitism withered. But at least not in the Duke of Kent pub, where, 221 years later, my dad and I were listening to a Scot rail on about the bloody Sassenachs.</p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><span>Armchair General Section</span></span></span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Bad Leadership </span></b></span><br /></span></p><p>Looking at Falkirk closely one glaring thing stands out for me: incompetent leadership at the top. There was inspired and professional management on the subordinate level, with generals like Lords George Murray, Elcho or Drummond on the Jacobite side, or Huske, Chomondeley, Ligonier on the Government side. But the two commanders-in-chief at Falkirk, Prince Charles and Hawley, were absent, both physically and mentally.<br /><br />Charles never got closer than a mile to the front. Most of the action happened over the crest of the hill where he couldn't see it. He relied on staff officers like O'Sullivan to report back to him what was going on. Likewise he couldn't be seen by his own troops to inspire them either. While Murray was trying to directly control and then reform the right wing, leading from the front, he couldn't see what was happening on the left of the line, and Charles hadn't bothered to assign a commander for that part of the army; each regiment or clan moved on its own hook. So when the men there saw the dragoons and tourists starting to run, they all decided to charge too. And there was nobody to restrain them or hold regiments in reserve. Both the front and second lines all charged at once. Virtually the whole Jacobite army was disordered with the only reserves being the 300 or so men of the Irish Picquets, the Royal Ecossais, and the small cavalry regiments under Elcho, Pitsligo, Strathalian, and Kilmarnock. </p><p>The Prince also did nothing after Falkirk. It took him and his staff awhile to realize that the Hanoverians had abandoned the town in the early morning hours of 18 January. But when the Jacobites finally marched in, there were only about 1,200 of them left under arms to do it. The rest had retreated back toward Stirling and beyond, many heading home to the western Highlands to stow their loot. <br /> <br />The Bonnie One also did nothing to address the deteriorating friction among the clans (especially after the accident that killed young McDonnell) but let the bickering fester and ultimately degenerate into open hostility. He let his relationship with his most competent generals (like Murray) decompose, assuming an authoritarian, because-I-said-so attitude with them. </p><p>Charles also squandered the narrow victory he assumed he had achieved by allowing the Government forces to get away intact, and giving them time to reform, re-arm, and retrain. The lax security enforced by the Jacobites let so many of the captured Government prisoners escape and find their way back to their regiments in Edinburgh, so Charles had done almost nothing to harm, much less destroy, the Havoverian force. </p><p>And he absented himself for days at Bannockburn nursing his cold, letting Clementina soothe his fevered brow. <br /><br />It was like Prince Charles had lost interest in the whole enterprise once he retreated from England. He didn't want to pursue Hawley into Edinburgh before the Hanoverian forces could regroup. He lost interest in taking Stirling Castle. And, later, in March, he lost interest in trying to destroy Cumberland's army the night before Culloden when he called back the surprise night attack when it was almost there. And finally, at Culloden itself, as at Falkirk, he stayed way behind his men who were dying for him at that last battle.<br /><br />On Hawley's part, he himself couldn't seem to be bothered during most of the day at Falkirk. He assumed, in spite of a very active reconnaissance to the contrary, that the Jacobites weren't going to attack him. After returning from his predawn ride to the camp, he refused to leave the comfort of the Callendar House to call his army to arms, letting his subordinates do it. And when the Jacobites were definitely seen crossing the Carron toward the middle of the afternoon, he belated rode over to see for himself, approving the defensive measures that his subordinate, Huske, had the initiative to take himself. </p><p>About 14:00 or so, when he rode up to the camp and it had become clear that the enemy were on the way to outflanking him, he reactively ordered the three dragoon regiments to hurry over and stop them, not bothering to see whether the ground on the muir was suitable for cavalry (which it wasn't). He also ordered the foot regiments to march up onto the muir but left it to Huske again to supervise that.<br /> <br /> And at the end of the battle Hawley fled with the rest of the regiments, leaving the rear guard action to Cholmondeley, Ligonier, and all of his other officers who had stayed and done their duty. Of course, in his reports to Cumberland, he made himself the hero and described the great victory he had achieved, which was why, evidently, he decided to retreat to Edinburgh. He talked tough, but he was a creampuff. (You are what you eat, they say.)</p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">About the rain</span></b></span></p><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">Bailey</a>, in his excellent and detailed history, mentions that the Government troops were dismayed to find that their firelocks were hampered by the wet weather, and that may have been the cause of their precipitate retreat. He says that they found that one fifth of their rounds failed to fire. But, to put that in context, that is not much worse than the normal 15% misfire rate that was common for flintlock muskets during the period. Moreover, he and Duffy both describe the disciplined and devastating platoon fire that Lignonier's, Barrell's, Howard's, and Price's regiments delivered on the Jacobites. Apparently their powder wasn't affected. Nor, evidently, was the powder of Murray's Highlanders when they unleashed their single, devastating volley in the face of the charging dragoons, reportedly killing 80 outright (so they claimed). So I am not convinced that rain was the mitigating factor in the retreat of the Government army--at least not so much as the absence of overall command. <br /><br />The rain may have had an irritating effect driving into the faces of the Government troops, but it's hard to see it as a decisive factor. <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><span>The Prestonpans 2.0 Plan</span></span></span></b></span></p><p> Murray's (with Charles's consent) original plan had been to position the army on the right flank of the Falkirk position and, as at Prestonpans, launch a dawn attack, surprising the Government troops resting cluelessly in camp. I guess they thought nobody would notice 7,500 men hiding in plain sight below the town. By about 15:00 preparations for this pre-positioning had not yet been completed when the Government dragoons launched their attack. It mystifies me that Murray wouldn't have expected Hawley to see them all down there and try to counter it. Dragoons and loyal volunteers like Alexander Grosset had been closely monitoring Jacobite movements most of the da<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">y. </span></span></p>Murray's plan seemed, to me, like the dumbest ambush ever conceived. Unless, of course, it wasn't his plan all along. Perhaps he meant to attack toward the end of the afternoon after all. <br /><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Timing</span></b></span></p>There seemed to be some confusion in the narratives about when, exactly, the battle started. <br /><br />If the action started sometime after 15:00, that would have left only a little over an hour until sunset (16:38 according to the NOAA calculator for that date and location), with the light already fading because of the rain squall. The Jacobite line was not yet formed fully by this time. And, as I pointed out, Charles had not assigned a local commander of the left of the line when each regiment took it upon themselves to fire and charge.<br /> <br />It is also confusing to me why (of, indeed, if) it had taken a half-an-hour for the Government foot to get to the top of the muir if they had started a flank march at 15:00. They only had about 700 yards to cover, and even slogging slowly through wet turf it should have, at most, taken them about 10 minutes to cover that distance. <br /> <br />So there are some timing and sequence-of-events anomalies in the histories. Could it have been that the Government foot started later? Or that they got confused about where they were supposed to go? Or that they got up onto the muir, but took some time in aligning their ranks in the driving rain?<br /><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">The Government army didn't retreat, at least at first.</span></b></span></p>According to Bailey, the still-intact regiments (Ligonier, Barrell, Howard, Price and the Cobham Dragoons) didn't retreat at once either. After they had driven off the left of the Jacobite line, they marched in order back into camp and started to cook dinner, apparently intending to stay there the night, at least, and be ready to repel another attack from that strong position in the morning. This wasn't the behavior of a defeated army. Many of the other Government regiments were rallied, at least in their cadres, and either billeted in Falkirk or found their way into the camp as the night progressed. It wasn't until well after midnight that Hawley sent an order for everybody to pack up and move back to Linlithgow, where he had bravely run away. <br /> <br />On the Jacobite side, Charles and his staff were unsure if they had, indeed, won or lost the battle. Their scouts from Kilmarnock's and Elcho's cavalry reported cooking fires in the Government camp. It didn't look like the Hanoverians were leaving. It was only after more reports came in in the wee hours that the enemy had finally started marching (not running) eastward out of town, that Charles felt safe enough to go into Falkirk and find a cozy room to sleep in. By this time the Jacobites had managed to re-organize a fraction of their original force (about 1,200) to occupy the town and abandoned campsite. But there was no order to pursue the retreating Government army. Elcho's troopers followed them, but from a respectful distance. It is understandable that Charles and his commanders probably felt they didn't have enough of a coherent force left to mount a pursuit.<br /><br />So this looked like more of a default victory. The one side saying they had completely captured the empty town and the other saying they were going to check out anyway to go back to Edinburgh and change their wet clothes. <br /> <br />I think Falkirk was a tie. But then, as I said up in the intro, I don't have a dog in that fight.<br /><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><span>Wargaming Falkirk</span></span></span></b></span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;">I</span></span>t had occurred to me while I worked on this article that Falkirk would make an excellent, medium scale battle to recreate, either in miniature (whatever your favorite scale) or on hexaboards. <br />But there are some factors I think should be considered:</div><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><span>1. Relative Firepower</span></span></span></b></span></p>Because the Government regulars were highly trained in disciplined platoon fire, they should be rated at the very highest of 18th century fire combat rules. They were also using prepared cartridges (about 24 rounds issued per man) which would have increased their rate of fire (between 3-5 rpm) and minimized misfires. Bailey cites a 20% misfire rate (one in five) because of the rain, but statistically, this was not much worse than the ordinary 15% misfire rate for the muskets of the period. So I would only slightly depress the fire algotrithm for weather. <br /> <br />By contrast, the Jacobite troops were generally not supplied with cartridges for their muskets, but loaded them tediously, pouring an unmeasured amount of powder down the barrel and some into the pan.; as when they took their pieces hunting. They tended to fire off only one round at the beginning of an engagement, then drop their muskets, pull out their swords, and charge. The wet weather would also increase the misfire rate, though, assuming the single round, and assuming they would have pre-loaded, you can probably make the misfire 20% as for the Government troops.<p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span><span>2. Ground</span></span></b></span></span></p>The surface of the Falkirk Muir was apparently quite pockmarked with holes dug by people "mining" peat. It was also quite soggy. So this would have slowed movement, and restricted horse to a slow trot. Guns would be stuck quickly, unless you have a what-if scenario in which Capt. Cunningham had adequate crews and teams to pull his guns up the hill. <br /> <br />Since the muir humped in the middle, the visibility from north to south would have been blocked by the crest. So units on the southern slope would not be able to see what was happening on the northern slope. <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span><span>3. Visibility</span></span></b></span></span></p><div style="text-align: left;">The atmospheric visibility until about 15:00 would have been generally good. Since Hawley's scouts were able to report Jacobite movement as far as six miles beyond the Carron in the morning, we should assume it was unlimited. But as the weather closed in by late afternoon, and the freezing squall picked up, the visibility would have greatly reduced. Moreover, for Government troops facing southwest west, into the rain, aiming would have been difficult. For any of you who have tried to keep your eyes open while having driving rain hit you in the face. Try this in the shower.<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">4. Discipline and Morale</span></b></span><br /></span></span> </p><p>The training and discipline of the Government regulars (combat efficiency) should be considered high. Their morale would, however, be somewhat unsteady considering the ferocious reputation of the Highlanders in battle and the previous embarrassment at Prestonpans. </p><p>For the Jacobite player, discipline of his regiments should also be considered fairly high (witness their holding fire at the beginning of this battle and their ability to maneuver deftly). They should also be considered very confident vs their enemies, their sense of the righteousness in their cause, their contempt in the hand-to-hand combat abilities of their enemies, and again remembering their quick and overwhelming victory at Prestonpans. However, once a Jacobite regiment is disordered (through retreat or combat) it should be considered very difficult to reform (a higher die roll or chance card?). As the Regulars used drums to reform and recall after combat, the Scottish regiments used bagpipers. But the pipers also considered themselves frontline warriors; they usually dropped their pipes when the charge started, took out their claymores, and joined their mates; so they were not available to sound a rally or recall. <br /></p> Therefore, in a wargame, consider the Jacobite units equivalent to their one-shot muskets. Once they are launched into a charge, the rules should have them continue that movement in the same direction until they are off the board/table or are stopped by the opposition. <p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">5. Hand to Hand Combat</span></b></span><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></span></p>This is the one area where Jacobite units would be considered superior to their Hanoverian counterparts. The claymore, targe (little leather shield), and the dirk of the Highlander made them formidable in close combat. Though the British regulars were issued with swords, these were frequently left in camp as they were considered encumbrances. Most combats were decided by fire (at least on the Continent, against the French); it rarely came to hand-to-hand combat. And they weren't trained to sword fight anyway. The musket and bayonet were, in practice, feeble defenses against a berserker Highlander's broadsword, and the little targe was used to smack away the bayonet (in the same way that Shaka Zulu had trained his army to use their shields against the spears of their enemies--see my article on <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">Isandlwana 1879</a> and <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">Gqokli Hill 1818</a>). <span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dyADQ9iThYo/YZm3o2q3XPI/AAAAAAAAFiQ/XYadNCekrpYQpve2cty-hKHR_C14zXeGgCLcBGAsYHQ/s461/Mcbane_broadsword-and-targe.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="461" height="324" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dyADQ9iThYo/YZm3o2q3XPI/AAAAAAAAFiQ/XYadNCekrpYQpve2cty-hKHR_C14zXeGgCLcBGAsYHQ/w472-h324/Mcbane_broadsword-and-targe.jpg" width="472" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Contemporary illustration of how the combination of targe (shield) and sword were used in fighting. The targe would be used to throw the musket-bayonet (or in this case, the pike) to the left exposing the opponent to the sword. If the opponent batted away the sword, the dirk behind the targe would <br />be used to stab his right side. Either way, he's doomed...unless ...<br /></span></i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></span></span><p></p>The Duke of Cumberland, in preparing his army prior to the final Culloden campaign, changed the bayonet training of his infantry so that each man in line would thrust at the enemy diagonally to his right, on the unprotected side, relying on his left-hand mate to take care of the Highlander in front of <i>him</i>. This new fighting method proved much more effective at countering the Highland charge at Culloden. But at Falkirk, this new countermeasure wasn't practiced yet.<p><span style="font-size: x-large;"></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8zoUKID7jkg/YZm2cvdnYTI/AAAAAAAAFiI/2C-CWTjqMHQjRw68X9WIvKfKA4tqySiZwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1440/Targe_backside.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="746" data-original-width="1440" height="211" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8zoUKID7jkg/YZm2cvdnYTI/AAAAAAAAFiI/2C-CWTjqMHQjRw68X9WIvKfKA4tqySiZwCLcBGAsYHQ/w407-h211/Targe_backside.jpg" width="407" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Back of the little, leather shield, or targe, used by a Highlander,. <br />who would usually also hold a stabbing knife, or dirk in that hand. </i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></b></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></b></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></b></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></b></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">What If Scenarios<br /></span></b></span></span></span></p>1. Start the battle two hours earlier, giving both sides up to four hours of daylight and retarding the onset of weather by that long. <br /><br />2. Leave John Drummond's Lowland division with his cavalry to the north and directly opposite the Government camp, fixing that flank.<br /> <br />3. Warmer, drier weather. Let both sides bring up their guns.<br /> <br />4. Let the Jacobite player make a wider encircling move to the south, coming up on Falkirk from the southeast, threatening Hawley's communication with Edinburgh.<br /><br />5. Delay the Jacobite move so they arrive to the south of Falkirk after sunset, keeping the fixing force under Drummond at Larbert. This would attempt to repeat Prestonpans. <p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Orders of Battle</span></b></span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="background: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="background: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Command</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
In this column I have listed the regiments in the color of their uniform
coat. With the Jacobite commands, since they would have been in their
own "civilian" coats and tartans, I've coded them in a generic brown. For the Government regiments I have also named them in their eventual 1751 numerical designation, but in this period they were known by their colonel's name.<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><span style="background: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Facing </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For the Government (or Hanoverian) Army this column is coded in the facing color of the particular regiment. Since the Jacobite units didn't have official facing colors that I could find, I have coded these in the national blue of Scotland, which many of their bonnets would have been. I have also labeled each unit with its military symbol.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="background: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Flags </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">for
the government regiments are rendered for both the colonel's and
regimental flag, which field was usually in the facing color of the regiment.
For Jacobite units I have rendered the flags as far as I could research
them. Since most were captured at Culloden three months later and
burned, some of these may be more speculative than others.</span> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #f6b26b;"><span style="background: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tartans</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> These patterns are based on ancient patterns, which were dictated by the weavers in the region that the clan inhabited, and not on any legal livery of the clans at this stage in history. One of the re-enactor sites I looked at claimed that it wasn't until the 19th century that tartans were regulated, so the Jacobite soldiers may not have had a uniform tartan per regiment.<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="background: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Strengths </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> These are obviously approximate. Of the various sources I found, these numbers vary considerably (see references below). Since this battle involved psychological factors, and since the relative total numbers were more or less equal, the exact returns probably don't matter for the purposes of a wargame. <br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #f1c232;"><span style="background: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ranks</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> In the British Army, the standard deployment called for three ranks for foot, and two for horse. Hawley, in his tactical directions to his army, describes the practice of the Highland foot to deploy in four ranks (same as the French), with the first rank manned by the best-trained and armed troops (with muskets, swords, and targes) and the subsequent three ranks armed indifferently, sometimes with only pitchforks and other farm implements, but not necessarily with muskets, pistols, or even swords. Hawley also describes the Highland formations ask condensing into 12-14 ranks as they charged, though by this time, the term "formation" hardly applies so much as "mob". However, both Bailey and Duffy describe the Jacobite infantry as deploying on three ranks, as their enemies. <br /></span></p><p></p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjwwlmy4Ml7H2W3L5MnJRylmZxCekv5nhyEzT1HAQQ3gJXr-hqADfi_FAL6dYU4Aw766b4-ThTd_DUrTZ9uL181V7hYBGkhmq3oz8y-pioO9HgZ6DkGMIvQHdJRf06OCSUp2oDnFhCXrQQ_wirvFxJawHWaM8FIiSyTB_yFUT_oypMadklZ6VqrUS8_w/s2676/Falkirk%20OOB%20table.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2676" data-original-width="650" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjwwlmy4Ml7H2W3L5MnJRylmZxCekv5nhyEzT1HAQQ3gJXr-hqADfi_FAL6dYU4Aw766b4-ThTd_DUrTZ9uL181V7hYBGkhmq3oz8y-pioO9HgZ6DkGMIvQHdJRf06OCSUp2oDnFhCXrQQ_wirvFxJawHWaM8FIiSyTB_yFUT_oypMadklZ6VqrUS8_w/s16000/Falkirk%20OOB%20table.jpg" /></a><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">References</span></span></b><p>Bailey, Geoff B. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Falkirk-Paradise-Battle-Muir-1746/dp/0859764311/ref=sr_1_1?crid=207TBYUSW84QJ&dchild=1&keywords=Falkirk+or+Paradise%3A+the+Battle+of+Falkirk+Muir%2C+17+January+1746&qid=1635376573&qsid=140-2078898-2334757&s=books&sprefix=falkirk+or+paradise+the+battle+of+falkirk+muir%2C+17+january+1746%2Cstripbooks%2C221&sr=1-1&sres=0859764311&srpt=ABIS_BOOK" target="_blank"><u>Falkirk or Paradise: the Battle of Falkirk Muir, 17 January 1746</u></a>, 1996 John Donald, Edinburgh. ISBN <span class="a-list-item"><span>0859764311</span></span></p><p><span class="a-list-item"><span>Duffy, Christopher, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/45-Bonnie-Prince-Charlie-Jacobite/dp/0304355259/ref=sr_1_1?crid=12N9SGK5E2R47&dchild=1&keywords=the+45+Bonnie+Prince+Charlie+%26+the+Untold+Story+of+the+Jacobite+Rising&qid=1635377054&qsid=140-2078898-2334757&s=books&sprefix=the+45+bonnie+prince+charlie+%26+the+untold+story+of+the+jacobite+rising+%2Cstripbooks%2C158&sr=1-1&sres=0304355259" target="_blank">The '45, Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Untold Story of the Jacobite Uprising</a>, 2003, Cassell, </span></span><span class="a-list-item"><span><i><b></b></i><b><i><b> </b></i></b>ISBN: </span></span>9780753822623</p><p>Harrington, Peter, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Culloden-1746-Highland-Charge-Campaign/dp/1855321580/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=ISBN+1-85532-158-0&qid=1634602833&s=books&sr=1-1" target="_blank"><u>Culloden 1746</u></a>, Osprey Campaign Series #12, 1991, ISBN 1-85532-158-0 </p><p>Nosworthy, Brent. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/anatomy-victory-Battle-tactics-1689-1763/dp/0870527851/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=The+Anatomy+of+Victory%2C+Nosworthy&qid=1638034734&qsid=140-2078898-2334757&s=books&sr=1-1&sres=0870527851&srpt=ABIS_BOOK" target="_blank"><u>The Anatomy of Victory: Battle Tactics 1689-1763</u></a>, 1990, Hippocrene, ISBN 0-97052-785-1</p><p>Reid, Stuart & Hook Richard, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/british-redcoat-174093-9781855325548" target="_blank"><u>British Redcoat: 1740-1793</u></a>, 1996, Osprey Warrior Series #19, ISBN 1-85532-554-3<br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Online References</span></b></span><br /></p><p>Historic Environment of Scotland, <a href="https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/BTL9" target="_blank">Battle of Falkirk II BTL9</a>, </p><p>Nevin, Michael <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HNZIeaKKjCs" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HNZIeaKKjCs </a><br />interesting lecture about the battle by scholar and chair of The 1745 Association</p><p>Dennison, Deborah, Battle of Falkirk Muir 1746 <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O359XMwZh38" target="_blank"> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O359XMwZh38</a> </p><p>Here is <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@55.9902153,-3.8155568,3a,69.4y,250.19h,24.21t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipNafSgPAPia2b0C2oX7UWKxTQb0hXbzaw0eucoh!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipNafSgPAPia2b0C2oX7UWKxTQb0hXbzaw0eucoh%3Dw203-h100-k-no-pi-0-ya121.638336-ro-0-fo100!7i10000!8i5000!5m1!1e4" target="_blank">glorious aerial view </a> over the battlefield, taken directly above the monument and the ravine (I assume with a drone) on Google Street View. Obviously it is no longer in the condition it was in in 1746, but you can see the topography pretty clearly. Since none of the contemporary maps refer to trees on the moor but do in other parts (e.g. the Torwood), I would assume that none of the trees in this view would be there in 1746. And Falkirk town would be much smaller, obviously.<br /></p><p><br /></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com13tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-83499462192220429032021-10-14T18:47:00.009-07:002022-07-08T16:58:32.997-07:00Borodino 1812<p> </p><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Napoleon's Russian Invasion<br /></span></h1>
<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Monday, 7 September 1812</span></h2><h2><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;">French<i> </i>under Napoleon</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">, approx. 105,000 men with 686 gun</span><span style="color: #0b5394;">s</span><br /><span style="color: #38761d;">Russian<i>s</i> under </span></span></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #38761d;"> Lt. Gen. Prince <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">Mikhail Kutuzov</span></a>, approx. 123,000 front line troops with 658 guns, plus approx. 22,000 militia</span></span><span style="color: #38761d;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Location:</span></b> Borodino, Russia
<a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/55%C2%B032'00.0%22N+35%C2%B049'00.0%22E/@55.5002472,35.7935771,634m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d55.533333!4d35.816667?hl=en" target="_blank">55⁰ 32' N, 35⁰ 45' E</a><br /></span></span></h2><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Weather Conditions:</b> <span style="color: black;"> <span style="font-weight: normal;">Partial clouds,</span> <span style="font-weight: normal;">following
several nights of light rain. Cold nights. Scorching days during a year of historic heat. . After a year of
drought, though, the drizzle was not enough fill the rivers and streams,
which were low and, in many places, completely dry. The small Kolocha
River, bisecting the Borodino battlefield, was fordable everywhere. Mist in the morning.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></p><h2><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Sunrise<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">: <span style="color: black;">05:49 </span>Sunset:</span> 19:22 </span></b><span style="color: black;"><br /></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Calculated for this location and date with<a href="https://esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/solcalc/sunrise.html" target="_blank"> NOAA's Sunrise/Sunset Calculator</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">S</span></span></b>ince I recently did all the research in posting the Shevardino
battle, two days prior to this gargantuan main event, I thought I should, as a
service to my wargamer audience, just go ahead and post the maps and OOBs of
Borodino as well, And yes, I know, I know, this isn't exactly an
"obscure battle" in my increasingly misnamed URL. But get over it.
And besides, I'll endeavor to make my own take on it obscure. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And a word of caution. In doing the research on this battle, I was
frustrated with how much the various sources (all supremely respected; people
like Chandler, Nafziger, Duffy, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mikaberidze<i>, </i>Cate, Digby Smith) differed about details. So, rather
than picking one over the other, I decided to make my own narrative broader
rather than specific. This caveat especially covers my orders of battle at the
end.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Narrative begins below the map below. </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Situation on the morning of 7
September. You can see in this map how the
Russian Army is deployed heavily on their right, opposing almost no French.
Napoleon has concentrated his main force against the left of the Russian
position, at the hinge between the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup>
Armies. The Russian positions are represented after Bennigsen’s meddling
had moved all the troops out of the shelter of the woods and forward onto the
exposed slopes, in range of French artillery. I have rendered the villages on
the French side of the battlefield, as well as the Semenovkaya village, burned
husks, as the retreating Russians set fire to them on the 4<sup>th</sup>,
pulling back to their final positions. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></span><i><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></i></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Great Victory that Lost the War</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One of my readers (<a href="https://olicanalad.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">James Roach</a>) was
sharing a story about how, on a visit to Moscow, his brother-in-law lent him
his chauffeur to go out and visit the Borodino battlefield and museum.
You know, the big battle featured in Tolstoys' <u>War and Peace</u>,.His driver told him that they'd been taught in school that Borodino was a
great victory for Russia, completely annihilating Napoleon. Not wanting to
argue with him (he said his driver was also a head taller than he was and they
were out in the middle of nowhere with no witnesses), my friend just assumed
this was some Russian chauvinism again, kind of like the counterfactual
opinions of many people about their own countries' history (I'm didn't say you,
United States! Don't be so touchy! ).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But the anecdote got me
thinking.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If you take the long,
historic view, had Napoleon not won the battle, he would not have gone on to
Moscow, would not have stayed too long hoping for Czar Alexander's plea for
surrender, and not, in the end, have lost not just his entire army but, in two
years, his crown. A lot of conditionals. But it's on little decisions like
this, based on wishful thinking or denial of reality, that ultimately chart
history.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But I'd go further. Was
Borodino really even a French victory on the immediate, tactical scale? Both
sides suffered horrific casualties, the French 20-40,000 (depending on who’s
counting) and the Russians, officially, 43,924. A toll of roughly 35% for each
side. So it was definitely Pyrrhic as far as victories were concerned. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Moreover, though the Russians eventually continued their retreat to and past
Moscow, they hung around on the field of battle until early the next morning before,
with Kutuzov’s reluctant nod, they continued their retreat. Their army was
battered but still intact. And the French, who had finally sacrificed so much
to capture the fortified Russian redoubts and positions, abandoned those and
retreated back to their jump-off positions to collapse around their campfires. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nor did Napoleon, his
own army bashed to a pulp, follow through with his "victory" the next
day; he let the Russians retreat unmolested. Not exactly the behavior of a
victorious army. His stated strategic goal of destroying the main Russian field
army--long his doctrine in his career--failed</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So maybe James's
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In my previous post
about the obscure<a href="https://www.blogger.com/"><span style="color: blue;">
Battle of Shevardino</span></a>, two days before Borodino, I covered some of
the run-up to the main event. I won't repeat that here. But, to sum up,
Napoleon had been pursuing the two Russian armies under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" target="_blank">Barclay de Tolly</a> and
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" target="_blank">Bagration </a>all summer, driving deeper and deeper into Russia. Uniting at
Smolensk in mid-August, Barclay and Bagration fought their first standup battle
against Napoleon, defending the walled city and inflicting terrible destruction
on two corps o<i>f <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">la Grande Armée</span></i>. The Russians then abandoned the city in
the night, escaping across the Dnieper River to continue their withdrawal toward Moscow, eventually
turning at Borodino to stand and fight. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aMZaFNC9G9Q/YWeZcNArbUI/AAAAAAAAFcE/SlgGRQ4q9jYCCYy-JcggYw9hJtVP91VjACLcBGAsYHQ/s997/Barclay_de_Tolly_%2528Dawe%2529.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="997" data-original-width="556" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aMZaFNC9G9Q/YWeZcNArbUI/AAAAAAAAFcE/SlgGRQ4q9jYCCYy-JcggYw9hJtVP91VjACLcBGAsYHQ/w223-h400/Barclay_de_Tolly_%2528Dawe%2529.jpg" width="223" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Barclay de Tolly<br />Minister of War and <br />Commander of the First Army<br />of the West</b><br />by George Dawe, 1829 <br />in the Hermitage, St Petersburg</span></i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />About a week before the
7<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span>, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the two Russian army commanders
had been assigned an overall commander, a generalissmo, in Mikhail Kutuzov. The
67-year-old, one-eyed general had promised the Czar (who had appointed him
reluctantly under political pressure, thinking him an incompetent, senile drunk) that he would not
permit further retreat from the "Holy Soil of Mother Russia". He
would stand and fight. So the position at Borodino, while not ideal, seemed as
good a place as any. Kutuzov, unlike Barclay, his predecessor, was not into the
details of defense or deployment. He had amply demonstrated that
laissez-faireness at Austerlitz seven years before. He assumed his subordinates
would do the right thing. So they presented him with the Borodino position and
he said, essentially, yeah, looks okay to me, and retired to his daily nap.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As I related in my
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/"><span style="color: blue;">Shevardino </span></a>article,
while the Russians got to Borodino on the 3<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>rd</sup></span>, they only started
working on the main defensive works on their left flank (Bagration's sector)
late on the morning of the 6<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span>, wasting three days. About 22,000
militia (<i>opolchenie</i>) from Moscow and nearby cities had arrived, not so
much to reinforce the Russian front line troops as to help with picks and
shovels. Indeed, many of these men were completely untrained and not even armed
with muskets; many just with sharp sticks and pitchforks. Their enthusiasm,
though, was welcome, and they would prove to be invaluable in the coming
battle, bringing up ammunition from the rear and helping the wounded back. So
not to discount their contribution and sacrifice in the slightest.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With their patriotic
enthusiasm, the militia men swarmed over the battlefield like ants, erecting fieldworks
all along the Kolocha River on the right bank, a huge redoubt on a hill in the
center, overlooking the crossing at Borodino (subsequently known as the
"Great" or "Raevsky Redoubt"), and three open-ended forts
(or "Bagration's </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Flèches <span style="color: black;">")
on the left. But since the Russian's engineers were few and far between to
supervise the work, these well-intentioned civilians mostly just used their
hands (there not being enough picks and shovels) to scrape out shallow ditches
with their bare hands and throw up loose dirt as parapets. Both Russian historian, Modest Bogdonovich, and Clausewitz observed that the redoubts these men tossed up had
inadequate embrasures through which to aim the guns, didn't have any reinforcing gabions or
wooden planking, and since the ground was sandy and laced with large, Ice Age-era
boulders, the parapets were uneven and loosely packed. Bogdonovich went on
to point out that the trenches fronting the redoubts were extremely shallow and
unlikely to be an impediment to any assault by cavalry or infantry. So, as
we'll see later, this explained the ability of the French cavalry to roll over
them, like a wave over a berm. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in;"><span style="color: #984806; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;">This
is one of those details, though, that I mentioned as not being consistent among
all the narratives I referenced. Some described the Great Redoubt as a
formidable emplacement, with then foot deep ditches thirty feet wide, reinforcing
gabions, packed earth backed-up by wooden planks, and fronted down the slope
with hundreds of deep wolf-pits (holes for men or horses to fall into). However, the archivist Bogdonovich and Clausewitz, who himself was there, don’t mention these details,
but both noted how sloppy and unfinished the emplacements were.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Napoleon's forces
started arriving in the area late on the 5<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span>, where the lead elements
clashed at <a href="https://www.blogger.com/"><span style="color: blue;">Shevardino</span></a>.
It took another whole day to bring up his entire army with all its guns, and
Napoleon let his troops rest a day while he scoped out the Russian position,
courteously giving the enemy time to dig in. Time, as I said, which they
squandered. While the two sides' skirmishers exchanged pot shots, there was not much fighting. The Guard Jagers stationed in defense of Borodino village, though, did fight off half-hearted attacks from French skirmishers in their attempt on the village. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Emperor hadn't been
feeling his best (an ulcer? a gastro-intestinal bug? IBS? <a href="https://www.blogger.com/"><span style="color: blue;">A poison plot</span></a>?)
and was not his old, aggressive self. In fact, his behavior throughout the
entire campaign could only be said to have been indecisive and lax. Davout, his
most competent and aggressive corps commander (and arguably the most abrasive),
had vehemently argued for a strong sweep around the Russian left with both his
entire I Corps (26,000) and Poniatowski's V Corps (10,000) to roll up the whole
Russian army in one decisive sweep, driving them into the cul-de-sac of the
Kolocha and Moskva Rivers. Davout and several staff officers could readily see
that while the Russians' right (Barclay's sector) was strong and
well-positioned, Bagration's wing on their left was in the air, as the
strategic phrase goes. To Davout, this Russian deployment mistake was crying
out to be exploited. But Napoleon, feeling his tummy rumbling, just waived this
suggestion away and said, according to his aide, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ségur
<span style="color: black;">, "No! You're always wanting to outflank. The
movement is altogether too great! It would lead me away from my objective and
make me lose too much time." He wanted just a straight-up, straight-on,
frontal assault on the center. Not Napoleonic at all; in fact, a plan
ironically crying out for massive casualties and an even higher risk of
failure.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<span style="color: black;">So while Davout's suggestion of a strategic flank
attack was sound, and what Napoleon himself would have done not long before,
the Emperor just didn't want to risk it this time. He was tired and feeling his
age. He had lost trust in his own star, no longer willing to risk. Instead, he
laid out unimaginative plans for an overwhelming direct assault on the Russian
center, against their strongest redoubts. He even had broken up Davout's strong
corps to lend two of his divisions (Gerard's and Morand's) to Eugene's left
wing on the far side of the Kolocha, weakening his strength even further for
the main assault in the center. Davout was, needless to say, pissed. You
could just imagine all the significant looks that Napoleon's staff were giving
each other. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Emperor, besides
feeling sick (he had to sit down with his head in his hands a lot), was also
having second thoughts about whether this whole invasion thing had been a bad
idea. The farther he marched into Russia, the longer his lines grew--he was
almost six hundred miles from his crossing the Nieman-- and the more men he was
losing to typhus <a href="https://www.blogger.com/"><span style="color: blue;">(see
my previous article</span></a>) and the wastage from the suffocating weather.
They'd all been marching in a severe drought and a record-breaking heat wave,
so thirst and heat were taking as much a toll on the troops as the typhus
epidemic. Men and horses were dying of dehydration and hyperthermia. Even when
the troops came across pools of water or wells, they had been polluted with
dead bodies and offal by retreating Russians. There had been only one big
battle so far in the campaign (Smolensk) and the toll of this was a small
fraction of the overall attrition. Napoleon's central army group (I, III, IV,
V, VIII Corps, the cavalry, and the Guard) were down to 39<sup>%</sup> of their
starting strength (also taking into account detachments). So he arrived at
Borodino with just 105,000 men left of the original 266,000 these formations
had started with in June. While several sources credit the French army at
Borodino with 120,000-133,000, in my research, and subtracting the units
detached and not at the battle, as well as Digby Smith's meticulous attrition
numbers, I could not get them above 105,000. This was another one of
those things that was inconsistent from reference to reference.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On the Other Side</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meanwhile, the Russians
had assembled a force of 123,000 (145,000 if you include the Moscow militia).
As they retreated, and in spite of the drought, they had been receiving new
recruits while they withdrew farther and farther into their own country. And
they, the Cossacks, and peasants had been practicing a scorched earth strategy,
burning villages, towns, farms, and stores, and poisoning wells and ponds with
dead bodies to deny them to the invaders. The French were marching into a
desert, while the Russians were closer and closer to their main supplies. Their
biggest weakness was their top leadership.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">While the new
generalissimo Kutuzov had had three days to prepare the army's position, by the
morning of the 7<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span> the main redoubts on the army's left were still not nearly complete.
As Bogdonovich and Clausetiz described, they were totally inadequate as defenses, essentially
piles of lose dirt and shallow ditches. Barclay's First Army, with the responsibility
of the Russian right, had done a better job digging in and preparing that
sector, as they had at Tsarevo-Zamiche two weeks before, when Kutuzov
told him to abandon that position. But Kutuzov and his idiot chief of staff, Bennigsen, completely neglected fortifying the left flank under
Bagration (who didn't believe in defensive fieldworks; he was a bayonet guy).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZIWpwszht8s/YWeaVzNsKbI/AAAAAAAAFcM/XyOoqZs62hY4opzclYmYz0_91XJxAKuWgCLcBGAsYHQ/s928/Bennigsen.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="928" data-original-width="800" height="396" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZIWpwszht8s/YWeaVzNsKbI/AAAAAAAAFcM/XyOoqZs62hY4opzclYmYz0_91XJxAKuWgCLcBGAsYHQ/w348-h396/Bennigsen.jpg" width="348" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Levin Count Bennigsen</b><br /><b>Chief of Staff to Kutuzov and loser of Friedland</b><br />George Dawe, 1820, Hermitage, St Petersburg</span></i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />Bennigsen (loser of <a href="https://www.blogger.com/">Friedland</a>) assumed that Napoleon would
charge right straight up the Smolensk-Moscow road, through the village of
Borodino, across the single wooden bridge there, and up against the steep
slopes on the right bank of the Kolocha (see map). That's what Bennigsen
would have done, anyway, like he did at Friedland. Kutuzov grunted in assent
(or maybe in noncommitment). But Bagration's Second Army, with responsibility
for the left, had done little to even start building fieldworks by the 6<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span>.
After being satisfied that his own right flank was ready, Barclay took a ride down
to inspect the left that afternoon and was appalled to see that no defensive
work had been started (except for the ill-fated Shervardino redoubt, which was captured the day before). It was
only on Barclay's urging that work started on that at all sometime late that
afternoon. Again Kutuzov apparently nodded (in agreement or
sleepiness?). Both Barclay and Bagration (who hated each other) agreed
that the Russian left was dangerously exposed from the Old Smolensk-Moscow Road
to the south (see map). Bennigsen finally agreed after inspecting the left
himself but, without informing Barclay, ordered one of his corps (Tuchkov's III)
to move down to the south
of Bagration and lie in ambush in the woods behind the village of Utitza,
guarding the Old Smolensk-Moscow Road. It was only when Barclay was doing
another ride-through of his forces on the evening of the 6<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span> that he
noticed one of his corps was missing. He had to go to Kutuzov's HQ to confront Bennigsen what he had done with it. </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bennigsen's idea had
been that if the French did attempt a flanking maneuver on the Russian left,
Tuchkov's two divisions could leap on their flank from the woods and rout them.
Not a bad plan. However, later in the afternoon, he heard complaints from the jager regiments deployed forward around Utitza that they
felt exposed. Instead of explaining that they were indeed supported by troops behind them in ambush, Bennigsen rode over to order Tuchkov's regiments forward into the open
behind the jagers so they could see them and be comforted by their support. The
trouble was, while the jagers could see them, so could the Poles in
Poniatowski's V Corps a few hundred yards away. An ambush doesn't work unless
you hide it. Again, Bennigsen failed to notify Tuchkov about personally
redeploying his troops. Tuchkov rode up to HQ to complain about Bennigsen's
high-handed behavior and what he had done. Kutuzov sympathetically said he
was just as outraged as Tuchkov, but he said he knew nothing about it, and did
not issue an order rescinding the order. That would have been too incriminating
in case something went wrong.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Barclay, on his wing,
had also had his men stationed farther back, behind the rolling hills and in the
open woods to protect them from enemy artillery and to conceal his force, a
deployment strategy that Wellington also had long used. But Bennigsen also
took it upon himself to order Barclay's troops out of the woods and onto the forward
slopes, into the sights and range of French guns. Bennigsen had even ordered the reserve
formations (the Guard and cavalry) to move forward so they too could be seen by
the French and were in collateral range of enemy artillery. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It gets worse. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was also Russian tactical
practice at this time to array their infantry battalions in deep, close platoon
columns (24 files deep), easier to maneuver but making them even more
vulnerable to enemy cannonballs.</span> The
Russian officer corps, a class of privileged martinets, were so callous that
they would not even order their men to lie down to avoid casualties. Their men
were merely peasants, serfs, after all, who were not valued as actual people,
you know, with feelings and souls. Their job was to stand up in tight ranks and
just get ripped to shreds by enemy shot and shell. Some rationalization on the
part of the Russians was in emulation of Frederick the Great's Prussians, who
also never lied down to avoid getting shot. And, it was thought, that with such
an undisciplined lot as the typical <i>muzhik </i>soldier, you'd never get him
up again once he was lying down. <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">This seems a doubtful and unfair prejudice when one considers the stoic
bravery of the Russian soldiers. </span> In the resulting battle some reserve
formations, who never engaged the enemy themselves, suffered appalling
casualties unnecessarily because of this gross incompetence and negligence.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As a consequence of this
inane deployment, the entire Russian army was virtually exposed on the forward
slopes; a gift to Napoleon's telescope, and to his artillery. Philippe de
Ségur, on the Emperor's staff, described their deployment as if "set up as
in a band box." </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The primary weakness of
the Russian Army at this time was not the caliber or bravery of the troops. It
was, as I said, in its latest inept leadership. There had been a few years of
modernization of the Russian Army under Barclay's ministerial supervision. He
implemented the corps/division structure, emulating the French but with Russian
innovations. He reorganized the structure and tactics of the infantry. He had
begun to require live firing exercises so troops could become proficient at aiming and reloading. And, most important, he was a stickler
for command-and-control discipline, implementing a bureaucratic paper trail of
orders and actions, treating war almost like a well-run business. His reforms
were far-reaching in themselves in future implications. So in 1812 this
was not the same army that had suffered so many defeats before (under
Bennigsen). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But neither Bennigsen
nor Kutuzov were aware or cared about any of those new reforms. They took over
the army as if they were still fighting Frederick the Great. Bennigsen himself
(who hated Barclay, who had fired him) believed in micro-managing, issuing
verbal orders on the spur of the moment and with little information. He'd ride
around and speak direct orders in Kutuzov's name to the nearest officer, and
then ride on without seeing them carried out, or bothering to inform the local
commanders. Kutuzov himself just let his chief of staff do what he
wanted. He never followed up orders with a paper trail (as Barclay's
administration had done), and would only grunt noncommittally whenever someone,
like Bennigsen or one of his other young aides, would suggest a course of
action. In that way, he was legally protected in case of disaster. He could
plausibly say (as he did at Austerlitz), "I was not aware of that,"
or "I never gave such an order, do you have it in writing that I
did?" Nope. Nobody did. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />A further hindrance to
Barclay's command structure was that Bennigsen arbitrarily re-organized the
existing commands, giving Miloradovich (previously the avant garde commander)
command of the right wing, Dokhturov (one of Barclay's corps commanders)
command of the center, and Gorchakov command of the left. These ad hoc commands
had no staffs to support them and overlapped the commands of both Barclay's 1st
West Army and Bagration's 2nd West Army. At the same time, these latter two
commanders were not relieved of their original positions, but neither were they
told what their relationship to the three ad hoc generals was. So nobody knew
who was working for whom. I've worked at companies that were structured in this
ambiguous, figure-it-out-yourselves way and I can tell you no good ever comes
of it. And I've written other cautionary articles about the perils of this dumb
management chaos (<a href="https://www.blogger.com/">Crecy</a>, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/">Chickamauga</a>, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/">Isandlwana</a>). But the Russian High Command
at Borodino really takes the cake.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Russians did have
one thing going for them, though; patriotic--even <i>religious</i>--fervor.
Morale was soaring after Kutuzov took command. To the average enlisted man, he
was one of <i>them</i>, a <i>muzhik</i>, a man of the soil, not one of these
suspect "foreigners" or aristocrats. He wasn't admired for his
intelligence, or his judgment, or even his bravery (he spent both Austerlitz
and Borodino in the rear, taking naps and drinking champagne), but he was
worshiped by the people for his patriotic blustering. And he had many political
allies at court (which was why Alexander felt pressured to appoint him, against
his own distaste). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kutuzov had a lot of
military failings but he was a shrewd populist politician. One of the first
things he is reputed to have said when he stepped down from his carriage on
taking command and seeing the grenadiers lined up to greet him, "How can
we expect these fine fellows to continue to retreat?" That got around like
a Twitter meme (#noretreat). And on the 6<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span>, when everybody should
have been cleaning their muskets and digging in, he organized a vast rally in
the Russian camp, with a religious procession of some sacred (and presumably
"magical") icons and banners and a battalion of priests clouded in
incense and flinging holy water. This was as popular as a modern political
rally. Kutuzov portrayed the coming fight as a holy war against the godless
demons from the West. The roar of enthusiasm was so great as the thousands of
troops flocked around the procession that it was said to have worried the
French, a couple of miles away. These didn't sound like frightened sheep
to them. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
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<span style="color: #b45f06;">
<i>ostentatiously</i>
</span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>praying before the Virgin of Smolensk Icon and religious banners.<br />This must have really got the troops riled up.</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />Moreover, politicians
like <a href="https://www.blogger.com/">Fyodor Rostopchin</a>, governor of
Moscow, had whipped up patriotic fervor and hatred of the French so much it
spread across the whole of Russia like a wildfire, making it lethally dangerous
for straggling French soldiers to be caught by the peasantry. In fact, it was
the same kind of seething hatred that the French experienced in Spain the
previous three years, from which the term <i>guerilla </i>("little
war") originated. I don't know if what had been going on in Spain had
reached Russia by this time, or if it was an autochthonous, patriotic reaction
to invasion. But it was a phenomenon that was spreading rapidly all over
Europe, leading, unintentionally, to mass nationalistic social movements and
revolutions throughout the 19th century. </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So in Russia in 1812,
the population and the army were seething with hatred for the French, just as
the people in Spain had been in 1809. It was part of the reason that Rostopchin
was able to quickly raise a militia of 22,000 <i>opolchenie </i>in Moscow<i> </i>to
march out and meet the main army at Borodino, even though they were poorly
armed and almost completely untrained. This fanatical patriotism was probably
the main reason that the Russian troops were so willing to stand up like
bowling pins against bouncing cannonballs.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The whole of the 6<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span>
was spent by the French getting into position, cleaning their weapons and
generally resting after their long march and after the <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2021/07/shevardino-1812.html">not-small
battle</a> the previous evening. The day was spent by the Russians throwing up
dirt, and digging trenches, and also attending Kutuzov's pep rally. The French
were confident of victory, now that they'd finally cornered (as they thought)
the fleeing Russians. They knew <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">they</i>
were the professional, veteran army; the victors of Austerlitz, Jena, Eylau,
Friendland, Wagram. The Russians were also confident of victory, now that they
had a real Russian to lead them, and now that they'd finally halted to stand
and fight the hated French. So both sides were chomping at the bit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Both sides also had
plenty of ordnance. The French and Russian armies had well over 600 tubes each,
though the Russians had more heavy twelve-pounders (140 to the French 108), and
the French artillery consisted of some 154 light three- and four-pounder
battalion pieces (22% of the total), which had very short range. These latter
were mostly used to boost morale in the infantry they were attached to.
As a whole, though, Russian artillery, though numerous, were not considered
quite as proficient as the French. And there was something inferior about their
gunpowder, which gave them less range (ah, the importance of chemistry in
history!). All of this artillery was also going to insure that the next day was
going to be a bloodbath.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Come the dawn of the 7<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span>,
both sides were dressed in their Sunday-best uniforms, and ready to get at it.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><p></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Then something remarkable happened...</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Napoleon woke up and
during the night had an epiphany. It came to him that what he was doing was
wrong. War was evil. All the suffering, destruction, and death it caused were
not worth whatever temporary political gain might come of it. He had a vision
of a peaceful Europe, free of war and oppression. A Europe that went on to
experience a future of peace and cooperation, with economic benefits shared by
everyone, with colonialism abandoned in favor of helping their fellow humans
across the planet share in peace, freedom, and prosperity.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So he sent an emissary over to Kutuzov under a flag of truce to announce that
he was leaving Russia with all his troops, never to threaten her again. He told
his men that the war was over and they could all return home to their families,
with full pensions, of course, and asked them to help him build a brighter
future, full of prosperity and justice for all. And, above all, to work for
peace.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
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</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meanwhile, back in this universe...</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wait! What? Excuse me, I
must have dozed off for a minute.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Where was I? </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oh yes...Let the carnage
commence!</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Napoleon actually didn't
get any sleep the night before, which probably didn't help his illness. Or his
critical thinking skills. Ségur, his aide-de-camp, also didn't get any sleep
and reports the Emperor getting up and down from his cot all night, asking for
reports, "Are the Russians still there?". Ségur also says Napoleon
sat dejectedly, with his head in his hands, lamenting to nobody in particular
on the futility of war and even life itself. A very Shakespearean scene, like
something out of <i>Richard III </i>or <i>Macbeth</i>. Other memoirists on the
French side recall how nobody got any sleep in the whole army, what with all
the infernal racket of the guns being moved into position and the battery
emplacements being built.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-un0ZG4HJxBc/YWjUZMRa8JI/AAAAAAAAFdE/qNWPsjQfYDgfo3td3oWIVboAQrwIX8A8QCLcBGAsYHQ/s1500/Vereshchagin_Napoleon_near_Borodino.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="1500" height="426" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-un0ZG4HJxBc/YWjUZMRa8JI/AAAAAAAAFdE/qNWPsjQfYDgfo3td3oWIVboAQrwIX8A8QCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h426/Vereshchagin_Napoleon_near_Borodino.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Mr. Grumpy-Pants not feeling tip top at Borodino</b><br />painting by, admittedly somewhat biased, </span></i><span class="mw-mmv-title"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Vereshchagin" title="Vasily Vereshchagin">Vasily Vereshchagin</a> in 1897</span></i></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The sun was scheduled to come up
at 05:49. At 06:00ish the first gun went off, signaling everyone to
start. All the artillery of the I, III, VII, and IV Corps, as well as some of
the Guard batteries, went off in a rippling salvo; 146 guns in this front
line. These were quickly answered by 90 guns on the Russian side. But,
firing east, into the glaring sun, skrimmed by the morning mist, the French
gunners were firing blind. After about half-an-hour, the French artillery
commander, Sorbier, realized that in the darkness, he had placed his batteries
too far back to reach their targets. So everybody halted fire to drag their
guns out of their prepared emplacements forward into the open. It wasn't until
about 07:00 that firing recommenced on the French side.</span></p>
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</tbody></table><p><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Now their rounds started smashing into the tightly massed columns of the
Russian infantry arrayed on the slopes in front of them, bounding on to hit
those troops standing rigidly in reserve. Presumably something similar was
happening to the troops behind the French batteries, but I could find no
mention of whether the French officers had their men lie down (as Wellington
had his infantry do at Waterloo, and as the Union and Confederates did with
their troops at <a href="https://www.blogger.com/"><span style="color: blue;">Gettysburg</span></a>).
But there were some anecdotally described grisly wounds from Russian artillery
on this side as well. The barrage reportedly went on for the rest of the day,
with only momentary pauses. One earwitness says the cacophony was like a
volcano; a constant, deafening roar, with no discernible single shot. Another,
General Mayevsky said "I was so deafened... that for two hours I could not
clear my ears or close my mouth." Curtis Cate, in his book, <u>War of the
Two Emperors</u>, wrote there had been nothing like this bombardment in history
and that it foreshadowed the gigantic barrages of Verdun and the Somme a
century later. Cate goes on to do a rough calculation that during the day,
given the amount of ammunition expended, there would have been, non-stop, a
rate of three cannon blasts per second and something like 430 musket shots per
minute. It must have sounded like a gigantic Harley-Davidson.</span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Morning Action from North to South</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After about half-an-hour
after this of this initial "softening" up barrage had started,
Napoleon launched a cascading series of ground assaults across the entire
front. The artillery kept firing throughout. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">While these ground
attacks were conducted up and down the line simultaneously for the next several
hours, I'll briefly describe each one from north to south:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Northern Sector</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The morning mist
actually worked to the advantage of the French at the village of Borodino.
Though Barclay had argued against trying to hold that village, isolated from
the army by a single wooden bridge over the Kolocha, Bennigsen (naturally,
ever brilliant) cautioned Kutuzov that to give up the village would be a
national disgrace and, with the sleepy generalissimo's ambiguous nod, had the
village occupied by the 1,884 jagers of the Guard, 14 guns, and a detachment of
the Guard Equipage Marines. They all must have been nervous and wondered what
they were doing there. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iYhgOLfdpkA/YWNrrHfsmYI/AAAAAAAAFa0/dW8ThbzolYQ-VrIG7KmbZZ1OywnT1VTxgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1082/Borodino%2BChurch%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2BNW%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bair.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="710" data-original-width="1082" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iYhgOLfdpkA/YWNrrHfsmYI/AAAAAAAAFa0/dW8ThbzolYQ-VrIG7KmbZZ1OywnT1VTxgCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Borodino%2BChurch%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2BNW%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bair.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>Borodino Church from the northwest</b></i></span><br /></div><span style="color: #b45f06;"></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo by </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span class="VIiyi" lang="en"><span class="JLqJ4b ChMk0b" data-language-for-alternatives="en" data-language-to-translate-into="ru" data-phrase-index="0"><span>Evgeny Matsevity from Google Street View</span></span></span></i></span></span><br /></div> <br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At six the village was
blasted in a crossfire from 28 guns of Eugene's artillery. Out of the mist
Delzon's 13<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span> Division stormed suddenly into the town, driving the
unprepared jagers back in a panic. The dozen pieces of the #12 Russian Light
Battery (and two of the Marines) hardly had time to limber up and gallop back
over the bridge. The bridge was so crowded with a traffic jam of fleeing
infantry and artillery that the French skirmishers flanking it were apparently
able to pick off at least half of the men. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pumped with the
adrenalin of their easy victory, the four battalions of the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">106<sup>e</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Ligne</i>, who had led the attack into
Borodino, charged across the bodies of the dead and wounded Russians on the
bridge, their momentum carrying them forward in a disorganized mob. Apparently,
intoxicated by their easy victory, they must have felt they had triggered the collapse of
the entire Russian army by themselves. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Barclay, though, was
hardly panicked. He coolly ordered a counter-attack from two jager regiments on
the south bank supported some of the artillery batteries covering that slope. The </span><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">106<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>e</sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Ligne </i></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">themselves were nearly annihilated, the
survivors running back over the bridge and splashing through the shallow
Kolocha to rally behind the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">92<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>e</sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Ligne</i>. Barclay refrained from trying to retake Borodino
and contented himself with letting the three jager regiments lining the river
and the supporting artillery hold back another French assault while the Marines
destroyed the bridge. Enough of that nonsense trying to hold Borodino for “Russia’s
honor.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fortunately, Bennigsen was
distracted by action farther south to intervene up here again.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eugene ordered Delzon’s
Division to consolidate its defensive position in Borodino village. About 09:30
he ordered Broussier’s 14<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span> Division to redeploy behind Delzon and
send a strong reconnaissance-in-force across the Kolocha upstream to probe the Raevsky
Redoubt to see how strongly it was defended. There was not room in the redoubt
for any Russian infantry, but the two companies of guns there, as well as Paskevitch's 29</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span></span> Division in support managed to drive the probing French back across the river.
Eugene found out what he needed about the position. He ordered a massive
bombardment of it, and after wrecking much of the artillery in the redoubt, the
bounding shot bounced on to do severe damaged to the infantry of Paskevitch’s
29</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span></span> Divison and Pahlen’s 3</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>rd</sup></span></span></span> Cavalry Corps lined up
close behind the fort. Apparently this blind bombardment was so intense that an
entire horse battery attached to 3</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>rd</sup></span></span> Cavalry was destroyed by it
before it could ever even unlimber to fire a shot itself.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After over an hour of
this pulverizing barrage (times vary according to the various narrators),
Morand's 1<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">st</span> </sup>Division (detached to Eugene from I Corps) started wading
crossing the Kolocha and its lead brigade, the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>e</sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Ligne </i>and </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>nd</sup></span></span></span> <span style="color: black;">Baden, started
rushing up the slope up toward the Great Redoubt. As badly constructed as the
emplacement was, the </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>e</sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> managed to swarm over the parapets (though Nafziger says “great holes were ripped in their ranks by canister”)
and bayoneted or drove the artillery crews out of the fort. The </span><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>e</sup></span>’s</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> capture of the redoubt, however, didn't last
long as Raevsky launched a massive counter-attack which drove the French
out, with great slaughter on both sides. The French retreated to the bottom of
the hill.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iupzUCavSCo/YWNotmx78qI/AAAAAAAAFak/pTYJPcshsgE5IAQEFA2oVtQM10D0SrzswCLcBGAsYHQ/s1592/View%2BWest%2Bfrom%2BRaevsky%2BRedoubt.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="719" data-original-width="1592" height="290" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iupzUCavSCo/YWNotmx78qI/AAAAAAAAFak/pTYJPcshsgE5IAQEFA2oVtQM10D0SrzswCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h290/View%2BWest%2Bfrom%2BRaevsky%2BRedoubt.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">View toward Kolocha from Raevsky Redoubt in the direction Morand's morning assaults.</span></i></b><br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />Eugene kept ordering
wave after wave up the low hill to retake the redoubt. And Raevsky, and then
Yermalov, and several other passing commanders and staff officers, would rally
and lead counter-attacks to re-retake it. Sometime around 11:00, the French
stopped charging up the hill and just renewed their bombardment. Barclay said
he estimated the attacks cost the French 3,000 casualties, but did not opine on
the cost to the Russians. It was undoubtedly a carnage on both sides, but for a
time, the Russians held on to the Great Redoubt.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One loss to the Russians
did turn out to be strategically significant, though. First Army’s brilliant
and foolishly brave artillery chief, the 28-year-old General Alexander Kutaisov,
forgot his management duties of the army's reserve artillery and impulsively grabbed the flag at the head of
one of the counter-attacking infantry battalions to charge into the redoubt. He
never made it out. At the time, his loss was unknown to Barclay or anyone at
HQ, so that artillery resupply and reinforcement from the reserve stopped for
the rest of the day. Consequently, a third of the First Army’s artillery was
never engaged and was absent when it was later needed most.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After the last French infantry attack was driven back and as the French
bombardment resumed, Barclay remarked that the French seemed to want to win the
battle by artillery alone.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semenovskaya and </span></b><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Flèches</span></b></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">While all this was going
on, to the south of the Great Redoubt, Napoleon had ordered Ney to lead his 11<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span>
Division under Razout and Ledru's 10<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span> Division to take
the village of Semenovskaya and the linear redoubts defending it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He supported these with Latour-Maubourg’s and
Nansouty’s cavalry corps. This attack ran into extreme, enemy artillery fire
from the redoubts and resistance from Vorontsov’s Combined Grenadiers Division.
Bennigsen also ordered up half the Guard Infantry Reserve (Ismailov,
Lithuania, and Finland Jagers), as well as half the Guard artillery in support.
The French and allied cavalry (Saxon and Westphalian cuirassiers) charged into
and beyond the burning Semenovskaya village against the Russian grenadiers, who
had formed squares (or perhaps just closed up their platoon columns; the
various narratives are vague about exact formations). They also overran the
sloppily thrown up breastworks and artillery batteries. The infantry followed
in to Semenovskaya, throwing the Russian grenadiers out.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Then Bagration ordered
in everything he had at hand to retake the village. Battalions of Vaslichikov’s
12<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span> Division, Mecklenburg’s 2<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>nd</sup></span> Grenadier Division,
Siever’s IV Cavalry Corps, the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>nd</sup></span> </span> Cuirassier Division, and more
artillery from the Guard. These eventually threw back the French and Saxon
cuirassiers and pushed the French infantry out of the captured redoubts and
smoking village. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But then Napoleon sent in
the rest of Sorbier’s Guard Artillery reserves and these additional 130 elite
guns pulverized the defending Russians. Barclay had taken it upon himself to
move his unengaged IV Corps under Osterman-Tolstoy down into the breech. But as
these infantry marched in their tight columns they were enfiladed by the French
Guard artillery, each round taking out entire platoons. By the time they had
gotten into position, they had been reduced by perhaps as much as one third
their original strength before firing a shot themselves.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Back and forth this
battle surged all morning. By noon the Russians seemed spent and Mikhail Borosdin
(Bagration had been wounded and taken to an aid station by this time and was
succeeded by his VIII Corps commander) ordered the general withdrawal back into the open woods behind this central position—where
they should have been stationed in the first place, no thanks to Bennigsen. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Simultaneously, a little
further to the south of Semenovskaya, another infantry assault was
underway. About 08:00 (all these times are approximate, of course), about an
hour after the initial bombardment had commenced, Davout ordered his lead
division, the 5<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span>, under Compans (of Shevardino heroism two days
before) to assault the southernmost redan (called </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fl</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">è</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ches</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> for reasons I’ll explain
in a minute) in front of the Semenovka streambed (see map)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Marching to the right of the massed French
batteries, who kept up their pounding until the very last minute, three battalions of the</span><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 57<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>e</sup></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Ligne ,</i> the lead regiment of the
division,<i> c</i>ame up to the ditches of this fort until the went to
ground, picked to pieces by the canister from the Russian guns</span><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Compans went down wounded. Davout had his horse shot out from under him, but
was only momentarily shaken. The rest of the battalions of the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th </sup></span></span>came through cover of the woods and swung around behind the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">flèche</span></span>. Dessaix, commanding the 4<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span>
Division moved through the woods to the south, driving back the jagers and then wheeling left to attack the southernmost </span><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">flèche out of the cover of the woods</span>. Wave after wave of
supporting infantry came up to continue the assault until they at last swarmed
over the hastily thrown-up parapets and bayoneted the surviving Russians
inside. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meanwhile,
Marshal Ney (III Corps) had simultaneously led an attack with General Ledru's
10th Divison against the northernmost flèche, which they also overran after
much slaughter on both sides. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It wasn't
until now, though, that the French had two unsettling realizations. One, the emplacements
they had captured were wide open at the back (hence the term flèche, whch means
arrowhead, but weren't called that at the time because the French didn't know
before how they were constructed). They apparently thought they were just
capturing normal, enclosed redoubts like the one they had captured at
Shevardino. So they were extremely vulnerable to counterattack. The other
realization was that there were three of these damn things. A third flèche
could only be seen down the opposite slope from the first two. And its fire was
directly into the open rear of the northern flèche and enfiladed the
southern one. So hell!</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Naturally,
Bagration wasn't going to meekly give up these fortlets. He ordered his jagers,
his entire combined Grenadier Division, part of Neverovsky's 27<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span>
Division (also of Shevardino heroism), part of Tuchkov's III Corps (remember,
they were redeployed to defend Utitiza on the south?) and a whole mess of
cavalry to retake the two captured fl</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">è</span><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ches. Which they did. And these were, in turn, recaptured by the
French as fresh infantry and cavalry were thown in. And so on.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-57pZ_eJopsM/YWjU4w_LJ9I/AAAAAAAAFdM/Zvgb9VvAqPYjJEpcT9Qt3w0ruQwpkgYOACLcBGAsYHQ/s728/Defense%2Bof%2BSemenovka%2B2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="410" data-original-width="728" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-57pZ_eJopsM/YWjU4w_LJ9I/AAAAAAAAFdM/Zvgb9VvAqPYjJEpcT9Qt3w0ruQwpkgYOACLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Defense%2Bof%2BSemenovka%2B2.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Russians defending the wrecked village of Semenovskaya</b><br />Detail from the panorama painted by Franz Roubaud in 1911</span></i></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />The
narratives all describe the capture, recapture, re-recapture, re-re-recapture,
re<sup>x</sup>-recapture of all of these flèches in precise detail within each story; the units involved, the commanders killed and wounded (including
Generals Rapp, Compans, Bagration, Dessaix, Neverovsky, Konovnitzin, etc.), and the
curious incidents related. </span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Nor are the narratives consistent in these details
(like who, what, where, when, etc.). In perspective, there was so much smoke,
and so much dust kicked up during this battle that no one could
be precisely sure what was happening. I'm not going to relate those details. If
you, as a meticulous reader or wargamer, want them, I refer you to my several
excellent references below (Nafziger, Duffy, Cate, Smith, Chandler,
Hourtoulle). And then you can decide which author is your favorite to go
with. Frankly, it gets monotonous. I'm just going to summarize and say that
this see-saw battle went on for almost five goddam hours, and involved
nearly 38,000 French and about 44,000 Russians.</span></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: 0in;"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in;"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5WgitgJSH8s/YWJ7bJm5LXI/AAAAAAAAFZ8/Ofi6i9hm57II8c69DE21VJUdLdtNXH0TwCLcBGAsYHQ/s774/Joachim%2BMurat%2Bin%2BRussia.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="774" data-original-width="634" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5WgitgJSH8s/YWJ7bJm5LXI/AAAAAAAAFZ8/Ofi6i9hm57II8c69DE21VJUdLdtNXH0TwCLcBGAsYHQ/w328-h400/Joachim%2BMurat%2Bin%2BRussia.jpg" width="328" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Murat saying "Boo!" to Cossacks<br />in his Dracula costume.</i></span></b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>There was one incident that seems worthy of a Taika Watiti comedy, though (I'm
thinking of <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7908628/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0" target="_blank"><i>WhatWe Do in the Shadows</i></a>). At some point, mistakenly thinking Davout had
been killed, Napoleon button-holed his brother-in-law, Murat, and told him to
go take over I Corps. The flamboyant King of Naples, dressed in his Halloween vampire costume, galloped over to the front with his loyal familiar, an African
mameluke. (whose name I could not find). Murat began dashing back and forth,
taking command of one cavalry charge after another. But at one point, he and
his trusty companion found themselves all by their lonesome in front of an
oncoming wave of Russian cuirassiers. Murat dismounted, tossed his reins to his
groom and dove over the nearest parapet into the ranks of some Württembergers
for cover. Meanwhile, the poor groom, dutifully holding onto his and Murat's
horses, just sat there while the cuirassiers bore down on him. Murat started
hollering "Scheiss! Scheiss!" ("Shit! Shit!") to the Württemberger infantry he had
sheltered with.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After laughing at the
malaprop, they got that he thought he was shouting, "Shoot! Shoot!" in German (apology to my German speaking readers), and though
highly amused, did manage to fire enough salvos at the Russians to drive them
away. They meticulously avoided harming the faithful servant, though, who
miraculously survived. One hopes that the dashing Murat thought to thank same
faithful servant for holding his horse while his master bravely dove for
cover. And one also wonders what the faithful servant thought. Probably
something <i>beschissen</i>.</span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anyway,
the incident struck me as hilarious. Well...except for the thousands of dead
and wounded.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nevertheless,
though this part of the battle would go on in this sector for another two hours at least,
back in Russian headquarters in Gorki, a staff officer galloped in breathlessly
from the hot action about 10:00 and reported that the French had been completely repelled
from the flèches and that the famous Murat had been captured. Kutuzov ordered more
bottles of Champagne to be popped and more pastries served, even though there
was no confirmation of either claim. Still, it's always right for Champagne and pastries,
right?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By about noon—though
who's to say?--the Russians seemed to have had enough of trying to retake the fleches
and the village of Semenovkaya and fell back to the woods in
their rear. The French and Germans also stopped attacking, falling down exhausted
in their corpse-choked prizes.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Toward
the end of the see-saw battle over the fl</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">è</span><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ches and Semenovkaya, Ney and Murat (who normally never agreed on
anything except how much they hated each other’s guts) went back to plead with
Napoleon to unleash the Guard. They both saw that the Russians were exhausted
in this sector and were falling back. If ever there was a time for the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">coup de grace</i>, it was now. This was
exactly what you saved your reserve for. But Napoleon refused. He mumbled
something Zen-like, “The chessboard is not yet clear to me,” like this was a
game he was playing in the public room of a retirement home. As he did see it, though,
he wasn't about to risk his Guard 600 miles deep into Russia. He did order his
Young Guard to go in. But they hadn't marched but a few hundred yards before he
called them back. This was certainly not the Napoleon his commanders used to
know. He had become a slow, timid, cautious, old man--at the ripe age of 43. But
this midlife crisis was costing thousands of lives by the minute. Maybe it was
his ill health. Or maybe he really was being poisoned.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
attack on the center ground to a halt. And the guns kept on rumbling. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Southern Sector</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Moving
south, more action was taking place in front of Poniatowski's V Corps, which
had commenced its own attack about 08:00 on hearing the gigantic battle beyond
the woods around the fl</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">è</span><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ches.
While Napoleon had rejected Davout's plan of a vast outflanking movement with
both his and Poniatowski's Corps, he did order a smaller scale attack here, with just
the V Corps (not quite 10,000 men). But it had taken Poniatowksi some time to move his two infantry
and one cavalry division up the wood-bordered Old Smolensk Road into the wide meadow
around the village of Utitza. There he discovered Tuchkov’s III Corps arrayed
out in the open (remember Bennigsen had ordered them out from under cover to
bolster the spirits of the complaining jagers). </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1nLVSoHEH0g/YWjSldrJcpI/AAAAAAAAFc0/v0jvsqUsasw2-BvQgbXIfXbdbtZBO6mfQCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Poniatowski.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1663" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1nLVSoHEH0g/YWjSldrJcpI/AAAAAAAAFc0/v0jvsqUsasw2-BvQgbXIfXbdbtZBO6mfQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Poniatowski.jpg" width="260" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Prince Jozef Poniatowski</b><br />by Josef Grassi, c.1810</span></i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was
about this time, though, that Bagration, feeling the intense pressure on his flèches,
sent for Tuchkov’s 3<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>rd</sup></span> Division (Konovnitzin’s) to come help. So
Tuchkov was now left with just one division, the 1<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>st</sup> </span>Grenadier (2,731), some
Cossacks under Karpov (maybe 3,000ish), and an indistinct number of Moscow <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">opolchenie</i>, literally armed with sharp sticks, to defend the little
village and road. Moving the 1<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>st</sup></span> Grenadier Division forward into the
clearing, he had the retreating jagers (20<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span> and 21<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>st</sup></span>)
burn Utitza to deny it to the Poles. He also ordered Karpov to make
demonstrations with his swarm of Cossacks against the advancing infantry to slow
them down. Cossacks weren’t battle cavalry and were of only limited use in a
formal battle. Mostly they would just whoop and yell and wave their lances or
fire off their pistols and retreat. And the Poles weren’t particularly afraid of
them; in fact, from hundreds of years of experience, they were downright
contemptuous.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Poniatowski’s
attack, though, moved slowly. It took him time to get his divisions into
formation in the open woods on either side of the highway. Meanwhile he had his
24 guns pound the columns of Russian grenadiers under Strogonov, who only had
half as many guns to reply with. The Russians moved slowly back and Tuchkov
sent urgent pleas for help to HQ. Kutuzov was busy partying (celebrating the “capture”
of Murat, remember) but Barclay took it upon himself to send his northernmost
corps, Baggovut’s II, down to help Tuchkov. Of course, being on the opposite
end of the Russian position, they had to move about four miles through narrow
paths and woods to get to Tuchkov. Even double-timing was going to take at
least an hour-and-a-half. On their way, other sectors of the Russian front,
namely around the Raevsky Redoubt and the flèches, cried for help, so Baggovut
graciously peeled off one of his divisions (the 4<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span>) and some
artillery and cavalry to help. His men, too, though unengaged up to now, were
now relentlessly pounded by the gauntlet of French cannonballs bounding into
their flank as they marched. So they arrived to help Tuchkov about 11:00 with
about half their original force.</span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Poniatowski,
by this time was pressing hard on the Utitza position from the north and south.
Strogonov’s grenadiers and the remaining jagers and artillerists were taking
horrendous casualties and falling back slowly. But they weren’t running yet. As
what was left of Baggovut’s corps finally marched in, Tuchkov tried to rally
the Pavlov Grenadiers in his own command and was killed by a roundshot.
Baggovut took over the remnants of both corps and fell back fighting through
the woods to regroup. Polish cavalry drove off the Cossacks and threatened the
retreating Russian infantry, who, in squares, still didn’t break. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Polish prince called a halt to his attack about noon. He had captured the now burning Utitza
and driven off the defenders. But he didn’t move on to envelop the main Russian
army as per his original orders. With the din of the main battle to the north,
and no word on how it was going, he was probably thinking that this was no time
to further expose his command. For all he knew, his fickle ally, Napoleon, was
retreating back toward Smolensk, leaving himat the mercy of the none-too-merciful
Russians. About noon, though, Junot’s VIII corps of Westphalians did show up to
support Poniatowski, having been sent down by Napoleon since they didn’t seem
to be needed to help capture the flèches any more.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PI39QG-mByc/YWeAEYcgkSI/AAAAAAAAFbc/YGHWzir6HL4h1YiDzZzpU1nWEkAGEbR5gCLcBGAsYHQ/s800/Lejb_Guard_Litov_attack_at_Borodino.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="531" data-original-width="800" height="424" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PI39QG-mByc/YWeAEYcgkSI/AAAAAAAAFbc/YGHWzir6HL4h1YiDzZzpU1nWEkAGEbR5gCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h424/Lejb_Guard_Litov_attack_at_Borodino.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Russian Leib-Garde Litovsk counterattack.</b><br />by </span></i><span class="mw-mmv-source-author"><span class="mw-mmv-author"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">N.S. Samokish 1912</span></i><br /></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oh, no. Get back in your seat: It’s not over yet.</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Davout’s,
Poniatowski’s, and Junot’s corps were pretty much spent or out of the battle by
noon. With the final capture of the flèches in front of Bagration’s wing (and
that general mortally wounded—a shock which had a profound effect on the morale
of the Russian 2<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>nd</sup></span> Army), Napoleon now ordered Ney and Eugene to
throw everything they had at capturing the Big Prize, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le Grand Redoubt de Raevsky</i>, in the center of the Russian position.
This would win him the Jackpot and, I guess, make the Russians and the Czar bow
down to him. Yeah, that was the plan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At about 11:00, all the action in
the center and left of the Russian position had seemed to die down. Almost all of Barclay’s 1<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>st</sup></span> West
Army had been moved south to shore up the crumbling line of the 2<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>nd</sup></span>
Army. Uvarov, commander of the 1<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>st</sup></span> Cavalry Corps, noticed that the
opposite bank of the Kolocha in the north was virtually undefended. His
Cossacks (under Platov) had found that the stream was so low that it could be
forded around the village of Maloe (see map at the top). Since his cavalry had been unengaged and
stationed so far back that it was probably forgotten in the all the crises
going on to the south, he thought he could make a strategic end run and attack
the virtually undefended French left (or so he thought, since his Cossacks
failed to reconnoiter that far). He sent an aide to Kutuzov at Gorki, and
accompanied by Colonel Toll, one of the trusted aides on the generalissimo’s
staff, these two pitched the idea. Kutuzov, in his only contribution to the
battle so far, thought it sounded like a brilliant plan and endorsed it
(verbally—no written paper trail, remember, in case it failed). </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-r2BpDcEAH8k/YWjVepMEfVI/AAAAAAAAFdU/iA8Uc67MvSkvfudSUeDqBzBn_V2XyljMQCLcBGAsYHQ/s500/uvarov.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="452" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-r2BpDcEAH8k/YWjVepMEfVI/AAAAAAAAFdU/iA8Uc67MvSkvfudSUeDqBzBn_V2XyljMQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/uvarov.jpg" width="289" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>Fyodor Uvarov</b><br />by George Dawe, 1823</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So Uvarov took his 2,900 troopers
and around 6,000 Cossacks over the little river, accompanied by two dozen horse
guns. The Elizabethgrad Hussars and the Guard Cossacks were in the van. At
first they chased back some advanced skirmishers of Eugene’s cavalry and
Delzon’s infantry division, capturing two small battalion guns. But as they
moved further west, probing for the supposedly exposed wing of the French army,
they ran into infantry squares of Delzon’s and Broussier’s
divisions and were stopped dead by the enveloping fire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now Eugene’s cavalry and some of Grouchy’s 3<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>rd</sup></span>
Reserve Cavalry Corps rode forward to chase the disordered Russians back across the
Kolocha.</span>
<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uvarov was disappointed. He sent
apologies to Kutuzov for his failure, but blamed the Ataman Platov for not
supporting him with all his Cossacks, who had all held back and suffered almost
no casualties. One of Platov’s officers, a Capt. Murav’ev, said the Cossacks
were resentful for being attached to the “foreigner” Barclay’s army and didn’t
want any part of helping him. But others, like Barclay’s staff officer,Yermalov,
pointed out that Cossacks had never been relied upon in pitched battles anyway,
so they had always been discounted in any force calculations. Kutuzov, also
disappointed, heard Uvarov’s report and said,, “I know. May God
forgive you!” Such a dick.<br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uvarov’s failure could also be
chalked up to the poorly planned operation. It had no infantry support, no
heavy cavalry, and didn’t allow the few guns that accompanied the cavalry to at
least unlimber and rip into the French infantry squares before the yelling
hussars and dragoons charged them, only to get cut down.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So it had no proper combined arms
coordination. They were also way too few (2,900 against as many as 30,000), especially considering that they
should have known the Cossacks weren’t going to help them anyway.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But unappreciated by Kutuzov and his
sneering staff, Uvarov’s expedition did accomplish one vital thing. It probably
saved the Russian army from complete annihilation that day. It forced
Napoleon’s to put off his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">coup-de-grace</i>
by three, critical hours. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So distracted by all the commotion to the north,
Eugene crossed back over the river to supervise the defense, pulling back
Morand’s, Gerard’s, and Delzon’s divisions as they were getting ready to charge
up the hill on the Great Redoubt again. He diverted Grouchy’s 3<sup>rd</sup>
Cavalry Corps to help Ornano’s light cavalry repulse the Russian attack. And
Napoleon, all set to renew his attack on the Great Redoubt, instead moved the Young Guard and Vistula Legion north to form
squares and defend his flank. All this took a long time, which allowed the
Russians to regroup in the center and left, and to prepare for reinforcing the
Great Redoubt. But Uvarov wouldn’t get any thanks for that until after the war,
when Russian historians had access to French records and could see the hesitation
the foray caused.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This so-called failed assault by
Uvarov reminds me of my own great-great-grandfather’s participation in another
“failed” fight on <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2019/07/snodgrass-hill-1863.html">Snodgrass
Hill</a> at the end of Chickamauga in 1863, which ended up saving the Union
Army of the Tennessee under Rosecrans after they lost that battle, holding up
the victorious Confederates long enough for the main army to withdraw, more or
less intact, to Chattanooga. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yeah, it
was all my great-great-grandfather’s doing. Alone. Well, him and George Thomas
and about 10,000 other guys. But still.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Final Assault</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After the three hour distraction
caused by Uvarov’s field trip had died down, Napoleon again focused on the
pesky Great Redoubt in the Russian center. All morning he had been getting plea
after frustrated plea from Eugene, from Ney, from Murat, from Davout, from
everybody and their aunt to send in the Guard to cinch the victory. But he had
refused every request. Ney groused to his staff that Napoleon was squatting
back behind his Guard, cowering, and refusing to commit himself to victory. He
sneered to his staff that he should just go back to the Tuileries and let his
generals fight this war. He was right. Napoleon was visibly sick all through
the battle, straddling his folding camp chair, leaned over and occasionally
propping his telescope on the back to see what he could see a mile away through
the smoke. Other memoirists said he looked pale. He wasn’t into it today.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">While the crisis on the left was
being dealt with, Napoleon had ordered the gap left open in the center,
opposite the Great Redoubt, to be occupied by Montbrun’s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>nd</sup></span> and Latour-Maubourg’s 4<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span>
Cavalry Corps. Nobody on the Emperor’s staff understood why this was necessary.
The “gap” was already covered by the Guard, lined up safely a thousand yards
behind the low ridge and scrub. Nobody used cavalry to "plug gaps". This ridiculous and callous order exposed over 6,000 cavalry to three hours of constant artillery
bombardment, cavalry who had already suffered disproportionately so far in the
campaign and were down to 38% of their original strength when they arrived at
Borodino. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But exposed they were, just 700
yards from all the Russian guns in and on either side of the Redoubt. And for
three hours they stood there while shot and shell ripped through their ranks,
ultimately costing both corps half the remainder of their men and horses in
needless casualties. During this hellish penance the 2<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>nd</sup></span> Corps’
commander, the legendary Montbrun, was himself killed by an exploding shell, a
devastating loss to the morale and leadership of the army and a loss to France.
To replace him, Napoleon sent the brother of his aide-de-camp, Auguste de
Coulaincourt, to take command of 2<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>nd</sup></span> Cavalry Corps. Those who
survived described it as a worse experience than any cavalry battle they had
ever been in; just standing there inert, their comrades being ripped to shreds
on either side of them, helmets, breastplates, heads, body parts being tossed
up in the air, and expecting any second to suffer the same fate…all the while
unable to fight back at the Russian guns annihilating them. One can only
imagine the frustration, mortal terror, and pent-up fury they felt (probably not just at the
Russians). </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anticipating another attack on the Great Redoubt, Barclay had moved up Kapsevitch’s 4<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup> </span>Division
(Moscow, Pskov, Libau, and Sofia regiments) and Lichacheff’s 24<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span>
Division (Ufa, Shrivan, Tomsk, Butirsk) all deployed in echelon in battalion
squares in the ravine behind the redoubt. Behind them were Korff’s 2<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>nd</sup></span>
Cavalry Corps (Pskov and Moscow Dragoons, as well as the Izium Hussars and
Poland Uhlans) and Pahlen’s 3<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>rd</sup></span> Cavalry Corps (Kurland, Orenburg,
Siberia, and Irkutsk Dragoons, and the Sumy and Mariupol Hussars), and two
regiments of Guard cuirassiers (Horseguards and Chevalier-gardes), some 6,800
horse, all in somewhat better shape than the oncoming French cavalry. In the
redoubt itself were almost two dozen heavy guns, and on their flanks were all
the artillery of Dokhturov’s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>VI Corps
artillery, all told about 60 guns. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">During the hours while the French
cavalry were being sacrificed to the Russian bombardment, Sorbier had moved up
some 140 guns to pulverize the big fort and defenses. By the time the last
attack started, the poorly built Great Redoubt had been reduced to a pile of
loose dirt and sand, and the shallow ditch in front of it had been more or less
filled in as the parapet fell into it. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By about 15:00, after the crisis on
the left had been dealt with, Napoleon ordered everybody to their original places to get
ready to storm up the hill to the Great Redoubt.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eugene moved three of his infantry divisions
(Morand’s 1<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>st</sup></span>, Girard’s 3<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>rd</sup></span>, and Broussier’s 14<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span>)
back over the Kolocha and stacked up in columns of attack on the west side of
the Kamencka gully, at the foot of the Great Redoubt’s hill. These were
supported on their left by Grouchy’s 3<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>rd</sup></span> Cavalry Corps of dragoons,
hugging the banks of the Kolocha. And on their right by the heavy cavalry corps
of Montbrun (now under Coulaincourt) and Latour-Maubourg (Saxon, Polish, and
Westphalians). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_wtqTjNn-9k/YWeEFOXlv4I/AAAAAAAAFbs/xFBwr4mDpHImm-Eve2S-BBei-pOMZRjQQCLcBGAsYHQ/s800/French%2Bassault%2Bon%2BGreat%2BRedoubt.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="800" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_wtqTjNn-9k/YWeEFOXlv4I/AAAAAAAAFbs/xFBwr4mDpHImm-Eve2S-BBei-pOMZRjQQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h400/French%2Bassault%2Bon%2BGreat%2BRedoubt.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>French cavalry and infantry swarm up the hill to the Great Redoubt about 16:00</b><br />detail from Rouboud's Borodino panorama of 1911</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />About 16:00, when the sword came
down to start the assault, and the infantry started their attack, they were
quickly left behind as Coulaincourt’s and Latour-Maubourg’s cuirassiers took
off at a gallop up the hill. Having endured hell for the previous three hours,
these troopers were seething with revenge. They first came upon lines of
jagers, tightly packed in the ditch in front of the redoubt (or what was left
of it), presenting a porcupine hedge of bayonets. But they swirled around the
flanks of this formation and into the openings at either end of the redoubt,
hacking and trampling every living thing in their path. They were shortly
followed by Eugene’s infantry, who swept aside what was left of the jagers in
front and over the crumbled berm that had once been the parapet. There was no
quarter given as the Russians defended their guns to the last (managing only to
haul away six). Eyewitnesses recall there being no survivors in the wreckage of
the redoubt. But it is not clear if they were already all dead by the time the
three hour bombardment and the French cuirassiers had been through. </span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5JPdvkhDHmo/YWjPhgZ2raI/AAAAAAAAFck/JztU4QfjH3M5zQeNE9HfWhxDOMrGaKkHQCLcBGAsYHQ/s750/albrecht-adam-charge%2Bon%2BGreat%2BRedoubt.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="561" data-original-width="750" height="478" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5JPdvkhDHmo/YWjPhgZ2raI/AAAAAAAAFck/JztU4QfjH3M5zQeNE9HfWhxDOMrGaKkHQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h478/albrecht-adam-charge%2Bon%2BGreat%2BRedoubt.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Saxon Cuirassiers charging up the hill toward the Great Redoubt<br />They couldn't wait to give the Russian gunners a stern talking-to.</b><br />by Albrecht Adam, 1815</span></i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coulaincourt, the brand new brevet
commander of Montbrun’s 2<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>nd</sup></span> Cavalry Corps was shot dead almost as
soon as he entered the redoubt at the head of his first squadrons. The berserk
cuirassiers (including the 1<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>e</sup></span> and 2<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>e</sup></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Carabiniers and the Saxon Gardes du
Corps, the Zastrow Cuirassiers, the Polish 14<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span> Cuirassiers, and
Westphalian cuirassiers, as well as four French cuirassier regiments and
numerous Polish uhlan regiments), having taken the redoubt and killed
everything in it, charged on past it. Unfortunately their wave broke upon the
steady squares of the 16 Russian battalions in the ravine behind the redoubt.
While the French cavalry miraculously broke into some of these squares (who
were vulnerable to Polish lancers), the majority of the infantry held and
delivered volley after volley into the swirling horsemen. The allied cavalry
also ran into a counter-attack from Korff’s, Pahlen’s and Nikokai Borosdin's 8,000 cavalry, and
were driven back. <br /></span><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The French infantry settled into the
Great Redoubt and prepared for yet another counter-attack, as had usually happened all
day. But none came.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-G0sabVSnsLU/YWeA-fkbkeI/AAAAAAAAFbk/rd00YtS78TEnM9k8n_yi3ZAzcHu1sZhtACLcBGAsYHQ/s768/Lejeune-Battle-of-Borodino-Redoubt-768x555.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="555" data-original-width="768" height="462" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-G0sabVSnsLU/YWeA-fkbkeI/AAAAAAAAFbk/rd00YtS78TEnM9k8n_yi3ZAzcHu1sZhtACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h462/Lejeune-Battle-of-Borodino-Redoubt-768x555.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Lejuene's painting of Coulaincourt's death as he led his cavalry over the parapets of the <br />Great
Reboubt. For you sticklers, for some reason he has a lone Pavlov
Grenadier standing in the center, who would have been father to the
south, defending Utiza. Artistic license.</i></span> <br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IwYIE4LvpfY/YWjQ-vnz_bI/AAAAAAAAFcs/QIayTCfdAV0V_Gg4UQ8A3Vwb0bpZo6r9QCLcBGAsYHQ/s527/Lorge%2527s%2Battack%2Bon%2BRaevsky%2BRedoubt.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="527" height="462" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IwYIE4LvpfY/YWjQ-vnz_bI/AAAAAAAAFcs/QIayTCfdAV0V_Gg4UQ8A3Vwb0bpZo6r9QCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h462/Lorge%2527s%2Battack%2Bon%2BRaevsky%2BRedoubt.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Russian Guard Cuirassiers from Borodsin's 1st Cuir Div counter-attacking <br />Lorge's Saxon cuirassiers after they had overrun the Great Redoubt</b><br />detail from the 1911 Borodino panorama by Rouboud</span></i></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></i></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></i></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></i></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> </span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Are we finally done?</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Both sides were spent. Barclay,
having all of his reserves shoplifted by Bennigsen earlier, had none left. His
troops were out of ammunition and exhausted from ten hours of continuous fighting.
He judged that it would not be worth it to try and retake the Great Redoubt yet
another time. Moreover, as the rest of the Russian army had been pulled back to
the woods behind the Semenovka position, the flèches given up, and the Utitza
position finally abandoned to Poniatowski’s Poles, the Great Redoubt in the
center was now a dangerously exposed salient. Barclay wisely judged letting the
French keep it. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He sent one of his staff, Colonel Ludwig
von <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Wolzogen">Wolzogen</a>, back
to find Kutuzov to report the loss of the Great Redoubt. Wolzogen took about
half-an-hour searching before he finally found the commander-in-chief, who had
long since abandoned his headquarters at Gorki and retreated back up the Smolensk-Moscow
road toward Mozhaisk. The obese generalissimo and his entourage of privileged
sycophants, were all sitting at a table enjoying a sumptuous “victory” feast.
Wolzogen noted that Kutuzov was drunk. He reported to the Commander-in-Chief
that the Great Redoubt had fallen and that Barclay was organizing a second line
of defense behind the original one. Furious, Kutuzov yelled, “With what
low-down sutler woman have you been getting drunk to deliver such an inane
report? It is I whom must needs know best how the battle has been going! The
attacks of the French have everywhere been victoriously repulsed, and so
tomorrow I am going to place myself at the head of the army in order to drive
the enemy from Russia’s sacred soil without further ado!” (Cate, p 251) All of
Kutuzov’s crew of fawning princelings raised their champagne glasses and
hoorahed in agreement. “Uh…o…kay,” Wolzgogen undoubtedly thought.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Barclay had cautioned Wolzogen to
only accept orders written down and signed by Kutuzov, as he had been burned
before by the generalissimo’s political tactic of deniability. So Kutuzov did
have an order written to Barclay to have the army withdraw “1,000 paces” and
get them ready to fight the next morning. Barclay, on reading this, was
exasperated. The army had been reduced to barely 30,000 effectives in the ranks
(from its original 124,000), had no more ammunition, and hadn’t eaten since the
night before. Nor were they going to get any new supplies this night. They were
in no position to fight the next day. They had lost the battle as far as
Barclay was concerned. He was the one who had been in the thick of the fighting
all day while his new boss, Kutuzov, had been getting plastered far in the
rear, and who hadn’t even been within telescope range of the front.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Barclay, whose primary concern throughout the
campaign had been the preservation of the army while they drew the French
farther and farther into Russia, strongly advocated for a strategic withdrawal
to save what they had left. He looked at the written order from Kutuzov and
said bitterly to Wolzogen that the idea that the army could be rested and
replenished by the morning was crazy, that they might as well keep fighting now
until no one was left. He rode back to find Kutuzov himself and lobby for
retreat.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But on the French side, things
weren’t much better.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When the Great Redoubt fell around
17:00, Eugene galloped back to his step-father (or his ex-step-father?), the
Emperor, to plead that now was the time to send in the Guard to complete the
victory. The Russians were on the run and now was the time to deal the killing
blow. He was met with the same sullen refusal; not this far from home. For some
reason, in a turnabout, Murat agreed with Napoleon. Now was not the time to
risk the only reserve the army had left (oh, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">now</i>, he thinks so!).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The French themselves were estimated
to have suffered nearly as badly as the Russians. After ten hours of nearly
continuous combat, their own strength was down to around 75,000 effectives.
They too had shot away most of their ammunition. And they were exhausted. They
pretty much abandoned the Great Redoubt and the flèches and other
fortifications they had captured and recaptured so many times and at such great
cost, retreating back to their original bivouacs west of Shevardino and north
of the Kolocha. So, if, in traditional military terms, the winner of the battle
was the side which occupied the field at the end. Napoleon hadn’t won. And
since the Russians didn’t start retreating toward Moscow until early the next
morning, they could, from their point of view, claim that they had defeated the
French by staying on the battlefield. Which is exactly the argument that
Kutuzov sold to the Czar, and to subsequent Russian historians.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Napoleon was reported to be in a
very depressed mood. That evening he rode slowly across the battlefield, feeling
sick as his horse jerked back and forth trying to avoid stepping on dead and
wounded men and horses. Mostly he was shocked that there were so few prisoners
(Sègur writes that there were only seven or eight hundred, mostly wounded prisoners,
with as few as twenty broken captured cannon). The Emperor remarked glumly how
Russians just didn’t surrender, and that it wasn’t enough to kill them; you had
to push them over. Of course, he had fought the Russians before, at Austerlitz,
at Eylau, at Friedland, at Smolensk, so this wasn’t a new discovery about his perennial
enemy. They had fought to the death in all of those battles. Thousands of
wounded Russians crawled away from the battlefield to make their way back to
their comrades—and in this the Moscow <i><span style="color: black;">opolchenie </span></i>proved
their worth by assisting them, even though Kutuzov had made no provisions for
transport to remove his own wounded. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But Napoleon was in no mood to chase
them with his fresh reserve.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At 18:00, at Barclay’s and several
of the frontline generals’ urging, Kutuzov gravely pronounced that they would
withdraw in the night and not stay to fight the next day. Soviet propaganda
artists and filmmakers (like Sergei Bondarchuk in his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_and_Peace_(film_series)">War
and Peace</a></i>), portray this moment as a tableau of tragic but strategic necessity
on the part of the heroic Kutuzov. But, in spite of his theatrical bluster a
couple of hours earlier, he probably realized the battle was lost and sullenly
accepted Barclay’s recommendation, repainting it as his own shrewd decision.
Nevertheless, he sent a dispatch to the Czar proclaiming a great victory,
explaining that he was only pulling back to the more defensible Mozhaisk
position in order to administer the killing blow to the French. He ordered that
the retreat not start until 02:00 the next morning so that, technically, he
could claim that he still held the battlefield at the end of the day (the 7<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span>)
while the French had retreated (which, technically, they had). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5tbCVvFlL4E/YWKC4eJolsI/AAAAAAAAFaU/7fGykMLIfhETIpWxyhwsgDYrJJw04x8HgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1920/Kutuzov%2Borders%2Bretreat--Alexei%2BKivshenko%2B1880.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1036" data-original-width="1920" height="346" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5tbCVvFlL4E/YWKC4eJolsI/AAAAAAAAFaU/7fGykMLIfhETIpWxyhwsgDYrJJw04x8HgCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h346/Kutuzov%2Borders%2Bretreat--Alexei%2BKivshenko%2B1880.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Kutuzov gravely orders the retreat from Borodino after declaring victory.<br />"Council of Fili" painted by Alexei Kivshenko in 1880 actually depicts a meeting six days after<br />the battle but I'm using it here to imagine the scene on the afternoon of the 7th in Mozhaisk.<br />I like how the artist has all the generals leaning forward in rapt attention at the wisdom of <br />their heroic leader.</span></i></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></i></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /> </span></i></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> </span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There was bell-clanging,
drum-banging, and raucous celebrations in St. Petersburg when the news of the “victory”
over the Ogre arrived. Alexander promoted Kutuzov to field marshal and sent him
100,000 rubles. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Moreover, as I mentioned above,
Kutuzov had made no provision for transport to move his thousands of wounded
back to Moscow. He falsely complained that his orders to Rostochopin, governor
of Moscow, for such transport had been ignored. But he really never sent them.
And nearly all the wheeled transport in Moscow was being used to move treasure
(art, gold, dishes, furniture) out of the capitol, not for removing the
wounded. Consequently, when the French, a day later, came upon what Kutuzov had
told the Czar was supposed second line of Russian defense at Mozhaisk, all they
found were tens of thousands of Russian wounded, languishing without medical care
in the town. The French, of course, ejected all these poor people to die in the
streets and fields. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And, yes, we're finally done. <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
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<![endif]--></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Borodino: A Crashing Bore</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There has been so much written about
this momentous battle and its consequences. When you read in succession all of
the narratives (see my references below, which are a fraction of the library),
you are struck by how confusing and contradictory the events are. There seems
to be little consensus among the historians about what actually happened, when,
and to whom? It was another example of Wellington’s quip that describing a
battle is like describing a ball. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Add to this the fact that nobody
could actually see much. After ten hours of continuous fire from over a thousand
guns and tens-of-thousands of muskets (Chandler estimates that the French alone
fired over two million musket and ninety-thousand artillery rounds), and the
dry dust churned up by thousands of charging men and horses, visibility was
pretty much nil. So eyewitnesses were, except for what was happening to them
directly, blind.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But one thing does emerge: Borodino was
a pointless carnage. Casualty estimates were as high as 75,000, or about 35%
for each side. Since Napoleon’s “strategy” had been basically to attack
straight ahead, hour after hour, into the most fortified and densest part of
the Russian army with all his force (except his Guard), and since the Russians’
disorganization could be described as merely reactive to this straight-ahead
onslaught, there is nothing to be learned from this battle; except that war is
a waste. This was the truth that Napoleon himself apparently finally hit on in
his insomniac epiphany the night of the 6th. A truth that went in and out of
his head like an annoying mosquito. Too bad.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Of course, taking the longer view. it
is fair to conclude that had Napoleon unequivocally lost Borodino, or at least
had been decisively checked, he would not have marched on to Moscow, would not
have stayed too long there waiting for Alexander’s white flag, and would not
have lost the war. Maybe. There are so many ifs. He might also have decided to
more vigorously pursue Kutuzov to destroy his army. He might have pulled back
to Smolensk to regroup and replenish, spending the winter there. There are so
many “beam splitters” that might have opened alternate universes (in the
quantum physical sense).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reading about Borodino is like
reading about the “strategy” behind the Somme,Verdun, or </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele">Passchendaele</a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in World War I. Just keep charging into certain death for
hour after hour, hoping a miracle will happen. And, as chaotic and terrifying as the experience of the participants in this battle was, I thought of John Keegan's groudbreaking book, <u>Face of Battle</u>, in which he describes the perspective of the combatants as telescoped down to what was immediately in front of them. My own uncle, who had fought in the WWII battles on Saipan and Iwo Jima as a Navy hospital corpsman with the Marines, said he could not describe anything except what was happening in front of him. All he said he could think of was tending to the wounded in his own platoon and imagining a Japanese bullet headed right for his head at any second. I think that anybody who has participated in any battle, would not be able to describe it except in those terms.<br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After having spent hundreds of hours
(and, I must say, at least five decades) studying Borodino, I’ve come to the conclusion
at long last that it was a tragic bore.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I realize that
just writing that last sentence, especially in a military history blog, seems
contradictory itself; almost cynical; as interesting as watching a meat
grinder. I admit that, just before I finished writing this article, I had
considered it such a dull exercise that I almost didn’t post it.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Still, as Eddie Izzard said in <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZrdPV4lG9a8">his hilarious monologue</a>
explaining the Crusades, “Look, we’ve come all this way!”</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--></span>
</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wargame What-Ifs</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Considering
the ultimate outcome of this battle and the 1812 campaign, it seems almost
pointless to consider what-ifs for the Borodino battle by itself. But I will
venture a few scenarios to game:</span><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<br /></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What if Napoleon had taken Davout’s
suggestion of a massive end run around the south while staging a far less costly
pinning demonstration on the center and left?</span></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What if the Russians had started
building their fortifications four days earlier, when they first arrived at
Borodino, instead of the night before, so that the French would have confronted
fully built and reinforced redoubts?</span></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><br /></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What if Uvarov’s flank attack on
Napoleon’s right had been a more massive and integrated combined-arms operation?</span><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What if Napoleon had not waited a
day after his army arrived and attacked on the 6<sup>th</sup>?</span><br /><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What if Kutuzov had let Barclay retain
operational command of the combined army, and fired or (betters still) had
never hired Bennigsen?</span><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What if Bennigsen had not committed
Barclay’s reserves prematurely? Or at least told him he was doing so?</span><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What if Bennigsen had not moved the
reserve and cavalry corps into the open on the forward slopes and to within
artillery range? (as Wellington would definitely would <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not</i> have done)</span><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What if Russian infantry were not
arrayed in close platoon columns (say in shallower, open company columns or
even lines) and were allowed to lie down to avoid collateral damage from French
artillery? (also ala Wellington)</span><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What if Kutaisov had done his job
and had stayed behind to manage the Russian artillery reserve and not been
killed leading an infantry charge he had no business doing?</span><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What if Napoleon had not needlessly exposed
half his heavy cavalry to statically endure bombardment for three hours from noon
to three?</span><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What if Bennigsen had not ruined
Tuchkov’s ambush behind Utitza and have let him keep his corps in hiding until
Poniatowski stumbled upon it in the woods?</span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And in a more strategic game:</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What if Napoleon had decided to
winter in Smolensk two weeks before Borodino?</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What if he moved north on St. Petersburg
instead of Moscow after Borodino? Or before Borodino, after he had captured
Smolensk?</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What if Alexander had resisted
political pressure to appoint the incompetent Kutuzov and let Barclay continue
his Fabian strategy of refusing battle, leading the French farther and farther
into Russia?</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wargame Considerations</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aside from the hypotheticals, if you are playing a wargame of
Borodino, here are some things to think about in planning and playing it:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #984806; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;">Formations</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
There is ample evidence that the Russian infantry were formed in tight, platoon
columns (eight platoons to a battalion), making them narrow and compact. This
would make them particularly vulnerable to artillery fire, each roundshot, for
instance, plowing through up to 24 tightly packed ranks when hit head-on. (For
reasons for this formation, see Troop Ratings below.)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">French battalions were, by contrast,
formed up for this battle in “attack columns”, two company front and nine ranks
deep. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So, in assessing artillery damage in
a wargame, the Russian infantry would sustain 266% more hits than the French.
Proportional musket firepower would also be reduced, with the Russian columns
only able to deliver 1/8<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span> fire to the French’s 1/3<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>rd</sup> </span>per
battalion.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CgDVZyPgopE/YWie9PJ_COI/AAAAAAAAFcc/a77CJn45BRYDj6arsRJpeXgEADGoNxlDQCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/French-Russian%2BColumn%2BComparison.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1843" data-original-width="2048" height="576" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CgDVZyPgopE/YWie9PJ_COI/AAAAAAAAFcc/a77CJn45BRYDj6arsRJpeXgEADGoNxlDQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h576/French-Russian%2BColumn%2BComparison.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> </span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And of course there is also evidence in all of the sources that the infantry of both sides were forced to form squares against all of the cavalry attacks. I am assuming, by this, that they formed hollow squares with the companies and platoons facing outward so that all of the muskets and bayonets would be in play. Some sources even describe the Russians as deploying into line to repel the French attacks. <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I had originally believed that the
French infantry, on losing over half their strength up to Borodino, would have
reduced their ranks from three to two, as had been the usual practice in armies
all through the 18<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span> century. But from the research I had done,
French regiments, at least, typically did not do this, even when reduced in strength.
This actually makes sense since it would require a change in forming up, causing confusion. But since it’s your game, you can make that call yourself about whether it would be
done at Borodino. Doing so would affect the frontage and number of ranks (and
thus vulnerability to artillery). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #984806; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;">Artillery</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Though slightly more numerous and
heavier in throw-weight (164<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>%</sup></span> more 12 pounders) the Russian
artillery was also slightly less proficient than Napoleon’s artillery. Also,
the gunpowder produced in Russia was also considered of inferior quality, so
that the range of the guns would have been shorter (due to the reduced kinetic energy
produced by the explosion in the barrel).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Another consideration when playing
Borodino as a game has to do with the command and control of the reserve
artillery. While the Russians had more guns, at least a third of them were
never used but languished in the rear. The First Army artillery commander,
Kutaisov, got himself bravely but uselessly killed leading an infantry charge
in the early part of the battle and a successor apparently wasn’t appointed—nobody knew
where he was or what had happened to him. So nobody was managing the feeding of
fresh guns and ammunition to the front. A rule could be written ad hoc to
simulate this control breakdown (see Command, Control, and Leadership below),
which was endemic to the Russian Army as a whole.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #984806; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;">Rivers and Streams</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Kolocha River dividing the
battlefield was reported to be fordable everywhere, though French engineers saw
the necessity of throwing bridges over it near Borodino village to move artillery
more efficiently, probably having more to do with the steepness of the banks
than the depth of the water. The Moskva River was not fordable. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">All of the streams across the
battlefield were either bare trickles or completely dry gullies, so should be
treated as crossing a ditch.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Likewise, these dry gullies could
count as natural defensive trenches to light infantry. Also impeding the
movement of artillery somewhat, due to their steep banks.<br /><br /></span><br /></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Vladimir Orlovski, Summer Landscape 1877<br />This is how imagine the state of the Kolocha was on Sept 7</span></i>.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-O2XpS9N0zag/YWeT48jfTGI/AAAAAAAAFb8/SXKr8t6nGKQjibMBNHIclquB5ATxkQW9ACLcBGAsYHQ/s1224/Vladimir%2BOrlovsky--Summer%2Blandscape.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="1224" height="352" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-O2XpS9N0zag/YWeT48jfTGI/AAAAAAAAFb8/SXKr8t6nGKQjibMBNHIclquB5ATxkQW9ACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h352/Vladimir%2BOrlovsky--Summer%2Blandscape.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #984806; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;">Woods</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Woods in the vicinity were pine, oak, and birch, with light or no undergrowth. So troops would be able to move relatively
unhindered through them. However, linear formations would be disrupted. Any
infantry or cavalry formation moving though these woods would be disordered and
have to realign on exiting, unless moving in column of route. </span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Though open for movement, visibility
beyond or into woods would be blocked. I imagine that the character of the
woods here was very similar to that I described at <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2019/07/snodgrass-hill-1863.html">Chickamauga</a>
in my post on that battle.<br /></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xpd3_piwzZ8/YWJ8FAtBzpI/AAAAAAAAFaE/OnMHTWx8-XMtojgn0WwLuef2IhAYUxEQgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Ivan%2BShishkin%2B-%2BRain%2Bin%2Ban%2BOak%2BForest.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="985" data-original-width="1600" height="394" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xpd3_piwzZ8/YWJ8FAtBzpI/AAAAAAAAFaE/OnMHTWx8-XMtojgn0WwLuef2IhAYUxEQgCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h394/Ivan%2BShishkin%2B-%2BRain%2Bin%2Ban%2BOak%2BForest.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Nature of the open woods in the vicitnity of Borodino<br />Painting by Ivan Shishkin, 1891</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #984806; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #984806; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #984806; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;">Redoubts</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As related above, the fortifications
on the Russian side were incomplete. Since work in earnest on them had only
begun late on the 6<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span> (at least for the Great Redoubt, the fleches,
and emplacements along the Semenovka stream), they should not be counted as
robust forts, but loose piles of dirt. Artillery bombardment would have torn
them apart and then they would have been easily surmounted in an attack by
either cavalry or infantry. So in your game treat them as partial defensive
structures. Their use as fortifications was primarily as territorial landmarks
to defend—more psychological strong points than physical. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #984806; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;">Troop Ratings</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Obviously, the ferocity and bravery
of both sides in this battle were awesome. As Napoleon said of the Russians, it
wasn’t enough to kill them, you had to push them over. Several units on both
sides fought until virtually annihilated.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So if your game rules account for
morale, I would rate both French, Russians, and all participating nationalities
as very high. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Skill levels, however, were not
equal. In spite of Barclay’s reforms, the competence level of regimental level
leadership and rank-and-file training was far below that of the French.
Consequently, tactical dexterity in things like changing formation, rates of
fire, and accuracy of fire were lower on the Russian side than the French. Hand-to-hand
combat, however, was equivalent. Both sides favored the bayonet.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That being said, it could be argued
that the toll of years of war and the drafting of younger and younger age
groups had left the French Army of 1812 not nearly at the level as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Grande Armee</i> of 1805.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was noticed in campaigns of 1809 where,
for the first time, massive, unwieldy columns were used at Wagram because the
infantry simply couldn’t be maneuvered in and out of line/attack columns as
they had been in the early part of the Empire. So you might want to rate the tactical
proficiency of your French troops as lower than your 1805-07 rules.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The argument against this, however,
is that the catastrophic attrition of the army caused by the typhus epidemic (<a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2021/07/shevardino-1812.html">see my
previous article on Shevardino</a>) had largely winnowed out the less robust
(at least immunologically) young. Napoleon himself had callously commented on
this to his complaining generals. So that those that remained were the toughest
and most experienced of the old army. Which is a sad thing to think about all
those poor teenagers and young men snuffed out. Of course, dwelling on what you are actually simulating in a wargame takes all the fun out of it; they're just toy soldiers or cardboard squares. (Excuse me, "military miniatures")<br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">French cavalry, however, should be
rated as lower than Russian cavalry. Or at least their stamina. Not because
they were less skilled, but because their horses were worn out and sick from
hundreds of miles of marching through a hot drought and poisoned wells. Russian
horses, having been replenished as they withdrew farther into their own
country, were fresher and more numerous. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #984806; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;">Command, Control, and
Leadership</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If
your game rules provide for Command and Control (as my self-generated engine
does), then this could be a decisive difference between the French and Russian
players. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">French
C&C should be efficient, with orders written and dispatched quickly. This
had been the hallmark of Napoleonic staff practice for over a dozen years. So,
for instance, a player could write an order and dispatch it from his Napoleon
figure and as soon as the messenger arrives at the recipient, could be acted on
at once, with only the transmission time to account for.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">However,
though the Russian Army under Barclay’s administration and his reforms as
Minister of War had sought to emulate the French staff discipline, when Kutuzov
and his staff of amateurs and idiots took command, all of this professional and
modern practice was thrown out in favor of the old, 18<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>th</sup></span> century,
personal, entrepreneurial style. Very quickly during the battle, local
commanders didn’t know who they were reporting to, their immediate superior
(e.g. a brigade to a division to a corps to an army) or whatever self-appointed
staff officer from Kutuzov’s staff happened to be riding by. So very quickly
all command discipline broke down. This would prove to be a major hindrance to
the Russian army as the chaotic battle unfolded.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both Barclay and Bagration, trying to manage
their assets, would send back for support only to find their carefully
pre-positioned reserves gone, sent somewhere else by Bennigsen or some princeovich
from the generalissimo’s staff. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This
chaos could be reflected in a wargame (at least on a divisional scale) by
rolling dice (or testing randomly) against a command efficiency rating, both
for the successful dispatch of an order and for it arriving at its intended
recipient. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That
being said, individual commanders on both sides could be given various
inspirational (or leadership) bonuses to galvanize their troops. Napoleon’s,
Murat’s, Ney’s, Barclay’s, Bagration’s ratings would be relatively high. Even Kutuzov’s
would be high, at least for inspiring the rank and file. But his competence
rating would be zero. I can envision a game in which the Russian player would
have to roll a die to see whether Kutuzov could roust himself to go out and
inspire the men. You could call it “rolling a drunk.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
my own game, each of my commanders are given five ratings: Competence, Initiative,
Inspiration, Morale (i.e. Courage), and Staff.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Depending on the action I want to test, each of these ratings comes into
play as a probability or a bonus. So I can have a brave officer who inspires
his men (raising their morale quotient), but who constantly makes stupid
decisions or won’t do the thing you want him to do. Or I can have one who is
brilliantly competent (almost your avatar), but whom his men despise. Or whose
initiative is hampered by an incompetent staff who can’t deliver the orders on
time, or at all. Of course, my algorithm calculates these outcomes
automatically so I don’t have to do the bookkeeping or roll dice. Makes the
game run more smoothly. But it also seeks to simulate the frustration of trying
to manage an army that’s poorly led or managed.</span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EDH8tAOUTpc/YWjaIkNQFfI/AAAAAAAAFdk/8YZMIUoj0oo2XEQ1OhD9TgcMkA8n4F_pgCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Costume%2BIllustrtion%2B1978--Harry%2B%2526%2BJeff%2Bas%2BHussars%2BB%2526W.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1436" data-original-width="2048" height="448" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EDH8tAOUTpc/YWjaIkNQFfI/AAAAAAAAFdk/8YZMIUoj0oo2XEQ1OhD9TgcMkA8n4F_pgCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h448/Costume%2BIllustrtion%2B1978--Harry%2B%2526%2BJeff%2Bas%2BHussars%2BB%2526W.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">This is as least how long I've been fascinated with this battle. When I was at Art Center in the<br />late70's, one of my class assignments was to do a self-portrait in a period costume.<br />I chose to do me and my Navy brother, Harry Najarian, as hussar aides at Borodino.<br />I know, it's no Van Gogh.</span></i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Orders of Battle</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="background: black none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #f1c232; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Strengths
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The following orders of
battle for the 7th of September are distilled from a variety of sources. Unit
strengths for the French conform to Digby Smith, George Nafziger, and
Christopher Duffy. Smith admits that his own rosters come from a secondary
source (<a href="https://archive.org/details/campagnederussi01fabrgoog/page/n9/mode/2up">Fabry's
<i>Campagne de Russe 1812</i>,</a> 1903) and in some cases may be in error. He
points out that the arithmetic doesn't always add up. The most recent parade
states ordered by Napoleon had been 15 August, three weeks prior.
According to Smith, by Borodino the attrition on the French army reduced them
to between 20-50% of their original levels back in June (depending on the
corps), when they first crossed the Nieman. The Imperial Guard suffering the
least (50%) and the 25th Division of Ney's III Corps suffering the most
(down to 20% its starting strength). I have then applied those ratios in this OOB to the
reported exact strengths for the French from where they started on June 25 (in
Smith).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For the Russians, except
for Borosdin's VIII Corps,I could not find actual strength records for nearly
all the individual units. As well as Nafizigers' comprehensive OOB, I relied
chiefly upon Jonathan Gingrich's 2014 OOB from his <a href="https://www.blogger.com/">now archived site</a>, which itself was
compiled from many original Russian archives and sources he credits.Those units of
Borosdin's Corps, however, did list specific strength levels for the day
of the battle, so I applied those. Otherwise I used an average regimental
strengths derived from Hourtoulle's book on Borodino and the<a href="https://www.blogger.com/"> Napoleon-Series</a> website (see references
below.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was also confusing as
I tried to parse out the units that were present on both sides at the battle.
Between the eight OOBs I consulted, there was widespread discontinuity, with
some regiments and even entire divisions listed in one that are missing or
described as detached in another. The French, for instance, though
described by Wikipedia and other narratives as having on the order of 120,000
combatants on the 7th, seem, by my calculations, to have had not quite 105,000 on the morning of 7 Sept..</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So, as usual, </span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Caveat the Size of a Planet</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Be wary of citing this source for any academic purposes. The
orders of battle are presented for wargaming use and discussion.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="background: black none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #ffc000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uniform
Colors</span><span style="background: black none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #f1c232; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #f1c232; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As with all of my OOBs, each cell in the first
column is color coded in the coat color of that regiment, the second column in
the color of its principle facing (cuffs and turnbacks, usually, but with
hussar regiments this color is that of the pelisse).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="background: black none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #f1c232; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Flags
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Where known, I have also
displayed miniatures of the regimental flag for that regiment. Where I could
not find information, or if the regiment did not carry flags into the field, I
have left that cell blank. All French units officially carried the 1812
Tricolor. However, some of them (and I don't know which) probably still carried
the old 1804, "diamond" model. Feel free to mix and match in
your own model armies. The Guard regiments, for instance, are reported to have
retained their 1804 flags.<br />
<br />
</span><b><span style="background: black none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #f1c232; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Commanders</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> are listed by their official division or
brigade assignments. Overall command on both sides was chaotic as Napoleon and
Kutuzov were only distantly commanding, and the other commanders were often
going on their own hook, or countermanding each other. Murat, for instance,
only had the titular command of the cavalry, but was busy throughout the day
galloping around, commandeering whatever troops were nearby for his reckless
charges.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-g8sghOUk5WM/YTrENJ6OTcI/AAAAAAAAFYE/HO3sZWNSWcYne7Roru-WhmkTK4tPxJmfACLcBGAsYHQ/s2326/Borodino%2BFrench%2B%2BOOB%2B1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2326" data-original-width="650" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-g8sghOUk5WM/YTrENJ6OTcI/AAAAAAAAFYE/HO3sZWNSWcYne7Roru-WhmkTK4tPxJmfACLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Borodino%2BFrench%2B%2BOOB%2B1.jpg" /></a></span></div><span style="color: black;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Q6uI_PhOv_E/YTrEUNKlXBI/AAAAAAAAFYI/xRr_mOYiKkgUc_qwWVhQtDqwX5IqCHy3QCLcBGAsYHQ/s3321/Borodino%2BFrench%2B%2BOOB%2B2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3321" data-original-width="650" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Q6uI_PhOv_E/YTrEUNKlXBI/AAAAAAAAFYI/xRr_mOYiKkgUc_qwWVhQtDqwX5IqCHy3QCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Borodino%2BFrench%2B%2BOOB%2B2.jpg" /></a></span></div><span style="color: black;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kXwGsdjI7yg/YTrEegThtzI/AAAAAAAAFYQ/1Eab2NqdotANmN8u-oaIeVbS3nrlx2YjQCLcBGAsYHQ/s3012/Borodino%2BFrench%2B%2BOOB%2B3.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3012" data-original-width="650" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kXwGsdjI7yg/YTrEegThtzI/AAAAAAAAFYQ/1Eab2NqdotANmN8u-oaIeVbS3nrlx2YjQCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Borodino%2BFrench%2B%2BOOB%2B3.jpg" /></a></span></div><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #f1c232;"><span style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jMxGeVhwxfs/YTrEsbOFgsI/AAAAAAAAFYY/GC8iTApGe1c1NbkGHkRzULs1FTkSNS0sgCLcBGAsYHQ/s3517/Borodino%2BFrench%2BCavalry%2BCorps%2BOOB.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3517" data-original-width="650" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jMxGeVhwxfs/YTrEsbOFgsI/AAAAAAAAFYY/GC8iTApGe1c1NbkGHkRzULs1FTkSNS0sgCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Borodino%2BFrench%2BCavalry%2BCorps%2BOOB.jpg" /></a></div><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">Russian OOB</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #f1c232;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #f1c232;"><span style="background-color: black;"> Strengths </span></span></span>Again, the strength levels listed below for the Russians are averages, except for those of Borosdin's VIII Corps, which come from Gingrich's meticulous OOB. Except for those, I have derived these averages from Hourtuoille's book on Borodino and this webpage from <a href="http://Napoleon-Series.org">Napoleon-Series.org</a> (see references below), whose are the only ones I could find that even mentioned gross corps-by-corps strengths. Even Nafziger, Digby Smith, and Duffy don't give personnel data for the Russians. As with my caveat above, take these unit strengths as speculative and cite them in any academic work at your own peril.</span><br /><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #f1c232;">Flags </span></span></span>Russian
infantry flags are shown with both the colonel's color (the "white"
flag), carried by the 1st battalion in the regiment, and the regimental flags, of which each two battalion regiment
carried three.</span></span><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span></span></span><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xDYMM3ouAfY/YUAFGS_cz6I/AAAAAAAAFYs/2aQpYyba8Qwd8lMJD0a89au3RmoZnj5kQCLcBGAsYHQ/s2940/Borodino%2BRussian%2BOOB%2B1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2940" data-original-width="650" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xDYMM3ouAfY/YUAFGS_cz6I/AAAAAAAAFYs/2aQpYyba8Qwd8lMJD0a89au3RmoZnj5kQCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Borodino%2BRussian%2BOOB%2B1.jpg" /></a></div><br /></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3z_E7pRrzgk/YUAFNYGuJNI/AAAAAAAAFYw/1zXk79QZnhYs7RjXX2H9sRsz35Jbi3m_gCLcBGAsYHQ/s4467/Borodino%2BRussian%2BOOB%2B2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4467" data-original-width="650" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3z_E7pRrzgk/YUAFNYGuJNI/AAAAAAAAFYw/1zXk79QZnhYs7RjXX2H9sRsz35Jbi3m_gCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Borodino%2BRussian%2BOOB%2B2.jpg" /></a></div></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EOsf1_lCF3A/YUAFU_hfaEI/AAAAAAAAFY0/YlPeHdSu84ITgdglFODSLIiynE2G55ZYQCLcBGAsYHQ/s4643/Borodino%2BRussian%2BOOB%2B3.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4643" data-original-width="648" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EOsf1_lCF3A/YUAFU_hfaEI/AAAAAAAAFY0/YlPeHdSu84ITgdglFODSLIiynE2G55ZYQCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Borodino%2BRussian%2BOOB%2B3.jpg" /></a></div><br /></span></span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span>References</span></span></span></h2>NB: Since I prefer to patronize independent bookstores, particularly my favorite, <a href="https://www.powells.com/" target="_blank">Powell's Books</a>
in Portland, Oregon, I have linked each of these sources to that store.
Powell's not only supports authors (being one myself), but they also
have the largest inventory of out-of-print and used books in the United
States. Their shipping efficiency, too, rivals Amazon's (and you don't
need a $119/yr Prime membership). In cases where Powell's doesn't seem
to have a title in stock, I have linked it to (sigh) Amazon. But if you
are not in the United States or North America, I would also encourage
you to patronize your own country's or city's independent bookstore first,
like my old favorite, <a href="https://foyles.co.uk/" target="_blank">Foyles</a>, in London.<br /><br /><div><br /></div><div>Austin, Paul Britten, <b><a href="https://www.powells.com/book/1812-the-march-on-moscow-9781853671548" target="_blank">1812: The March on Moscow</a></b>, 1993, Greenhill Books, ISBN 1-85367-154-1<br /><i>A compilation of hundreds of eyewitness memoirs of the whole first half of Napoleon's invasion. </i><br /></div><div> </div><div>Cate, Curtis, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/war-of-the-two-emperors-the-duel-between-napoleon-alexander-russia-1812-9780394536705" target="_blank"><u><b>The War of the Two Emperors: The Duel Between Napoleon and Alexander, Russia 1812</b></u></a>, 1985, Random House, ISBN 0-394-53670-3 </div><div><br /></div><div>Chandler, David, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Campaigns-Napoleon-David-G-Chandler/dp/0025236601/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1DA00SWDEQKRU&dchild=1&keywords=the+campaigns+of+napoleon+by+david+chandler&qid=1624554149&s=books&sprefix=chandler%2C+Campaigns+of+Nap%2Cstripbooks%2C231&sr=1-1" target="_blank"><b><u>The Campaigns of Napoleon</u></b></a>, 1966, Macmillan, ISBN <br /></div><div><div><br /></div><div>Clausewitz, Carl,<b><u> </u></b><a href="https://www.powells.com/book/the-campaign-of-1812-in-russia-9780306806506" target="_blank"><b>The Campaign of 1812 in Russia</b>,</a> 1832, Napoleonic Library (1992), ISBN 1-85367-114-2</div><div> </div><div>Duffy, Christopher, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Borodino-War-1812-Christopher-Duffy/dp/0684131730/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=duffy%2C+Borodino&qid=1624552446&s=books&sr=1-1" target="_blank"><u><b>Borodino: Napoleon Against Russi</b></u></a>a, 1812, 1973, Scribner, ISBN 684-13173-0</div><div><br /></div><div>Esposito & Elting, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Military-History-Atlas-Napoleonic-Wars/dp/B006GWFLVY/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=esposito%2C+military+history+and+atlas+of+the+Napoleonic+Wars&qid=1624559425&s=books&sr=1-1" target="_blank"><u><b>A Military History and Atlas of the Napoleonic Wars</b></u></a>, 1999, Stackpole Books, ISBN 1-85367-346-3<br /></div><div> </div><div>Hourtoulle, Francois G, <b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Borodino-Moscova-Redoubts-F-Hourtoulle/dp/2908182963/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=Hourtoulle%2C+Borodino&qid=1624550805&s=books&sr=1-1" target="_blank">Borodino, The Moskova: The Battle for the Redoubts</a></b>, 2000, Histoire & Collections, ISBN 2-908-182-963 <br /><i>Very good source for uniform details of all of the participants, which had changed just prior to 1812.</i><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Nafziger, George F., <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/napoleons-invasion-of-russia-9780891416616" target="_blank"><u><b>Napoleon's Invasion of Russia</b></u></a>, 1988, Presidio Press ISBN 0-89141-322-7<br /><i>Extremely detailed and useful narrative and orders of battle for all the major engagements of the 1812 Invasion. And a work chock full of operational and anecdotal detail of the entire campaign.</i><br /></div><div> </div><div>Pivka, Otto von, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Armies-Napoleonic-era-Otto-Pivka/dp/0800854713/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=Pivka%2C+Armies+of+the+Napoleonic+Era&qid=1624554378&s=books&sr=1-1" target="_blank"><u><b>Armies of the Napoleonic Era</b></u></a>, 1979, David & Charles, ISBN 0-7153-7766-3 <br /><i>An excellent source for details of weapons capabilities and uniforms of all states.</i></div><div><br /></div></div><div>Ségur, Philippe de, <b><a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2221121704428" target="_blank">Napoleon's Russian Campaign</a></b>, 1824, Meredith Books (1980), ISBN 2221121704428<br /><i>A firsthand account by an eyewitness of the entire debacle of 1812</i>, <i>though written many years after, so it has to be taken with a pinch of sodium chloride (not mercury chloride)</i><br /></div><div> </div><div>Smith, Digby, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Armies-1812-Austria-Prussia-Russia/dp/1862274142/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=smith%2C+Armies+of+1812&qid=1624551674&s=books&sr=1-1" target="_blank"><u><b>Armies of 1812</b></u></a>, 2002, Spellmount, ISBN 1-86227-165-8<br /><i>An
amazingly detailed OOB of Napoleon's army and unit-by-unit analysis of
its dwindling strength during the entire campaign. However, Smith, a thorough
scholar of military history, does himself acknowledge that he is
dependent on a history by G. Fabry done in 1903, so presents some of
these strength levels with a caveat.</i></div><div><i> </i></div><div>Smith, Digby, <b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Greenhill-Napoleonic-Wars-Data-Book/dp/1853672769/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=Napoleonic+Wars+Data+Book%2C&qid=1626467560&s=books&sr=1-1" target="_blank"><u>Napoleonic Wars Data Book</u>,</a> </b>1998. Greenhill, ISBN 1-85367-276-9<i> </i><br /></div><div> </div><div>Talty, Stephan, <b><a href="https://www.powells.com/book/illustrious-dead-the-terrifying-story-of-how-typhus-killed-napoleons-greatest-army-9780307394040" target="_blank">The Illustrious Dead: The Terrifying Story of How Typhus Killed Napoleon's Greatest Army</a></b>, 2009, Crown, ISBN 978-0-307-39404-0 </div><div><br /></div><div>Walter, Jakob, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/the-diary-of-a-napoleonic-foot-soldier-9780140165593" target="_blank"><u><b>The Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldie</b>r</u></a>, 1991, Doubleday, <b>ISBN13: </b>9780140165593 </div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Online References</span></b></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: small;">Gingerich, Jonathan, 2014, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://kiver.000webhostapp.com/BorodinoOB.html" target="_blank"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></span></i></a><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://kiver.000webhostapp.com/BorodinoOB.html">https://kiver.000webhostapp.com/BorodinoOB.html</a></span></span></span></span></i> <i>The most detailed list of actual Russian participants in the battle. Thoroughly documented from Russian archives and historical sources. And the only one which gave some specific strength levels per unit (at least of Borosdin's VIII Corps).</i></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: small;"><span><span style="color: black;"><i> </i></span></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/French_Russian_order_of_battle_Borodino.htm" target="_blank">http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/French_Russian_order_of_battle_Borodino.htm </a><br />Yet another competing order of battle to consider, though without strengths.</span></i></span><br /></span></span></div><p><span style="color: black;"></span></p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p><a href="https://www.napoleon-series.org/military-info/battles/Borodino/Mikaberidze/OrdersofBattle/c_MikaberidzeOOB1.html">https://www.napoleon-series.org/military-info/battles/Borodino/Mikaberidze/OrdersofBattle/c_MikaberidzeOOB1.html</a><br /><i>Mikaberidze's OOB for the Russian Army, with corps strengths.</i></p><p><i><a href="http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/Borodino_battle.htm">http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/Borodino_battle.htm</a><br />An excellent narration with maps of the battle.</i><br /><br /><a href="http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/Russian_infantry.htm">http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/Russian_infantry.htm</a><br /><i>Another detailed description of the evolution of Russian infantry during the Napoleonic Wars.</i></p><p><i><a href="https://weaponsandwarfare.com/2015/08/11/the-russian-army-of-1812/">https://weaponsandwarfare.com/2015/08/11/the-russian-army-of-1812/</a><br />For a detailed description of the amateurishness and ignorance of the Russian officer corps during the Napoleonic Wars.</i></p><p><i><a href="http://www.napolun.com/mirror/napoleonistyka.atspace.com/Russian_artillery.htm" target="_blank">http://www.napolun.com/mirror/napoleonistyka.atspace.com/Russian_artillery.htm </a> <br />Description of employment, organization, equipment, and uniforms of the Russian artillery</i></p><p><i><a href="https://archive.org/details/campagnederussi01fabrgoog/page/n9/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/campagnederussi01fabrgoog/page/n9/mode/2up </a><br />Fabry's 1903 messaging archives of the first part of the Russian campaign. Digby Smith's own secondary source.</i><br /></p>Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-71262088886678344632021-07-17T21:00:00.023-07:002021-10-17T13:49:05.889-07:00Shevardino 1812<p> </p><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Napoleon's Russian Invasion<br /></span></h1><div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">5 September 1812</span></h2><h2><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;">French<i> </i> nominally under</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> <span style="color: #0b5394;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Murat" target="_blank">Joachim Murat</a>, 32,000 men with 186 gun</span><span style="color: #0b5394;">s</span><br /><span style="color: #38761d;">Russian<i>s</i> under </span></span></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #38761d;"> Lt. Gen. Prince <a href="https://en.topwar.ru/19327-andrey-ivanovich-gorchakov-hrabryy-zaschitnik-shevardinskogo-reduta.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">Andrey Ivanovich Gortchakov</span></a> , approx. 20,000 men with 64 guns</span></span><span style="color: #38761d;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Location:</span></b> Borodino, Russia
<a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/55%C2%B032'00.0%22N+35%C2%B049'00.0%22E/@55.5002472,35.7935771,634m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d55.533333!4d35.816667?hl=en" target="_blank">55⁰ 32' N, 35⁰ 45' E</a><br /></span></span></h2><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Weather Conditions:</b> <span style="color: black;"> <span style="font-weight: normal;">Partial clouds,</span> <span style="font-weight: normal;">following several nights of light rain. Cold nights. Hot days. After a year of drought, though, the drizzle was not enough fill the rivers and streams, which were low and, in many places, completely dry. The small Kolocha River, bisecting the Borodino battlefield, was fordable everywhere. Mist in the morning.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></p><h2><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Sunrise<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">: <span style="color: black;">05:49 </span>Sunset:</span> 19:22 </span></b><span style="color: black;"><br /></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Calculated for this location and date with<a href="https://esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/solcalc/sunrise.html" target="_blank"> NOAA's Sunrise/Sunset Calculator</a></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></h2><h2><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Moon: </span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">New</span> </span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">moon that night. Black as pitch.<br /><span style="font-size: x-small;">Calculated with <a href="http://www.world-timedate.com/astronomy/moonrise_moonset/moonrise_moonset_calculator.php" target="_blank">World TimeDate </a>moonrise calculator</span></span></span></span></span></span></h2><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><i>Approximate deployment of Russian and Napoleon's forces in the afternoon of 5 September 1812. Note that the famous Raevsky Redoubt and Bagration's Fleches had yet to be constructed, though Barclay de Tolly, commanding the right wing of the Russian army, had built a number of entrenchments on the high ground along the Kolocha </i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">stream. This deployment map also shows that Kutuzov had largely neglected his exposed left wing at the village of Utitza along the old Smolensk highway, trusting to the Cossacks and some ptichfork-armed militia under Karpov to guard that flank, an oversight that was not corrected until the following day. I have also rendered those villages which seemed to have been set on fire by the Russians to deny them to the French as shelter. <span style="color: #b45f06;">As with all of my maps, this one is protected by a digital watermark. Copyright 2021 by Jeffery P. Berry Trust.</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oxbC0dTqlJo/YWyGSRJ9i5I/AAAAAAAAFeQ/CHKpERtxS2YNMtBKrG5Oz_ZJAkuVLgR_wCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Borodino%2B2021%2B5%2BSept%2Bfor%2BObscure%2BBattles.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1987" data-original-width="2048" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oxbC0dTqlJo/YWyGSRJ9i5I/AAAAAAAAFeQ/CHKpERtxS2YNMtBKrG5Oz_ZJAkuVLgR_wCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Borodino%2B2021%2B5%2BSept%2Bfor%2BObscure%2BBattles.jpg" /></a></div><br /></span></span><br /></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;"><span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><b><span><span style="color: #b45f06;">Parental Guidance Warning</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: left;"><p><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: small;"><span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span>Before proceeding any further in this article, be aware that certain characters who have been considered beyond reproach in certain countries (I'm not looking at you, Russia, so put your hand down), may be treated with disdain and ridicule. Like my warning to Stonewall Jackson lovers in my article on <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/05/cedar-mountain-1862_24.html" target="_blank">Cedar Mountain 1862</a>, this applies to lovers of Mikhail Kutuzov and his chief of staff, Levin Bennigsen. If you love these two historic heroes, you may be offended. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p></div><div style="text-align: left;"><p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span>Now that we've dispensed with that warning, on with the fun and carnage. </span></span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p></div><h2><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span><span style="color: #b45f06;">Prelude to Borodino</span></span></b></span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></h2><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span><span style="color: #b45f06;">W</span></span></b></span>hile given a few paragraphs in most of the numberless histories, novels, movies, and BBC series of Napoleon's disastrous Russian campaign of 1812, the action on 5 September, two days before the climatic battle of </span></span></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" target="_blank">Borodino</a></span></span></span>, was itself larger in terms of forces engaged and casualties than most of the battles of the eighteenth century, certainly as large as <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2020/11/marengo-1800.html" target="_blank">Marengo </a>or <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2016/01/arcola-1796.html" target="_blank">Arcola</a>. Though it was completely overshadowed by the catastrophic abattoir two days later, it may have been strategically consequential to the outcome of that monster battle, and, indeed, to the whole fate of Napoleon's ill-considered invasion.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Most historians and participants (most notably the know-it-all Carl von Clausewitz, who was actually there) considered the Russian advanced position and redoubt built in front of the tiny hamlet of Shevardino a mistake on the part of the Russian commander-in-chief, Kutuzov. They say it served no purpose and only resulted in the destruction of so many men, horses, and ordnance at the cost of the subsequent battle and risk to the nation. They also blame the impetuosity of Bagration, who sent forces from his Second Army forward to defend the position on the 5th. </span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">However, an alternate (and therefore obscure) explanation exists: That Prince Bagration, commander of the Second Army of the West and the left wing of the Russian combined army, (with the nodding approval of the somnolent and "yeah-whatever" Kutuzov) recognized that he had to delay the oncoming French so the Russian army could complete the fortifications on the main battlefield. He had served this same service during the 1805 campaign at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Schöngrabern</span></a>, when he delayed the French long enough for Kutuzov to get the main Russian army back across the Danube to link up with reinforcements and prepare the battleground of Austerlitz (which he then managed to lose anyway). It is my proposition that had not Bagration made this forward deployment at Shevardino, Napoleon would have been able to quickly outflank the Russian army from the south and sweep over it on open ground before they were dug in, driving it into the corner of the Kolocha and Moskva Rivers and annihilating it. I wonder if the tsk-tskers about Bagaration's "mistake" are just indulging in Monday morning quarterbacking...well...in my Tuesday morning quarterback opinion. But strategically, Bagration's tactical "mistake" may have actually saved the Russian army, and ultimately Russia.<br /></span></span></span></p><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">As Always, a Little Background</span></span></h1><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">For those of you readers who are not intimately familiar with the Borodino battle, the 1812 Russian campaign, or even when the Napoleonic Wars happened, I should spend a little time setting up this battle. So you have some context. </span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">The reason for this war at all was based on Napoleon's pique that Czar Alexander was not living up to his previous agreements at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" target="_blank">Treaty of Tilsit </a>in 1807 that ended the long war between the two empires, ostensibly bringing Russia into the French hegemony against its arch-enemy Britain. But five years after this treaty, Russia was still openly trading with Britain, one of its most important economic partners. Napoleon couldn't let this go.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7KufPc_zGB8/YMTuZ-l0WVI/AAAAAAAAFNQ/BGtQ_xqatjYoKkvukSYAylZCAM4ZKJcxgCLcBGAsYHQ/s275/Napoleon%2Band%2BAlexander%2Bat%2BTilsit.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="275" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7KufPc_zGB8/YMTuZ-l0WVI/AAAAAAAAFNQ/BGtQ_xqatjYoKkvukSYAylZCAM4ZKJcxgCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/Napoleon%2Band%2BAlexander%2Bat%2BTilsit.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: medium;"><i><b>The honeymoon of Tilsit</b> <br />was definitely over.<br />Didn't the two emperors make<br />an adorable couple, though?</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">So he called on all of his Continental satraps and moved up the conscription in France to bring in a whole new army of fresh troops. He had ordered the mobilization of the largest army Europe had ever seen, over half-a-million people (teenagers, though). It may have been a huge army, but after two decades of almost constant warfare, it was not of the same caliber as those that fought at <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2020/11/marengo-1800.html" target="_blank">Marengo </a>in 1800 or Austerlitz in 1805, or even <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2018/03/friedland-1807.html" target="_blank">Friedland </a>in 1807. Most of those had been used up in all the subsequent wars of the next five years, especially in the unending war in Spain. Added to these Napoleon impressed a quarter-million Germans, Italians, Dutch, Spaniards, and even his former enemies the Austrians and Prussians to swell his invasion force. His final diplomatic gestures ignored by the Czar, he moved across the River Nieman on June 25, 1812 with over half-a-million men and proceeded to march east, hoping to provoke the Russians to battle and end this silliness in a matter of a couple weeks. </span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Russians, though, not yet mobilized to full strength, had at most 218,000 spread across 400 miles of frontier in three armies (Prince <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" target="_blank">Michael Barclay de Tolly's</a> 1st Army, 127,000; Prince <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" target="_blank">Pyotr Bagration's</a> 2nd Army, 48,000; and Tormassov's 3rd Army, 43,000). Instead of manfully meeting Napoleon's tidal wave at the border, the Russians just inched back, and back, and back. They would pause occasionally to appear to offer battle, but then would retreat again. And all the while they did so, they and the retreating population of serfs (helped by the Cossacks) would burn crops, stores, and villages to deny them to the invaders. This was a conscious Fabian strategy, proposed by Barclay and supported by Czar Alexander that went on for nearly two months. On 16 August, over 400 miles from the border, Barclay and Bagration finally joined forces at Smolensk and confronted Napoleon. Or seemed to. The Emperor was overjoyed, thinking this was the Big Battle he had so longed for to end the war and force the Czar to negotiate for peace. <br /></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">But Smolensk was a medieval town with high, thick walls and the French were not prepared for a siege (either with equipment or time). Instead, Napoleon ordered a costly frontal attack on the city, blasting holes in the vertical walls with his artillery. His army at hand, now reduced to 180,000, charged into the breaches, but had no ladders with them to scale the walls, and were cut down in those choke points.. The Russians made the French pay dearly, inflicting 10,000 casualties (losing about 6,000 themselves) and then retreated again, crossing the Dnieper River and leaving a burning city. Napoleon had failed to destroy the main Russian army. He had paid dearly for a Pyrhhic victory, and now found himself 1,500 miles (2,500 km) from home in hostile, burned out territory, with barely half his army left, and with his lines of supply stretched beyond capacity. And Czar Alexander still didn't seem inclined to negotiate for peace. <br /><br />The end of summer now coming, with the dread Russian winter ahead, Napoleon sat down around the smoking husk of Smolensk for a week and dithered about what to do next. His envoys to Alexander (mostly released Russian prisoners) continued to elicit no response. Apparently they conveyed to the Czar about something terrible happening inside Napoleon's army and urged him to keep on resisting. Probably not the best messengers to have sent.<br /></span></span></span></p><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Pandemic</span></span><br /></span></span></span></h1><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">What these released prisoner-envoys described to Alexander of the condition of Napoleon's army was the presence of something sinister. </span></span></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Typhus. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Few</span></span></span> of the dozen or so histories I read of this campaign mention the disease as a strategic factor, though it was certainly noted by various memoir-writers. Since crossing the Niemen toward the end of June, the invasion force had diminished to something on the order of 36-50% of its original strength in just two months. Digby Smith's meticulous orders of battle over the course of the campaign indicate that some corps, like the cavalry, were down to 27% on the eve of Borodino. Napoleon later made the feeble excuse that it was "General Winter" that had defeated him in 1812, not the Russians. Popular belief, has long bought this Napoleonic myth, that it was the Russian winter that caused so great a loss in the Emperor's army. Tolstoy, in his novel, <u>War & Peace</u>, continued this myth. And the even more disastrous invasion of Russia by the Nazis in WWII perpetuated it. Russia's winter always saves it, time after time. </span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">But this was still summer, and Napoleon's force was already far below normal attrition numbers for other campaigns. There had been no great battles prior to 5 September to account for the death rate. Even the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" target="_blank">Battle of Smolensk</a>, didn't account for such catastrophic losses (possibly 10,000 at most). And winter that year wouldn't really get going in Russia until early December, well after Napoleon had started his retreat from Moscow. <br /></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1BQAnXO45Bk/YMj2alinTGI/AAAAAAAAFNo/U9EVUPioRPs3yHbjlyzlW8TKyRkQjormACLcBGAsYHQ/s700/body-lice.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="470" data-original-width="700" height="215" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1BQAnXO45Bk/YMj2alinTGI/AAAAAAAAFNo/U9EVUPioRPs3yHbjlyzlW8TKyRkQjormACLcBGAsYHQ/w317-h215/body-lice.jpg" width="317" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>An enemy more deadly than the Cossacks,</b><br /><span style="font-size: small;">the common louse. Imagine your body <br />swarming with these creatures, all infected <br />with</span></span></i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Rickettsia <i>bacteria</i></span></span><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;">. Contemporary doctors<br /> who bathed and changed the lice-ridden <br />clothes of their patients recorded that their <br />patients got better and were no longer <br />infectious.</span></span></i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">One author I read for this article, Stephen Talty, (<a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=j&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.powells.com%2Fbook%2Fillustrious-dead-the-terrifying-story-of-how-typhus-killed-napoleons-greatest-army-9780307394040&uct=1619137261&usg=1w-dLOK0iNqgi-RfJwzGTzUeUWM." target="_blank">The Illustrious Dead)</a>, describes both archaeological and eye-witness evidence that there was a more ominous (and in our own time, familiar) cause of such a great lost of life. Recent discoveries of mass graves in Lithuania dating from 1812 reveal DNA evidence (extracted from the tooth pulp of the skeletons) that typhus was already rampant and lethal even at this early stage of the campaign. <a href="https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/blog/typhus-war-and-vaccines" target="_blank">Typhus</a> (<i>Rickettsia prowazkki</i>i) is spread by body lice, which in early 19th century Europe, were common. Put a half-a-million men together, have them never bathe or change their clothes for weeks (Western Europeans had had religious objections to bathing for centuries), and you have the recipe for a super-spreader event. Memoirs recount that when the clothes were taken from dead men, their bodies were alive with lice. Besides the archaeological evidence, accounts by survivors of the invasion describe identical symptoms to typhus; high fever, rash all over the body except (curiously) the face and hands, and dementia. Though it was not called typhus at the time </span></span></span><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">In 1812 the science of epidemiology and medicine hadn't progressed much since the Middle Ages. The so-called miasma theory of disease was still prevalent, the belief, dating back to Hippocrates 2,200 years before, that disease was caused by bad smells emanating from swamps, cesspools, or dead animals. In June 1812 the spread of the</span></span></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> disease was ascribed to the bad odors of Poland and Russia. This was several decades before Pasteur's discovery of microbial infection as the source of contagious diseases. Also, since these hundreds of thousands of men never bathed or changed their clothes, one can only imagine that the bad smells weren't coming from the land. If these men had just sniffed their own armpits, they might have realized it wasn't Poland's or Russia's countryside.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">But I digress. The evidence is that Napoleon's original, central strike force of 331,000 men (Guard, I, II, III, !V, V, VIII Corps, plus cavalry) had dwindled to around 120,000 effectives by 5 September. Nor could most of the missing be chalked up to detachment (that's what the flanking corps' job was--VI, VII, IX, X, and XI Corps, originally totaling 148,000 people) or to combat losses. Almost 64% were sick or dead. And the Russians were taking note of this. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Below, Charles Minard's famous 1869 graphic illustrating the attrition of Napoleon's army in 1812. Notice that by Borodino (Mojaisk, just prior to 7 September) the width of the main striking force had diminished to just 40% of its original <u>before </u>detachments. </span></i><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Au9YEwDD7C0/YOnFwlw2FXI/AAAAAAAAFSU/Bns0nnLtAh0GEl0SEZBXhs1iy_P1c2LfACLcBGAsYHQ/s1000/Minard%2Bsmaller.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="477" data-original-width="1000" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Au9YEwDD7C0/YOnFwlw2FXI/AAAAAAAAFSU/Bns0nnLtAh0GEl0SEZBXhs1iy_P1c2LfACLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Minard%2Bsmaller.jpg" /></a></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Of course, one could point out that all wars throughout history had seen attrition through disease (cholera, malaria, typhoid fever, small pox, dysentery, and typhus). And until the discovery of microbial infection in the late 19th century (overturning the miasma theory), and the invention of antibiotics in the 20th, attrition through disease it was a fact of military life. But the typhus epidemic in Napoleon's army seemed to reach a new height of lethality. He himself callously chalked it up to the "weaker elements" being winnowed out early in the campaign. He was not altogether wrong. Since a large proportion of his army consisted of teenage conscripts, a population with naive immune systems, it stands to reason that so many of them would die heart-breakingly young.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Of
course, there were other factors besides typhus that didn't help.
Russia and Eastern Europe had been experiencing one of the worst
droughts in history in 1812. Though there were days of light drizzle, for
the most part the streams and ponds had dried up and the rivers were
very low for the whole of the invasion route. Severe thirst was also taxing the men (and we, presume, these included the Russians). But the drought was especially hard on the horses, which were dying at even greater rates from
thirst, hunger, and all the equine maladies that plagued these poor
creatures during war. This would be one explanation for the greater
attrition among the cavalry (27% vs 50% for the infantry by Borodino). The drought had also killed off the fields of grain that horses needed to graze on along the route.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">It had also been one of the hottest years on record in Russia. So men and horses were also dying from heat exhaustion, a condition only briefly (and deceptively) relieved by the periodic nighttime drizzle. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Add
to this the practice of the retreating Russian army and the peasants
who scorched the earth behind them, burning towns, villages, farms, orchards, and fields
to leave nothing for the invaders. Even the sacred city of Smolensk was
not spared, but left a burning ruin after it was abandoned by Barclay and Bagration. Of course,
this Fabian practice was not perfect, as the French discovered buried
larders beneath the burned-out houses. But the strategy of living off the land that Napoleon's armies had successfully used during their campaigns in Western
Europe for years was not working in Russia.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Finally, the invaders faced a menace in the thousands of Cossacks who swarmed around the advancing army like gnats. Never standing for battle (Murat, at one point, rode up alone to a bunch of them, said "Boo!" and they scattered), they nonetheless preyed on stragglers and isolated foragers and captured and killed them in the most grisly fashion. Like the guerillas that had plagued Napoleon in Spain, these eastern irregulars terrorized the French, Poles and Germans. Foraging parties dared not leave the column unless they were in strength and protected by cavalry. Morale was sagging. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">And it wasn't only the Cossacks. The peasants, understandably pissed at having to burn their farms and at the propaganda about the French being defilers of Jesus, would capture lone stragglers themselves and subject them to hideous torture and death. They'd often buy captives from the Cossacks to enjoy a night of fun with the poor prisoners. Ironically, these atrocities enforced discipline on Napoleon's troops, who were fearful of being separated from their units on the march. And they didn't incline them to mercy on the Russians.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">So by September 5th, Napoleon's army was down to half of its original strength of eight weeks earlier. Reduced by hunger, thirst, heat, disease, and guerilla warfare.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></p><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Russians turn to fight<br /></span></span></h1><span style="font-size: small;">After retreating for nine weeks and some 500 miles (800 km), laying waste the countryside behind them, the two Russian armies under Barclay de Tolly and Bagration, now united after Smolensk, finally turned to fight on 29 August near the little town of <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Tsaryovo-Zaymishche,+Smolensk+Oblast,+Russia,+215164/@55.4268341,34.813274,1569m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x46caf4167a11caed:0x972b6b8eaf450de!2sBorodino,+Moscow+Oblast,+Russia,+143240!3b1!8m2!3d55.529267!4d35.8233939!3m4!1s0x46cbb5f0db63ed33:0x4f40c2fc0c17fcec!8m2!3d55.425117!4d34.8225403" target="_blank">Tsarevo-Zamishche</a> some 119 miles (192 km) from Moscow on the Smolensk-Moscow highway. Reconnaissance by Barclay's staff had determined that this position, with its high ground, sweeping fields of fire, minimum of woods, and secure avenues of retreat was the best between Smolensk and Moscow. Though Bagration had been chiding at Barclay for weeks for not wanting to stand and fight, now that he was, the Georgian sneered at the selected battlefield as "worthless". He refused to have his men pitch in to fortify it.. So Barclay, the senior commander (and Minister of War) supervised his own men to start to dig in and prepare redoubts. Bagration wrote to St. Petersburg about how incompetent Barclay was (the subtext of his messages to the Czar, "You should put <i>me </i>in charge."). </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">So it seemed, Barclay was damned if he did and damned if he didn't. He was criticized for retreating and trying to preserve the army. And criticized if he stood his ground to offer battle. It seemed like he was trying to fight this war surrounded by a gaggle of high school mean girls. Good thing for him they didn't have Twitter or Facebook back then.<br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> <br />Even without Twitter, Czar Alexander had been feeling increasing pressure.from his court in St. Petersburg and from politicians in Moscow, as well as anti-Barclay factions in the Army to do something. As Napoleon got closer to Moscow daily, this pressure to do anything to defend the capital became overwhelming. Privately, Alexander agreed with the Fabian tactics of Barclay, understanding that the farther Napoleon marched into Russia and the longer his lines of communication extended, the more vulnerable he became. It was endless space, not winter, that was Russia's secret weapon. So privately he supported Barclay.<br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">But politically and at court, Alexander couldn't publicly condone this. His own position on the throne was vulnerable. There were still mumblings both in Russia and abroad that he had had his father, Czar Paul, assassinated so he could seize the crown. He didn't feel all that secure on the throne himself, and Russian history had had a few precedents of disgruntled nobles getting rid of unpopular rulers. He was also surrounded by factious generals like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levin_August_von_Bennigsen" target="_blank">Levin Benninsen</a> (loser of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" target="_blank">Eylau </a>and <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2018/03/friedland-1807.html" target="_blank">Friedland</a>), who hated Barclay for his prudence and careful use of forces and his management as Minister of War. Having been dismissed by Barclay from his staff, Bennigsen wanted his command back and lobbied the Czar for just that. What he really wanted was to be named Commander-in-Chief <i>and </i>Minister of War. But with all the xenophobia rampant in Russia just then, Bennigsen, not even a Russian subject but a contemptuous German expat, was not really an option for Alexander, was still angry at him for losing Friedland and forcing the Czar to concede to Napoleon at Tilsit in 1807.<br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yUe92_HPg-g/YPI52yVOlpI/AAAAAAAAFVw/GLMKT3GR-TMM7JAumYkgBk42InAX4blgwCLcBGAsYHQ/s800/Kutuzov%2Bat%2BBorodino--Anatoly%2BSheplyuk%2B1952.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="585" data-original-width="800" height="293" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yUe92_HPg-g/YPI52yVOlpI/AAAAAAAAFVw/GLMKT3GR-TMM7JAumYkgBk42InAX4blgwCLcBGAsYHQ/w379-h293/Kutuzov%2Bat%2BBorodino--Anatoly%2BSheplyuk%2B1952.jpg" width="379" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">Heroic, Soviet-era painting of Kutuzov, astride <br />his <strike>charger </strike></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>--er--stool, asking everybody if they <br />could see that bunny rabbit shape in the clouds.<br />(Painting by Anatoly Sheplyuk, 1952)</span><br /></span></i></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></span><span style="font-size: small;">But one popular nomination at court was someone Alexander really couldn't stand, Mikhail Kutuzov, the "loser" of Austerlitz. Though Alexander meddled with Kutuzov's command in that 1805 campaign, to the point where the old general just washed his hands of any responsibility, the monarch felt he <i>had </i>to intervene because Kutuzov was doing nothing but taking naps while Napoleon was right in front of them at Austerlitz. Kutuzov, though, had been one of the great Russian hero Suvurov's favorite generals during the wars against the Turks and the French in the 1790s. But Alexander still couldn't forgive him for abandoning him at Austerlitz. He coudn't stand to be in his presence. <br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">Still, Kutuzov was lobbied for as a "true" Russian by the anti-Barclay faction in St Petersburg. They claimed he was supposedly popular with the troops and the people. So on 17 August Alexander controlled his personal disdain and called Kutuzov to an audience at the imperial dacha on Kameny Island to personally ask him to take over as commander-in-chief of all Russia's armies. He apparently even gave Kutuzov some "traveling allowance" as the shameless old man, on leaving the imperial presence, turned to ask him for some money, you know, just something for the trip, a mere 10,000 rubles. The Czar nodded that he be given this travel allowance, but nearly lost his lunch as Kutuzov left.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">Nearly two weeks later, when Kutuzov finally arrived at Tsarevo-Zamische a couple of days after Barclay and Bagration had been preparing it, he had been declaring to the press and everyone along the way of his intention to stand and fight. He snidely and loudly said, upon stepping down from his luxurious carriage and seeing a delegation of soldiers standing to attention to greet him, "How can we expect these fine fellows to continue to retreat?" But the two commanders he was sent to oversee had already agreed to stand and fight, and their troops were almost done finishing the fieldworks. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">That day, according to legend, an eagle was spotted soaring over Kutuzov, signifying God's blessing on him, the Army, and on Holy Mother Russia. Though more cynical witnesses say it was hard to tell what kind of a bird it was; a buzzard? A crow? A chicken hawk? But, as with the legend of George Washington throwing a silver dollar across the river, this incident of the eagle was jellified in Russian official histories.<br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-I56lE1EQRbA/YOvdz4OvuVI/AAAAAAAAFTA/AWyEH-QYgSost7whWF8at2sYAIeITaUGQCLcBGAsYHQ/s928/Bennigsen.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="928" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-I56lE1EQRbA/YOvdz4OvuVI/AAAAAAAAFTA/AWyEH-QYgSost7whWF8at2sYAIeITaUGQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Bennigsen.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Count Levin Bennigsen</b><br /><span style="font-size: small;">Kutuzov's Chief-of-Staff<br />and loser of Friedland.<br />Portrait by George Dawe</span></span></i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">When greeted by Barclay and Bagration, and shown the newly fortified field their troops had prepared, the old man initially said the place and the preparations looked fine to him. But later, when he was alone with his staff of sycophants he had brought down with him from Petersburg, his know-it-all, obsequious chief-of-staff, Bennigsen, and a gaggle of other fawning princelings (everybody seemed to be a prince in Russia), all convinced the aging new Commander-in-Chief that it would look bad for him if he allowed the battle for Moscow to be fought on ground someone else had chosen. This swayed Kutuzov. Besides, he was tired from his journey and needed another nap. He peremptorily waved his hand and let Bennigsen tell everyone to pack up and keep retreating. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">So, after having loudly proclaimed his intention to stand and fight for Holy Mother Russia, one of Kutuzov's first acts on taking command was to order another retreat. He also lost three valuable days, which would play a critical role at Borodino a week later.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Russians turn to fight...again. </span></span><br /></span></h2></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">The Russian army continued to fall back, much to everybody's disgust and the soldiers' confusion. On 3 September, they all stopped at another site about 46 miles (74 km) miles further east, astride the new Smolensk-Moscow road where it crosses the tiny Kolocha River at the little town of Borodino, about 75 miles from Moscow. <br /><br /> It wasn't an ideal battlefield. More cluttered than Tsarevo had been, it was broken up by ravines from which attacking forces could launch assaults, and the fields of fire were blocked by woods. Also the Kolocha River hardly deserved the category of "river" it was so low due to the long drought, easily fordable nearly everywhere.<br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">But Kutuzov's chief of staff, Bennigsen, thought the field was excellent, as did all the crowd of yes-men. Kutuzov, as usual not wanting to take responsibility for any strategic decisions, just nodded in agreement. The aging field marshal (he was only 67) was infamous for not issuing orders himself and was notorious for taking a nap when decisions had to be made (something he had done at Austerlitz). Plausible deniability, you know. He left it all to Bennigsen, and to his own son-in-law, Prince Nicholay Kudashev, an entitled young aristocrat who had unofficially attached himself to the staff and took it upon himself to issue orders willy-nilly in his father-in-law's name. It must have been fun for this kid to ride up to veteran generals and tell them what to do. And if things went wrong, Kutuzov, a master at covering his own butt, could just claim he never gave any such orders.<br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">It was on the 4th, too, that Bennigsen (with Kutuzov's non-committal nod) set up a new level of command structure, giving the Russian right wing to Mikhail Miloradovich (perhaps as a way to further humiliate Barclay, who still retained command of the First Army there), the center to General Dmitry Dokhturov, and the left to Bagration's own subordinate, Prince Andrey Gortchakov (leaving Bagration in command of the Second Army, below Gortchakov?). Here was more needless meddling in an organization that had been working just fine.</span></div><div><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Barclay,
who was himself a stickler for tight chain-of-command and a paper-trail
of orders, had had a direct hand in modernizing the Russian Army under
his administration as Minister of War (which he still officially was).
He set down and published a document called, <u>The Yellow Book</u>,
which codified command procedures and had made the Army far more
efficient than it had been under old soldiers like Suvarov and Kutuzov.
Bennigsen, though, an old soldier from the age of Lace Wars, had
sneered at these bureaucratic, new-fangled methods and was notorious for
ignoring the chain-of-command and just going directly to subordinates to
give verbal orders ("You don't need no stinkin' writing! Just respect my
authoritay!"--for all you <i>South Park</i> fans out there.). Without
even informing their commanders, he would frequently hijack one of their units, a
vice he would repeat a number of times during Borodino two days later.
It is typical that on the same day he had created intermediate commands
of the two wings above the two senior commanders (Barclay and Bagration), he even went around the new commanders and
started micro-managing again. <br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">Bennigsen, feeling his new muscles as chief-of-staff, apparently saw the need for a forward post to delay the French...or ambush them...or observe their flank...or something. Without telling Kutuzov, and on his own authority, he had bypassed Bagration and the newly appointed wing commander, Gortchakov, and rode up to one of his division commanders,<a href="http://rusgenerals.oooprog.ru/index.php?id=neverovsky" target="_blank"> General Dmitry Neverovksy</a> (27th Div), and verbally ordered him to march west and build the redoubt near Shevardino, an exposed site a mile-and-a-half beyond artillery support from Bagration's position.</span><span style="font-size: small;"> Bagration and Gortchakov scrambled to support Neverovsky. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><h2><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Barclay notices something wrong.</span></span><br /></span></h2></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">On the right, Barclay just kept on doing his job from the 3rd to the 5th. He supervised the construction of defenses on the right and made sure his troops were replenished and ready for battle. Late on the 5th, satisfied that his own position was ready, he took a ride over to Bagration's position to see how things were going there. He was shocked to see that none of the hills on the Russian left had been fortified, particularly the big, bare hill that overlooked the Borodino bridge over the Kolocha (see big map at the top of this article). He rode to Kutuzov's headquarters to alert them to this gross oversight. Kutuzov apparently said "oh." In fact, it wasn't until the next day, the 6th, just a day before the great battle, that any work commenced to build the soon-to-be-famous earthworks (The Great Redoubt and the Bagration Fleches) that would define the Battle of Borodino. Three days late. Talk about an after-thought!</span><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vsyP3DEJJtE/YOvcOIozpEI/AAAAAAAAFSw/z6CZlB2du30uilAxcneCFevCkOm01Wk8QCLcBGAsYHQ/s500/neverovsky.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="446" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vsyP3DEJJtE/YOvcOIozpEI/AAAAAAAAFSw/z6CZlB2du30uilAxcneCFevCkOm01Wk8QCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/neverovsky.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: medium;"><i><b>Dmitry Petrovich Neverovsky</b><br /><span style="font-size: small;">Commander of the Russian 27th Division<br />portrait by George Dawe</span></i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">This may have some rationale for the need to prepare a forward position at Shevardino. The after-the-fact reason for preparing this exposed position (according to apologist Russian historians eager to prop up Kutuzov's "Hero-of-the-Great-Patriotic-War" stature) was that the wiley commander-in-chief needed to give Bagration's men time to prepare the vital redoubts along the left flank of the main Russian position. It was here that the time lost in preparing and then abandoning the Tsarevo-Zamische battle site a week before was being paid. According to the apologists, the supposedly shrewd Kutuzov, knowing that time had to be bought to prepare the new battlefield, saw that fortifying Shevardino, a mile-and-a-half west, and sacrificing several thousand men, would delay the enemy and save the day later. So went the rationalization. Or perhaps Kutuzov was thinking of Peter the Great's victory over Charles XII of Sweden in 1709 when he forced the Swedes to march past the forward redoubts at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" target="_blank">Poltava</a>. Yeah, that must have been it! My own hunch is that Kutuzov was oblivious (and literally napping) and Bennigsen was an incompetent, arrogant, senile idiot. Or is it just me?<br /><br />But, to be fair, it is also plausible that Bagration, who was known for his aggressiveness and for fighting rear-guard, offensive-defensive actions (</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Schöngrabern</span></a>,1805), was the initiating agent in this "delaying" operation. Later in the action, he even got personally involved and led a third counter-attack here (spoiler alert!).</span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Whatever the strategic reasons, it could be said that the late-begun Shevardino redoubt was not ready either when it was attacked. By the late afternoon of the 5th, the pentagonal fort, which men had only started digging that morning, was essentially not much more than a hastily tossed-up pile of loose dirt. It's been reported that embrasures for the guns were poorly sited and too narrow for the tubes to be aimed properly. And the breastworks were too low to offer much protection above the waist.</span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gortchakov, the new wing commander, took defense of this forward position seriously, though. He
had sent the two jager regiments of Neverovksy's 27th Division (49th
and 50th) and the borrowed 5th Jager from the 26th Division forward to
intercept any French action toward Shevardino. While the redoubt was
being frantically thrown up, he had Neverovsky flank the village and the
fort with four infantry regiments (Odessa, Tarnopol, Vilna, and
Simbirsk). So there were, including jagers, about 6,700 infantry
defending the position. Gortchakov then supported these with the cavalry
divisions of Duka (2nd Cuirassier Div) and Sievers (4th Cavalry Div),
almost 5,000 horse. But there was not much in the way of artillery support. Once the 60-yard diameter redoubt was laid out, there would be room for
just eight 12-pounder guns of the #32 Position Battery, with the
remaining four of its <a href="https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Licorne" target="_blank">licornes </a>(early gun-howitzers) held behind them in
reserve. </span><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Barclay, having discovered the lack of fortified positions of the left flank on the 5th, had also become increasingly alarmed at how exposed the left flank of the Russian position was. Bagration had just two corps in his Second Army (Raevsky's and Borosdin's) facing the plain to the west. The Georgian found himself actually agreeing with his old nemesis, Barclay. The left (south) of the Russian position was .as they say in tactical jargon, "in the air,"completely exposed to an assault through some open woods from any French flanking assault via the Old Smolensk-Moscow Road. As of 5 September, there were only some of Karpov's Cossacks and a few pitchfork-armed Moscow militia watching this back entrance. The two marshals implored Kutuzov to take one of Barclay's four corps and shore up this vulnerability. Kutuzov, again not wanting to make any definite decisions, deferred to his new chief-of-staff, Bennigsen, who dismissed the threat, as he habitually dismissed any suggestion from Barclay, his political enemy. In his expert opinion, and knowing Napoleon as he fought him before (losing both times), the French would attack straight up the New Smolensk Road, across the Kolocha River, and straight into the Russians' strongest front, the one that Barclay held. That's what <i>he, </i>Bennigsen<i>, </i>would have done (and we all knew what a brilliant tactician Bennigsen had been). Yep. That's what Napoleon's going to do. So, Kutuzov's new chief-of-staff looked at the map and said, "Hm. No, I don't think we have to worry about our left."<br /></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Meanwhile, the Napoleonic tyrannosaur was making the ground rumble as it got closer. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Positions at 17:00 as described in the various narratives I relied on to reconstruct this battle. The representation of the fences behind which both the French voltigeurs and Russian jagers took cover from the cavalry charges is speculative. But evidently the fields between Shevardino and Dorodino were criss-crossed with them, which makes perfect sense for a farming community. I am just not sure exactly of the layout.</i></span><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"></span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7WmbXCzjsbA/YPB1z3_gBiI/AAAAAAAAFTg/Tp9kOw1Yj1sBOnASIxe5TglmW7LBtDK5wCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Shevardino%2B2021%2B5%2BSept%2B1700.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="2048" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7WmbXCzjsbA/YPB1z3_gBiI/AAAAAAAAFTg/Tp9kOw1Yj1sBOnASIxe5TglmW7LBtDK5wCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Shevardino%2B2021%2B5%2BSept%2B1700.jpg" /></a></div><div><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4t60ajSqq9o/YOe--FBjAfI/AAAAAAAAFRc/lhAJmut5IFkYLIC07_tNjPQh7er110TqQCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Shevardino%2B2021%2B5%2BSept%2B1700.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></span><br /><br /><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">16:30ish The French arrive </span></span><br /></span></h2></div><span style="font-size: small;"></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">Meanwhile, during the late afternoon of 5 September, French cavalry under Murat, supported by one of Davout's infantry divisions (5th Div, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Dominique_Compans" target="_blank">Jean Compans</a>) now assigned to Murat by Napoleon, started to show up on the Smolensk-Moscow road. From the high ground around the burned out village of Valuyevo on the north side of the Kolocha, the French could see the entire Russian army getting ready for battle about two miles to the east. Closer to them, on the rolling plain to the south, they also saw the activity around Shevardino, including the building of the little redoubt there. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Murat, ever aggressive, ordered his engineers to throw trestle bridges over the Kolocha at Fominko and Valuyevo to bring his artillery over. His infantry and cavalry, though, had no trouble splashing across the low stream to start deploying on the south side. Napoleon soon joined Murat, and after scanning his telescope across the scene, came to the same conclusion: This forward deployment of Russians around Shevardino had to be eliminated. They both also saw through their spyglasses that the Russians in the main army were vulnerable on their left flank (Bagration's position between the river and the village of Semenovkaya--see big map above). But to attack that side the French needed to first take Shevardino and drive the Russians back from there.<br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">At this point <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" target="_blank">Davout</a>, the I Corps commander, came up. He had seen a golden opportunity. Scouts had revealed that the entire left of the Russian army was exposed from the Old Smolensk-Moscow Road (see first map above), guarded by only some Cossacks and <i>opolchenyie </i>(militia). He urged a vast sweeping operation with his I Corps and Poniatowski's V Corps of Poles (already approaching up that road from the south). While Napoleon would use Eugene's IV Corps, Ney's III Corps, and Junot's VIII Corps to demonstrate and hold the front of the Russian army, he and Poniatowski's 37,000 would sweep around through the open woods with a surprise attack that would drive the Russians into the crook of the Kolocha and Moskva Rivers and annihilate them. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">This end run would have been a bold move, the exact kind of thing that Napoleon would have done back in his heyday (at <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2016/01/arcola-1796.html" target="_blank">Arcola</a>, <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/12/elchingen-1805.html" target="_blank">Ulm</a>, Austerlitz, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" target="_blank">Jena-Auerstadt</a>, and <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2018/03/friedland-1807.html" target="_blank">Friedland</a>, which Bennigsen himself had last fallen for). It was also the kind of strategy that Napoleon's hero, Frederick the Great, had won with at <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/06/leuthen-1757.html" target="_blank">Leuthen</a>, which Napoleon had studied religiously. In fact military <span style="font-family: inherit;">history back then was thick with examples of the indirect approach, formally called <i>le mouvement sur les </i></span></span><i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">derrières </span></span></i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">by contemporary military experts.</span></span><i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></i></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">But this was not the same Napoleon of his heyday. The grueling march for the past, stifling weeks since the crossing of the Nieman, deeper and deeper into the endless expanse of Russia; the unprecedented losses from typhus, heat, and lack of sustenance that had devastated the army; and the apparent lack of response from his overtures for negotiation to Alexander, all shook Napoleon's confidence. He was no longer willing to take chances. Moreover, he himself had been sick with something for the past few days. Either with a cold, the flu, some gastro-intestinal bug, kidney stones, or a bladder infection, he was not himself.* </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">*There is also a theory, long argued by Ben Weider and Sten </span><span style="font-size: small;">Forshufvud, that there had already begun a plot to slowly poison Napoleon beginning in 1812 and finally coming to an end at St. Helena eleven years later. Weider contended that Napoleon's fogginess and gut problems from 1812 on seem to suggest arsenic poisoning, which was how you wanted to kill somebody and leave no evidence back then. But Weider's theory was never proven and remains on the fringe of history. <br /><br />A more likely cause of Napoleon's health problems in 1812 came from a peptic ulcer, which only got worse with stress. And his doctor had prescribed him <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury(I)_chloride" target="_blank">calomel </a>(mercury chloride), the miracle drug of the age, to deal with all sorts of ailments. Regularly taking mercury chloride, the hydrochloroquine of its time, may also have had something to do with Napoleon's deteriorating health. <br /></span></i></span></span></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></i></span></span></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;">I'll bet you didn't think you'd have to wade through so much medical material during this post about an obscure battle.</span><br /></span></i></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">At any rate, </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> irrelevant to his stomach ache, </span>Napoleon, was not willing to take the risk of an end run this time, so far from home, with an army greatly reduced. However, he was not going to do what Bennigsen expected him to do and make a frontal attack across the Kolocha at Borodino village. He <i>would </i>attack the Russian left, just not as sweepingly as Davout urged. The next day he eventually did order Poniatowski to take his V Corps and attack Utitza on the 7th, up the Old Road to threaten Bagration's left. The Poles were already down there anyway. But it would be a token maneuver. <br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">On this afternoon, though, he agreed with Murat and his staff and saw the immediate need to seize the ground currently occupied by the Russians at Shevardino, and eliminate that pathetic little fort. He looked at his pocket watch. Five o'clock. Two-and-a-half more hours until sunset. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> <br /> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><h2><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">17:00 The battle begins.</span></span><br /></span></h2></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ssmIYef5jkY/YOvaz01oAnI/AAAAAAAAFSo/Lub4lcudPNoiiwXK68oycv_l6cXxVOIrACLcBGAsYHQ/s917/G%25C3%25A9n%25C3%25A9ral_Jean_Dominique_Compans.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="917" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ssmIYef5jkY/YOvaz01oAnI/AAAAAAAAFSo/Lub4lcudPNoiiwXK68oycv_l6cXxVOIrACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/G%25C3%25A9n%25C3%25A9ral_Jean_Dominique_Compans.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Jean Dominique Compans</b></span><br />Commander of the French 5th Division<br />I love the sarcastic expression on his face.<br />One of those faces you just want to punch.<br /></i></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i> </i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></span></span>As Compans led his division (about 5,500) across the Kolocha, he arrayed his twenty infantry battalions in attack columns and sent forward his twenty <i>voltigeur </i>companies. He also brought up his divisional artillery to a rise in the ground southeast of Fominko to start bombarding the Russian jagers, driving them back. These guns were supported by the 5,000 cavalry of Nansouty's First Cavalry Corps, who started to make charges against the Russian jagers to persuade them to leave.</span><br /><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">The Russian light infantry (49th and 50th Jager) fought back for awhile, but were soon overwhelmed by the combined-arms French attack, and fell back to the shelter of the first gully (see detailed map above for topographic features). The only guns they had to support them were the eight 12 pounders in the hastily built fort, who apparently had trouble siting through the narrow embrasures. So these were not much help.<br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">After the jagers were driven back, Compans's voltigeurs replaced them behind the shelter of the fences in the fields around the village of Dorodino (<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">not <b>B</b>orodino! Wake up! There'll be a test.</span></span>). Russian dragoons from Siever's division charged at the loosely formed French skirmishers, but came up against these fences and were stopped by the independent fire from the <i>tirailleurs</i> behind them and fell back in their turn. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">Now Compans and Murat brought their batteries (38 guns, including the horse artillery of First Cavalry Corps) to the next slight ridge, within range of the Shevardino redoubt. About the same time, Poniatowski's Poles began arriving from the southwest and their twelve guns joined in on the bombardment. This crossfire pummeled the ill-protected people and guns in the little fort, and the French snipers crept up to within musket range and picked off anyone who stuck his head above the low parapet. Soon, the guns inside the earthwork fell silent. A battalion of the the 61st Infantry Regiment swept over the crest and into the redoubt. They found hideous carnage. According to Gaspard Gourgaud, one of Napoleon's staff officers who accompanied the assault, "Gunners, horses, every living thing had been destroyed by our fire."</span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2M1Bg4Sr8HY/YPOoRzQ5pyI/AAAAAAAAFWA/ZKzggWRqWCYwQNTrvdvxlFLS5ZP3V-F5wCLcBGAsYHQ/s1919/Schevardino%2BRedoubt%2Bfrom%2BSchevardino.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="674" data-original-width="1919" height="224" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2M1Bg4Sr8HY/YPOoRzQ5pyI/AAAAAAAAFWA/ZKzggWRqWCYwQNTrvdvxlFLS5ZP3V-F5wCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h224/Schevardino%2BRedoubt%2Bfrom%2BSchevardino.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Shevardino Redoubt Memorial from the parking lot (i.e. from the Russian perspective)<br />Google Street View image</i></span></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />The victorious infantry of the 61st didn't have much time to rest inside the captured fort, however, for Neverovsky led a counter-attack with his four infantry regiments, who drove the French out with great loss. Russian cavalry supported this charge by harrowing the fleeing French infantry back toward the fences around Dorodino. And Gortchakov moved up Sievers's horse artillery and the four licornes of the decimated #32 Position Battery to support them at canister range. For about an hour, the two sides conducted a murderous fire fight from their respective fences. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">At about 19:00 Gorthcakov sent back one of his staff, Lowenstern, to Bagration that the day had been won and the redoubt had held. This premature declaration of victory was relayed back to Kutuzov and Bennigsen, who broke out the champagne again (any excuse, right?). </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">But it was premature. The French weren't done. They had almost another half-hour of daylight left. Compans ordered a fresh assault by the 57th (nicknamed "le Terrible", presumably for its ferocity and not a comment on its competence) against the Russian left. One battalion of the 57th marched up, let go a volley, then double-quick marched by files to its right to unmask the regimental battery of four 4-pounders behind it, who blasted a salvo of canister into the close-packed Russians. This broke the stalemate. Shocked, the Russian battalions began to retreat in a cascade up the line. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">It was about sunset now (19:22 according to NOAA's calculator for date and geo-ref). Gortchakov wanted to hold on at least until dark, when he presumed the engagement would end. So he called up the 2nd Grenadier Division standing in reserve about 1,200 yards to the rear (see big map at the top). These 6,000 fresh troops drove Compans's exhausted infantry back to the fences around Doronino. The Russian grenadiers, supported by cavalry, managed to capture several guns and a few hundred men. <br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">But now Murat threw in the arriving divisions of Davout's I Corps, Friant's and Morand's, who were just crossing the river as the sun started to go down below the trees. In the lead of Friant's division was the Spanish regiment of Joseph Napoleon, who charged in, retook the captured guns, drove back the Russian grenadiers, and allowed the retreating infantry of Compans to rally behind them. More and more French infantry marched forward, pushing back the Russians. More French cavalry showed up too (from Nansouty's corps) and began to weigh against the previous superiority of Russian horse. Poniantowksy's V Corps infantry divisions also started arriving from the south. By 20:00, a half-hour after sunset and now getting really dark, the French had over 30,000 troops over the Kolocha and were pushing back the stubborn Russian defense, who had reinforced their own numbers to just 17,000.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><h2><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></h2></div><div style="text-align: left;"><h2><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Who goes there?</span></span><br /></span></h2></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">Now, in the darkness and the "fog" of three hours of gunsmoke, it was getting really hard to see. Still, the Russians didn't seem to be retreating. Bagration, unable to restrain himself, personally led a third charge with the 2nd <i>Combined </i>Grenadier Division (Vorontsov's, not to be confused with the above-mentioned 2nd Grenadier Division under Mecklenburg--see OOB below). These engaged in yet another firefight, each side blazing into the night at the sparks opposite them.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">This confused fighting in the dark went on for another couple of hours. Gortchakov wondered when the French would call it a day so he could withdraw safely. About 23:00, a verbal order finally came from Kutuzov's HQ for Gortchakov to give up the redoubt and withdraw back to the main line at the Semenovka stream. Of course it was just a <i>verbal </i>order, delivered by a young orderly, because Kutuzov didn't want a paper trail blaming him for the retreat, not when he had a scapegoat like Gortchakov. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">With Bagration's help, Gortchakov supervised a fighting withdrawal, using the relatively fresh squadrons of Duka's 2nd Cuirassier Division and a single battalion of the Odessa infantry regiment to stall the French pursuit. The Russian heavy cavalry made charge after charge out of the dark against the French infantry, the ground ominously rumbling before they came out of the gloom (remember, there was no moon that night). Their charges were short and mostly for intimidation since they couldn't see what was in front of them either. But these short charges worked in that they forced the French battalions to halt and form square, since they couldn't see what was coming at them either. A couple battalions even broke and abandoned their artillery (this is when the Spanish Joseph Napoleon regiment again came to the rescue, earning their award as MVP for the game). These cavalry charges on the part of the Russians gave time for the rest of their force to escape in order. When the French cavalry attempted their own charges in the dark, Gortchakov had the lone battalion of the Odessa regiment shout "Ooorah!" at the top of their lungs and beat their drums, trying to sound like an entire fresh division. This halted the French cavalry. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">By midnight all of the Russians had made it back to the main line. And the French had technically won the battle, which did wonders for their morale. However, the thousands of campfires of the main Russian army lit the night sky to the east, showed the vast extent of that army, now swollen by another 15,000 volunteers from Moscow. The French, having little in the way of uncarbonized wood because of the burned villages, fences and fields in their wake, had few campfires. It was also getting cold and starting to drizzle.,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">What difference did it make?</span></span></h2></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">So this "Clash", which is how it is categorized in Digby Smith's <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Greenhill-Napoleonic-Wars-Data-Book/dp/1853672769/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=Napoleonic+Wars+Data+Book%2C&qid=1626467560&s=books&sr=1-1" target="_blank">Napoleonic Wars Data Book</a>, involving upwards of 53,000 people and something like 250 guns, ended with approximately 16,000 casualties (about equal on both sides). It lasted some seven hours of extremely brutal, see-saw fighting. It was, in its scale, as big or bigger than Arcola, Rivoli, Marengo, and most of the battles of the previous century. But it has long been considered just a clash, an engagement, an<i> hors d'oeuvre,</i> completely eclipsed by the holocaust of Borodino that followed it two day later. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">As with so many encounter battles (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" target="_blank">Gettysburg </a>or <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/05/cedar-mountain-1862_24.html" target="_blank">Cedar Mountain</a>) neither side intended it to be so costly, or involve so many troops and expend so much ammunition, men, and horses. Napoleon evidently thought it would be a minor affair, like brushing away a fly. He was reportedly shocked that almost no Russians had been taken prisoner. He and all of the participants were also unnerved by how the Russians just wouldn't budge, dying in place, at their guns, rather than retreat or be captured. Of course, this had long been Napoleon's (and for that matter, Frederick's) experience fighting the Russians. They just didn't know when they were licked. It didn't bode well for the upcoming main event. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">It also sobered Napoleon about the likelihood that Alexander would sue for peace. While it took a few more weeks after Borodino and the burning of Moscow by its own citizens for that lesson to sink in, it must have been a blow to his belief in his invincibility. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">One thing that the severity of the clash at Shevardino did do was convince Bennigsen and Kutuzov that Barclay and Bagration were right: their left flank was extremely vulnerable. After Shervardino and all day on the 6th, as they observed the French and allied buildup on the right bank of the Kolocha, it became clear where Napoleon's main attack would fall. Fortunately for them, Napoleon inexplicably gave his army a full day of rest on the 6th, which allowed vital time for the Russians to frantically throw up the earthworks on the hills on their left (the Raevsky, or Great, Redoubt, and the three V-shaped redans, later known as the Bagration Fleches, in front of Semenovksaya). 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<![endif]--></span></span>Armée
<span style="font-size: small;">would have simply rolled over the Russians like a tsunami.<br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">Bennigsen also belatedly took Barclay's advice to take one of own superfluous corps and use it to shore up Bagration's vulnerable left. The chief-of-staff personally ordered General Tuchkov to move his corps over to block the road behind the village of Utitza on the Old Smolensk Road. Of course, he didn't bother to tell Barclay. Nor did he tell him when he personally started moving Barclay's other units around. This was exasperating to the disciplined Barclay who, when he rode over to confer with these commanders, could not find them. Of course, when he complained to Kutuzov, the one-eyed generalissimo claimed he didn't know anything about it. Which was true.<br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">Also, on hearing complaints from the Cossacks covering the Utitza flank that they felt exposed, Bennigsen personally ordered Tuchkov's division commanders to move their troops out from their concealed, ambush positions in the woods where Tuchkov had deployed them into the open fields around that village. As usual, he didn't bother to inform Tuchkov of this either. When the corps commander came back from a meeting with Kutuzov and couldn't find his troops, only to eventually find them exposed to Poniatowski's artillery further west, he became furious and rode back to Kutuzov to demand an explanation. Again, Kutuzov said he didn't know anything about it.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">In fact, Kutuzov didn't seem to know anything about anything happening under his supreme command. His absentee negligence at Borodino was noted by several subordinates, including Barclay. The chaos that Bennigsen and the sycophantic Peterbourgeois staff officers caused to the command-and-control of the army nearly destroyed the army completely. Were it not for the competence, professionalism, and diligence of officers like Barclay and Bagration, like Raevsky, Baggovut, Gortchakov, Tuchkov, Borosdin, Dokhturov, and hundreds of their heroic and veteran subordinates, or for the never-surrender stoicism of the Russian soldiers themselves, Napoleon would have snuffed out all Russian resistance, like he did when Kutuzov neglected his command at Austerlitz.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">But while lousy at battles, Kutuzov <i>was </i>very good at politics. When the Czar appointed him Commander-in-Chief, there was widespread popular acclamation. Reports in the Russian press were that his carriage was swamped by cheering peasants on his trip down to assume command. All across the country, the people were reported to be inspired and relieved that a "true Russian" was at last in charge. And on the 6th, the politically shrewd Kutuzov organized a "rally" in which he led a parade of clergy carrying sacred ikons (which were believed to have magical powers) to inspire the troops. So in spite of the carnage the previous day at Shevardino, the Russian soldiers were galvanized to keep fighting the defiling French on the next day. Kutuzov would have fit right in today as a cynical, manipulative politician.</span></div><div><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">And
what was Kutuzov's reaction at the end of Borodino? He sent a message
to the Czar proclaiming a great victory, and a press release to the public
trumpeting the same. Then he ordered another retreat. In fact, he kept
on retreating (giving up Moscow even as he said he would die rather than do),
and retreating, and retreating, and retreating for the rest of the campaign. Good thing
he had replaced Barclay.<br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">Throughout the next two centuries, Kutuzov had several heroic statues and monuments to his glory, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_cruiser_Mikhail_Kutuzov" target="_blank">cruiser </a>and a number of parks, streets, and squares, named after him. Even the huge Soviet counter-offensive against the Nazis during WWII was called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kutuzov" target="_blank">Operation Kutuzov.</a> And, like a number of other military leaders (Stonewall Jackson, Robert E.Lee, George Armstrong Custer, Field Marshal Montgomery, Douglas McArthur, etc.) he has been revered by so many people as a military genius.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">In researching for this post, I have had a different opinion. <br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: medium;"><i>Closeup from my digital "sand table" <span>scale </span>model of the Shevardino redoubt, as best as I can reconstruct it from narratives and from the Google Satellite photo of its footprint at the Borodino memorial park. While there would have been five sides, there would have been practically only room for the operation of eight guns at a time (the eight 12-pounders of the #32 Position Battery of Neverovsky's 27th Division) with all of their limbers and caissons. The other four pieces of the battery </i></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: medium;"><i>(actually "licornes", an early type of gun-howtizer) </i></span></span>would have been held in reserve outside of the fort. Indeed, nearly all of the narratives and eye-witnesses describe only eight guns inside the earthwork.</i></span><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YEdHLaHn258/YPEe0XYlbgI/AAAAAAAAFT4/__Ys_9eu40QJicLiv0V8jHO_R3E97lQfACLcBGAsYHQ/s1805/Redoubt%2Bclose.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="890" data-original-width="1805" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YEdHLaHn258/YPEe0XYlbgI/AAAAAAAAFT4/__Ys_9eu40QJicLiv0V8jHO_R3E97lQfACLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Redoubt%2Bclose.jpg" /></a></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><h2><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: x-large;">Wargaming Shevardino</span></h2></div><div> </div><div></div><div></div><div>This battle was the very first one I set up on my brand new sand table my ever-patient and supportive wife and I had built together thirty-some years ago. So the battle has a nostalgic place in my heart. <br /></div><div> </div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iibjjuNhgJ0/YPH_qAyQZ7I/AAAAAAAAFUY/eguib0skUIAuh3zOMbiMfIYBQ_j4kaOigCLcBGAsYHQ/s1598/1990%2BJeff%2Band%2Bhis%2Bsand%2Btable%252C%2BBeethoven%2Bhouse%252C%2BLA.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1598" height="433" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iibjjuNhgJ0/YPH_qAyQZ7I/AAAAAAAAFUY/eguib0skUIAuh3zOMbiMfIYBQ_j4kaOigCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h433/1990%2BJeff%2Band%2Bhis%2Bsand%2Btable%252C%2BBeethoven%2Bhouse%252C%2BLA.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div> </div><div>Should you want to wargame it yourself, I have some suggestions to consider.</div><div> </div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Victory Conditions</b></span></span><br />In a wargame of Shevardino, you might want to consider what victory points would accrue. From the Russian player's point of view, since the goal was to delay the French long enough to gain an extra day for Bagration to build his main redoubts back at the main position above the Semenovka gully, the game could be considered won if the Shevardino position were held until midnight. From the French players's point of view, victory would be attained if all the Russian forces are driven back to the Semenovka and the redoubt captured before midnight. <br /></div><div> </div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>The limited tactical value of the redoubt</b></span></span></div><div>The Shevardino redoubt was hastily constructed and, from reports, gave limited protection because of its low, unreinforced breastworks. Apparently, too, the embrasures cut into it were too narrow and didn't allow for the swiveling of the cannon. There was only room for 8-10 guns in the 60 yard fort, and only two per face. Any wargame set up should take these limitations into account. Rather, the redoubt should serve as more of a symbolic prize to defend (for victory points?) than as a significant tactical feature. <br /><br /><br /></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-I3l_TwxOUDg/YPH-31o8TlI/AAAAAAAAFUQ/S87mdPOSdKMyZMa8B3uwmvE5FM6utRXpACLcBGAsYHQ/s1574/1990%2BBorodino%252C%2BShevardino%2Bredoubt%252C%2BRussian%2Bbatteries.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1078" data-original-width="1574" height="438" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-I3l_TwxOUDg/YPH-31o8TlI/AAAAAAAAFUQ/S87mdPOSdKMyZMa8B3uwmvE5FM6utRXpACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h438/1990%2BBorodino%252C%2BShevardino%2Bredoubt%252C%2BRussian%2Bbatteries.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: medium;"><i>Shevardino redoubt on my 1990 sand table with 15mm models. The advantage of setting up a game on a sand table is that you can construct actual earthworks, made of actual earth (well, sand). I was not aware when I made this model, though, that the breastworks were unreinforced.</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The tactical effect of fences</span></span></b></div><div>Wooden and wattle fences criss-crossed the ground between the villages of Dorodino and Shevardino. These proved to have far more tactical value to the otherwise exposed infantry on both sides. For one thing, they were robust enough to stop cavalry charges, allowing the infantry behind them to unleash volleys at the horsemen. They also provided psychological defense points for troops. While they may not have been thick enough stop a modern bullet, they did provide some protection from slower muzzle-velocity flintlocks. And a bunch of men huddled behind a slatted, or even a rail fence at least feel they have some protection, and were less likely to fall back. This probably explained why the firefights between the infantry lasted for several hours, each side popping up to shoot over or between the slats.</div><div> </div><div><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: medium;"><i>In this colorized photo from the late 19th century, you can see a variety of fence types common in Russia in that century, and I'm sure centuries before that. Most would have been easy to dismantle, but not from horseback and not while troops are behind them.</i></span><br /></div><div><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jhG1r-psbys/YPIwpNGbVVI/AAAAAAAAFVg/FsbOaL5XqQoSJuQsb-vyrI6aM22iDNYzQCLcBGAsYHQ/s508/Russian%2BFences%2B%2526%2BCathedral.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="463" data-original-width="508" height="584" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jhG1r-psbys/YPIwpNGbVVI/AAAAAAAAFVg/FsbOaL5XqQoSJuQsb-vyrI6aM22iDNYzQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h584/Russian%2BFences%2B%2526%2BCathedral.jpg" width="640" /></a> <br /></div><div><br /><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><br /><span style="font-size: small;">Painting below of a village by 19th century Russian landscape painter, <a href="http://19thcenturyrusspaint.blogspot.com/2012/09/konstantin-yakovlevich-kryzhitsky-ctd.html" target="_blank">Konstantin Kyrzhitsky</a>. Notice the construction of the fence by the houses to the right. This painting also shows the extremely flammable nature of the thatched buildings in Russian villages, as well as what the Kolocha River might have looked like (left).</span></i></span><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OK-M9Rdw3kU/YPICWPC4ObI/AAAAAAAAFUg/h_g4Xgf6DSU57NPoUtR5pzTCg-JyEZK-gCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Konstantin%2BYakovlevich%2BKryzhitsky%2B-%2BThe%2BKhutir%2Bin%2BLittle%2BRussia.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="919" data-original-width="1600" height="368" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OK-M9Rdw3kU/YPICWPC4ObI/AAAAAAAAFUg/h_g4Xgf6DSU57NPoUtR5pzTCg-JyEZK-gCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h368/Konstantin%2BYakovlevich%2BKryzhitsky%2B-%2BThe%2BKhutir%2Bin%2BLittle%2BRussia.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><br /></i></span><div><br /><br /><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-akcE-1Qn09E/YPIIxXP_dwI/AAAAAAAAFVI/uf41LAr4B9Q-VHuaw4YQX_UpOyDBHPU7wCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Konstantin%2BYakovlevich%2BKryzhitsky%2B-%2BVillage%2Bon%2Bthe%2BBanks%2Bof%2Ba%2BRiver.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1189" data-original-width="1600" height="476" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-akcE-1Qn09E/YPIIxXP_dwI/AAAAAAAAFVI/uf41LAr4B9Q-VHuaw4YQX_UpOyDBHPU7wCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h476/Konstantin%2BYakovlevich%2BKryzhitsky%2B-%2BVillage%2Bon%2Bthe%2BBanks%2Bof%2Ba%2BRiver.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Above, Another landscape by Kryshitsky (just discovered this artist and I love his work). In this one <br />the fencing around the village is also in evidence. And the river in this scene was probably the <br />condition of the drought-reduced Kolocha in September 1812.</i></span></td><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i> </i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></span></b></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /> </span></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></b></span></div><p></p><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p></p><p></p><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-d9Q1PTo_u_U/YPI2dn_YecI/AAAAAAAAFVo/oOdeRyA5iQYBBu0vgSNfodGpF9TlMib4gCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Petr%2BSukhodolsky%2B-%2BMidday%2Bin%2Bthe%2BCountryside.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1148" data-original-width="1600" height="460" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-d9Q1PTo_u_U/YPI2dn_YecI/AAAAAAAAFVo/oOdeRyA5iQYBBu0vgSNfodGpF9TlMib4gCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h460/Petr%2BSukhodolsky%2B-%2BMidday%2Bin%2Bthe%2BCountryside.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Though not burned in this bucolic scene, you can see in this painting of a Russian village circa 1864 by Petr Sukhodolsky how extremely flammable and rickety the villages in Russia were.</i></span></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span>Burning Villages</span></b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">The Cossacks and even the Russian peasants burned their own homes to deny shelter and sustenance to the advancing French. Strategically this cost Napoleon more and more as he extended his vulnerable logistics from Western Europe. The French had been used to living off the land wherever they campaigned. This wasn't working in Russia in 1812.<br /><br />But tactically this scorched-earth practice also denied the French strong points to shelter in on the battlefield. A wargame of Shevardino should assume that all the villages on the table or board would be on fire or already burned. Something I didn't allow for on my sand table game. But aren't my homemade Russian thatched houses cute (see details of my sandtable diorama below)?</span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>The Kolocha River</b></span></span><br />Assume that the Kolocha river is easily fordable to horse and foot all up and down the board. However, guns can only cross by bridge.<br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">The eastern banks of the river below Borodino (Barclay's wing) would have been very steep and have presented an obstacle to infantry and cavalry.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Darkness</b></span></span><br />It got really dark after about 20:00 (three hours into the game). Reduce visibility for both sides to a single hex, or fifty yards, or six inches, or whatever your measurement is. Provide for hidden movement (ala Avalon Hill <i>Midway</i>) to simulate the unnerving effect of cavalry charging out of the gloom. <br /></span></div><p></p><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"></span></div><div><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Roads</span></span></b></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">Roads, both large and small represented on the map, weren't paved, metaled, or even graded in this period in Russia. They were dirt. Which meant that they were dusty as hell on a hot, dry day and boot-eating mud monsters on rainy ones. <br /><br />They were also wider than we know roads today (see Russian landscape paintings from the 19th century below). So while they would not afford faster ground speed in a wargame, they would accommodate fairly wide formations. Artillery batteries were also known to move on them two abreast. Mostly, they were used for not getting lost between towns and villages, not for speed. And, of course, you could be relatively sure, when traveling by a road or path, not to come upon an unexpected ditch or fence disrupting your formation or blocking your artillery. In most wargame rules, moving units across country would account for this kind of disruption. So roads serve as a free pass from point to point in movement allowances. <br /><br />Unless your game has allowances for weather, in which case I would charge a movement penalty when moving on a road on a rainy day (say after a full day of rain), and a fatigue tax on hot, dusty days. <br /></span></div><div><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Fm5klcbi9zU/YPIvVaWU5oI/AAAAAAAAFVY/-16gLs29y2QFOiU0oHB908fyZLlX7NbGQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Vladimir%2BOrlovsky%2B-%2BLandscape%2Bin%2BUkraine.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="1600" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Fm5klcbi9zU/YPIvVaWU5oI/AAAAAAAAFVY/-16gLs29y2QFOiU0oHB908fyZLlX7NbGQCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Vladimir%2BOrlovsky%2B-%2BLandscape%2Bin%2BUkraine.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: medium;">An extremely wide highway, this one in Ukraine in the mid 19th century. I imagine that the Smolensk-Moscow Highway rising from Borodino through Gorky looked something like this. <br /> (Painting by Vladimir Orlovksy, 1883 from the blog site <a href="http://19thcenturyrusspaint.blogspot.com/2012/09/vladimir-orlovsky.html" target="_blank">Glory of Russian Painting</a>)</span><br /><br /></i></span></td><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i> </i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><span style="font-size: x-large;"></span></span></span></h2><span style="font-size: small;"></span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-W1i07dtAHCM/YPILMLLf7XI/AAAAAAAAFVQ/PSv-8aiWWW4HCNEXG2UYhvBvDJhdJiGegCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Konstantin%2BYakovlevich%2BKryzhitsky%2B-%2BRoad.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1114" data-original-width="1600" height="446" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-W1i07dtAHCM/YPILMLLf7XI/AAAAAAAAFVQ/PSv-8aiWWW4HCNEXG2UYhvBvDJhdJiGegCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h446/Konstantin%2BYakovlevich%2BKryzhitsky%2B-%2BRoad.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Still another landscape by Kryshitksy from the late 19th century, showing what roads in Russia looked like. You can see how wide even minor roads between villages were. This one appears to be about 10 -12 yards wide (assuming the woman in the foreground is about 5 ft).</span></i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8cyiI-q5D8Q/YPIElPm25_I/AAAAAAAAFUo/kwyz3Hd9C_c7oxZ0QmyPSEdOhB-UO1wsACLcBGAsYHQ/s1614/1990%2BBorodino%252C%2BShevardino%2Bfrom%2BFrench%2Bposition%2B01.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="1614" height="422" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8cyiI-q5D8Q/YPIElPm25_I/AAAAAAAAFUo/kwyz3Hd9C_c7oxZ0QmyPSEdOhB-UO1wsACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h422/1990%2BBorodino%252C%2BShevardino%2Bfrom%2BFrench%2Bposition%2B01.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: medium;"><i>Above: another sand table view from the French end, looking toward the redoubt in the upper right. That's meant to be Fominko in the foreground, which in this my first sand table battle, was not on fire, as I later realized it would have been.<br /></i></span></td><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i> </i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-b_hg30mPy3U/YPIFkwFKxJI/AAAAAAAAFUw/LK6jOyb2lnYAyRWOfS7-piEyn7K2KmTaQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1598/1990%2BBorodino%252C%2BShevardino%2B%2Battack%2Bof%2BFrench%2B1st%2BCorps%2B01.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1084" data-original-width="1598" height="434" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-b_hg30mPy3U/YPIFkwFKxJI/AAAAAAAAFUw/LK6jOyb2lnYAyRWOfS7-piEyn7K2KmTaQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h434/1990%2BBorodino%252C%2BShevardino%2B%2Battack%2Bof%2BFrench%2B1st%2BCorps%2B01.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: medium;"><i>Compans's 5th Division starts its attack on the Shevardino redoubt, 15mm models arranged in columns of attack. Village of Fominko in the upper right. Don't ask me what a Dutch windmill is doing in Russia.I just liked the look of windmills on my dioramas<span style="font-size: small;">. <span style="font-size: medium;">That's Napoleon and his staff in the lower right, including Roustam, his Mameluke valet. With the sand table, I was also able to place cotton-ball shell explosions on pins above the troops to mark hits; so much more authentic than colored poker chips..</span><br /></span></i></span></td></tr></tbody></table></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5WlV3Y-vZo4/YPIG14uaHGI/AAAAAAAAFU4/hBTIQgRbT58bWXnHsUDgeexk7AV1TGcbwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1598/1990%2BBorodino%252C%2BShevardino%2Bsandtable%252C%2B15%2Bmm%2Bmodels.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1060" data-original-width="1598" height="424" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5WlV3Y-vZo4/YPIG14uaHGI/AAAAAAAAFU4/hBTIQgRbT58bWXnHsUDgeexk7AV1TGcbwCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h424/1990%2BBorodino%252C%2BShevardino%2Bsandtable%252C%2B15%2Bmm%2Bmodels.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Above, Long view of the sand table game, from the French side. Fominko on the left foreground, and the one in the left background is Shevardino, with the redoubt at the extreme end of the table.</span></i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></span></span></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gFQ2dld8_c0/YPIHo1KogFI/AAAAAAAAFVA/BAShMG2HAmQGtQW9Kg9aTDPfbN92E2M1wCLcBGAsYHQ/s1620/1990%2BBorodino%252C%2BShevardino%2Bfrom%2BRussian%2Bposition.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1068" data-original-width="1620" height="422" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gFQ2dld8_c0/YPIHo1KogFI/AAAAAAAAFVA/BAShMG2HAmQGtQW9Kg9aTDPfbN92E2M1wCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h422/1990%2BBorodino%252C%2BShevardino%2Bfrom%2BRussian%2Bposition.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: medium;">And from the Russian side. 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</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #f1c232;"><span style="background-color: black;">Strengths </span></span>The following orders of battle for the 5th of
September are distilled from a variety of sources. Unit strengths conform to Digby Smith, George Nafziger, and Christopher Duffy. Smith admits that his own rosters come from a secondary source (Fabry's <i>Campagne de Russe 1812</i>, 1903) and in some cases may be in error. He points out that the arithmetic doesn't always add up. The most recent parade states ordered by Napoleon had been 15 August, three weeks prior. According to Smith, by Borodino the
attrition on the French army reduced them to between 36-50% of their original levels back in June, when they first crossed the Nieman, depending on the corps
(the Imperial Guard suffering the least and IV Corps suffering the most). I
have then applied those ratios to the estimated strengths for the French from where they started on June 25. <br /></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black;">For the Russians, I could not find any actual strength
records of individual units. I used Nafzigers' overall estimates and assumed an average of 475 men per infantry
battalion and 400 per cavalry regiment. </span></p><p><span style="color: black;">So, as usual, <b>A CAVEAT THE SIZE OF A PLANET</b>: Be wary of citing this source for any academic purposes. They are presented for wargaming use and discussion. I'm sure you won't heed this warning, though, and like most people, just leap to the information. As one of my engineer advertising clients once said to me, "Ah! Nothing is as persuasive as graphs and tables!"<br /></span></p>
<p><span style="background: black none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #ffc000; mso-highlight: black; mso-shading: black;">Uniform
Colors</span><span style="background: black none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #f1c232;">:</span><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #f1c232;"> </span><span style="color: black;">As
with all of my OOBs, each cell in the first column is color coded in the coat
color of that regiment, the second column in the color of its principle facing
(cuffs and turnbacks).</span></p>
<p><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #f1c232;">Flags </span></span>Where known, I have also displayed the regimental flag for
that regiment. Where I could not find information, or if the regiment did not
carry flags into the field, I have left that cell blank. All French units officially carried the 1812 Tricolor (illustrated at the top of the French table). However, some of them (and I don't know which) probably still carried the old 1804, "diamond" model. Feel free to mix and match in your own model armies. <br />
<br />
</span><b><span style="background: black none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #f1c232;">Commanders</span></b><span style="color: black;"> are listed by their nearest division or
brigade. Overall command on both sides was chaotic as Napoleon and Kutuzov were only
distantly commanding, and the other commanders were often going on their own hook, or countermanding each other. Napoleon had given Murat the order to take the Shevardino position using whatever commands came up, but he didn't have tight control over the actions of the divisional generals.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CPekL_74Zw8/YQWo3TdJsfI/AAAAAAAAFWU/hynLzBmkALgxeaIPILTfcd33dVrxznsSQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1932/Shevardino%2BRussian%2BOOB.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1932" data-original-width="600" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CPekL_74Zw8/YQWo3TdJsfI/AAAAAAAAFWU/hynLzBmkALgxeaIPILTfcd33dVrxznsSQCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Shevardino%2BRussian%2BOOB.jpg" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: black;"><br /></span><p></p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></p><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Zhex-gqHZuY/YNQwk_PzAII/AAAAAAAAFPU/mREK_vDGo5sTEQOFtPtE1TPVWxByAsLiwCLcBGAsYHQ/s2144/Shevardino%2BRussian%2BOOB.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br /><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RlA6fMUt130/YLw-ZtKvirI/AAAAAAAAFM4/6a8rELlyzkwJUNQWCtRxO1IOr8uDiJUmgCLcBGAsYHQ/s4060/Shevardino%2BFrench%2BOOB.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4060" data-original-width="650" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RlA6fMUt130/YLw-ZtKvirI/AAAAAAAAFM4/6a8rELlyzkwJUNQWCtRxO1IOr8uDiJUmgCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Shevardino%2BFrench%2BOOB.jpg" /></a></div></span></span><h2 style="text-align: left;"><br /></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span>References</span></span></span></h2>NB: Since I prefer to patronize independent bookstores, particularly my favorite, <a href="https://www.powells.com/" target="_blank">Powell's Books</a> in Portland, OR, I have linked each of these sources to that store. Powell's not only supports authors (being one myself), but they also have the largest inventory of out-of-print and used books in the United States. Their shipping efficiency, too, rivals Amazon's (and you don't need a $119/yr Prime membership). In cases where Powell's doesn't seem to have a title in stock, I have linked it to (sigh) Amazon. But if you are not in the United States or North America, I would also encourage you to patronize your own country/city's independent bookstore first, like my old favorite, <a href="https://foyles.co.uk/" target="_blank">Foyles</a>, in London.<br /></div><br /><div><br /></div><div>Austin, Paul Britten, <b><a href="https://www.powells.com/book/1812-the-march-on-moscow-9781853671548" target="_blank">1812: The March on Moscow</a></b>, 1993, Greenhill Books, ISBN 1-85367-154-1<br /><i>A compilation of hundreds of eyewitness memoirs of the whole first half of Napoleon's invasion. </i><br /></div><div> </div><div>Cate, Curtis, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/war-of-the-two-emperors-the-duel-between-napoleon-alexander-russia-1812-9780394536705" target="_blank"><u><b>The War of the Two Emperors: The Duel Between Napoleon and Alexander, Russia 1812</b></u></a>, 1985, Random House, ISBN 0-394-53670-3 </div><div><br /></div><div>Chandler, David, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Campaigns-Napoleon-David-G-Chandler/dp/0025236601/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1DA00SWDEQKRU&dchild=1&keywords=the+campaigns+of+napoleon+by+david+chandler&qid=1624554149&s=books&sprefix=chandler%2C+Campaigns+of+Nap%2Cstripbooks%2C231&sr=1-1" target="_blank"><b><u>The Campaigns of Napoleon</u></b></a>, 1966, Macmillan, ISBN <br /></div><div><div><br /></div><div>Clausewitz, Carl,<b><u> </u></b><a href="https://www.powells.com/book/the-campaign-of-1812-in-russia-9780306806506" target="_blank"><b>The Campaign of 1812 in Russia</b>,</a> 1832, Napoleonic Library (1992), ISBN 1-85367-114-2</div><div> </div><div>Duffy, Christopher, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Borodino-War-1812-Christopher-Duffy/dp/0684131730/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=duffy%2C+Borodino&qid=1624552446&s=books&sr=1-1" target="_blank"><u><b>Borodino: Napoleon Against Russi</b></u></a>a, 1812, 1973, Scribner, ISBN 684-13173-0</div><div><br /></div><div>Esposito & Elting, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Military-History-Atlas-Napoleonic-Wars/dp/B006GWFLVY/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=esposito%2C+military+history+and+atlas+of+the+Napoleonic+Wars&qid=1624559425&s=books&sr=1-1" target="_blank"><u><b>A Military History and Atlas of the Napoleonic Wars</b></u></a>, 1999, Stackpole Books, ISBN 1-85367-346-3<br /></div><div> </div><div>Hourtoulle, Francois G, <b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Borodino-Moscova-Redoubts-F-Hourtoulle/dp/2908182963/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=Hourtoulle%2C+Borodino&qid=1624550805&s=books&sr=1-1" target="_blank">Borodino, The Moskova: The Battle for the Redoubts</a></b>, 2000, Histoire & Collections, ISBN 2-908-182-963 <br /><i>Very good source for uniform details of all of the participants. </i><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Nafziger, George F., <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/napoleons-invasion-of-russia-9780891416616" target="_blank"><u><b>Napoleon's Invasion of Russia</b></u></a>, 1988, Presidio Press ISBN 0-89141-322-7<br /><i>Extremely detailed and useful narrative and orders of battle for all the major engagements of the 1812 Invasion. </i><br /></div><div> </div><div>Pivka, Otto von, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Armies-Napoleonic-era-Otto-Pivka/dp/0800854713/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=Pivka%2C+Armies+of+the+Napoleonic+Era&qid=1624554378&s=books&sr=1-1" target="_blank"><u><b>Armies of the Napoleonic Era</b></u></a>, 1979, David & Charles, ISBN 0-7153-7766-3 <br /><i>An excellent source for details of weapons capabilities and uniforms of all states.</i></div><div><br /></div></div><div>Segur, Philippe de, <b><a href="2221121704428" target="_blank">Napoleon's Russian Campaign</a></b>, 1824, Meredith Books (1980), ISBN 2221121704428<br /><i>A firsthand account by an eyewitness of the entire debacle of 1812</i>, <i>though written many years after, so it has to be taken with a pinch of sodium chloride (not mercury chloride)</i><br /></div><div> </div><div>Smith, Digby, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Armies-1812-Austria-Prussia-Russia/dp/1862274142/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=smith%2C+Armies+of+1812&qid=1624551674&s=books&sr=1-1" target="_blank"><u><b>Armies of 1812</b></u></a>, 2002, Spellmount, ISBN 1-86227-165-8<br /><i>An amazingly detailed OOB of Napoleon's army and unit-by-unit analysis of its dwindling strength during the entire campaign. Smith, a thorough scholar of military history, does himself acknowledge that he is dependent on a history by G. Fabry done in 1903, so presents some of these strength levels with a caveat.</i></div><div><i> </i></div><div>Smith, Digby, <b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Greenhill-Napoleonic-Wars-Data-Book/dp/1853672769/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=Napoleonic+Wars+Data+Book%2C&qid=1626467560&s=books&sr=1-1" target="_blank"><u>Napoleonic Wars Data Book</u>,</a> </b>1998. Greenhill, ISBN 1-85367-276-9<i> </i><br /></div><div> </div><div>Talty, Stephan, <b><a href="https://www.powells.com/book/illustrious-dead-the-terrifying-story-of-how-typhus-killed-napoleons-greatest-army-9780307394040" target="_blank">The Illustrious Dead: The Terrifying Story of How Typhus Killed Napoleon's Greatest Army</a></b>, 2009, Crown, ISBN 978-0-307-39404-0 <br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Online References:</span></span><br /><br /><b><a href="http://19thcenturyrusspaint.blogspot.com/2012/09/vladimir-orlovsky.html" target="_blank">Glory of Russian Painting</a>,</b> an inspiring source for Russian landscapes during the 19th century. Useful for imagining what the landscape, villages, fences, streams, and roads may have looked like during Borodino.And some of the paintings, besides interesting, are just beautiful to look at.<br /><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mikaberedsze, Alexander,<b> <a href="https://www.napoleon-series.org/military-info/battles/Borodino/Mikaberidze/OrdersofBattle/c_MikaberidzeOOB1.html" target="_blank">Order of Battle of the Russian Army at Borodino</a></b><br /></span></span></span></p></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com22tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-69366246956820524362020-11-25T18:01:00.012-08:002023-11-18T11:47:47.582-08:00Marengo 1800<h1 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="color: #b45f06;">War of the Second Coalition</span></h1><div>
<h2>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">14 June 1800</span></h2>
<br />
<span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;">French Army of the Reserve under</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> <span style="color: #0b5394;">Napoleon Bonaparte, 28,554 men with 31 gun</span>s<br />
<span style="color: #e69138;">Austrians under</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_von_Melas" target="_blank">Michael von Melas</a>, <span style="color: #f57c00;"> 29,672 men with 126 guns</span></span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Location:</span></b> Spinetta-Marengo, Italy, <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Castle+of+Marengo/@44.8948306,8.6667655,727m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x47877177feb27de5:0xf705c33d4c1ecf5a!2s15122+Spinetta+Marengo,+Province+of+Alessandria,+Italy!3b1!8m2!3d44.8824825!4d8.6820549!3m4!1s0x47877162bd1982cd:0x36afef2def73e785!8m2!3d44.8948306!4d8.6689542" target="_blank">44° 53' 42" N, 8</a><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Castle+of+Marengo/@44.8948306,8.6667655,727m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x47877177feb27de5:0xf705c33d4c1ecf5a!2s15122+Spinetta+Marengo,+Province+of+Alessandria,+Italy!3b1!8m2!3d44.8824825!4d8.6820549!3m4!1s0x47877162bd1982cd:0x36afef2def73e785!8m2!3d44.8948306!4d8.6689542" target="_blank">°</a><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Castle+of+Marengo/@44.8948306,8.6667655,727m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x47877177feb27de5:0xf705c33d4c1ecf5a!2s15122+Spinetta+Marengo,+Province+of+Alessandria,+Italy!3b1!8m2!3d44.8824825!4d8.6820549!3m4!1s0x47877162bd1982cd:0x36afef2def73e785!8m2!3d44.8948306!4d8.6689542" target="_blank"> 40' 0" E</a><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Weather:</b> <span style="color: black;"> Hot and humid. I</span></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">ntermittent downpours<b> </b>the day before but mostly clear on the 14th. Cool wind from the west.<b><br /></b></span></span></span></span><br /><br /></div><p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Sunrise:</b></span> 04:38 <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunset:</span></b> 20:12<br /><i><span style="font-size: small;">From <a href="https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/solcalc/sunrise.html" target="_blank">NOAA's calculator </a></span></i></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>S</b></span></span>ince I've already just done <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2020/06/hohenlinden-1800.html" target="_blank">Hohenlinden</a>, the battle that really ended the War of the Second Coalition in this fateful year (1800, not 2020--that's another fateful year), I thought it only right that I render a study of its bookend battle, Marengo, the putative victory that cemented Napoleon's hold on power. This battle has a special place in my heart. Some years ago, my new bride and I made a side trip at the end of our Italian honeymoon to visit and walk the battlefield (to her boundless patience, pretending to be fascinated). And it's a battle I have gamed many times, on both board and sand table. So it's important, not just to Napoleonophiles, but to me personally.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>And, to flick away the knee-jerk remarks about it not being an "obscure" battle, get over it. It's my take on it that will be obscure, not the relative fame of the event itself. My blog, my rules.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b>Situation about 08:00</b>. The French, not anticipating an attack, were spread out in their bivouacs, making breakfast and shaving. O'Reilly completes his crossing and, led by Frimont's avant garde, begins to drive in the French pickets in front of Pietrabona. The rest of the Austrian army follow, squeezing across the two bridges and through the single exit from the bridgehead in a traffic jam that would take at least three hours. As with all of my maps, the symbols are to scale with the actual footprint of the battalions and squadrons.</span></i></span></span></span></p><div class="separator"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QsP6AtQYOWA/X9Q0-jmK8KI/AAAAAAAAFHA/FVjO1KvCokUvhy0y6OLpceLMxFWAIP_VgCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Marengo%2B0800.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1418" data-original-width="2048" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QsP6AtQYOWA/X9Q0-jmK8KI/AAAAAAAAFHA/FVjO1KvCokUvhy0y6OLpceLMxFWAIP_VgCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Marengo%2B0800.jpg" /></a></div><br /><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Lv9Q7VBGSeg/X9QWNr-t6QI/AAAAAAAAFGQ/Keof14iOgeY3T8_6otE-z1mkX_vwr2_zgCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Marengo%2B0800.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i></i></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><span><b>What must it be like to fight a no-win war for eight years?</b><br /></span></span></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Toward the end of 1799 Bonaparte had hijacked a coup to overthrow the incompetent and corrupt Directory government of the French Republic, installing himself as its First Consul, a romantic title invoking the ancient Roman Republic. Though his new government included an executive branch of three consuls, the other two, Sieyès and Ducos, had quickly become mere administrators (though it had been Siey</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>è</span></span>s original plan to rule by himself), with all executive power in the hands of Bonaparte--since he was the one with the military behind him. <br /><br />Revolutionary France was in the eighth year of an exhausting war with a wide coalition of the other monarchist powers (interrupted for only seven months by the Treaty of Campo-Formio after Bonaparte's Italian victories in 1796-7). All sides were economically, materially, and emotionally drained by the near constant fighting. So by the end of 1799, there was widespread popular support in France for a strongman to take charge and end the war, once and for all. Though I'm not going to go into the details of all of the politics of this period, it does remind me of a period in my own life when Richard Nixon rode on a wave of popular support with his promise to end the seemingly endless war in Vietnam in his campaign for president in 1968. A promise he, like Bonaparte, immediately broke by escalating the war further. But that's for another blog.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Though France itself was not in immediate danger, its oligarchic Directory had completely botched up the strategic and logistical management of the war such that most of the fruits of the victories of 96-97--especially in Italy--had been squandered. The Austrians were on the move and feeling aggressive. They outnumbered the French in Italy by over three-to-one and had taken back most of the territory and cities that Bonaparte had won two years before. Bonaparte realized that if he were to retain his dictatorial powers in the face of the fickle mob of red caps in Paris, he had to deliver victory and a satisfactory end to the war. Otherwise, he too, would be vulnerable to the next coup. And there was no shortage of popular generals to replace him (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" target="_blank">Jean Moreau</a> being one of them--see my previous article on <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2020/06/hohenlinden-1800.html" target="_blank">Hohenlinden</a>). <br /><br />The First Consul's plan was to go back to Italy and repeat the dazzling victories he had won three years before. But he didn't want it to be throwing good money after bad this time. As the head of government now, he felt he finally had the power to coordinate a total campaign stretching from the Rhine to Italy, something he lacked in the previous campaigns. He could command the armies and war resources directly, without committees and, to him, useless legislatures. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>He was a dictator. I know, he would say that's such an ugly word.<br /></span></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><br /></span></span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Strategic Situation</span></span><br /></span></span></h2><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span> At the beginning of the year, the French had an army of 280,000 men, at least on paper. But from desertion, illness, non-battle deaths, garrison duty, and just optimistic arithmetic, it was probably down to 150,000 available for operations. Organized in three main army groups under Augereau in Holland, Moreau along the Rhine frontier and Switzerland, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" target="_blank">Massena </a>in Italy and southeastern France, the French confronted forces at least three times their strength among the allies of the Second Coalition. They had suffered several defeats during the mismanaged 1799 campaigns in Italy and Switzerland, not to mention in Bonspartes abortive adventure in Egypt. In addition, many troops were siphoned off to put down rebellions in Brittany and elsewhere internally; the Revolution was still far from over. The Coaltion--by which we're mostly talking about Austria on land and Britain at sea--had as many as 388,000, also spread out from the Rhine to northern Italy, and many locked up garrisoning fortresses. In Italy, the Habsburgs and their Italian allies had around 108,000 troops, supported at sea by the Royal Navy, facing Massena's 36,000. Fortunately for the French, the Russians, who had been part of the Second Coalition,. pulled out after a tiff Czar Paul had with the British over their high-handedness in the occupation of Malta (which he saw as his, for reasons too crazy-pants to talk about here) and from his fan-boy worship of Bonaparte. But the politics are really complicated and dealt with in far greater and better-written detail on some of the sources in References below. Let me just leave it at that.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>One of the first things the First Consul did after taking political power (besides dissolving the Directory and installing himself as dictator) was secretly organize a centralized fourth army group consisting of about 60,000 men. These were to assemble around Dijon, strategically positioned just west of the Swiss border to be able to either strike northwest to reinforce Moreau along the Rhine, or southwest across the Alps to relieve Massena in Italy. The centrally positioned assembly point was designed to keep the Allies guessing.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>This secret fourth army certainly wasn't that secret for long. He named it "Army of the Reserve" ostensibly to fool the enemy into thinking it was merely a non-threatening "home guard" on French soil. But that fooled precisely--wait, let me go to my calculator here--nobody. As the Army of the Reserve gradually came into being from January to April, cobbled together from cadres of crack units reassigned from the other three army groups, Bonaparte envisioned using it to make a surprise strike across the Alps into Piedmont and Lombardy and reenact his brilliant campaign of 1797. He knew northern Italy like the back of his hand and felt most at home there.<br /></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fTm6K5Pi8UU/X4Oo7tDOUhI/AAAAAAAAE8A/BkD0egFAVmk3fsADqXfIVUBpoz4MS82FwCLcBGAsYHQ/s974/800px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison2.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="974" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fTm6K5Pi8UU/X4Oo7tDOUhI/AAAAAAAAE8A/BkD0egFAVmk3fsADqXfIVUBpoz4MS82FwCLcBGAsYHQ/w263-h320/800px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison2.jpg" width="263" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Jacques-Louis David's prop depiction <br />of Bonaparte crossing the Alps. <br />1801 version.</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"><span>So, as Massena was holed up in Genoa enduring a heroic siege for months, tying down far greater numbers of Austrian troops, Bonaparte "secretly" moved the Reserve Army to Lake Geneva in preparation for his crossing the Alps. In mid-May, even before the passes were safely opened, he moved over 51,000 men through the treacherous St. Bernard pass, under the nose of the Austrian-held fort at Bard, and into the Po plain. Though we're all familiar with the <strike>horseshit </strike>heroic propaganda painting by David of Napoleon on his bouncing, white, carousel horse, he actually crossed on a more sure-footed and sensible mule. He arrived in Milan on 2 June. where he paused for a week, evidently to enjoy the opera and fine restaurants. So much for bold, lightning strikes.<br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>In the meantime, Massena, cut off in Genoa, was as yet unaware that Bonaparte had reached Milan with a fresh army. FML Ott, tasked with taking Genoa, was ordered by Melas to call off the siege and march for Alessandria to face this new threat. But sensing that the fall of the city was just hours away, Ott protested and Melas gave him two more days to negotiate its surrender. Massena finally agreed to very favorable terms on 4 June. In fact, he told Ott that if the words "surrender" or "capitulation" were used in the document, the deal was off. It was one of the most successful defenses of a city in the 18th century, lasting over two months. Moreover, Massena managed to negotiate for his 10,000 defenders to march out with all of their arms and equipment. Ott and Melas, panicking at Bonaparte suddenly between them and Vienna, said fine...just go. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span></span></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jtqWVfVg7VI/X4OqE0Z32YI/AAAAAAAAE8M/yZmxx457bQYsg1FnaMNJWYulEn8W05STACLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/napoleon-crossing-the-alps--Paul%2BDelaroche%2B1850.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1542" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jtqWVfVg7VI/X4OqE0Z32YI/AAAAAAAAE8M/yZmxx457bQYsg1FnaMNJWYulEn8W05STACLcBGAsYHQ/w241-h320/napoleon-crossing-the-alps--Paul%2BDelaroche%2B1850.jpg" width="241" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Paul Delaroche's more realistic <br />painting of the same crossing, <br />1850.</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"><span>The surrender of Genoa released something like 21,000 Habsburg troops for use against the First Consul, men whom Melas proceeded to squander in penny-packet garrisons in forts and cities all over the place. Even in Milan, which Bonaparte had occupied, there were still several hundred Austrian grenadiers defending the citadel there. During his famous 1797 campaign Bonaparte just ignored fortresses as distractions. His memoirs asserted that investing them was a waste of time and manpower and he usually by-passed them. But during this campaign he seems to have ignored his own doctrine and squandered his own forces too, either sending small units to camp outside occupied citadels or to guard passes and routes. So Melas, though he theoretically had a huge numerical superiority over Bonaparte in Northern Italy, had managed to diminish his main army in Alessandria to about 30,000. And Bonaparte, starting with 51,000 when he burst out of the Alps, had diminished his Army of the Reserve to about 29,000 available for battle. So far, there was none of the "new" style of making war that Napoleon was famous for.<br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Bonaparte did manage to work what was left of his army around to the east of Melas's strategic base at Alessandria, positioning himself between the Austrian army and Austria. Alessandria sat at the entrance to two passes south over the <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Apennines </span>to Genoa, where the British Fleet and resupply were. So its position was of vital strategic importance to controlling Piedmont and Lombardy. The First Consul's trusted subordinate, Lannes, probing westward toward Alessandria, ran into a much larger force under FML Ott (18,000 to Lannes's 8,000) at Montebello, about 27 miles (43 km) northwest of that city on 9 June and precipitately (against Bonaparte's orders) forced a battle in which both sides lost considerably. Lannes, land shark that he was, was not known to ever be constrained when he smelled blood. Ott retreated back to the safety of Alessandria. And Bonaparte moved what remained of his core army across the Scrivia River to Torre di Garofoli, about 10 miles (16 km) due east of Alessandria.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OrPRXj5zV4c/X8RMYYLWVfI/AAAAAAAAFFk/Do4_tL5P2PggobnGCOgs1CGkCc5yc1wCQCLcBGAsYHQ/s305/Michael_von_Melas.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="305" data-original-width="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OrPRXj5zV4c/X8RMYYLWVfI/AAAAAAAAFFk/Do4_tL5P2PggobnGCOgs1CGkCc5yc1wCQCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/Michael_von_Melas.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>FML Michael von Melas</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>During this week prior to the battle, both Melas and Bonaparte had been beguiled by a freelance spy going by the name of Francois (or Francisco) Toli--not his real name. This spy was known to both sides as a double agent, and yet the opposing commanders continued to use him to send misleading "intelligence" to their opposite numbers. At one point, Bonaparte, greeting Toli fresh from his visit with Melas, cynically remarked, "So, they haven't shot you yet?" But neither side did. And, for some reason, though neither commander trusted him, they each felt that they were cleverly using him to fool the other. They each also apparently had the conceit to believe that they could winnow out truth from fiction from Toli's reports. </span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Based on this spurious intelligence from Toli, Bonaparte concluded that Melas was about to bolt from Alessandria to either Turin, in the west, or Genoa to the south. The First Consul therefore spread his army wide to act as tripwires for either of these moves. He sent Desaix's corps (composed only of Boudet's division at this time) to the south toward Genoa, and Lapoype's division to the north, to watch the Po crossings in case Melas decided to escape that way. Based on his self-assured clairvoyance of Toli's false reports, Bonaparte never suspected that Melas had any intention of attacking the Army of the Reserve directly from Alessandria. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>For his part, Melas more accurately listened to Toli's reports of Bonaparte's intentions and to his own superior cavalry's reconnaissance of the dispersal of the French forces. He sent the double-agent back to Bonaparte to reassure him that he had no intention of attacking him. And history's greatest military genius fell for it.<br /><br /></span></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><span>Observations about the Battlefield</span></span></span></span></h2><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Before we get to the violence, I wanted to take a moment to comment on the tactically relevant features of the battlefield. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Vineyards / Not Vineyards*</b></span></span><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> *This section has been revised from my original post.</span><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>The plain east of the River Bormida where the battle of the 14th would be fought was pretty flat. It has been described by a number of historians (Furse in particular) as "ideal cavalry country", devoid of woods, ditches, or other impediments to sweeping cavalry charges. However, Furse also mentioned that what vineyards there were had been destroyed the previous year by a skirmish on the same ground. A supposition I find doubtful. There were vineyards, of a type, that would have definitely rendered the whole plain not ideal cavalry country. As I'll explain:<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>I had based my original maps in this post from<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_the_Battle_of_Marengo#/media/File:Relation_de_la_Bataille_de_Marengo.jpg" target="_blank"> Gen. Sanson's maps</a> of the battlefield done in 1805 for Marshal Berthier's official account of the battle for Emperor Napoleon. In my first research I had assumed that vineyards in 1800 in Northern Italy would have had the same character as modern vineyards, with the vines running along traces spaced a couple of meters apart, a method that would have definitely hindered cavalry. However, after close consultation with Alessandro Casoli, a scholar in Italy (and a reader of this blog), who has an extensive academic and practical background of the history of agriculture in Italy during the pre-modern era, I have had to revise my assumptions--and also my maps.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>According to Dr. Casoli, grapes grown in the Po region up to the early 19th century followed a practice known as<i> alberata e seminativo</i>, in which stands of mulberry or fruit trees lined the fields and grape vines were allowed to grow wild up the trunks. In between these lines, the fields were simultaneously cultivated with corn, barley, wheat, and other crops. In this way, the same plot of land could be used for multiple produce, similar to the pre-Columbian <a href="https://www.marc.ucsb.edu/research/maya-forest-is-a-garden/maya-forest-gardens/milpa-cycle" target="_blank"><i>milpa </i></a>system in Mesoamerica. So though most of the arable land was divided into fields, each field itself was bordered by these vine-garlanded trees. At the end of each growing season, after the grapes had been harvested, the vines would be cut down and the trees pruned, the leaves used to feed livestock (lucky pigs!).<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>This method in Italy, though different from the more land-intensive modern viniculture, would have still proved to be a major hindrance to the movement of cavalry or artillery since each line of trees was also accompanied by a drainage ditch, which, for the French, became a series of defensible positions. This would explain why the memoirs and reports of the French commanders kept referring to <i>les vignes Italiens</i> as forcing the Austrians to channel their narrow columns down the roads, and of their own forces using these features in their fighting retreat.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>As far as the dimensions of the alberta and the fields they bordered, I am also indebted to Dr. Casoli for sending me facismiles of contemporary land-use around Spinetta and Marengo (c. 1782-1814). These showed that the fields were corrugated into strips approximately 70 M wide and based on a road. Extrapolating, I have assumed that these "zoning" conventions applied across the whole battlefield. I have then used Sanson's orginal 1805 plot of the areas of <i>les vignes Italiens</i> and overlayed that alberata pattern that Casoli described. <br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>I know, more information about land use and antique agriculture than you wanted to know.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>When I visited the battlefield 190 years later, I could find neither vineyards nor alberate. What cultivated land I saw seemed to be confined to cereal crops. And the fields were far wider due to mechanized agriculture and monoculture. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Landscape looking east between Marengo and San Giuliano. No vineyards in evidence today. Nor any noticeable hills. When this shot was taken, an early morning in late October, after the harvest and after some days of rain, you could still see the haze from the humidity. Since the week prior to the battle it had also been pretty wet, it is likely that the evaporating haze would have cut down visibility then, as well. </i></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> (photo © 1990, Jeffery P. Berry Trust)</span></i></span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span></span></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--zJFfjmDLAQ/X4YNEtjavzI/AAAAAAAAE8k/S6fi9CmdmnUaMnrHkEWu830JK4SrPscDQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1583/1990%2B244%2BMarengo%252C%2Bfield%2Bnear%2BFrench%2Brally.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="909" data-original-width="1583" height="368" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--zJFfjmDLAQ/X4YNEtjavzI/AAAAAAAAE8k/S6fi9CmdmnUaMnrHkEWu830JK4SrPscDQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h368/1990%2B244%2BMarengo%252C%2Bfield%2Bnear%2BFrench%2Brally.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"><span><br /> </span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span><span>Topography (Hills? What hills?)<br /></span></span></b></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Sanson's 1805 maps also show broad ridges running north and south. I have to say, from having driven all over this plain, I could sense no obvious ridge. The whole place seemed as flat as Kansas. I'm sure surveyors have recorded slight elevation differences, but these aren't reflected in today's satellite renderings on Google Maps (viewed in "Terrain" mode). At any rate, the gentle rise and fall of the ground is so gradual as to seem unnoticeable. That does not mean, however, that gentle rolling would not have concealed troop formations. You only needed a couple of meters vertical difference to completely hide a division. However, the pattern of alberata mentioned above would block vision far more than any slight rise or dip in ground.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">The Fontanone <span style="font-size: small;">Creek</span></span></b></span><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>At Marengo farm itself a narrow stream, called the Fontanone, runs almost due north. Just southwest of that farm, the creek jogs at right angles west toward the Bormida, and then, after a thousand yards or so, bends left and south again. The stream has also been described by various reporters and historians as an inconsequential obstacle. Furse says it was easily fordable, only four feet deep, basically a soggy ditch. But when I saw it, I was struck by how deep it was and how steep were the banks. It should be noted too that </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>prior to the beautiful, sunny day of the 14th it had been raining pretty hard. So the stream might have been much deeper than the four feet Furse describes. The Bormida too would have also been swollen from all the recent rains. The fact was that this "inconsequential" obstacle of the Fontanone did hold up the Austrians for some hours in the morning. And five hundred of their engineers did heroic work throwing makeshift bridges over the creek under sniper fire, suffering high casualties, which they probably wouldn't have risked it if it was all that easily crossed.<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i> </i></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>The Fontanone stream looking north from Marengo farm. Though the modern, concrete structures probably weren't there at the time, you can see how steep and deep this channel was; nothing you could easily leap a horse over and certainly not fordable for guns. Engineers would have needed to throw bridges across it. Infantry, however, could have jumped down into the stream to wade across, albeit against intense musket fire and with the prospect being bayonetted while climbing up the opposite bank. <span style="font-size: x-small;"> (photo © 1990, Jeffery P. Berry Trust)</span></i></span><br /></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span></span></span><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b></b></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T9qUsJaOlhA/X73ljV0xwII/AAAAAAAAFFY/uK0Z_hBaSnMZInK9OEiobT1SfBC0AhAvgCLcBGAsYHQ/s608/1990%2B225%2BMarengo%252C%2BFrench%2Bfirst%2Bdefensive%2Bline%2Bon%2Bthe%2BFontanone%2BStream%2Bcropped.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="600" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T9qUsJaOlhA/X73ljV0xwII/AAAAAAAAFFY/uK0Z_hBaSnMZInK9OEiobT1SfBC0AhAvgCLcBGAsYHQ/w632-h640/1990%2B225%2BMarengo%252C%2BFrench%2Bfirst%2Bdefensive%2Bline%2Bon%2Bthe%2BFontanone%2BStream%2Bcropped.jpg" width="632" /></a></b></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><br /> </b></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Cascine</b></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> The whole battlefield is peppered with fortified farms, or <i>cascine</i>. Marengo is one example. During their retreat the French would have fallen back on these strong points to slow the pursuit. The tower at Marengo (below) was built sometime in the 6th century as part of a palace for the Langobard Kings who had recently invaded northern Italy from Germany. Bonaparte was said to have climbed this tower on the evening of the 13th from where he was supposed to have seen the Austrian bridges on the Bormida two miles to the northwest. But other reports and memoirs by people who were there don't mention him going to Marengo before the actual battle. </div><p> <span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Marengo tower in 1990. </i></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(photo © 1990, Jeffery P. Berry Trust)</span></i></span></span></span></p><p><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hlZL5b89_3o/X4YbshdPixI/AAAAAAAAE9Y/W_yTXVOdBxYDgnZ2JTlNP4QKVP8-XAovgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1584/1990%2B224%2BMarengo%2Bfarm%2Bfrom%2BGardanne%2527s%2Bposition.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1078" data-original-width="1584" height="436" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hlZL5b89_3o/X4YbshdPixI/AAAAAAAAE9Y/W_yTXVOdBxYDgnZ2JTlNP4QKVP8-XAovgCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h436/1990%2B224%2BMarengo%2Bfarm%2Bfrom%2BGardanne%2527s%2Bposition.jpg" width="640" /></a> <br /></p><p><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Gateway to Marengo farm cascina as it looked on my visit in 1990. </span></i><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(photo © 1990, Jeffery P. Berry Trust)</span></i></span></span></span></p><p> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CLWycFBU7Lk/X4YayakbksI/AAAAAAAAE9Q/zb_cXDTRZ98R42J408NUuKXhpMVwBTxPwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/1990%2B227%2BMarengo%2Bfarm.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1060" data-original-width="1600" height="424" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CLWycFBU7Lk/X4YayakbksI/AAAAAAAAE9Q/zb_cXDTRZ98R42J408NUuKXhpMVwBTxPwCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h424/1990%2B227%2BMarengo%2Bfarm.jpg" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b> </b></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Drainage Ditches</b></span></span></p><p>Furse and others claim that the plain was free of obstacles, another tactical feature of the battlefield was that nearly all of the roads and cultivated fields had drainage ditches along them, themselves overgrown with brush. These ready-made trenches and their cover were used by the French infantry from which to ambush the advancing Austrian columns, slowing their march and compelling them to redeploy.<br /><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">A side road near Marengo. Notice the flanking ditches and foliage. These would have also lined all of the fields. Though this Google Street View was taken in December, during June the foliage would have provided ample cover for hiding guns and snipers. </span></i></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2ywtaIOwKNk/X4YhdDXDZuI/AAAAAAAAE9k/Yj04AIHs7YgNLT_asdejypNdv50ppyUlACLcBGAsYHQ/s1306/Road%2Bnear%2BMarengo.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="946" data-original-width="1306" height="471" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2ywtaIOwKNk/X4YhdDXDZuI/AAAAAAAAE9k/Yj04AIHs7YgNLT_asdejypNdv50ppyUlACLcBGAsYHQ/w650-h471/Road%2Bnear%2BMarengo.jpg" width="650" /></a></div><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Melas changes his mind? Or was it part of his plan all along?<br /></span></h2><p>Where was I? </p><p>Oh, yes. The late afternoon of 13 June Bonaparte, from his headquarters at Torre di Garofoli, sent forward Victor's corps to the western edge of the Bormida/Scrivia plain to probe for any Austrians there. These troops, led by Gardanne's division, ran into about 8,000 Austrians under a rearguard under the command of FML O'Reilly. These were in defensive positions around the fortified farm at Marengo, defending a bridge over the Fontanone. There was some fighting, but the Austrians soon retreated, leaving Marengo to Victor. Melas had intended that O'Reilly hold Marengo and the Fontanone line while the rest of the army filed over the Bormida bridge during the night and form up behind him. and made their way back over a bridgehead that had been thrown over the Boomida River. O'Reilly could have at least just fallen back to Pietrabona (another of those fortified cascinas) about a mile west of Marengo, but instead he led his whole corps back over the river to Alessandria.<br /></p><p>Victor's 1st Division, under Gardanne, followed O'Reilly as close as they dared, until they were stopped by 14 guns mounted behind the fortifications defending the bridgehead and another 14 on high ground on the other bank of the Bormida, sighted straight down the road . In the rain and the failing light, the French voltigeurs picking their way forward could make out only one pontoon bridge across the river.</p><p>In his comprehensive history of the battle, Furse criticized Melas for
allowing O'Reilly to withdraw his troops from Marengo. In his own professional opinion (Furse had been a colonel of the Black Watch and the author of a number of military textbooks) if Melas were intending to attack the next morning, he thought it was foolish to give up
ground he'd have to pay dearly for again in the morning. But evidently, O'Reilly had not himself been aware of Melas's intention. This is another one of those instances in the various accounts of this battle that differ with each other.<br /></p><p>However, if Melas's
intention were instead to deceive Bonaparte, it seemed to have worked. In spite
of the pontoon bridge and the fortified bridgehead on the eastern side
of the river, the First Consul, influenced by what psychologists would
today call confirmation bias, saw the Austrian withdrawal back over the
river on the 13th as proof that Melas was getting ready to evacuate
Alessandria, either south toward Genoa (to reestablish contact with the
British fleet) or west toward Turin, to threaten Bonaparte's own lines of communication over the Alpine passes. That evening, Anton Zach, Melas's chief of staff, sent Toli, the double agent, to Bonaparte to confirm that Melas was evacuating Alessandria. Consequently, the First Consul did
not move to reinforce Victor. Instead he dispatched Desaix (his favorite
general and best friend, newly arrived from his own escape from Egypt) with Boudet's
division (5,000) to Serravale, twenty miles south, to block the road to Genoa. The day before he
had sent Lapoype's division (2,600) twenty miles northeast to watch the Po crossing.
The rest of the army--Lannes' corps, Monnier's division, and the
Consular Guard--were held back on the plain between San Giuliano and
Bonaparte's headquarters at Torre di Garofoli four to ten miles to the
east. Many on Bonaparte's staff later wondered why he was dispersing
his army on the eve of a battle like this; this just wasn't like him. But this may have been hindsight being 20/20.</p><p>That evening somebody mentioned to somebody's cousin's friend's brother's aunt that
they saw another pontoon bridge farther north over the Bormida,
opposite the town of Castel Ceriolo (see maps). But in the gathering
dark, this couldn't be confirmed. Napoleon years later said, in his
frequently revised memoirs, that he had seen this northern bridge with
his own eyes when he climbed the Marengo tower on the 13th, but as I
said, this was probably a revisionist claim. And if he did see such a bridge, he inexplicably did nothing
about it that evening. In fact, there isn't much evidence that he had
personally ridden over to Marengo from Torre di Garofoli to see anything for himself. But claim of having seen the bridge
does conform to his extensive rewriting of the course of this battle in
service of his own reputation as a military genius.<br /></p><p>If
there <i>had </i>been a northern pontoon bridge, it would have greatly
facilitated the rapid redeployment of Ott's corps the following morning, But it was ordered (by somebody) unmoored during the night and floated back upstream where it was
re-anchored parallel to the single bridge at the fortified bridgehead,
just outside Alessandria's Tortona Gate. While this may have increased
the flow of troops over the river the next morning, it was logistically foolish because now the whole Austrian army had to pack through the
choke point created by the bridgehead breastworks. No one had thought to create
another exit from those fortifications, so the army was going to be
jammed into about 20 acres (8 hectares)...or about the area of
Fantasyland in Disneyland (my own family's standard for imagining area). And the only exit from this staging area was one, narrow gate.
Did anybody think about this? Or suggest maybe cutting another exit through the breastworks?<br /></p><p>Melas's new orders were for his
army to be ready to march back over the river at midnight. But in this
morning rush hour, it took so long for the thirty-thousand troops,
encumbered by over a hundred guns, to get across the two bridges and
then through that single gate onto the road to Marengo, that it wasn't
until 09:00 that O'Reilly's advanced guard (under Frimont) ran into Gardanne's division defending the walled farm of Pietrabona, a
thousand yards short of the Marengo bridge. </p><p>Ott's left hand column, the
one tasked with taking Castel Ceriolo and outflanking the French, hadn't
even started to cross the river yet. Moreover, after Melas heard
another rumor that Suchet and Massena's Army of Italy had been spotted
down south at Acqui, about 28 miles (45 km) away, his chief of staff, Zach, weakened his force
further by dispatching a cavalry brigade (Nimptsch's) in that direction
to check it out. If the rumor had been true (it wasn't), the distance to
Acqui was still two days' march away; not exactly an urgent threat. To
make matters worse. Nimptsch's 2,300 cavalry had already crossed over to
the east side of the Bormida and had to cross back, against the flow
of traffic, further delaying Ott's crossing. Wouldn't it have been more efficient to ask one of the rearmost cavalry regiments back in Alessandria to go instead? It was not a good
beginning.</p><p><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Bormida River</b> looking north from the modern bridge to Marengo from Alessandria, Sandbars are </span></i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>visible in this photo, indicating that the river was not that deep, in spite of the rain the previous day, both at the time this picture was taken and on the morning of the battle. </i></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(photo © 1990, Jeffery P. Berry Trust)</span></i></span></span></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4fKJw0tKf5c/X4kGMlFabTI/AAAAAAAAE-U/PsaBGLD_kLY0dCW1FejecwTYtLMQ4uFBwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1527/1990%2B218%2BMarengo%252C%2BBoromida%2BR%2Bat%2BAlessandria.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="598" data-original-width="1527" height="256" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4fKJw0tKf5c/X4kGMlFabTI/AAAAAAAAE-U/PsaBGLD_kLY0dCW1FejecwTYtLMQ4uFBwCLcBGAsYHQ/w654-h256/1990%2B218%2BMarengo%252C%2BBoromida%2BR%2Bat%2BAlessandria.jpg" width="654" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">09:00 The French are surprised.</span><br /></h2><p>Nevertheless, in spite of their repeated snafus, luck was with the Habsburgs so far. Lulled into thinking that Melas was in the process of evacuating Alessandria toward either Genoa or Turin, the French were caught completely by surprise when, mid-morning, Austrians started coming at them in force, extruding out of that single nozzle in the bridgehead.<br /></p><p>Victor had been posted on the 13th by Bonaparte to have his corps watch the bridgehead and fortify Marengo (but, curiously, not the town of Castel Ceriolo just to the north). Victor's men, about 10,000, made camp around Marengo and Spinetta to the southeast, sheltering that night from the thunderstorms. Gardanne's small division, about 3,000, composed of six battalions of the 44th and 101st Demi-brigades, was sent over the Fontanone to Cascina Pietrabona, about a thousand yards in front of the Marengo bridge and a mile this side of the Austrian bridgehead, ostensibly to act as advance guard in case the Austrian's decided to cross back and try to retake Marengo. What is a little unbelievable about all the contradictory reports and narratives the various participants made after the battle is that Gardanne's pickets apparently didn't notice all the activity up at the bridgehead and were surprised when all those thousands of Austrians started coming right at them, driving them back through the vineyards. It wasn't until they heard gunfire--first musketry and then cannon--that Gardanne and then Victor looked up and noticed they were under attack. <br /></p><p>Victor's other regiments were enjoying breakfast on the east side of the Fontanone around Marengo when they also suddenly started hearing gunfire from the direction of the Bormida. At first, under the previous belief that Melas was actually evacuating Alessandria on the west, many officers assumed this was a diversionary, rear guard attack, meant to keep the French from following. But as the roar of the cannonade grew, and more and more Austrian troops started deploying in front of Pietrabona, it became apparent that this preconception was 180° wrong. Gardanne's men held them off as long as possible, but they were soon outnumbered and had no artillery to answer the dozens of guns the Austrians were pounding them with. After about an hour of this firefight, the pressure became untenable and the 44th and 101st began a fighting retreat in alternate platoons back over the Marengo bridge, fanning out left and right along the Fonatnone. About three hundred of the 3rd Battalion of the 44th under the immediate command of Victor's adjutant, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Pierre_Henri_Picot_de_Dampierre" target="_blank">Col. Achille Dampierre</a>, who was sent up to see for himself, found themselves cut off and were forced by O'Reilly's cavalry and Grenzers to scramble south through a cornfield toward the Sortigliona cascina. They dragged with them a single, captured, Austrian three-pounder gun, but as it was without ammunition, one wonders why.</p><p>O'Reilly followed these three hundred with his the bulk of his column, 2,188 infantry, 642 cavalry, and six guns, setting up a siege around them as they hunkered in the Cascina Sortiglione. From here on, O'Reilly effectively took his entire right column out of the battle. <br /></p><p>Nearby, two squadrons of the French 11th Hussars under <i>Chef d'escadron </i>Ismert took it upon themselves to mount up and cross a small ford over the Fontanone to the southwest of Marengo to the help of Dampierre's retreating infantry and defend the army's left, temporarily checking the onslaught of the Austrian hussars. </p><p>In fact, every battalion and squadron immediately around Marengo knew what they had to do. They grabbed their muskets and kit, or jumped into their saddles, and fell in, waiting to be directed. <br /></p><p></p>At first, it was just Gardanne's division who held the line at the Marengo bridge. The three small battalions of the 101st lined up on the south side of the stream where it flowed west-to-east and were able to rake the Austrian columns in enfilade as they tried to charge the bridge. The 44th's 2½ battalions defended the bridge itself and the stream in front of the Marengo farm. One other unit, a battalion of the 43rd of Rivaud's brigade of Chambarlhac's division, had spent the night in the buildings of the farm itself and had loop-holed the walls. All these 3,600 infantry were provided close support by seven horse artillery guns under <a href="https://gw.geneanet.org/bourelly?lang=en&n=demarcay&oc=0&p=marc+jean" target="_blank">Chef-de-Battalion Marc Jean Demarcay</a>. Behind them, spread out from La Barbotta to south of Marengo, were some 1,400 cavalry under Kellerman, and Champeaux.<a href="https://wikimonde.com/article/Bernard_%C3%89tienne_Marie_Duvignau" target="_blank"> Achille Duvignau'</a>s brigade was also positioned behind Marengo, but Duvignau himself had suffered a nasty fall from his horse the evening before and Victor sent him back to Torre di Garofoli for care. The 6th Dragoons and 12th Chasseurs à Cheval of his brigade had been sent elsewhere prior to the battle, leaving only the 8th Dragoons (443 men), which Victor reassigned to Kellerman. Bonaparte, however, felt that Duvignau's "fall" was a case of malingering and relieved him of command. <br /><p></p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Ub2lh9eOJ30/X4jj6I66wFI/AAAAAAAAE9w/sibbOatjaFAeRDHVlz9W37qh6GlpXfvMwCLcBGAsYHQ/s724/French%2Binfantry%2Bfighting%2Bfrom%2Bcover--Myrbach.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="474" data-original-width="724" height="406" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Ub2lh9eOJ30/X4jj6I66wFI/AAAAAAAAE9w/sibbOatjaFAeRDHVlz9W37qh6GlpXfvMwCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h406/French%2Binfantry%2Bfighting%2Bfrom%2Bcover--Myrbach.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Myrbach's late 19th century sketch of Gardanne's infantry<br />firing on Austrians from the treeline along the Fontanone.</i></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i> </i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p> Beginning about 09:00, Hadik, who led the center column behind O'Reilly, brought up all the guns and howtizers at his disposal to bombard the Marengo position. After about an hour, when Melas had taken precious time to deploy in parade-ground formations all of his center column, he bade Hadik lead his first direct assault with four of the Hungarian battalions of the IR#52 Jellacic and IR#53 Erzherzog Anton. These got to the steep bank of the stream, but many were cut down by the French hiding in the brush on the opposite bank. A few of Hadik's men jumped down into the water to wade across, but few made it to the other bank, and were promptly captured or bayoneted. They would have had to take off their ammunition pouches and held these and their muskets clumsily above their heads as they waded across and negotiated the slippery far bank. The majority fell back. Hadik personally reformed them for another try. This was repeated again and again, until Hadik, seeing his Hungarians had played out, told them they had done enough. At which point a musket ball knocked him off his horse. It was a fatal wound. He wouldn't die for ten days, but it effectively took him out of the battle. His senior brigade commander, Bellegarde, took command of the division.<br /></p><p></p><p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>View from the French side of the Fontanone</b> toward Pietrabona. Hadik's and then Kaim's infantry and dozens of batteries would have been deployed out there. The corn in this photo is about six feet, which Furse reports was its height at the time of the battle. This crop would have initially concealed skirmishers, but would have soon been flattened by trampling from thousands of men and horses.. </i></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(photo © 1990, Jeffery P. Berry Trust)</span></i></span></span></span></p><p><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1lxSTopuj1Q/X4jmV0xQudI/AAAAAAAAE98/jCBNIfSZ0moXz2N18ZYvQ256ANfQ7TXHACLcBGAsYHQ/s1581/1990%2B221%2BMarengo%252C%2Bview%2Bfrom%2BGardanne%2527s%2Bpositions%2Bat%2Bthe%2BFontanone%2Bsteam.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1061" data-original-width="1581" height="439" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1lxSTopuj1Q/X4jmV0xQudI/AAAAAAAAE98/jCBNIfSZ0moXz2N18ZYvQ256ANfQ7TXHACLcBGAsYHQ/w653-h439/1990%2B221%2BMarengo%252C%2Bview%2Bfrom%2BGardanne%2527s%2Bpositions%2Bat%2Bthe%2BFontanone%2Bsteam.jpg" width="653" /></a></p><p> </p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span>10:00-11:00</span> The Austrian attack becomes overwhelming.</span><br /></h2><p>After Hadik's self-sacrifice in softening up of the French, it was Kaim's turn to put his division in. With this new influx of men (5,000) and even more guns, he launched assault after assault on the bridge and the Fontanone. But these, deployed in line rather than formed up in attack columns to rush the bridge, met the same fate as Hadik's division. They pulled back to regroup as well, and the newly added artillery, recommenced bombarding the French on the other side of the stream. As we'll see, it was this overwhelming artillery that really made the French position unbearable. <br /></p><p>About 800 yards north of Margengo, opposite another walled farm called La Barbotta, where the banks of the stream were swampy and presumably not crossable, heroic Austrian engineers frantically started building a makeshift bridges over the mushy ground and the stream for cavalry and artillery to cross and outflank the defenders at the Marengo position. While they worked, they suffered considerable casualties from pesky French snipers on the far bank. The shirtless, soaking engineers were protected by men of the Bussy Jagers zu Pferd (mounted chasseurs), who were mostly French ex-patriot royalists, many of them veterans of the American Revolution with their unconventional "Indian" style of combat. These men also seethed with hatred of their regicidal compatriots and they took down quite a few of the French snipers.<br /></p><p>During this harrowing hour, Victor had summoned Chambarlhac's division of the 24th Legere, the 96th, and the 43rd (6,500 men) to come up and support Gardanne's men. But as Chambarlhac led his columns up the road from Spinetta, a howitzer shell landed right in the middle of the lead column and blew apart seven men, including his own aide-de-camp riding beside him. Probably in shock from the blast, and witnessing this grisly sight, <a href="https://www.frenchempire.net/biographies/chambarlhac/" target="_blank">Chambarlhac</a>, who had survived many lethal combats himself over the preceding years, including one that very week at Montebello, suddenly lost his nerve. I guess PTSD finally kicked in. Without telling anyone where he was going, he calmly turned his horse around and rode back down the road, as if he'd suddenly remembered he'd left the stove on in the kitchen. I don't know if he ran into Bonaparte coming up that road in the opposite direction, but if he did, he had some 'splainin' to do. The next day, when he showed up to his command again, somebody in the ranks actually shot at him. Fortunately for him and his career, he was unhurt, and he went on to assume a number of cushy jobs under the Empire (and even the Bourbon Restoration) and was even awarded some medals and titles. But he never saw combat again. Maybe Napoleon recognized in him someone who had given so much until he just snapped.The Emperor could be petty. And sometimes vindictive. But he was also occasionally known to be surprisingly sympathetic and forgiving. He even eventually allowed Duvignau (see above) to come back into a minor command under Kellerman in 1811. And we know how he welcomed marshals like Ney and Soult back into his arms after they had betrayed him in 1814.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4PUkrweFcVo/X9Q1RCXKtRI/AAAAAAAAFHI/lS8lqp73nD0ZwiYHVaD82ywOLyhzvPG5wCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Marengo%2B1000.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1418" data-original-width="2048" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4PUkrweFcVo/X9Q1RCXKtRI/AAAAAAAAFHI/lS8lqp73nD0ZwiYHVaD82ywOLyhzvPG5wCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Marengo%2B1000.jpg" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><br />Victor himself didn't seem to give a thought to Chambarlhac leaving and took direct control of his battalions himself. As Gardanne's troops started to run low on ammunition, Victor fed in the 96th, the 43rd, and the 28th Légère to shore up the line. The 28th fanned out to the left, flanking La Sortigilona to counter O'Reilly's attacks on Dampierre dug in there. The 96th mingled with the 101st, facing north to continue enfilading the waves of attacks from Kaim against the bridge. And the two remaining battalions of the 43rd pitched in to the defense of Marengo farm with the depleted 44th and their sister 43rd/3 battalion. <p></p><p>For about an hour the firefight was pretty even across the Fontanone; the French not giving an inch and the Austrians falling back to reform and attack again. Between each retreat massed Austrian artillery renewed its barrage. This caused far more damage that the musketry. The French undoubtedly hit the dirt when the enemy infantry fell back, knowing the artillery were going to unleash on them again.<br /></p><p>Lannes's corps, some 7,000 men in twelve battalions with eight guns, had finally started showing up around 11:00 to support Victor's defensive line, which was beginning to show signs of weakening. Lannes first deployed his battalions in a double line behind the right of Victor's position to cover the previously undefended swampy portion of the Fontanone south of the La Barbotta cascina, where the Austrian engineers were completing their makeshift bridges.<br /></p><p>By 12:00 the Austrian left wing led by Ott had finally crossed the Bormida and was closing in on the town of Castel Ceriolo to the north. Only one French battalion, the 3rd of the 6th Légère, had been sent by Lannes to defend the two bridges into that town across the Cavo, but the pressure from Gottesheim's advance guard and Ott's 8,000 behind those started to tell. The 6th were seoon driven back from the two bridges into Ceriolo and then northeast out of town toward Salé. </p><p>It was also by this time that the Austrians' overwhelming superiority in artillery began to forecast the inevitable. At this stage of the battle the French had, at most, just sixteen guns at the front, spread out between Castel Ceriolo and Marengo. Weeks earlier, when Bonaparte slipped his army past the blocking fort at Bard in the St. Bernard Pass, he had been forced to leave his ordnance behind. Since breaking out into Piedmont, he had mostly acquired what guns he now had from captured Austrian depots. On their part at Marengo, the Austrians had brought up seven cavalry batteries (four six-pounders and two howitzers each), plus every infantry battalion had on average two of its own three-pounder guns, totaling over a hundred-and-twenty tubes. Infantry strength on each side at this point was about even, but more and more Austrian battalions were marching over the Bormida, adding to the pressure. And the superiority of Austrian cavalry, while irrelevant on the opposite side of the steep-sided Fontanone, became a tactical factor once Ott had taken Castel Ceriolo and they were able to fan out across the eastern side. But in the end, it was the overwhelming storm of artillery that made the real difference in the center.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-80pAS3nPQMM/X9Q1cdybx7I/AAAAAAAAFHM/EfkKTTbv6Z41BsuizyCX3oqrGTbkMlRlwCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Marengo%2B1200%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1418" data-original-width="2048" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-80pAS3nPQMM/X9Q1cdybx7I/AAAAAAAAFHM/EfkKTTbv6Z41BsuizyCX3oqrGTbkMlRlwCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Marengo%2B1200%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p>By 14:00 Victor's men, running out of ammunition and having been under relentless bombardment and repeated attacks for five hours, finally began to give way. Moreover, their muskets were almost all fouled and overheated from rapid firing. In his memoirs Grenadier Coignet of the 96th describes desperate men pissing down
their musket barrels to clear and cool them, an expedience that was apparently common in all intense firefights back in the age of black powder warfare. One by one, companies would fall back, not running, but giving way slowly, reforming at each rally point. But there were a lot of casualties, perhaps a third, and another third were making their way back toward San Giuliano "helping" their wounded comrades. <br /></p><p>Melas rallied Hadik's (now Bellegarde's) division and shifted it and Kaim's division slightly north to storm over the completed causeway opposite the La Barbotta farm. He also brought up Lattermans's 2,201 grenadiers and St. Julien's reserve regiment, IR#11 Wallis (2,260) to storm the Marengo bridge again. The grenadiers didn't bother to stop, deploy, and fire, but ran down the road in column, using bayonets to force their way over and into the Marengo cascina and minimizing their casualties from the enfilade fire from the flanking Fontanone. This charge proved to be finally successful, driving Victor's men back. But the latter rallied again and countercharged with bayonet (the Frenchmen's favorite weapon anyway; who needs ammunition?), retaking the cascina and the bridge, one, two, three times. Then the Austrian grenadiers came back in a final rush and finally threw the French out for good.<br /></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2AvjH-kR8tI/X5XRFjRlwVI/AAAAAAAAE_w/qEmX0ngGi5IY9RoFh3mtrKjTR-WibHjngCLcBGAsYHQ/s457/French%2Bdefense%2Balong%2Bthe%2Broads.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="457" data-original-width="337" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2AvjH-kR8tI/X5XRFjRlwVI/AAAAAAAAE_w/qEmX0ngGi5IY9RoFh3mtrKjTR-WibHjngCLcBGAsYHQ/w311-h400/French%2Bdefense%2Balong%2Bthe%2Broads.jpg" width="311" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Another Myrbach sketch of French artillery<br />defending the retreat along the road to <br />San Giuliano</i></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>By this time, though, Lannes's men were also running low on ammunition on the right, and Kaim's and Bellegarde's battalions were finally getting over the Fontantone, and this time firmly establishing themselves on the French side. <br /></p><p>Victor's division eventually gave up Marengo and began to fall back in a stubborn retreat. They first rallied in the alberata-lined fields to the east where they turned to fire their last rounds, then reformed their lines. They could no longer shoot, but they could hold off any direct attacks. Row by row they ducked back through the rhythmic lines of trees, reforming at each ditch, warding off the oncoming Austrians. The vines provided some protection from the Austrian As I described above, the nature of the alberata-lined fields prevented the Austrian cavalry from charging. And the greatly superior Austrian artillery was forced to confine itself to the roads threw them. Many French also took cover in the ditches lining the Alessandria-Tortona road to hold up the pursuit, unlimbering the few guns they still had and firing down the road, forcing the pursuing Austrians to dive off the roads into cover. Then the French would fall back again and repeat, slowing the enemy's surge. At no time did the retreat turn into a rout. Though exhausted and out of ammunition, the French refused to break, though they were down to one third of their original strength. They closed ranks with bristling bayonets, like ancient Greek hoplites, falling back by platoons to each succeeding ditch. And when the French fell back to the next positions, the Austrian infantry would clamber out of the roadside ditches and form up in columns again to continue the pursuit.<br /></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Lannes starts to falter too. </b></span></span><br /></p><p>Though there was not yet a rout, things were also starting to
unravel on Lannes's position on the Marengo-Castel-Ceriolo line on Victor's right. The Austrian cavalry under Ellsnitz, (nearly 2,000) finally over the Fontanone
at Castel Ceriolo , was able to exercise its numerical superiority and
threaten Lannes's battalions behind La Barbotta. Moreover, Ott's approximately 7,000 infantry, 740 cavalry, and 34 more guns were starting to march through that place and deploy on the plain below it, threatening Lannes's flank. These were held somewhat held in check by the few French cavalry under Champeaux,
but the latter were hoplessly outnumbered and soon had to fall back themselves, wheeling around to charge periodically in a yo-yo fashion while they protected the flanks of the infantry. Most of the Austrian guns were now over the Fontanone and pounding Lannes in a crossfire from the west and north. As Victor's men
fell back on his left, Lannes had his own division refuse its flank and start a slow retreat back toward San Giuliano. Austrians were swarming
around him like angry ants...well...ants in tight, linear formations. Ants with artillery.<br /></p><p>About 14:00 (though different reports vary on the time), while Victor was trying to manage an orderly retreat, a brigade of 1,400 Austrian dragoons under Pilati had found that same
small ford over the Fontanone to the south that Ismert's 11th Hussars had earlier. Pilati's object was to outflank Victor, creating a double envelopment with Ott to the north. In
single file Pilati's troopers began to make their way to the eastern bank of the stream
and form up. But before they could, Kellerman, with his small heavy cavalry brigade (572 troopers) and the 8th Dragoons (443), galloped up seemingly out of nowhere and fell on them, cutting the unformed Austrian chevaulegers to pieces, and driving the remainder back over the stream. Kellerman described the carnage of horses and men falling over each other into the steep-banked stream, with many drowning. or suffocating under their weight. This initiative
on Kellerman's part saved the French left and held off a catastrophic defeat for Bonaparte. Kellerman dutifully kept watch on this ford for over an hour, until he heard the sound of battle drift away behind his right to the east, finally wheeling back and galloping his squadrons toward San Giuliano. Pilati didn't try <i>that </i>again. He moved his brigade back north to the Austrian left to join Elsnitz, who by this time had moved his cavalry to the east bank of the Fontanone beyond Castel Ceriolo.</p><p>Back at about 11:00 Bonaparte had ordered Monnier's division (19th Legere, 70th and 72nd--4,093 men) to march west from Torre di Garofoli to shore up Lannes's right flank at Castel Ceriolo. As Monnier arrived in the vicinity of la Buzana farm
around 13:30, he dispatched two
of his demibrigades (70th and 19th Légère) up in the direction of that town under
the command of his his brigadiers, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Carra_Saint-Cyr" target="_blank">Carra St. Cyr </a>and Jean Shilt. But he himself stayed back by
la Buzana with the 72nd and the four guns of the divisional artillery in reserve. This reminds me of George Pickett staying behind during the charge of his division at <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/10/picketts-charge-1863.html" target="_blank">Gettysburg</a>. Or of Stonewall Jackson at <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/05/cedar-mountain-1862_24.html" target="_blank">Cedar Mountain</a>. Some could argue that it was a prudent commander who kept himself out of the fighting so he could more cooly manage the division. But in the culture of the Revolutionary French Army, this wasn't appreciated; the job of the leader was to lead, not to watch from the rear through heavy lenses.<br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">The First Consul finally drops by.</span><br /></h2><p>Speaking of leading from the rear: By 11:00 Bonaparte himself hadn't moved from his headquarters back at Torre di Garofoli, over eight miles away. The cannonade wafting from the east had been growing for three hours. He had been receiving more and more urgent messages from Lannes and Victor and had finally reached the conclusion that this was serious. Melas <i>wasn't</i> retreating to Genoa, or wherever. He may be evacuating Alessandria, but he was doing so coming right at the Army of the Reserve. At noon Bonaparte moved his staff forward to San Guiliano, running into more and more retreating and wounded soldiers; no whole formations yet but hundreds of isolated men and small clumps. He dispatched couriers south to find Desaix and pleaded with him to come back quick. And to Lapoype over twenty miles north at Pontecurone with the same sharp order. As I mentioned, it was then he had ordered Monnier's division ( officially under Desaix's command but which had remained at headquarters with the First Consul) to march with haste toward Castel Ceriolo. And, sometime later, around 13:00, according to the witness, Petit, the First Consul himself mounted his horse and led his Guard west, reaching the collapsing front between 13:30 and 14:00. Hollins, in his narrative, doesn't have Bonaparte leaving his San Giuliano until 14:00, arriving at the front sometime around 15:00. But this is just one of dozens of time and place discrepancies in the various accounts. Let's just say, without our synchonized watches, it was sometime in the middle of the afternoon, after the main retreat had begun.<br /></p><p></p><p>On his way there Bonaparte rode against a tide of wounded men in wagons and limping up the road, and even more unwounded men "helping" them to the rear. On meeting up with Lannes and Victor near the la Buzana farm house, he quickly realized how desperate the situation had become. The army hadn't collapsed yet, but it was definitely on the verge. It is a testament to the discipline, grit, and patriotism of these Revolutionary soldiers that, in spite of their exhaustion and horrific casualties, they kept their formations, and back-stepped with their bayonets toward the enemy. They formed squares when threatened by cavalry. The few cavalry squadrons of Champeaux's brigade would wheel back and start to charge, chasing off the Austrian horse and allowing the infantry to file back into columns and continue the retreat in order. At this point the French had only five guns left, but these were used to fire down the roads at the Austrian columns, forcing them to halt and duck for cover. The pursuing Austrians did not press their attack too closely, preferring the overwhelming artillery of their cavalry batteries to do their work for them. <br /></p><p>The First Consul also encountered Monnier to
the right of the Alessandria-Tortona highway near the Cascina Buzana, and asked about his mission to secure Castel Ceriolo and Lannes's right flank. Monnier explained that he had sent two-thirds of his troops up that way but thought it more prudent to hold his guns and the 72nd with himself in
reserve. Disgusted, Bonaparte rode past Monnier and called on the 72nd
to get up and follow him to counter-attack the oncoming Austrians. They
politely
declined, thank you. It was claimed in some memoirs (including Napoleon's) that the men protested that they could not bear to see him risk
his brave and priceless life in leading them in a suicide charge. Reasonable enough. However, at that time,
they still declined to go up themselves, with or without his brave leadership. Unlike Bonaparte's gentle
forgiveness of Chambarlhac, <a href="https://www.frenchempire.net/biographies/monnier/" target="_blank">Monnier </a>never enjoyed the First Consul's sympathy; he was given inconsequential commands in Italy after the armistice and eventually cashiered by Napoleon. And neither he nor the men of his division received any mention in the official reports of the battle, though, as we'll see, they did perform valuable service as a rear guard during the retreat phase.<br /></p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KcPixcu63Tc/X5oFcmSqFhI/AAAAAAAAFAg/P5uJq8EVzbozdmuui-mMuMs1hjx4yiavwCLcBGAsYHQ/s558/Napoleon%2Btries%2Bto%2Brally%2B72e--Myrbach%2B1896.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="344" data-original-width="558" height="404" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KcPixcu63Tc/X5oFcmSqFhI/AAAAAAAAFAg/P5uJq8EVzbozdmuui-mMuMs1hjx4yiavwCLcBGAsYHQ/w656-h404/Napoleon%2Btries%2Bto%2Brally%2B72e--Myrbach%2B1896.jpg" width="656" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"> Bonaparte imploring the 72nd to follow him in counter-attacking the Austrians. </span></i><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Felician Myrbach's print (1896)</span></i></span></i></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></i></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></i></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <p></p><p>As Lannes's corps retreated past Monnier's position at la Buzana, the 72nd, reluctant to charge, did fall in and deploy, holding back the oncoming Austrian grenadiers and cavalry with controlled volleys and the division's four guns. By the time Lannes's men were far enough to their rear, the 72nd slowly gave ground, turning to fire another volley periodically if the Austrians got too close. So though they wouldn't commit to a banzai charge, the 72nd did perform a valuable and, as it turned out, prudent service to preserve what was left of the Army of the Reserve. </p><p>While Lannes's and Victor's troops managed to pull back, somebody forgot to tell the 3rd battalion of 43rd, who were still defending the Marengo cascina. These men, who had been fighting with Gardanne's division (though they themselves were part of Chambarlhac's) since the beginning, had lost almost half their original strength and had run out of ammunition. Their commander, looking around from the top of the tower saw that they were completely surrounded by the enemy and in the distance he could see the rest of the army retreating eastward. So, to save the lives of his men, he prudently decided to surrender. Bonaparte, when he found out later, was furious, especially learning how Dampiere, with his mere 300 had managed to hold off O'Reilly the rest of the day holed up in Cascina Bianca (he also surrendered about 19:00) for which he was awarded a medal. The First Consul, though, had the hapless commander of the 3/43rd court martialed for cowardice, claiming that "Five hundred men commanded
by a brave man can cut their way out from anywhere." Yeah? Well...</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0x821TXs1A0/X9Q1o2Kd0qI/AAAAAAAAFHU/oG6A8aymUkU3LJmF8jxkRGRy4MySIkj6gCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Marengo%2B1500%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1418" data-original-width="2048" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0x821TXs1A0/X9Q1o2Kd0qI/AAAAAAAAFHU/oG6A8aymUkU3LJmF8jxkRGRy4MySIkj6gCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Marengo%2B1500%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br />Meanwhile, without their division commander, Monnier, but under the capable direction of St. Cyr and Schilt, the 70th and 19th Légère did make it up to Castel Ceriolo, probably sometime after 14:00 and ejected Gottesheim's advanced guard of Ott's corps. They managed to hold on to to the town for an hour or so when Ott's infantry attacked the village from the west and south, driving back the outnumbered French. About 15:00 St. Cyr and Schilt withdrew their men eastward, down the road toward San Giuliano Novo, rallying among some vineyards.. They had succeeded in holding up Ott's flank attack on Lannes long enough so that the French had time to withdraw to San Giuliano and regroup. So it was a useful service, even though Bonaparte didn't acknowledge it (so disgusted he was with Monnier's perceived dereliction). </p><p>As Bonaparte arrived on the scene near la Buzana in time to witness the retreat of Lannes's and Victor's commands, he realized he had to do something to stave off a rout. He sent his two battalions of his Consular Guard northwest in the wake of St. Cyr to shore up his right flank, covering the withdrawal of Lannes. These 800 elites with their three light guns made it up to an open field about 700 yards southeast of Castel Ceriolo when they were confronted by Schellenburg's division (4,788 infantry and 19 guns), who deployed and began firing on them. The Guard lined up behind an east-west ditch formed by a bend in the little Cavo stream and returned fire. Schellenburg's infantry (IR #51 Splenyi and IR #28 Frolich) did not waver but returned volley for volley against the Guard over the ditch. And the Austrians' overwhelming artillery blew massive holes in the their lines. This hopeless, rearguard defense went on for about half-an-hour.<br /></p><p>Eventually Schellenburg's infantry were reinforced by cavalry of the #10 Lobkowitz Chevaulegers coming down from Castel Ceriolo, who swept around the Guard's eastern flank, forcing them to form square. Shortly after this, still more Austrian cavalry (#1 Kaiser Chevaulegers and the Bussy mounted jagers) piled on to attack them from the south. Champeaux's remaining dragoons (Champaeux himself had been mortally wounded at the beginning of the battle), though exhausted, tried to help the Guards and, now personally commanded now by Murat, counter-charged. But these too were soon overwhelmed and driven back to retreat with the rest of Lannes's men. </p><p>Now, isolated, surrounded, and in a dense square to fend off all the cavalry, the Guard were even more vulnerable to Austrian gunfire. Decimated in this hopeless stand, they finally started inching back eastward in the wake of Lannes's retreat, taking more casualties all the way but never breaking. Petit reports that the Bussy Legion (the royalist expats mentioned above) had hoisted the bearskins of the fallen on their sabres to taunt the retreating Grenadiers, adding insult to injury. Popular historiography has the Guard being heroically wiped out, but in the end they lost "only" a third of their strength (258) and were never broken. They also carried their wounded with them. So they weren't annihilated and retained their honor. Marengo was this legendary command's debut in a fifteen year career of heroism. And they ended this first battle in the same way they had their last, at Waterloo, by forming square, slowly giving ground, and suffering horrific casualties while they defended the retreat of the rest of the army.</p><p>Seeing the sacrifice of his Foot Guard, and with the fighting retreat of Lannes's corps sweeping by him, Bonaparte decided to restrain Bessieres's urge to throw in the three squadrons of the Guard Cavalry. He had not heard from Desaix or Lapoype as to whether they had received his urgent messages to return, nor where they were. As far as he could judge, he had lost this battle and wasn't about to sacrifice the small reserve he had left, and his personal bodyguard at that. Lannes himself had called on Bessieres, commander of the mounted Guard, to charge the swarming Austrian cavalry in order protect his retreating corps, but Bessieres said he was under the First Consuls orders not to. Evidently, Lannes took this as a personal betrayal and for the next nine years the two commanders maintained a running feud which Napoleon made no effort to cool. Evidently, Bonaparte was amused by it or thought it was useful to have his subordinates fighting among each other.<br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">An Austrian Victory </span><br /></h2><p>By 15:00 everyone on the French side was heading back for San Giuliano. Melas, reasonably judging he had won the battle (and bruised his arm himself when one of the two horses shot under him fell on it) turned command of his victorious army over to his Chief of Staff, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_von_Zach" target="_blank">Anton von Zach</a>, and rode back to Alessandria to write his victory dispatch to Vienna. At 71, he had performed like an old soldier in the battle so far, personally leading some charges, and capably feeding in reinforcements where needed. It had been a masterly won victory. But he had been in the saddle since midnight and was, understandably, in need of a nap. It seemed to him that Zach was more than capable of mopping up the retreating French. A reasonable assumption.</p><p>At any rate, Zach did not take charge of the whole army, as he should have, but instead galloped forward to lead the advanced guard, headed by IR# 11 Wallis, a relatively fresh regiment. This regiment already had a brigade commander in St. Julien, but Zach, evidently, wanted the personal credit for leading the chase. The Wallis regiment was backed up on the road by Latterman's 2,200 grenadiers, which had driven the French out of Marengo. These weren't fresh, but they were feeling victorious.<br /></p><p>This van was supported several hundred yards to the left rear by Ellsnitz and Pilati (the latter had sheepishly come back from their aborted attempt to cross the Fontanone earlier), around 2,500 cavalry, but separated from the center by all those vineyards. Backing the van, about a mile to the rear were Bellegarde and Kaim, from 8,000 - 9,400 infantry (depending on previous casualties), and almost three miles back, Weidenfeld's grenadiers (2,917). O'Reilly's column, which had gone on a wild goose chase south to capture Dampierre's three hundred that morning, finally managed to force this handful to surrender about 19:00 that evening, and so were not available to support the main drive. Ott's column of around 7,000 were covering the center's advance far to the left, pushing back St. Cyr from Castelo Ceriolo toward Salé and so drifting farther and farther north. The artillery reserve were following Zach up the Alessandria-Tortona road. So Zach and his 4,500 infantry were leading with their chin, blythely strung out on the highway.<br /></p><p>At this point in the battle, it seems very analogous to what would happen at Hohenlinden five months later. In that later battle (if you haven't yet read <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2020/06/hohenlinden-1800.html" target="_blank">my article</a>) the Austrians would also assume they had decisively beaten the French. As at Marengo they would surprise Moreau's Army of the Rhine by crossing a river (the Inn) and defeating it at Ampfing (or so they thought), and felt all that was needed was to pursue the fleeing mob and wipe out what was left in piecemeal. And, as at that later battle, the Austrians at Marengo would also run into a nasty surprise as they were strung out marching in column through a defile. Here in Italy, while the plain over which Melas's victors marched was more or less flat (as described in my notes on the topography of the battlefield above) the pursuing battalions had to condense into columns of march to move through a defile formed by a north-south swath of alberate-vineyards. While these weren't the woods of Hohenlinden, marching across the rows (essentially across the grain) would have taken forever and disrupted the formations. So the Austrian infantry confined themselves to the road.<br /></p><p>The Austrians at this stage were no longer in any combat formations, but were hiking up the highway in more or less column of route. They were exhausted (themselves having been up for fifteen hours and fighting for seven), and the last they had seen of the French, they were all fleeing in panic. Or enough of them to give that impression. So, like Erzherzog Johann's army at Hohenlinden, they had no reason to expect any more resistance. Their cohesion got a little...oh what's the word?...lax.<br /></p><p>But in this exuberant mood and loose order, imagine the nasty surprise of suddenly coming up on a deployed line of thousands of fresh French troops and a strong battery of cannon blocking their way.<br /></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>Note on the following map:</b> This map and the positions of the troops are based on Arnold's amd Furse's narratives, as well as the official Sanson maps produced in 1805 and the Elting/Esposito West Point Atlas of the Napoleonic Wars. In Hollins's highly detailed 2000 Osprey book on the battle, he has the Austrian's running into the French ambush some two miles (about 3 km) farther west, before the defile between the vineyards, just before the V in the road. His analysis may be right. But I chose to use that of those other authors and sources. Call me impulsive.<br /></i></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i></i></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WjXJ2pyHFBE/X9Q11GntdYI/AAAAAAAAFHc/9ygpo0VBzQIFUOHlVvJgEQTEsswKPeJiACLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Marengo%2B1730%2B%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1418" data-original-width="2048" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WjXJ2pyHFBE/X9Q11GntdYI/AAAAAAAAFHc/9ygpo0VBzQIFUOHlVvJgEQTEsswKPeJiACLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Marengo%2B1730%2B%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" /></a></i></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i> <br /></i></span></span><p></p><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>"This battle is lost, but..."</span></span></span><br /></h2><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Desaix">Desaix </a>finally rode up from Rivalta to meet the First Consul at San Giuliano about 17:00. Napoleon could have kissed him. When Desaix looked at the state of the Army of the Reserve, rallying around the cascina, he reportedly told Bonaparte, "This battle is lost, but there's time to win another one." As the columns of Boudet's division followed him across the fields from the southeast, Desaix supervised their deployment across the Tortona-Alessandria highway, throwing forward the 9th Legere in <i>ordre-mixte</i> (center battalion in line, flanked by the other two battalions in column), covering the defile coming out of the vineyards to the west. The Austrian pursuing column had not yet emerged from the exit of that defile by 17:00. Marmont, Bonaparte's chief of artillery, collected all the guns left of the army, about 18, and lined them up in a massed battery in front of the 59th and 30th demibrigades of Boudet's division. These were supported by Murat amassing what cavalry was left, and on their right rear by what was left of Kellerman's heavy cavalry brigade, who had made their way back from covering Victor's retreat, skirting the south of the Austrian main column.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>The whole force would have been concealed by a slight, barely noticeable ridge between San Giuliano and the defile exit to the west. The ridge is not even noticeable as a feature when you drive east along the Via Piacenza today, but if it were only 2-3 meters difference, it would have hidden men and guns to anyone marching up that road from the west. As I also pointed out before, the successive trees lining all the fields would have obstructed sight even more. <br /></span></span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">Assuming command from Melas</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> about 15:00, Zach termporarily broke off engagement and let Victor and Lannes continue their retreat back toward Tortona. </span>Because of all of the obstructed terrain (the alberate), the cavalry were not in an ideal position to use their overwhelming force to harass the retreating French. So Zach took about an hour to reform the army into columns of route before he set off to chase the enemuy. He had brought forward his reserve, led by St. Julien's brigade (IR #11 Wallis), followed by the five grenadier battalions under Latterman, and took personal charge of the advance. Instead of coordinating the rest of the army's movements, he left Kaim, Ott and O'Reilly (who had long gone south) to figure it out for themselves, and decided to personally lead the pursuit himself. The cavalry, under Elsnitz and Pilati, were left to follow, also in column. Normally, the purpose of the light cavalry (which is all that existed in Melas's army then) would have been to screen the advance and harass the retreating enemy. Not in this case. They were left to try to keep up, finding their own way through the maze of tree-lined fields.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">St. Julien, leading the march, was prudent enough to send out skirmishers to screen the advance of his column. And these were the first to discover the ambush when they ran into the </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">9th Légère</span>, "lurking" behind the slight dip in the ground. The #11 Wallis, emerging from the defile created by the alberate on either side of the road, fanned out right and left into line, and was immediately hit by a a volley from the 1,833 men of the 9th Légère. The #11 consolidated their line smartly, returned fire, then started marching forward, bayonets lowered to push back the 9th. The latter fell back slowly, in alternate platoons, firing as they went. Boudet meant for them to rejoin his main line about 300 yards back. Zach, perceiving only another French retreat, sent back to Latterman to support him with his grenadiers, who deployed themselves right and left as they cleared the defile. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">At some point during the 9th's controlled retreat they unmasked Marmont's massed battery of 18 guns, who let rip on the Austrians at an oblique angle. Big holes appeared in the Austrian lines and the advance hesitated as the men closed ranks. The 9th linked up with the 30th and 50th Demibrigades and Desaix sent back for Bonaparte's permission to counter-charge. While he was waiting for it, he noticed the Austrian line stop to reform. He also saw the Austrian batteries unlimbering to apply their irresistible force again. Sensing it was now or never, he decided to act on his own and ordered Boudet's entire line to charge forward. He also sent another message to Bonaparte requesting immediate cavalry support.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">Kellerman, with at most 150 men left in his brigade from his long day of fighting, with perhaps another 250 troopers from the 8th Dragoons, again took the initiative and wheeled left in a column of troops to take the oncoming grenadiers in flank. The #11 Wallis, meanwhile, noticing that the French infantry in front of them were now charging forward, became shaken. With another salvo from Marmont's guns, they broke and fled. As they did, they managed to let off one more volley. A bullet hit Desaix in the heart</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">. Apparently, in all the smoke and excitement, no one noticed him fall and his body was only discovered later amid all the other casualties.<br /></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">Meanwhile, Latterman's Austrian grenadiers were still deploying from column of route behind the retreating Wallis regiment when, from over one of those slight elevations to their left, came a thundering herd of screaming French cavalry, swords held high, smashing into bearskins' vulnerable left flank. Not having time to form square or even close up their ranks, the grenadiers suffered these hundreds of horsemen to ride among them, slashing right and left. Dramatically, too, at just this moment, a lucky (or unlucky) shell struck one of the nearby Austrian caissons and blew it up. Spectacularly. The blast was the last straw to the Austrian morale. Three of the leftmost grenadier battalions came apart in seconds and either surrendered or throw away their muskets and started running like hell for the rear.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FmaXb4hRXTw/X7wMB4afs7I/AAAAAAAAFEQ/hNAxY0MtYZgeAIjrcwGvn9obWR4fWPQOwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1280/1280px-Lejeune_-_Bataille_de_Marengo.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="948" data-original-width="1280" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FmaXb4hRXTw/X7wMB4afs7I/AAAAAAAAFEQ/hNAxY0MtYZgeAIjrcwGvn9obWR4fWPQOwCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/1280px-Lejeune_-_Bataille_de_Marengo.jpg" /></a></span></div><br /><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lejeune">Louis François Lejeune</a>'s famous painting of the climax of the battle, (painted in 1802)
when Desaix was killed (middle backround) and with Bonaparte in the
foreground, ironically looking away at the tragic moment of his friend's
death. Lejuene was acually an eyewitness at the battle, being a junior officer on Berthier's staff, so we might even consider this work of art a primary source document. There is so much interesting, anecdotal detail in his painting,
like the tragic scene of the Austrian officer killing himself in the
lower left while a French officer turns away in horror, handing him
another pistol (why? in case the first shot misses?); or the African
artillery driver in the middle foreground (what's his story?); or the
howling dog bereaving over his master's naked, dead body (this made me feel so sorry for that poor dog).<br /><br />But
there are some details too that both reinforce and diverge from the narrative: Like the 9th Légère firing at the column of Austrian grenadiers. And they are
supported by the 30th demibrigade (look at the flag and compare it to
the 30th's in the chart below). In the middle distance is the capture of
Zach by some French dragoons. But Lejeune has also depicted the charge of
Kellerman's heavy cavalry as coming in on the <u>right </u>flank of the
Austrian column (background) instead of the left. There is also an
exploding caisson, but it is behind the French lines and not the
Austrian. These descrepancies from the accepted narrative may have been
done for illustrative or esthetic purposes, or they may be more
instances of the true facts of the chaotic battle being muddled in all
the memoirs and Napoleonic revisionist propaganda. It is conceivable that Lejeune, who was actually there and whose memory was just as valid as anyone's, got it right.<br /></i></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">In order to examine this painting in greater detail, I recommend going to the <a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Lejeune_-_Bataille_de_Marengo.jpg" target="_blank">Wikipedia Commons page </a>and zooming in on the very high res image.</span><br /></i></span></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Everything ends as it began.</span></span><br /></h2><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>As his command fell apart around him, Zach himself was captured by Kellerman's troopers, one grabbing him by the throat until he threw his sword down. St. Julien was also captured by some French dragoons but was later rescued by a corporal from one of Pilati's cavalry regiments. <br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Ellsnitz, whose cavalry brigade was coming up behind the Austrian <i>avant garde</i>, noticed the tide of fugitives fleeing in the opposite direction and ordered the #9 Liechtenstein Chevaulegers to deploy into line and countercharge the French. But by this time, Kellerman's cavalry, intoxicated with victory, and joined by Murat's squadrons and the mounted Consular Guard, were coming on like a swarm of locusts. The Liechntensteinians (Liechtensteiners? Liechtensteinistas? Leichtensteinites?) took one look and said, no thank you. They pulled their horses' heads around and joined the flood of terror-stricken infantry. These, in turn, ran into Elsnitz's second regiment, the #3 Erzherzog Johann Chevauglegers, and took <i>them </i>with them; who, in their turn crashed into Pilati's cavalry; who then fled into Kaim's infantry behind <i>them</i>. Dominos all the way back. <br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Within minutes the panic had infected the entire Austrian center column, who were all stampeding for the Bormida bridgehead. Kaim was able to rally some battalions for a time, but these were soon swept up in the general stampede. Weidenfeld's reserve brigade of grenadiers, at the rear of the column, at least did not lose their heads and formed squares in front of the bridge at Marengo to cover the retreat of the rest of the army. But the rout was otherwise so complete and the panic such that the single gate into the bridgehead and the two ridges over the Bormida were packed with the crush of humanity, many being pushed into the river. Austrian artillery, seeing their way blocked, attempted to ford the river when they saw men wading across. But, as at <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2018/03/friedland-1807.html">Friedland </a>six years later during that cross-river rout, most of the guns just got stuck in the muddy river bottom. To put it in current American slang, it was a total sh*t show.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span></span></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hjjbJmQmqvs/X72dC4eVGFI/AAAAAAAAFEc/9gfQ50zeub4dy2OcDOeiYom19H6fhtbSgCLcBGAsYHQ/s258/Desaix%2Bin%2BEgypt%2B1799--Andrea%2BApiani%2B1800.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="258" data-original-width="196" height="385" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hjjbJmQmqvs/X72dC4eVGFI/AAAAAAAAFEc/9gfQ50zeub4dy2OcDOeiYom19H6fhtbSgCLcBGAsYHQ/w292-h385/Desaix%2Bin%2BEgypt%2B1799--Andrea%2BApiani%2B1800.jpg" width="292" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>Louis Desaix in Egypt</b><br />by Andrea Apiani, 1800</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Ott, to the north, and O'Reilly, to the south, only heard about the rout later and slowly withdrew. Ott filtered his men back through Castel Ceriolo. Other forces who could have helped were they not separated were the brigade of de Briey (IR #47 Kinsky), who had made it only as far as Cascina Grossa on a parallel road, but went no farther. De Briey ordered a retreat to Marengo about 18:00. O'Reilly wasted his wing on a fruitless reconnaissance mission south to the Orba River, leaving behind some Grenzers and dragoons who beseiged Dempierre's 300 in the Cascina Bianca until about 19:00. As at Hohenlinden five months later, communication between the separated columns in the Austrian army was not great. Nobody came to anybody's help.</span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>When Bonaparte heard of Desaix's death he was very distraught. The two had become close friends during the Egyptian adventure and Napoleon had come to rely on the young general as his alter-ego; they seemed to be able to read each other's mind. Though it was Desaix who had saved Bonaparte's bacon by turning a defeat into a victory, and though it was fortunate for the First Consul's political reputation that he didn't have to share the victory, he was broken-hearted nonetheless. He was also able to rewrite the story of the battle to make it seem like it unfolded as he intended all along; Desaix's just-in-time arrival was all according to plan.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>As the sun went down, the French occupied the same positions they had at the beginning of the day, their forward posts around Pietrabona, the main line at Marengo along the Fontanone, their northern flank occupying Castel Ceriolo. And the Austrians occupied their original positions on the west bank of the Bormida, defending their tiny bridgehead on the east. So everybody was exactly back where they started. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Each side, though, had sacrificed thousands of troops, almost a third of those engaged. The French, though the official bulletin only admitted 700-800 killed, 2,000 wounded, and 1,100 captured, probably lost closer to 10,000 altogether. The Austrians lost somewhat comparable, though, again these were supressed in the official reports from Melas and exaggerated in the French bulletins. It was not, at least in terms of ground captured and relative carnage, a decisive battle.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Melas, however, was greatly demoralized. He had retired in the middle of the afternoon thinking he had won a major victory and ended the war. And now, three hours later, with more and more of his broken troops staggering back into Alessandria, the inconcievable seemed to have happened. Though after a couple of days his army had rallied in Alessandria and he still outnumbered the French in Italy (especially given their own horrific losses and their still inferiority in artillery), he decided he'd had enough. He sent over to Bonaparte a request for an armistice. Bonaparte, greatly heartened by what he convinced himself was a strategic victory, was in no mood to be conciliatory but demanded that Melas abandon Alessandria and Genoa and quit northwestern Italy entirely. Though Melas soon received reinforcements and built his army up to what it had been before the battle, he had lost all heart and agreed to the terms, moving his sixty-thousand men and 300 guns east of the Mincio River. The terms of the armistice also forbade all operations by both sides on all fronts, including Germany, until December. So though Marengo did not end the war, it did buy both sides time to reground and rearm. The Habsburg's sole ally of significance, the British, were not pleased with the terms and kept pressuring the Austrians to break them, which they didn't.<br /><br />Bonaparte, though, was able to use this ambiguous, near-run victory to raise huge political capital back home. In one battle he had been able to claim that he had reversed all the losses in Italy over the past two years and saved it for France. Though the war wasn't over, the confidence of the fickle populace in Paris was raised and there was hope that it would take just one more push to ultimate victory. Which would, indeed come true in five months. And Napoleon leveraged the legend of Marengo for all it was worth.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Had Desaix not shown up in the nick of time. Had Bonaparte lost the battle as it looked like he had at the end of the day, he probably wouldn't have survived politically. And world history would be radically different. Or not. <br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span><span>A Huge Caveat</span></span></b></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>While researching, writing, revising, and designing the maps in this article, it occured to me that possibly none of it was true. There were so many conflicting accounts, both from primary and secondary sources, that I nearly gave up trying to winnow out what was true and what mere propaganda. Napoleon himself had the narrative of this battle rewritten at least three times, each time giving himself more credit. Even the almost-contemporary battle maps (Sanson's, from the official War Ministry) seemed to vary with the various reports from the participants, and from the secondary histories I used. But they were commissioned to conform to the new account of the battle under the Empire's propaganda.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>I have run into this conundrum in previous articles (<a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2020/05/the-granicus-334-bce.html" target="_blank">The Granicus</a> and <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2020/05/stamford-bridge.html" target="_blank">Stamford Bridge</a> being two recent examples). And in all the years I have made history my dilettante's obsession, I have come to the conclusion that all history is probably bull. Or at least open to different interpretation. As I write this, for instance, on the eve of Thanksgiving 2020, there is a current revisionist debate going on in the press about what actually happened at the first American Thanksgiving. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>But the glaring descrepancies I've encountered in my research on this particular battle have been the widest. Part of the reason may be that Marengo is such an UNobscure battle, so well documented that the untrustworthiness of eye-witness testimony is more glaring because there is so much of it. Part may be that it is too polluted by Napoleonic propaganda ("to lie like a bulletin") to take seriously. And part may be that I've only spent a couple of months on this and not years, as a proper historian would.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>So, I guess what I am taking too long to get to is don't necessarily believe what I'm telling you. It's all bull.<br /></span></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span>Wargame Considerations</span></span></span></h2><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>I've wargamed this battle several times. It is interesting as a game because it was, as the narrative reveals, so close. And interesting because there were so many mistakes and what-ifs that could have resulted in a different outcome. Though I am sure that most of you who are avid gamers, particularly Napoleonic gamers, have already considered many of these various scenarios and what-ifs, I offer some here.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span><span>1. Melas leaves the second bridge where it is.</span></span></b></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>One action that, in retrospect, seems like a huge mistake was the decision by Melas to take down the second pontoon bridge downstream on the Bormida and move it upstream to the bridgehead. With two crossing points, Ott could have moved his column over to the east bank of the Bormida much earlier and seized Castel Ceriolo at the outset. This would have given Melas an overwhelming postion on the unprotected flank of the French at the outset as that village was only lightly occupied by Champeaux's small dragoon brigade. With two crossing points, the assembly of the Austrian army on the right bank would have been achieved hours earlier, and they would have been able to turn the French out of Marengo possibly by 09:00, as was Melas's original plan. Further, a hypothesis could be tested by the simple detail of having more than one gate exiting from the earthworks around the bridgehead.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span><span>2. Bonaparte concentrates his army forward on the 13th.<br /></span></span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Had Bonaparte moved his headquarters and the bulk of his army (Lannes, Monnier, Desaix, Lapoype, and all the cavalry) up to the Fontanone line the night before, the Austrians may not have been able to even cross that ditch. Some accounts say that Bonaparte had himself seen the Austrian activity at the bridgehead (including the second bridge) the evening before from the tower at Marengo. He might, at least have been warned of the imminent attack to prepare for it. As it was, he was caught completely strung out. So a game variant that allows the French player to reinforce the Fontanone line earlier would be interesting.<br /></span></span><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span><span>3. Melas keeps his forces concentrated for the main push.<br /></span></span></b></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>All through this battle and the days prior, Melas had been frittering away his strength--particularily in cavalry--on wild goose chases. It would be interesting to experiment with an outcome in which O'Reilly is kept on a short leash and ordered to envelope Victor's flank from the south, rather than be allowed to run off with his 4,000 Grenzers and cavalry on a school field-trip. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>And would retaining Nimptcsh's 2,400 cavalry, instead of turning them around and sending them on another useless recce mission southwest, have given the Austrians a critical edge in strength and time? Remember, one of the reasons it took so long for Melas to get his army over the river was he ordered Nimptisch, who had already crossed, to force the rest of the army to wait while they filed back over the bridge. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Finally, communication with Ott's column was apparently so lax that he made several false starts and seemed completely unaware of the disaster befalling the central column at the end of the day, though it was just two miles away. Keeping communication between the wings tighter in a game might have made all the difference to the Austrian player.</span></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><span>4. Melas retains his cavalry advantage</span></span></span></span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Instead of dissipating his overwhelming cavalry superiority at the begining of the battle, sending them all on collateral missions, Melas might have concentrated this arm and used it more agressively. Admittedly, it was hard to charge cavalry through the densely grown agriculture and ditch-lined alberate to the east, but early on, he could have certainly better used Pilati, Elznitz and the absent Nimptsch's brigades more decisively.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span><span>5. Desaix doesn't arrive in time.<br /></span></span></b></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Though it is probably a foregone conclusion, it might be interesting to play a game in which Bonaparte has to rally and set his trap in front of San Giuliano with the forces he has left, without Desaix. Or to make both Desaix's and even Lapoype's arrival on the table dependent on a die roll after 17:00. In fact, to play a game in which Desaix's arrival is on a schedule would go against the whole cliff-hanger nature of the battle.The French player would tend to just assume he's going to get reinforcements. And we know that Bonaparte had bitten his nails down to the nub.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span><span>Other wargame considerations</span></span></b></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Alberate<br /></i></span></span></span></span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Though some of the histories (cited above) describe the battlefield as ideal cavalry country, the widespread presence of alberate (the practice of hanging vines between trees bordering fields and their accompanying ditches) would have impeded movement, particularly of cavalry and artillery. Rules should probably treat east-west crossing these alberata-bordered fields the same as moving through woods, or across any obstacle. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">To the French player, these same alberate and their overgrown ditches would have provided ideal defensive positions, particularly in the fighting retreat toward San Giuliano.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Elevation</span></span></span></span></span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Though the plain between the Bormida and the Ticinio is relatively flat, there seems to be just enough folds to conceal troop formations until within a few hundred yards or so, at least east-west. The trees of the alberta, as I pointed out above, though, would far more greatly hinder sight that the barely noticeable ridge. Still, even a slight elevation of a dozen feet or so would be enough to conceal a body of troops, even mounted troops.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Marshy Ground</span></span></span></span></span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">The maps in this blog reflect marshy ground based on Sanson's 1805 maps. This is not surprising as the Bormida and Tanaro Rivers were prone to flooding, so the floodplain would be considered a "wetland". These are particularly prominent on the western edge of the battlefield, west of the Fontanone. This ground should be treated as it would in other wargame rules for marshes. But generally, movement would be slowed and virtually impossible for artillery. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"> Engineering</span></span></span></span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">The heroic activity of the Austrian engineers in constructing crossings, both of the Bormida and the Fontanone, should be factored into a game. Rules for how many figures can build how long a bridge in how much time should be created and followed. In my own wargames, I have such rules and algorithms. In this battle in particular, they would be critical. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>My sand table of Marengo (morning phase) a few years ago, using 1:300 scale models.</i></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QqOsVA8tyQk/X72vdyT_sRI/AAAAAAAAFEw/PqULaaeYqZ8vFhPv159hsXNOr1vRX_flQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1168/2004%2BMarengo%2Blooking%2BNorth%2B01.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="780" data-original-width="1168" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QqOsVA8tyQk/X72vdyT_sRI/AAAAAAAAFEw/PqULaaeYqZ8vFhPv159hsXNOr1vRX_flQCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/2004%2BMarengo%2Blooking%2BNorth%2B01.jpg" /></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fnHzvQyh1X0/X72wC0NvZlI/AAAAAAAAFE4/m6r_3I8owd4Hux2QlFrgJIe9gvVvRB9mACLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/2004%2BMarengo%2BAustrian%2Battack.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> </a><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fnHzvQyh1X0/X72wC0NvZlI/AAAAAAAAFE4/m6r_3I8owd4Hux2QlFrgJIe9gvVvRB9mACLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/2004%2BMarengo%2BAustrian%2Battack.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> </a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Bellegarde's and Ott's columns moving to cross the Fontanone<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SWhzg5HWae4/X72xXOJCkBI/AAAAAAAAFFM/CNCtUHT7b1cEY47DtPI5VKqOovscle72ACLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/2004%2BMarengo%2BAustrian%2Battack.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1362" data-original-width="2048" height="426" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SWhzg5HWae4/X72xXOJCkBI/AAAAAAAAFFM/CNCtUHT7b1cEY47DtPI5VKqOovscle72ACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h426/2004%2BMarengo%2BAustrian%2Battack.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /></span></i></span><p></p><p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></span></i></span></p><p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></span></i></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Jn4YV2BaQgM/X72wrxXOgKI/AAAAAAAAFFA/eFNgcrSvoec8lS6j2s0oFW90O2KZBBEXACLcBGAsYHQ/s1192/2004%2BMarengo%2Blong%2Bshot--1-300%2Bscale%2Bmodels.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="773" data-original-width="1192" height="415" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Jn4YV2BaQgM/X72wrxXOgKI/AAAAAAAAFFA/eFNgcrSvoec8lS6j2s0oFW90O2KZBBEXACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h415/2004%2BMarengo%2Blong%2Bshot--1-300%2Bscale%2Bmodels.jpg" width="640" /></a></b></span></i></span></div><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></i></span><p></p><p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>French Flags at Marengo:</b></span></span> While the Austrian regiments all had generally the same flags (see OOB below), each French demibrigade had a variation of the tricolor, while the 2nd batallion (or center battalion) had the same standard for all demibrigades. Heavy cavalry regiments (except for one, there were no cuirassiers until 1804) had carried four different standards, color coded for 1-4 squadrons. Both dragoon and chasseurs a cheval regiments carried the swallow tail guidon in the lower right. I could not find evidence that any of the hussar regiments carried standards or guidons into the field. </i></span><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xY4zFYeDkME/X3YijO5RcTI/AAAAAAAAE50/4qpnFAEJ74EISKpI3z_BqAX9tQdKGcrGACLcBGAsYHQ/s803/French%2BFlag%2BChart%2Bfor%2BMarengo.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="803" data-original-width="750" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xY4zFYeDkME/X3YijO5RcTI/AAAAAAAAE50/4qpnFAEJ74EISKpI3z_BqAX9tQdKGcrGACLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/French%2BFlag%2BChart%2Bfor%2BMarengo.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><h2><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Orders of Battle</span></span></h2></div>
<h3><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The following are
the orders of battle for troops actually engaged at Marengo. I have also included commands that had been detached (like Nimbtsch's or Lapoype's Division) but I've not included their numbers in the total. Those wanting to explore what-if scenarios in their games, might find these useful. There was some disagreement among my sources about exact numbers and commanders, but I have generally gone with those reported by Arnold (and repeated in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marengo_order_of_battle" target="_blank">Wikipedia article on the battle</a>), supplementing with those reported by Berthier & Hollins. </span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b>NB: </b>A general caveat, as always, do not cite this source in any academic papers or books you are writing. It is for general interest and wargaming applications only. But if you are a professional historian, you already know that.<br /></span></span></h3><div><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>KEY:</b></span><br /></div><h3><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">First Column <span style="background-color: black;"> <span style="color: #f6b26b;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Command</span></span> </span> is the name and number of the command or regiment, colored in the primary uniform coat color. <br /><br />Second Column <span style="background-color: black;"> <span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: #f6b26b;">Facing</span> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: white;"> </span></span>is
the command level and type, using standard military symbology. This
column is also color-coded in the “facing” color of the regiment
(collars, cuffs, turnbacks usually). For Austrian grenadier battalions,
which were composed of detached companies from all regiments, this color
I've left black--i.e. they all didn't have black facings.<br /><br />Third Column <span style="background-color: black;"> <span style="color: #f6b26b;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: #f6b26b;">Flag</span> </span></span></span>is
a miniature of the regimental flags, if known. If unknown or the
regiment did not carry its flag on campaign, this cell is left blank.
For more detailed images of French demibrigade cavalry flags, see chart
below these OOBs.<br /><br />Fourth Column <span style="background-color: black;"> <span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: #f6b26b;">Strength</span> </span></span></span>is that reported from <a href="https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QadxDZYHGfC8NOLlyHeuGfpr-7I3kCH6ghvOk6pZ7s_EImlgBjYB9x_Uu5DVKPBZpdy_YgrUU0JtFGJ-YlaZpo2WPOn3vb31Gv9To3XjGg82eMk3dlL4m-p9mhtCVxv9W8eZutjCTrtxjeRE9ZCdYThML8dfXUkcY2XKKWuewlJGOnj4GDCthBsQkT0GG7XsYUm2QRlxO54BXm7c3uqzaKepoRJjDISdEv5pdYRGSIMaPIk02s1Ewh3CzA3q497TxGaqruXULUcpwc_5HphJe9LGxJDQb-r0BTfATR26p4Vzvto9MEw" target="_blank">Arnold</a>. Where he does not list the the
specific strength of a command, I have entered an approximate number
(*) based on the average of the total strength reported for that
category .There were at least three wildly different order of battle sources for this article that I found, <br /></span></span></h3><h3><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DzfSKcNWV28/X8mPUDObWrI/AAAAAAAAFFw/sreMCXbvmrkcA0zbvoD1Lcu-n2gitD8PACLcBGAsYHQ/s5174/Marengo%2BOOB%2Bwhole.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="5174" data-original-width="600" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DzfSKcNWV28/X8mPUDObWrI/AAAAAAAAFFw/sreMCXbvmrkcA0zbvoD1Lcu-n2gitD8PACLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Marengo%2BOOB%2Bwhole.jpg" /></a><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span><br /></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <br /></span></span></h3><h3><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">References</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal">Arnold, James R.,<a href="https://www.powells.com/book/marengo-and-hohenlinden-9781844152797"> </a><a href="https://www.powells.com/book/marengo-and-hohenlinden-9781844152797" target="_blank">Marengo
& Hohenlinden: Napoleon's Rise to Power</a>, Pen & Sword, 2005, ISBN 1
84415 279 0</p><p class="MsoNormal">Chandler, David, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Campaigns-Napoleon-David-G-Chandler/dp/0025236601/ref=sr_1_1?crid=PGUCQPWXTSBT&dchild=1&keywords=david+chandler&qid=1601578316&s=books&sprefix=David+Chandler%2Camazon-devices%2C224&sr=1-1" target="_blank">The Campaigns of Napoleon</a>, 1966, Macmillan, (no ISBN as this was published just prior to that cataloging system)<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Esposito, Vincent & Elting, John, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Military-History-Napoleonic-Compiled-Engineering/dp/B01NCOBGU1/ref=sr_1_2?crid=YPZZI5GV43I5&dchild=1&keywords=a+military+history+and+atlas+of+the+napoleonic+wars&qid=1596779501&s=books&sprefix=A+military+history+a%2Camazon-devices%2C265&sr=1-2" target="_blank"><u>A Military History and Atlas of the Napoleonic War</u></a>s, 1964, Greenhill Books, London, ISBN 1-85367-346-3<br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Furse, George Armand, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9781845747978" target="_blank">1800:
Marengo and Hohenlinden</a>, 1903, Naval & Military Press, ISBN,
1-845747-97-6<span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Hollins, David, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/marengo-1800-9781855329652" target="_blank">Marengo 1800: Napoleon's Day of Fate</a>, </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>2000, </span></span>Osprey #70, ISBN 1 85532 965 4<br />another OOB source as well as Arnold, though he doesn't cite his source</span></span><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Letrun, Ludovic, <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/#" id="https://www.powells.com/book/french-infantry-flags-from-1786-to-the-end-of-the-first-empire-9782352501121" name="https://www.powells.com/book/french-infantry-flags-from-1786-to-the-end-of-the-first-empire-9782352501121">French
Infantry Flags: from 1786 to the End of the First Empire</a>, 2009, Histoire
& Collections, ISBN 978 2 35250 112 1</p><p class="MsoNormal">I also want to especially thank <b>Alessandro Casoli </b>for his invaluable expertise in the area of historical agriculture. His generosity in helping me understand how the methods of farming in 18th century Italy affected the battlefield was most welcome.<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;"><span>Online References:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marengo_order_of_battle">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marengo_order_of_battle</a> (Arnold is the source of this)<br /><br /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo</a> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Berthier, Alex, <a href="http://www.simmonsgames.com/research/authors/Berthier/RelationMarengo/TextEnglish.html" target="_blank">Relation de la Bataille of Marengo</a>, 1805, de l'Impremerie Imperiale, Paris</p><p class="MsoNormal">Cugnac, Gaspar <a href="http://simmonsgames.com/research/authors/Cugnac/ArmeeReserve/V2C8French.html" target="_blank">Campagne de l'Armée de Réserve en 1800</a>,
1901, Librairie Militaire R. Chapelot et Ce, Paris. NB, the order of
battle in this report from French military archives varies considerably
in strength returns from Arnold. It does seem to be the source for Hollins, however, though the latter doesn't cite it. I presume this was an editorial decision from the publisher, Osprey, who don't tend to footnote sources.<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Kiley, Kevin, <i>La Garde a Feu: The Consular Guard at Marengo <a href="https://www.napoleon-series.org/military-info/battles/c_marengo1.html">https://www.napoleon-series.org/military-info/battles/c_marengo1.html</a></i></p><p class="MsoNormal">Petit, Joseph<i>, <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Marengo/JTJRAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Battle+of+Marengo&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">memoir of the Battle of Marengo by one of the Horse Grenadiers of the Guard,</a> </i>1801 <i> </i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><br /></i></p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: black;"><i>Copyright
2020, Jeffery P. Berry Trust, all rights reserved. No part of this post
may be used for republication or re-posting without documented
permission of the Jeffery P. Berry Trust. However, feel free to link to
this site as a resource from related sites. Original images are copy-protected by Digimarc embedded digital watermarks.</i></span></span><p><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br /></span><br />
</p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com56tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-21271236675695071332020-09-24T19:44:00.008-07:002021-12-10T22:16:24.361-08:00Hohenlinden 1800<div><h2>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">War of the Second Coalition</span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">3 December 1800</span></h2>
<br />
<span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;">French Army of the Rhine under</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" target="_blank">Jean Victor Moreau</a>,<span style="color: #0b5394;"> 58,210 men with 99 gun</span>s<br />
<span style="color: #e69138;">Austro-Bavarians under</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" target="_blank">Erzherzog Johann</a>, <span style="color: #f57c00;"> 68,629 men with 236 guns</span></span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Location:</span></b> Hohenlinden, Germany, <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Hohenlinden,+Germany/@48.1554805,11.9946157,1715m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x479e013ea0c4665d:0x41d25a40937bb40!8m2!3d48.1573992!4d11.9965522" target="_blank">48° 9' 21" N, 12° 0' 0" E</a><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Weather:</b> </span> Cold. Sleet and snow. Roads boot-sucking muddy. Visibility at times down to 10 meters, until late in the morning when the snow stopped and the sun came out for a time, only to resume snowing heavily again around noon.</div><div><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b> </b></span></div><div></div><div><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Sunrise:</b></span> 07:06 <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunset:</span></b> 16:36<br /><i><span style="font-size: small;">From <a href="https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/solcalc/sunrise.html" target="_blank">NOAA's calculator </a></span></i><br />
<br /><span style="color: #b45f06;"><font size="6">H</font></span>ohenlinden is the other bookend battle of this fateful year which saw the accession to power of Napoleon Bonaparte as First Consul and his close-call victory at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" target="_blank">Marengo </a>in Italy, six months before. In a number of ways, it mirrors the events of that first, more famous battle. For instance, it was also fought against the odds. The French were vulnerably spread out when the Austrians launched their attack across a river. It featured an aggressive foe who assumed they had already won. And it was also decided by the last minute arrival of a surprise blow on the Austrian flank and rear. One senses a theme.<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Though streets, towns, bridges, and even<a href="https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1018865-chicken-marengo" target="_blank"> a famous chicken dish</a> have been named after Marengo, Even though, as we'll see, it decisively ended the Revolutionary Wars and the Second Coalition, Hohenlinden hasn't enjoyed any such honor. (Not unless you count <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynden,_Washington" target="_blank">Lynden</a>, Washington, which was named from a popular <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Hohenlinden" target="_blank">poem by Thomas Cambell</a> about the battle, but mostly because the city founders just liked the way the name sounded, and which they re-spelled with a "y" to make it more typographically pleasing. A tenuous honor.)<br /><br />So, by that criterion. Hohenlinden <i>is </i>obscure. Unless, of course, you're a Napoleonic nerd. And then I give up on any rationalization of the increasingly misnamed title of this blog series.</div><div><br /></div><div>This battle also interested me as a study in several leadership and life lessons. One being "don't count your chickens before they're hatched." (Or cooked in a delicious sauce.) Another is the contrast of styles between the audacious, risk-taking Bonaparte and the cautious, but competent, Jean Moreau. And finally, the cautionary lesson no one ever seems to learn: KISS, Keep it simple, stupid.<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Marengo didn't win the war.</span></h2>Though Bonaparte's victory over the main Austrian army in Northern Italy at Marengo on June 14,1800 was supposed to be the decisive event that would compel the Habsburgs to sue for peace and end eight years of war with France...well-l-l-l-l-l-l...not exactly.Even though Bonaparte's subsequent propaganda made it appear that way...how can I put this diplomatically? He lied.<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>For one thing, Bonapartes's summer victory was almost pyrrhic. He nearly lost the battle at the outset and his beaten force was in the act of retreating from Melas's surprise attack when he was saved at the last minute by the sudden return of Desaix's division on the strung-out Austrian flank. This, of course, reversed the Austrian pursuit and drove them back into their fortified base in Alessandria.</div><div><br /></div><div>While Marengo <i>was </i>certainly demoralizing for the Austrians, their main army in Northern Italy was still more or less intact. And they still held most of the principle fortified cities in Northern Italy: Mantua, Venice, Verona, Genoa. Moreover their forces in that theater still outnumbered the French (by November 90,000 to 55,000). And while Italy was strategic, it was not as <i>existentially </i>strategic as the Rhine frontier was to Vienna. The main Second Coalition armies were deployed there. </div><div> </div><div>To add to the Austrians' distress, Czar Paul had taken Russia out of the alliance shortly after Marengo, partly due to the high-handedness of the British and partly to the greed of the Austrians who seemed to their allies more interested in their own territorial expansion than the original object of the war, which had been to stop the export of the French Revolution and restore the Bourbon monarchy to France. This abandonment by Paul probably disquieted Emperor Francis II more than a local military setback in Italy. So the Austrians agreed to an armistice in Italy while further negotiations progressed to a permanent peace. <br /></div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_MhNriXt0Xw/X18QMGpBZtI/AAAAAAAAE2U/ak1-MGxw5xgggsri6CCrdpmu65IaOp-hQCLcBGAsYHQ/s561/Jean_Victor_Moreau.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="561" data-original-width="421" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_MhNriXt0Xw/X18QMGpBZtI/AAAAAAAAE2U/ak1-MGxw5xgggsri6CCrdpmu65IaOp-hQCLcBGAsYHQ/w300-h400/Jean_Victor_Moreau.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Jean Victor Moreau</span></i></b><br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />When General Jean Moreau launched his own offensive in Germany at the same time as Marengo, throwing back Marshal Kray's central army eastward into Bavaria and then started a relentless drive toward Vienna, Bonaparte pressed the peace negotiations further. But the Austrians only agreed to extend the armistice to all theaters (Germany included) at the end of September, mostly to stop the momentum of Moreau, who had surrounded Kray at Ulm. It was like half-time of a football game, not a general peace.<br /></div><div> </div><div>While popular support for an end to the war was strong in Austria as in France, and even among the British public, the British government were definitely not willing to throw in the towel. They leaned hard on Austria to live up to its "no separate peace" commitment. The British were due to invest a second installment of the promised loans for the Habsburg government in November of some £800,000 (equivalent to some £1.16 billion in Post-Brexit Britain today, or $1.52 billion<span style="color: red;">*</span>), but threatened to withhold it until the Austrians resumed hostilities on all fronts. Of course, this feels like familiar diplomatic bullying--hmm, where have we seen this recently?<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>For six weeks, from the beginning of October, both the Austrians and French honored the armistice, but, at the same time, both built up their forces in Italy and Germany for resumption at any time. And that resumption came in the middle of November when negotiations finally broke down on the sticking point that Bonaparte wanted a separate peace with just Austria. The Kaiser would not dishonor his pledge (underwritten by those £800,000) to Great Britain. So the war would start again, But by prior agreement and out of respect for 18th century etiquette, and before the era of Executive Order by Tweet, actual hostilities would not commence for fifteen days. <br /><br />Let's see what happens...<br /></div><div><span style="color: #666666;"> </span></div><div><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">*</span></span></b><span style="font-size: x-small;">This is a rough estimate, since monetary equivalents are difficult to calculate over the centuries. However, I looked up the <a href="https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/worklife/careers/a33179/average-job-salaries-uk/" target="_blank">UK's average wag</a><a href="https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/worklife/careers/a33179/average-job-salaries-uk/" target="_blank">e</a> in 2019 (£29,009) and compared it to </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span>£20, </span><a href="http://www.afamilystory.co.uk/history/wages-and-prices.aspx" target="_blank">the average annual wage of a British tradesman (above a common laborer) in <u>England in 1800, </u></a>.--and applied the magic spells of high school math I learned at Hogwarts. Giving a true equivalent of value ratio of 1450:1. A professional economist would undoubtedly use a different metric. <br /><br />See! And you didn't think this was obscure.</span></span></span><br /></div><div><span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;"><b>The following map</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span>displays the opening moves of the forces about two hours after they had begun to move at 05:00. You can at once see the problem the Austrians faced, with three of their four columns not even within supporting distance of each other and the central column under Kollowrat running head-on into the main French army SE of Hohenlinden. But I don't want to spoil the story...</i></span></div><div><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i> </i></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XXrk36eGRVE/X2lFOvUNJ2I/AAAAAAAAE3o/9eiboDVBrPwBPUI2plJEPcgMrK02KlU9gCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Hohenlinden%2B2020%2BBig%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1995" data-original-width="2048" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XXrk36eGRVE/X2lFOvUNJ2I/AAAAAAAAE3o/9eiboDVBrPwBPUI2plJEPcgMrK02KlU9gCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Hohenlinden%2B2020%2BBig%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /></span></div><div><i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yVxfk9fB9eQ/X0SYO-fm09I/AAAAAAAAE0A/sN_sIL7EaLA6Kq5UcRu6-7pIOCp2FTdxgCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Hohenlinden%2B2020%2BBig%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4PyH9-00IYw/XzeKjUEmNWI/AAAAAAAAEzE/GtBVX6n5EbYnO_Vg78zBTsfHec17zwW3wCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Hohenlinden%2B2020%2BBig%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div></i><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Half-time's over.</span></h2></div><div><div style="text-align: left;"><div>The war in Italy had started up again, as if Marengo had never happened. So too in Germany.</div><div> </div><div>Up there, the French had Moreau's Army of the Rhine with 107,000 crack troops,
flanked to the south by MacDonald in Switzerland with 18,000 and Augereau on the
lower Rhine with another 16,000. These were all mostly veteran troops, recently reprovisioned and brought back up to strength, and led by extremely good officers, who, since the Revolution, were people who were natural leaders, having got their commissions by grit, combat experience, and ability rather than nobility of birth (not to mention surviving the guillotine). This, after all, had been the main animus behind the Revolution in the first place. You see where I'm going with this.<br /></div><div> </div><div>The Austrians, the foremost champions of the anti-revolutionary <i>Ancien Régime</i>, had 186,000 troops in four armies spread out from Hesse in the north to the Tyrol in the south. The largest and most central force was under the emperor's younger brother,
18-year-old <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" target="_blank">Archduke Johann</a>, ably assisted by a number of wizened old
veterans on his staff.</div><div> </div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-daRKA6u6G0E/X18N8er2vSI/AAAAAAAAE2I/yfCra98TxAosN7aFzGnnSEdp2a8iYV14ACLcBGAsYHQ/s1073/Erzherzog%2BJohann.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1073" data-original-width="800" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-daRKA6u6G0E/X18N8er2vSI/AAAAAAAAE2I/yfCra98TxAosN7aFzGnnSEdp2a8iYV14ACLcBGAsYHQ/w299-h400/Erzherzog%2BJohann.jpg" width="299" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>18 year-old Erzherzog Johann</b><br />Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Army<br />That's right. Why? Does he look<br />too young?</span></i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: left;">The previous commander in
this theater,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kray" target="_blank"> Paul Kray</a>, in spite of all of his long service to the
Empire since the Seven Years War, and in spite of all his victories over the
Prussians, the Ottomans, and the French, had been ignominiously fired by
the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofkriegsrat" target="_blank">Hofkriegsrat </a>(the Imperial War Council, also called the Aulic Council) and sent to exile to eventually die from depression. Kaiser Franz
(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" target="_blank">Francis II</a>) felt that all senior commands should go to a member of the
imperial family, regardless of talent, intelligence, experience, age, or skills. It was their right as God's anointed elite. There
had been pressure on the Hofkriegsrat and Chancellor Thugut to appoint
the much more
capable Habsburg prince, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" target="_blank">Archduke Carl</a>, Johann's older brother. But Carl had ruffled too many powdered wigs at court (particularly
Thugut's) and so sat this one
out (until he was finally called to save the empire nine years later at <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2016/05/aspern-essling-1809.html" target="_blank">Wagram</a>).
So councilors continued down the list of the many Habsburg offspring (male, of
course) until they came to young master Johann. A pleasant child but
zero military experience. Perfect! He was family and that, in the end, was
the most important thing. </div></div><div> </div><div>Ah, nepotism and centuries of inbreeding with your cousins! What could possibly go wrong with that system? Read on...<br /></div><div> </div><div><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">___________</span></b><br /></div><div> </div><div>Moreau moved methodically and carefully. His method of waging war was in contrast to Bonaparte's, who liked to act on impulse, following his "lucky star". The First Consul dissed Moreau for being too slow, but he was not yet confident enough in his newly seized political power to remove him. Moreau was popular with the Army and Paris. He won battles. And he took care of his soldiers. He did not waste them recklessly on forced marches. He kept them paid, fed, and clothed (particularly important in a winter campaign). And he enforced strict discipline against looting and the kind of living-off-the-land that Bonaparte's armies had done in Italy. Moreau, a true republican, realized this was not just another 18th century war, when princes would waste their enslaved soldiers lives to exchange rich provinces, it was a war of social revolution; a war to export the Rights of Man to the oppressed of Europe. He and his men were ideologues; they thought of themselves as liberators, of Italy, of Bavaria, of the Rhineland, of Belgium, of everywhere they invaded. So, for the most part, Moreau's Army of the Rhine was welcomed by the ordinary people of Bavaria, who, in turn provided them with invaluable help, including guides and intelligence.</div><div><br /></div><div></div><div></div><div>Meanwhile, on the other side, Johann, following the advice of his "sage" staff officers, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Weyrother" target="_blank">Weyrother </a>and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Lauer" target="_blank">Lauer </a>(as his brother, the Kaiser, had ordered him to do), launched what they all imagined would be a grand, outflanking maneuver around Moreau's army and take Munich from behind. It was a bold, brilliant plan, worthy of Bonaparte himself (an ironic mirror of what Napoleon would do to the Austrians five years later). They were all excited about the strategic scale of this plan, and felt it would end the war and possibly even avenge the murder of Marie Antoinette, Johann's and Francis's aunt.<br /></div><div> </div><div>But the Austrian army was not built for blitzkriegy, Napoleonic sweeps. It was late fall. And rainy. And the roads were muddy. And most of the soldiers didn't want to be there. They were not used to campaigning in the winter. Moreover, in further contrast to the French, Johann's intelligence services were terrible. They had no idea where Moreau's army was, and the local Bavarian population was not bending over backwards to help them find out. While Moreau had made it his business over the preceding months to learn every hamlet, gully, trail, river, stream, and forest in this country, the Austrians just didn't. In spite of their vaunted hussars (of which they had over 4,000), whose primary reason for being was reconnaissance, they stumbled blindly forward. Bavaria, to them, was an alien land, even though the Bavarian court had "rented" out 7,000 of its troops (paid for, in turn, by that aforementioned loan from Britain) to assist them in ejecting the regicides. To the locals, the Austrians were just as much invaders as the French. But the French this time were nicer about it.</div><div> </div><div>Then both commanders surprised each other. <br /></div><div></div><div></div><div> </div><div>The surprise on Johann was when his army crossed the Inn River at Muhldorf, they ran into the French much farther east than he expected, about five miles southwest of the village of Ampfing. Instead of being back in Munich, as Johann's last reports had indicated, the enemy seemed to be much farther east than he anticipated. One of Moreau's divisions, Ney's, had set up camp southwest of Ampfing on 30 November and on the morning of 1 December, they were surprised by the attack of what was, apparently, the whole Austrian army. Moreau knew Johann was close, but had not expected him to have crossed the Inn, and had clearly not expected him to go on the offensive. As at the opening of Marengo, the French were at first taken off-guard by the Austrians' offensive and were pushed back. But after a heavy fight and skillful withdrawal, the French gave twice as good as they got, even though vastly outnumbered. They retreated on the town of Haag that evening (14 miles west--see map above), and the next morning fell back on Hohenlinden, where Moreau started preparing an ambush.<br /><br />Two decades later, when Napoleon was writing his memoirs in his exile on St. Helena, he criticized Moreau for having let his guard down, spreading his army out too far, and allowing himself to be surprised by the Austrians. Which was precisely what had happened to him at Marengo. But the Emperor was never famous for self-awareness, only having 20/20 hindsight for the faults of others.<br /></div><div><br />Johann and his generals couldn't believe their luck. Such was the ferocity and skill of the troops they faced, they believed they had fought and defeated the entire French army at Ampfing (they had only engaged two divisions, Ney's and Hardy's, 17,629 men) and that Moreau's whole force was in rout back to Munich. Johann wrote giddily to his brother, the Kaiser, that ultimate victory was at hand. Ignoring the fact that the Austrians had suffered almost twice the casualties in this engagement, Johann and his seasoned staff felt it was only for them to chase these fleeing sans-culottes to destruction, liberate the Bavarian capital, and march on to a defenseless Paris. Weyrother, who had fought in Italy and was very aware of the sucker-punch the Austrians had fallen for at Marengo. should have been personally wary of this trap. But he joined in the cheer-leading of Young Master Johann. Only ancient Lauer, who had been personally tasked by the Emperor with supervising Johann, voiced caution. But he was a Debby-Downer to the celebrating officers.</div><div><br /></div><div>Next day, they would advance to Haag, an easy day's walk, even in the rain, ready to march on Munich. And then, on to Paris!<br /></div><div> </div><div>Then it started to snow.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Moreau's Lemonade Stand<br /></span></h2></div><div></div><div>The next day, 2 December, the Austrian army did make it to Haag, eventually. The roads were muddy from the rain and during the night this turned to snow. This didn't make those roads any more mucky, but because most of the "roads" in the area were barely tracks, under the freshly fallen snow they were harder to find, unless you lived there. The snow also cut down on visibility so it was easy for columns to get lost. And snow, as many of you who live in higher latitudes know, is not the easiest thing to slog through, particularly if you're hauling tons of artillery and wagons. It can slow movement down by half, sometimes more, depending on how deep it is. The only truly all-weather road in the area was the one between Haag and Hohenlinden, which, at the time was a virtual <i>autobahn</i>, at least by 18th century standards. But even this went through three miles of forest, channeling the army through a narrow defile.<br /></div><div> </div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PPOIAAQIGYY/X18L8znfI-I/AAAAAAAAE18/wT_YDDTI3VYuEcedY4YE0w9VvrjQZNExACLcBGAsYHQ/s1024/Bataille_de_Hohenlinden--Henri%2BFr%25C3%25A9d%25C3%25A9ric%2BSchopin.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="877" data-original-width="1024" height="548" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PPOIAAQIGYY/X18L8znfI-I/AAAAAAAAE18/wT_YDDTI3VYuEcedY4YE0w9VvrjQZNExACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h548/Bataille_de_Hohenlinden--Henri%2BFr%25C3%25A9d%25C3%25A9ric%2BSchopin.jpg" title="Moreau at Hohenlinden" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Moreau at Hohenlinden, with captured Austrian flags and prisoners<br /> (Oops. Another spoiler.)</span></b><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><br />Henri Frederic Schopin, 1836</span></i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />So as not to clog up this main road, Johann's staff had split up the army into four wings, with each to take a different route to rendezvous at Hohenlinden on the 3rd. (See map above) The central wing, almost 24,000 with 64 guns under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Kollowrat" target="_blank">Johann Kollowrat</a>, was assigned the main Haag-Hohenlinden highway; this was the corps that Johann accompanied. The other three wings under Kienmayer (23,000 with 78 guns), Baillet de Latour (10,000 and 44 guns), and Reisch (12,000 and 48 guns) had to stumble their way along, looking for freshly concealed tracks through the dark, spruce forests, and up and down steep hills. All without adequate maps. I assumed that they would have snatched up some local farmers to show them the way, but how much they trusted them is up to debate. Austrian nobility did not tend to trust the word of peasants, and peasants didn't trust nobility, particular foreigners.This pride and prejudice on the part of the Austrian aristocratic leadership would hurt them later, as well, at the battle of <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/04/wertingen-1805.html" target="_blank">Wertingen</a> in 1805.<br /></div><div> </div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div>Nevertheless, between 04:00 and 05:00 on the 3rd, two hours before sunrise, the Austrians broke their camps around Haag and started to trudge west in the dark toward the rendezvous on the plain of Hohenlinden. Marching in the dark couldn't have made it easier for the three flanking formations whose routes took them through forests with almost non-existent tracks. And the snow grew heavier.<br /><br />I can imagine thousands of conversations in the ranks, repeating the phrase, "Whose idea was this?" But Johann and his staff were jubilant. Getting up early on a snowy morning was like Christmas three weeks early: They were going to mop up the fleeing French today! Paris by Christmas!<br /><br />___<br /><br />The day before, after the retreat from Ampfing, Moreau was rallying his army on the open plain around Hohenlinden. They certainly weren't in flight as Johann's staff had assumed, and were not nearly as disorganized either. Moreau was a little put off by the nasty surprise of the Austrian offensive on the 1st. But being resilient by nature, he was one of those commanders who make lemonade out of lemons. And his lemonade stand was setting an ambush for Johann. Being knocked on his butt, he probably thought, "Perfect! I've got them just where I want them!"</div><div> </div><div>Anticipating that Johann would be coming on as if he had won a great victory, pursuing a whipped mob, Moerau and his officers all agreed that the Austrians would be strung out and not prepared to run into a strong defense. In order to continue to encourage this misperception, Moreau had sent out patrols of infantry and cavalry to the villages in the high ground east of Hohenlinden, and when the enemy appeared, told them to make a show of running away (see this strategem employed by the Zulus, too, at the <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2019/02/isandlwana-1879.html" target="_blank">Battle of Isandlwana</a>). This would further convince the Austrians that their hunch was right, egging them on. Then, he'd have them. As they emerged in column of route from the forest defiles up and down the plain, he could defeat each of the columns in detail before they had time to deploy or link with each other.<br /></div><div> </div><div>Moreau had sent for his southern flank commanders, Decaen and Richepanse and that evening they had arrived in Hohenlinden while Moreau was explaining his trap to his other divisional leaders (Grenier, Legrand, Bastoul, Ney, Grouchy, and Hautpoul). When the late-comers each stomped in, shaking off the snow, Moreau exclaimed, "Ah! Decaen! Now the battle will be won tomorrow!" He had a great relationship with his generals, trusting in their own experience and good sense, and they trusted him. They had all become a band of brothers in this republican army over the years.<br /><br />Moreau's orignal plan was to fix the Austrians at Hohenlinden, just outside the exit from the defile, holding them back as long as possible while Richepanse's single division worked around their southern flank and hit them in the rear. When Decaen showed up for dinner, Moreau told him he wanted him to move his division to Hohenlinden to support Grouchy. But Decaen demurred and said that his men had marched all day to reach Ebersberg and that the forest trails from there to Hohenlinden would mean they wouldn't get there until late the next day, probably too late. He proposed an alternative; that he follow Richepanse through St. Cristophe and join him in his enveloping attack. Moreau saw the wisdom of this and agreed, "I was going to turn the enemy with 10,000 men. We'll do it with 20,000..."he leaned over the map, "Here!" mashing his finger down decisively on the name on the map [camera cuts in tight] "Maitenbeth". </div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">(This last gesture I made up for dramatic effect. You can tell I've been cooped up streaming too many war movies.)</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><div><br /></div></div></div><div> </div><div><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Positions of troops at first encounter</b>, around 07:15. I have scaled the troop markers in this map to reflect the actual footprint of the units to give a feel for how big the battlefield was. French infantry are, for the most part, deployed in <a href="http://www.napolun.com/mirror/napoleonistyka.atspace.com/infantry_tactics_4.htm#infantrycombatcolumns3" target="_blank">ordre-mixte</a> for each demibrigade (center battalion in line flanked by the other battalions in column of attack), which was, by 1800, the default battle deployment for the Republican Army. Most of the Austrian army was still far from Hohenlinden and is not yet on this smaller scale map.</span></i><br /></div><br /><div><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XvD5UWBNy3M/X2lS0UMs81I/AAAAAAAAE4I/tnwFfbZDovsIftZgF8rnbPRQPc4d3fY1ACLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Hohenlinden%2BCloseup%2B0715.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2045" data-original-width="2048" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XvD5UWBNy3M/X2lS0UMs81I/AAAAAAAAE4I/tnwFfbZDovsIftZgF8rnbPRQPc4d3fY1ACLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Hohenlinden%2BCloseup%2B0715.jpg" /></a><br /> </div><div><h3><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Wait! Weren't they supposed to be retreating?</span><br /></span></span></h3></div><div>Marching
in the dark through the falling snow for over two hours, the lead elements of the Austrian center column under Kollowrat
reached the end of the defile through the woods about 07:15, a mile-and-a-half southeast of Hohenlinden. This advanced guard under GM Franz Löpper consisted of a
couple of companies of Bavarian Feldjager, the Ferdinand #3 Hussars, and a gaggle of Freicorps (essentially militia). Suddenly, as they neared the end of the dark passage, bullets started smacking into tree trunks, whizzing past ears, thudding into bodies. Men fell heavily. Löpper at first assumed
that these were just coming from a rear guard and would quickly evaporate after a
parting shot, as had the other patrols they had encountered the day before.<br /></div><div> </div><div>But
the shots weren't parting. In fact they grew in intensity as the French pickets grew to a full-blown firing line of thousands. This was no
rear guard! In fact, it was some 2,300 men of the 108th Demibrigade, supported by three or four eight-pounder guns. And the guns started hurling showers of canister. More bodies fell heavily. <br /><br />Löpper couldn't do much with his handful of
jagers and random companies of militia. And his hussars weren't much
use in the woods. He sent back urgently for reinforcements. Next in the
column was Kolowrat-Leibsteinsky's division of eight battalions of
grenadiers and two regiments of Hungarian infantry, the #31 Benjowsky
and the #60 Gyulai. The Benjowskys hustled up the road and
deployed in the woods to the right and left, seeing the 108th's fire and raising them with more more muskets (2,600 to 2,300). In the snow and woods, soon shrouded in smoke, visibility
was almost nil. So both sides just banged away in the vague direction of
muzzle flashes, with no idea of how effective their fire was. <br /></div><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TjLK4wztaI8/X204hDk74rI/AAAAAAAAE5E/UhKCYcBH4yk4G6v83InOWZN_WMv3qyZygCLcBGAsYHQ/s401/Kollowrat.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="300" height="364" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TjLK4wztaI8/X204hDk74rI/AAAAAAAAE5E/UhKCYcBH4yk4G6v83InOWZN_WMv3qyZygCLcBGAsYHQ/w272-h364/Kollowrat.jpg" width="272" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Johann Kollowrat</b><br />Commander of the main<br />column of the Austrian army.</span></i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Kollowrat,
hearing the cacaphony ahead, sent a staff officer forward to find out what-the-what. Löpper, meanwhile, took command of the infantry coming up behind him (which would have been the Austrian grenadier battalions under GM Spannocchi), and fed them into his line. And he sent his hussars (Ferdinand #3) around to the left to try to find out how far the French line extended and, if possible, flank them.<br /><p></p><p>When Kollowrat was told what was happening, he himself sent orders for two of the grenadier battalions and a supporting squadron of the Ferdinand Hussars take another side trail south to link up with Riesch's column, which he believed should have been at St. Cristoph by now (it wasn't even close). In truth, Kollowrat wasn't sure what he was
facing. But the volume of fire seemed more like determined resistance
from a sizable force, not a rear guard action. And he hadn't heard yet from any of the other three columns.<br /></p><p>The Benjowskys and grenadiers were soon joined by the Gyulai regiment (#60) with another 2,400 muskets. Even though both sides were firing into the blind, the 108th started to feel the overwhelming pressure and slowly inched back toward the edge of the woods. But they held.<br /><br />It must be mentioned that at this point, and owing to the miserable weather and boot-sucking roads, the Austrian artillery, including the battalion support guns, did not keep up with the infantry. All of this heavy metal was still slowly coming up behind the rest of the army, most of it back by Maitenbeth at the entrance to the defile. The French guns, though, had no such impediment since they were already close at hand and giving close support to the infantry.<br /></p><p>Nor could the Austrians yet make use of their superior cavalry. Except for the Ferdinand Hussars, most of their horse were also stacked up like rush hour behind the infantry columns. Moreau had picked his position beautifully, almost like Leonidas at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermopylae#Greco-Persian_Wars" target="_blank">Thermopylae</a>. </p><p>Löpper, Kollowrat's on-scene commander at the front, had taken charge and was dealing out forces as they came up. With direct eyes on the situation, he soon realized he was facing just one demibrigade, even though the fire seemed intense. He commandeered two more of Spannocchi's Grenadier battalions (Sebettendorf and Tegettof) and sent them north to take another forest trail and hit the 108th from the flank. This they were able to do, surprising the lone 108th with a sudden bayonet charge out of the woods on its exposed flank about 09:00. The French fell back in a fighting withdrawal, covered by the 4th Hussars and the three eight-pounders who retreated <i>à bricole</i> with them. It wasn't a rout, but it did open up the exit from the defile wide enough for the Austrians, now reinforced by Deroy's Bavarians and (finally) some of their battalion guns, to deploy into line on open ground and start up a severe musket and canister fire on the French. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PrpjR9NDEiE/X18LeS8tpMI/AAAAAAAAE10/SKFeh8nv5XImxzFAf_vjAplqIJ0LeYvUgCLcBGAsYHQ/s600/Hohenlinden--Couche%252C%2BLouis%2BFrancois%2B%25281782-1849%2529.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="449" data-original-width="600" height="496" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PrpjR9NDEiE/X18LeS8tpMI/AAAAAAAAE10/SKFeh8nv5XImxzFAf_vjAplqIJ0LeYvUgCLcBGAsYHQ/w662-h496/Hohenlinden--Couche%252C%2BLouis%2BFrancois%2B%25281782-1849%2529.jpg" width="662" /></a></div><br /><p><br />This was a moment of crisis for Grouchy. The Austrians now had more than 12,000 infantry confronting his 8,500. Guns and cavalry gradually started arriving, adding to the pressure. The 108th was out of it for now, regrouping in the rear. Grouchy ordered the 46th Demibrigade, which had been supporting the 108th, to counter-attack. Furious at the canister being fired at them from the trees, the 46th charged at an all-out run, growling, bayonets lowered. Though outnumbered, they overran the Austrian guns and forced the Austrian and Bavarian infantry to flee back into the woods. The 46th continued to chase them. Hundreds of grenadiers dropped their muskets and surrendered, including Gen. Spannocchi. Five guns were taken. The French, moving from tree to tree to shoot, reload, and run forward, liked this kind of combat. They preferred to be on the attack and fighting on broken ground. They were in their element. <br /><br />Meanwhile, farther back up the road, the Bavarian commander, Zweibrücken, on his own initiative,
peeled off two more battalions of his own infantry from the main column
and sent them down the side trail toward St. Cristoph to link up with
Riesch. He had been unaware that Kollowrat had already sent two
grenadier battalions down there, but his experience of fighting in the
American Revolution as a "Hessian" mercenary had made him wary of
exposed flanks in the woods. The French were fighting unfair, like the Americans and Indians. So this detachment further drained the available strength in the center. Zweibrucken himself should not have been faulted for taking this initiative (which was probably prudent), but the lack of communication within the Allied leadership made it more serious. The generals just weren't talking to each other.<br /></p><p>It was now about 09:00. Kollowrat and Johann, from their headquarters position back on top of the Schimmelberg ridge close to Maitenbeth, were still confused about what was going on up at the front. They had not heard any word from the other three columns, so didn't know where they were. Nor had they apparently seen fit to gallop forward to the action at the front to see the situation for themselves at the Hohenlinden plain. No. They relied on breathless reports from couriers and rumors, often acting on erroneous or expired information. Troops at the front were thus both getting orders from Löpper and then contradicting orders from HQ in the rear. And the other wing commanders had no idea where Kollowrat or Johann were themselves to make contact.<br /></p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XG2TdNF_bHk/X2088rq4S5I/AAAAAAAAE5Q/rHSqjI4k9YQi21_ltogtiLWeGtOchWOYACLcBGAsYHQ/s634/Emmanuel%2BGrouchy.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="634" data-original-width="486" height="358" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XG2TdNF_bHk/X2088rq4S5I/AAAAAAAAE5Q/rHSqjI4k9YQi21_ltogtiLWeGtOchWOYACLcBGAsYHQ/w274-h358/Emmanuel%2BGrouchy.jpg" width="274" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Emmanuel Grouchy</b><br />Just 34 at the time of the battle.</span></i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Nevertheless, things should have been going well for the Austrians at the exit to the defile. Grouchy was stressed almost to breaking. The 108th had fallen back and were rallying, the 46th was fighting in the woods to the front, and his last demibrigade, the 57th (later known as "le Terrible"), had not yet been committed. This latter he sent after and to the right of the 46th to drive back the left flank of the Austrian line. He supported them with the 11th Chasseurs-a-Cheval and put in the rest of his cannon. All of his reserves, but for the single regiment of cavalry (the three squadrons of the 6th Cavalry), had been committed. And it seemed like the Austrians were still coming on. <p></p><p>But in contrast with the lead-from-the-rear tradition of Austrian commanders, Grouchy was right up in front with the fighting. This was the French style. Republican generals led from the front. Grouchy could see at once what was happening and what was needed, not having to wait for dispatches to tell him. <br /></p><p>By 10:00 the crisis had been contained for the time being, but Grouchy didn't know for how long he could hold the enemy back. He sent to Moreau's HQ at Hohenlinden for help.<span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Meanwhile, beyond the woods...</span></h2><p>At 07:15, when the fighting in the defile southeast of Hohenlinden was starting up, Richepanse was leading his division through the snow through the little village of St. Christoph (see small scale map at 07:15 above). His intelligence has alerted him to the threat coming from Riesch's southern column, but so far, there was no sign of them. He had recruited a guide from St. Christoph who said he intimately knew the tracks through the woods toward Maitenbeth and the Austrian rear and his lead demibrigade (the 8th) was about to enter those woods there. The guide told Richepance that Maitenbeth was only 15 minutes away. To the left of the main column, the 5th Hussars, the 20th Chasseurs-a-Cheval, and a horse battery were covering their flanks in the direction of the firing heard from the north. Contemporary narratives describe the horses and men wading through the thickening snow on either side of the track, since this was less muddy. But the going was slow.<br /></p><p>As the French 5th Hussar patrols moved through the hamlet of Schutzen northwest of Richepanse's main column and neared the woods, they were suddenly hit by a volley from the woods ahead. This would have come from the two grenadier battalions that Kollowrat had sent down earlier to link up with Riesch's column. The grenadiers must have hesitated, expecting the snow-shrouded horsemen to be Riesch's friendly cavalry. Eventually, at some range, even through the heavily falling snow, they must have recognized them as the enemy. Probably a call sign was not answered. Or answered in French. The grenadiers fired a volley. Two horses of the accompanying artillery dropped.<br /></p><p>Then the 5th Hussars unhooked their carbines and let loose their own volleys. They deployed and the battalion of the 14th Légère fell out of column to engage the Austrian grenadiers, hidden back in the woods, north of Schutzen. Richepanse detached the three grenadier companies from the 48th to lend support. In the falling snow (Richepanse, in his report, says you couldn't see ten paces), no one was sure how large the enemy force opposing them was. In fact, it was just the two grenadier battalions, about 1,200 men. But it must have seemed larger. <br /></p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nMsw8hjYldE/X2lHdrpl-QI/AAAAAAAAE30/KEZ-L1pK95wKU9EERZJJhQfvRUie-lg3QCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Antoine_Richepanse_%25281770-1802%2529.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="495" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nMsw8hjYldE/X2lHdrpl-QI/AAAAAAAAE30/KEZ-L1pK95wKU9EERZJJhQfvRUie-lg3QCLcBGAsYHQ/w327-h400/Antoine_Richepanse_%25281770-1802%2529.jpg" width="327" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Gen. Antoine Richepanse</b><br />Fearless, not just of battle, but of politics.<br />He was, apparently, beloved by his men, <br />as well as the yellow fever virus, which loved him<br />to death two years later in the West Indies.</span></i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>A prudent commander would have waited for his entire division to come up, deploy, and attack the blocking Austrians. But Richepanse had kept his mind on his strategic mission and plowed forward (literally) through the snow toward the entrance to the forest track that his local guide had said led directly to Maitenbeth. He told Drouet, his second brigade commander, to deal with the Austrians and follow when he was relieved by Decaen's division. Richepanse took with him Walther's brigade of the 8th and 48th Demibrigades, plus the 1st Chasseurs-a-Cheval and the division artillery (2nd Artillery/20th company), and entered the woods.<br /><p></p><p>More than once the column got lost. The guide, who was previously so confident, himself got lost as the narrow track was covered in snow. Leaving the first guide to apologize and scratch his head, Richepanse got another and they made a few more hundred yards of progress before that guide also got lost. But about 10:00 it suddenly stopped snowing, the sky cleared, and they could see blue sky through the trees ahead. They were near the far side of the forest. A few more minutes and they came out just south of Maitenbeth at a hamlet called Marsmaier, where the 1st Chasseurs surprised and captured a squad of Austrian cuirassiers, brewing coffee around a fire. Some of these got away to gallop north to warn their teammates.<br /></p><p>Emerging into the open with suddenly clear air, Richepanse realized he was exactly where he wanted to be, in the very
rear of the Austrian army, and in a position to turn the tide of the
battle. He had not had any word from Moreau or Grouchy, but hearing the
booms and continuous crackling from the west he felt the urgency. He could not yet see beyond the hill to the north that the village of Maitenbeth occupied. He couldn't see the main road or any of Kollowrat's column. He had no idea what he was facing. But he ordered the 8th Demibrigade form columns of attack, interspersed with artillery, and started slowly moving up the hill. The 1st Chasseurs covered both their right flank and front, ready to warn of the first sight of the enemy. The 48th was still back in the forest and had not yet come up, but Richepanse realised he didn't have a moment to lose. He charged up the hill, through the village, with this fraction of his force. For all he knew, the entire Austrian army was on the other side of that hill.<br /></p><p>The escaped Austrian cuirassiers from Marsmaier had meanwhile run into two regiments of cuirassiers (Albert & Lothringen) who were making their way from Haag and alerted them about the large body of French coming up toward them from Maitenbeth. FML Liechtenstein, Kollowrat's cavalry commander, ordered these cuirassiers to form two lines north of the road (Richepanse identifies these cuirassiers as the Nassau Regt, however, the Austrian OOB puts that regiment way up north with Latour's column, so who to believe? The official OOB or someone who was actually there?). Liechtenstein also commanded one of the artillery trains nearby to unlimber and get ready to sweep the hilltop to the south over which they expected the French to start swarming any minute. <br /><br />As the French crested the hill, Richepanse could now see the Austrian cuirassiers north of the road, still scrambling to deploy. He ordered the 1st Chasseurs to charge them before they could finish their evolution. As the chasseurs made their charge downhill toward the highway, they were suddenly hit in the flank by three hidden squadrons of Bavarian Chevaulegers, who had been following the cuirassiers down the road. The right squadron of the surprised 1st Chasseurs broke and fled past the flank of the 8th Demibrigade with the Bavarians in hot pursuit. But these latter were, in turn, stopped cold by controlled volleys from the unperturbed French infantry, and they fled themselves, having no desire to tackle with a steady phalanx of bayonets. The Austrian cuirassiers, were still in the tedious process of forming line on the north side of the road and weren't ready to help the Bavarian cavalry. But the eight Austrian 12-pdrs did start to fire on the massed French infantry and cavalry pouring over the hill. Fortunately for the latter, snow somewhat diminished the effect of roundshot and canister, especially when fired uphill, so they weren't harmed so much by this cannonade (see my observations on the effect of snow on 18th century combat in my article, <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/02/mollwitz-1741.html" target="_blank">Mollwitz 1741</a>). They kept coming, chanting "Tue! Tue! Tue!" (Kill! Kill! Kill!)<br /></p><p>Richepanse had the 8th charge right at the still-deploying Austrian horse, who attempted a series of disconnected charges, only to be cut down by musketry and counter-charged by the rallied chasseurs. After three or four of these aborted cavalry charges, the Austrian cuirassiers withdrew farther to the north and the 8th occupied the road, capturing much of Kollowrat's artillery train.<br /><br />The 48th had now come up and assembled itself into attack columns. Richepanse turned these left at right angles and started each battalion down the road toward the rear of Kollowrat's column. These three columns quickly degenerated into an unruly mob from the road crowded with abandoned and overturned wagons, and dead bodies of men and horses. But this was of no consequence to the French infantry, who were used to fighting in this kind of chaotic terrain. Linear warfare was for wimps. <br /><br />Zweibrüken, the Bavarian commander, was closest to this unexpected new threat and commanded the rearmost of his battalions, Stengel, Preysing, and Schlossberg, to reverse course and march back up the road to confront it. As the opposing infantry neared each other, Richepanse, who was leading from the front, as usual, turned to his men and pointed to the approaching Bavarians, "<i>Grenadiers, que pensez vous de ces hommes-là?</i><span class="tlid-translation translation" lang="fr"><span title="">" (</span></span>"What do you think of those men there?") One of the grenadiers snarled, "<span class="tlid-translation translation" lang="fr"><span title=""><i>Général, ils sont fouté</i></span></span>!" ("They're f***ed!") This was seconded by another growling chant of "<i>Tue! Tue! Tue</i>!" ("Kill! Kill! Kill!") from the whole regiment. They then launched one of those unrestrained, <i>furia francese</i> charges the French were famous for and crashed into the Bavarian battalions. The Preysing and Schossberg batallions fought heroically for a short time, reforming and counter-charging four or five times (according to Richepanse's report) but their heart soon failed and they either bolted through the woods to the north or surrendered. The Stengel battalion didn't wait around but immediately broke northward through the woods as soon as they heard the French screaming and coming for them. Artillerymen cut their horses loose from the limbers and also bolted north through the woods, leaving the guns and caissons.<br /></p><p>Kollowrat and Johann, now hearing a brouhaha from their rear as well as their front, did not know what to think. Kollowrat sent orders for two more Bavarian battalions to reverse march to confront the crisis in the rear. These merely ran into the same buzz saw. And to the west, the French, who had been falling back, were now apparently counter-attacking en-mass. More and more exhausted Allied troops were filtering back through the mess on the road, or heading north toward Isen. </p><p>The Austrian General Staff was openly wondering, "Where were the other wings? Where were Kienmayer? Latour? Reisch?" They had heard nothing from them since before dawn.<br /><br />Well. That's an interesting story...</p><p><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Positions at 10:00 </b>Note, as you peruse this map of
positions of the various units, when Richepanse launched
his rear attack, that it is verrrrrrrrrrrrrry speculative. None of the
narratives I used were precise about the exact positions of the various
forces (particularly the Allies), so I have taken some cartographer's
license. </span></i><br /></p><p><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LtAVunAdpAM/X2un234LvAI/AAAAAAAAE4g/P-6bawNL2NoQBG-LRx5i9VbBkiOvy8XDACLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Hohenlinden%2BCloseup%2B1000.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2042" data-original-width="2048" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LtAVunAdpAM/X2un234LvAI/AAAAAAAAE4g/P-6bawNL2NoQBG-LRx5i9VbBkiOvy8XDACLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Hohenlinden%2BCloseup%2B1000.jpg" /></a><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /></span></i></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Where is everybody?</span><br /></h2><p>In this age before radio, GPS, and smartphones, conducting wide-flung, coordinated maneuvers meant to outflank was a foolhardy ambition. The weather that day certainly didn't help. Or the woody, hilly terrain. All four columns had lost touch with each other shortly after setting out in the predawn hours. One could argue that this indirect, Frederickan tactic was working fine for the French, as Richepanse managed to find his target under the same conditions. But he didn't have as far to go. And his maneuver wasn't as wide or complicated as the four Austrian columns.<br /><br />Kienmayer's column of nearly 23,000 rose about 04:30 from its campfires around Dorfen (see first, large scale map above) and proceeded to feel its way in the dark up the Isen River toward Isen. Its objective was to come out on the north end of the Hohenlinden plain at the village of Buch and there somehow link up with the other three columns. It was led by three Grenzer battalions and six squadrons of the #6 Coburg Chevaulegers. These ran into some French infantry detachments around Isen around 07:00, who made a show of fleeing in mock terror through the woods to the west toward Legrand's position opposite Buch. This served its intended purposes of convincing the Austrians that the French were, indeed, on the run, and getting them to split their forces to run after them (again see the Zulu strategy at <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2019/02/isandlwana-1879.html" target="_blank">Isandlwana</a>). <br /><br />As the hours ticked on, though, and the climax of the battle in the center was unfolding, Kienmayer's two divisions under Schwartzenberg and Ferdinand made painfully slow progress on the snow-packed roads south and west of Isen. One or two isolated battalions made it as far as the villages of Fostern and Tadding, pushing back Bastoul's pickets, but these were soon driven back by coordinated French counter-attacks. </p><p>NB: The sources I used to research this article (see references below) are vague in the participation of the Austrian forces, naming only a battalion or two from all of the available order of battle of Kienmayer's column. Most of these troops seem to have been stuck far back on the roads north of Isen. Nevertheless, between 07:00 and 11:00, the fighting on the north side of the battlefield seems to have been seesaw, with the outnumbered French of Legrand's and Bastoul's divisions ultimately pushing the Austrians back into the woods. Fortunately for the French, because the Austrian forays were piecemeal, they could deal with them separately. <br /><br />Meanwhile, the second column under Baillet-Latour, though it had also risen early, was making almost no progress from its bivouacs around Haag. By 07:00 it had waded a little over three miles in two hours and was hung up in the woods almost six miles from its objective at Hohenlinden, which at this rate, it wouldn't reach until noon, five hours behind schedule--and even then if it ran into no opposition. Latour had lost complete touch with both Kienmayer and Kollowrat. </p><p>At around 10:00 his column finally reached the village of Schnaupping (see map--okay, I'm not going to keep telling you to do that). But he stopped there. He had heard rumbles of battle from the north, the south, and the west and didn't know where he should turn. He started to fritter away his command by dispatching two squadrons of the Nassau Cuirassiers and a battalion of the Lacy IR#22 northwest to try to link up with Kienmayer, then four of the remaining squadrons of the Nassauers and another battalion of the Lacy, with some of his artillery south to try and establish contact with Kollowrat. Moving cautiously toward Mittbach, he now heard the battle to his south getting really serious and sent two more battalions and some more artillery in that direction to help. He was left with less than half of his original column. Unknown to him, the reinforcements he had sent to Kollowrat had been a day late and a dollar short; that battle was already lost when they started running into fleeing comrades running north.<br /></p><p>As Latour inched his way cautiously through the last set of woods east of Hohenlinden, he at last came in site of the plain and witnessed, to his horror, that Grouchy and Ney were in the midst of a counterattack on Kollowrat's forces and were driving them back into the defile. He belatedly sent yet another single battalion after the other two to help Kollowrat, who was beyond help by this time. <br /><br />With just 6,500 of his original force left, he had two more battalions attack the village of Kronacker (NE of Hohenlinden) as a diversion to help Kienmayer get his force onto the plain to the north. Now he had less than half his original force left at Mittbach (and safely out of harms way), and spent the rest of the morning dithering about what to do with them.</p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Riesch is also no help at all.</span></h2><p>Finally, to the south, Riesch's fourth column was having just as much trouble plowing through the snow as Kienmayer and Latour. By 10:00, five-and-a-half hours after starting out, his lead battalions had only reached Albaching, not quite five miles (7.5 km). At this rate, he wouldn't reach Hohenlinden, the agreed rendezvous point, until after nightfall, even without opposition. Like the other columns, he had no contact with anybody else and only heard the rolling thunder of gunfire to the north and west. His intelligence had informed him that both Richepanse's and Decaen's divisions were still six miles to the west, at Ebersberg. But this information was hours old; Richepanse was already commencing his charge down the Haag-Hohenlinden highway from Maintenbeth toward the rear of Kollowrat's column and Decaen was bearing down on Riesch himself from St. Christoph. Riesch decided to hold where he was to await the rest of his column and news from Kollowrat. He did order a battalion of infantry to head toward St. Christoph to capture that place, and then ordered another one to follow it a little later. He sent another battalion and a squadron of cavalry north toward Maitenbeth to try and establish contact with Kollowrat, who, by this time, and unknown to Riesch, was busy fleeing for his life. Both of these tiny forces were processed in the French Cuisinart.<br /><br />On the French side, Decaen, who had reached St.Cristoph by 10:00 found Richepanse's rear brigades under Drouet and Sahuc engaged in a firefight with the two Austrian grenadier battalions guarding the trail up to the main highway. Decaen took over this fight for Drouet, who was able to disengage and follow Richepanse up to Maitenbeth. Decaen, with a fresh battalion of the 14th Légère, the three battalions of the Polish Legion, and a squadron of Polish Uhlans, finally drove back the Austrian grenadiers (who must have been running out of ammunition by this time and were hearing rumors of chaos to their rear). The Poles followed the fleeing grenadiers north until they came out on the highway. There they discovered the entire Austrian artillery train, and also linked up with Grouchy's and Ney's counter-attack from the west. What was left of the Kollowrat's center column, beset on three sides (west, south, east), broke and bolted through the woods to the north; Johann, Kollowrat, and the whole army staff with them. <br /></p><p>In parting to rejoin Richepanse, Drouet told Decaen that he was afraid they were being flanked from the southeast by the enemy. Whereupon, Decaen said, "Well, we're just going to have to outflank <i>them</i>, then." (In anticipation of Chesty Puller's famous response to the news that his 1st Marines were being surrounded by the Communist Chinese at the Chosin Reservoir in 1952, "Poor sons-of-bitches. Now we can attack on all fronts at once.")<br /><br />So Decaen sent the rest of his division east to meet Riesch, who, like Latour, had fragmented his force and was eaten up one bite at a time. </p><p>Though Riesch finally received an order from Johann toward the end of the day to try and continue his offensive on St. Christoph to support the center (though it is unclear when that order was originally sent since by that time Johann and his whole staff were themselves fleeing north through the woods and well on their way back to Haag), he sent back that he was heroically trying to do just that. But he wasn't at all. Since 10:00 that morning, all he had done was send one small detachment after another west or north, only to be met and gobbled up by Decaen's or Drouet's forces. By sundown, he judged he had done enough and started moving what was left of his command back up to Haag. He did manage to have captured 500 Frenchmen, though.<br /><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Trying to sum up.</span><br /></h2><p>By midday this battle, having been fought mostly in woody, hilly terrain, and in a blinding snowstorm, was pretty much done. The entire Allied plan, brilliant in ambition, but FUBAR<span style="color: #cc0000;">*</span> in execution, had completely fallen apart. <br /></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"> *FUBAR: "F**ed Up Beyond All Recognition" for those of you not familiar with WWII acronyms.</span></span></p><p>It is confusing to try and follow all the movements, particularly of the four Austrian columns. The narratives I consulted describe the various Habsburg commanders detaching unnamed battalions or squadrons, and those in isolated engagements. And I, alas, being an amateur historian, sequestered on the West Coast of the U.S. during the pandemic, have not been able to find detailed, primary sources (except for Richepanse's report). I almost gave up even posting this battle for all the gaping holes it had in the sources and narratives I had access to.<br /><br />But, to sum up as best as I can: By about 11:00 Moreau, without having any direct communication from his two remote division commanders, Richepanse and Decaen, saw the the nervous shuffling in the Austrian and Bavarian ranks to Grouchy's immediate front. He reached out with his feelings and the Force told him (okay, I've been watching a <i>Star Wars</i> marathon) that Richepanse had successfully pounced on Kollorat's rear and was driving him down the Haag road from the east,. All of Moreau's forces on the Hohenlinden plain had been successfully holding back isolated and uncoordinated Austrian attacks from Kienmayer's and Latour's columns all morning. Now that the main Habsburg assault from the Haag highway seemed to be faltering, and was apparently distracted by something happening in their rear, Moreau judged the time was right to launch a counter-attack all up and down the line. He ordered Legrand, Bastoul, Ney, Hautpol, and Grouchy to unleash hell. <br /><br />The offensive flipped. All of the French divisions pitched into the isolated Austrian battalions, from Buch in the north, to the Haag highway on the southside of the plain. Ney backed up what was left of Grouchy's division, who had been holding back the main Austrian thrust all morning and together they began to drive the enemy back down the road, right into the bayonets of Richepanse's now reunited brigades. From the south, Decaen's Polish brigade drove up the path into the flank of Kollowrat's column, taking hundreds of prisoners and dozens of limbered guns jammed on the road.</p><p>Opposite the center of the plain, both Schwarzenberg and Latour, feeling the sudden counter-attack from all up and down the French line, judged that it was the better part of valor to preserve their forces and begin a staged withdrawal back the way they had come. Two Austrian regiments (Murray and Ferdinand) had seized the village of Kronacker, just northeast of Hohenlinden, but Moreau quickly mustered the 108th, two battalions of the 57th, Ney's combined grenadiers, and a bunch of cavalry and had them counter-attack the Austrians, thowing them all the way back to Loiping. <br /></p><p>On the far north of the plain at Buch, Ferdinand, sensing that his flanks were suddenly exposed due to the withdrawal of Schwartzenberg's and Latour's troops, fought a fighting retreat back through the narrow forest path he had so laboriously negotiated all morning, eventually reaching his starting point at Dorfen by sundown.</p><p>Taking thousands of prisoners and scores of guns and wagons, and with the remainder of Kollowrat's command fleeing north through the woods, Ney's and Richepanse's divisions (and the Polish Legion) met up in the center of the road below the Schimmelberg. Richepanse's 48th Demibrigade about-faced and marched back the way they had come with Ney's and together they drove back what few cavalry squadrons the Austrians had left around Maintenbeth. By 14:00 they had established a strong defensive position at that village.</p><p>The whole mood in the Austrian army had changed. The day had started with glorious dreams of sweeping up what was left of Moreau's Army of the Rhine, and ended in utter disaster. Those of us living through the past few years are familiar with that kind of reversal of fortune. </p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Consequences of Hohenlinden</span><br /></h2><p>While Hohenlinden was only a rout for the Allied center column under Kollowrat--the other three columns not seriously engaged-- Johann's army was by no means destroyed. To be sure, he lost about 13,500 men and 111 guns captured,but he still had something like 55,000 and 126 guns left. A still formidable force. <br /></p><p>The trouble was the heart of the army was broken. In all practical terms Johann had no army left. His Bavarian allies had all called it a day. And army discipline was falling apart. This disintegration in the will of the Army was lethal and contagious. It spread, with Johann's report, to the Aulic Counsel and his own brother, the Kaiser.<br /></p><p>Hohenlinden proved to be a much more strategic victory for France and Bonaparte than Marengo had six months before. While Bonaparte criticized Moreau for not capitalizing on the victory and racing at once to Vienna (like he himself would have), the Republican commander, still prudent, instead moved across the Inn River to seize Salzburg. He then conducted a devastating march toward the capital, capturing an addtional 20,000 men and still more artillery. By 15 December, Moreau had come to within 50 miles of Vienna. </p><p>Archduke Carl was finally (and belatedly) asked to relieve his brother Johann as Commander-in-Chief, but by that time, the entire Habsburg military structure was collapsing. Survivors of Hohenlinden were deserting and making no end of trouble in the countryside, replacements were refusing to march to their assigned regiments, Hungarian grenzers were even failing to show up to muster. Losing such a major battle this close to Vienna, especially after the misconception that they had had victory in their grasp on 1 December, the peace party at the Aulic Council prevailed and persuaded Francis to end the war, to save his empire and himself. Francis's government was broke and exhausted, even with British loans. And rather than risk losing the whole country to the French revolutionary fanatics, they prudently agreed to terms. And to fight another day.</p><p>Bonaparte, getting the news of Moreau's victory five days later in Paris, was said by his secretary Bourrienne, to have "literally danced for joy." As he heard of Moreau's aggressive moves closer and closer to Vienna, he pressed his advantage. And by 9 February 1801 had got the Austrians to sign a humiliating treaty of Lunèville. The Second Coalition was dissolved ( Britain, left by everyone but the Ottomans, was forced, the next year, to sign the Treaty of Amiens). And peace had come back to Europe for the first time in a decade. <br /></p><p>Hohenlinden, the last battle fought and won by a purely Republican army, ironically made Bonaparte the hero, and allowed him to consolidate his political power. He was made Consul for Life by a national plebiscite in 1802 (in which 99% voted for him, but the ballots were not secret and you would go to prison if you voted against him). Moreau, who was also a hero not just to the Army but to the French public, was accused by Bonaparte's secret police of plotting to stage a coup, and was tried for treason. But the Republican general's popularity, and the huge street protests demanding his release, forced the Consul to back down and order his kangaroo court to merely banish him to the United States. Ten years later Moreau came out of retirement from his farm in Pennsylvania, recrossed the Atlantic, offered his expertise to help the Allies overthrow Napoleon, and was killed by a French cannonball at Dresden. Which makes me sad.<br /></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cgNM7eVsy84/X20x6Dip7tI/AAAAAAAAE4s/WxbVHoi90PkFjn5U7ENZ5qX8sDg3d01EQCLcBGAsYHQ/s900/Eugenie_Moreau.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="796" height="345" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cgNM7eVsy84/X20x6Dip7tI/AAAAAAAAE4s/WxbVHoi90PkFjn5U7ENZ5qX8sDg3d01EQCLcBGAsYHQ/w305-h345/Eugenie_Moreau.jpg" width="305" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Eugenie Moreau</b><br />The General's widow, left behind in<br />Pennsylvania. Poor thing. She looks so sad. <br />They were both young and in love.</span></i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Richepanse, the true hero of Hohenlinden, and probably one of the ablest generals in France, was sent overseas the following year to govern the French colony of Guadaloupe in the Caribbean, where he died ignominiously of yellow fever in months. Bonaparte undoubtedly welcomed that news; another possible trouble-making Republican conveniently dispatched. <br /><br />It is also eyebrow-raising the lengths to which Bonaparte went to downplay the significance of Hohenlinden in ending the war. He didn't want Moreau to get any credit (or any political clout for it). Consequently, he ordered the burning of all (so he thought) the official reports and accounts of the battle. And, at the same time, he kept having the narrative, maps, and reports on Marengo redone to make it seem that all the mistakes and near-disasters of that battle had all been part of his brilliant trap set for the Austrians. He even went so far as to order the melting down of the engraving plates for the earlier, "official" reports and maps. This would explain why it has been so hard to piece together what really happened. Much as the <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2020/05/the-granicus-334-bce.html" target="_blank">Battle of the Granicus</a> (fought two-thousand years earlier) is hard to piece together because of contemporary propaganda, so too are Hohenlinden and Marengo. <br /><br /><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Arm-Chair General Time</span></h2><p>One of the things that stuck me in researching this battle was how confusing it was. And not just because of Bonaparte's suppression of its documentation. It reminded me, in some ways, of <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2019/07/snodgrass-hill-1863.html" target="_blank">Chickamauga 1863</a>, which I wrote about last year. Though it wasn't contending with a snow storm, that Civil War battle was also fought largely in a forest, with severe communication problems between all the corps. Trying to make sense of who was where and when gave me a sense of empathy with the Austrian commanders. Of course the snow didn't help either.<br /><br />The other thing that was inconceivable to me was the sheer optimism that the Austrian staff had in how fast people could move in the snow, much less pull guns through it. The French, of course, had to move through the same snow, but most of them were on the defensive. Richepanse and Decaen, of course, didn't have as far to move to execute their part of the <i>coup de grace</i>, but even they had their troubles. The Austrians, not just trudging through knee-deep snow, but doing it in dark woods, trying to follow buried paths, and not trusting their local peasant guides, were probably constantly asking themselves whose brilliant idea this was? Weyrother's.<br /></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-f92fPOTYMR4/X203M-seGhI/AAAAAAAAE44/6b3_7ay2tfoGDip6qni2AooMmZ-Ttas5gCLcBGAsYHQ/s425/Weyrother.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="425" data-original-width="333" height="375" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-f92fPOTYMR4/X203M-seGhI/AAAAAAAAE44/6b3_7ay2tfoGDip6qni2AooMmZ-Ttas5gCLcBGAsYHQ/w303-h375/Weyrother.jpg" width="303" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Franz von Weyrother</b><br />The brilliant Austrian Chief of Staff who <br />designed the defeat at Hohenlinden and<br />Austerlitz.</span></i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />My hunch is that the battle was lost as soon as Weyrother proposed his complicated plan to break up the army into
four widely separated wings, miles apart, to converge on Hohenlinden.
Ever since the Seven Years War, Austrian military intelligensia seemed to love
these wide, sweeping maneuvers with many moving parts. But their
communications, their staffs, and their privileged officer corps, just
weren't up to executing them. Though he was wounded at Hohenlinden,
Weyrother recovered and was, incredibly, assigned to be Chief of Staff
to the Allied army five years later during the Third Coalition War. Learning absolutely nothing from
his experience, he went on to commit the same fatal error at Austerlitz
when he conceived breaking up the Austro-Russian army into five, widely
separated columns to sweep down on Napoleon from the Pratzen heights.
"Okay, bear with me now,..." I'm sure he said to the assembled generals
as he unrolled his maps. His plan turned out to be so complicated and
intricate that during his condescending presentation, Kutuzov
actually dozed off. I would have loved to have seen his Powerpoint, if
he'd had that.<br /><p></p><p>Another feature of this battle was the difference in nature between the Austrian officer corps and the French. The Austrian leadership were a snobbish, reactionary lot, most of them receiving their commissions by purchase or inheritance and without any empathetic connection to their rank-and-file, who were despised as essentially slaves. By contrast, all of the French officers, from generals all the way down, got their commissions by merit. They rose from the ranks. They led from the front. They were encouraged to think for themselves, to take advantage of the situation at the moment. And they completely identified with the men they led, who, in turn, gave them enthusiastic loyalty. Consequently, even though they had suffered a setback on 1 December, the French morale was soaring compared to the Austrian soldiers, who didn't even know why they were here in the dead of winter.</p><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: x-large;">Wargamery</span></h2><p><br />I was trying to think, while I was struggling to make sense of this battle, how it might make an interesting wargame. Would it have made a difference, for instance, if it had not snowed (or rained) and the roads been more solid? If the visibility would have been clear? Or if Riesch had done his job and kept up to protect Kollowrat's flank? Or if Kienmayer and Latour had kept up themselves and successfully debouched onto the north end of the Hohenlinden plain on time?<br /></p><p>Probably not.</p><p style="text-align: left;">But that cynicism aside, it might be interesting to alter the conditions. To see what if...<br /><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Relative Fighting Power</span><br /></h3><p>While I have a lot of contempt for the caliber of the Austrian leadership in this period, I do think, that in a wargame, the combat effectiveness of Austrian and Bavarian units themselves should not be discounted. When they did engage the French, they gave as good as they got. When their artillery finally managed to make it forward, they inflicted some pretty gruesome casualties on the French. So they were a professional army. Even the Bavarians, who were essentially paid mercenaries, were professionals and fought ferociously (except for the Stengel battalion...shame, shame). In rearguard actions, Austrian cavalry did their part tenaciously, helping their comrades retreat safely. So I'd rate the combat power of your Austrian units as high as your French.<br /><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Isolated Austrian Excellence in Leadership</span></h3><p>There were a few Allied commanders who performed well. Schwarzenberg, Zweibrücken, Frenel, Löpper, Deroy, Wrede, all showed remarkably good judgment and quick-thinking. Schwarzenberg stands out; even though he also was forced to retreat, his command had the farthest to march. And when he saw the battle was lost, he managed to pull his command out with the fewest losses. This would endear him to the Hofkriegsrat years later when he rose to become the overall Allied Commander-in-Chief in 1813-14 (Arnold compares him to Eisenhower). <br /><br />So you could, if your game system has rules for rating commanders, give these specific generals higher points. <br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Effect of Snow</span></h3><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Artillery Fire</span> </b>During this period, snow tended to greatly reduce the ricochet effect of round-shot and canister fire. (See my article on this effect at<a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/02/mollwitz-1741.html" target="_blank"> Mollwitz 1741</a>), the snow absorbing a lot of the kinetic energy of the bouncing projectiles. I don't have any hard physics data on this amount of this energy dissipation, but, as with all wargames, I would halve the fire effect of artillery in snow<br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Movement </b></span>It goes without saying that snow also slowed down movement. Richepanse reported that his cavalry moved more easily off the road, but had to move one step to the side for each one forward. Those of you who have grown up in snow, know what this is like. And also how exhausting it is.<br /></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Visibility</span></b> Snow also affects visibility. Richepanse, in his <a href="https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QadQHGxomsapLjrHlfWciHieeS03QgXGYPL9STZLhHiiELnk3mD_0C9p9DaS2HMqHrosuPzbnh1tvPDggmamRKQ7yOkWVH7G5wROr-lA7VpzfG1PE_w7xRsdFaT3zt416WJjrju-qxsyLIZHZhXpwukEJQEeDXUk9yZ-REXeyaOyB0GQMAsFZ2S846_IKKgFdqm_MaQWLGRNP3RlJ_bLKSxl2VunS7cs1sPf-4cygt4Xc5DMrnXhqKdqcfIh7x3cAwuhbcEYj0YrZtvKv874_BxH8d61Rw" target="_blank">salvaged report</a> says you could not see ten paces it was snowing so hard. This may have been an exaggeration, and was probably intermittent. But I can see a rule in a wargame in which snow reduces visibility to a single hexside, or an inch, or whatever scale equivalent you're using. And you could account for unpredictability of snowfall by a die roll each turn. <br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Effect of Woods</span></h3><p>Woods aren't all the same. The woods at <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2019/07/snodgrass-hill-1863.html" target="_blank">Chickamauga </a>were pretty open in the understory, so even artillery could be hauled through. This is characteristic of softwood forests, as the woods around Hohenlinden were also. So your wargame could allow for passage of all arms through woods, but at a reduced rate.<br /><br />Visibility, though, would be reduced by woods. As anybody who has hiked through relatively open, softwood forests knows, seeing more than fifty yards or so is pretty impossible. And with a lot of smoke accumulating from fire, the trees would tend to trap this close to the ground, further reducing visibility. This would explain why the French were able to lie in ambush at the far end of the Haag-Hohenlinden road, and why it took some time for the Austrians to figure out the size of the force shooting at them. Schwarzenberg also complains that his men were amushed by French voltigeurs hiding in the trees. It reminded me of Japanese snipers in the trees in WWII. <br /></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Reconnaisance</span></h3><p>Wargames that are designed to prevent either side from seeing the opponent's forces are fascinating to me (like <a href="https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/2250/midway" target="_blank"><i>Midway</i></a>). One of the most salient features of Hohenlinden was that the attacker (the Austrian side) really wasn't sure A) where the French were, B) how many they were, C) or even where each other were. So they had to feel their way forward, each turn expecting to step on a rake.<br /></p><p>One way to make a game of Hohenlinden thematic would be to make it a hide-and-seek. Game systems like those created by <a href="http://columbiagames.com/" target="_blank">Columbia Games</a> (the ones where, like Stratego, you keep your blocks facing you) would be excellent to create a Hohenlinden game. I know that Columbia does provide <a href="http://columbiagames.com/cgi-bin/query/cfg/blocks.cfg" target="_blank">blank blocks</a> and you could create your own board of Hohenlinden (even using one of my maps as a base). Or petition them to develop one themselves. Start crowd-source funding for them!<br /><br />Reconnaissance could then be achieved by using lesser units (cavalry squadrons) to "bump" into hexes or units to see what's there. </p><p>A system my daughter and I devised was a variant of the old, paper Battleship, in which we write down the squares or hexes different units are on until the other side lands on them to see what's there. This can be a lot of bookeeping. But we like bookkeeping in our family.<br /><br />It would also seem, that in this age of sequestration, a hide-and-seek Hohenlinden game would be ideal to play remotely. Then you wouldn't need to conceal blocks. But I'm sure many of you have already figured that out.<br /></p><div style="text-align: left;"><h2><br /></h2></div><div style="text-align: left;"><h2><span style="color: #e69138;"><font size="6">Orders of Battle</font></span></h2></div>
<h3><font size="3"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The following are the orders of battle for troops actually engaged at Hohenlinden, or were close enough to have been engaged (for wargamers who want to include them in their "what-if" scenarios). The sequences are listed, by corps, from north to south.</span></font></h3><div><b>KEY:</b><br /></div><h3><font size="3"><span style="font-weight: normal;">First Column <span style="background-color: black;"> <span style="color: #f6b26b;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Command</span></span> </span> is the name and number of the command or regiment, colored in the primary uniform coat color. <br /><br />Second Column <span style="background-color: black;"> <span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: #f6b26b;">Facing</span> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: white;"> </span></span>is the command level and type, using standard military symbology. This column is also color-coded in the “facing” color of the regiment (collars, cuffs, turnbacks usually). For Austrian grenadier battalions, which were composed of detached companies from all regiments, this color I've left black--i.e. they all didn't have black facings.<br /><br />Third Column <span style="background-color: black;"> <span style="color: #f6b26b;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: #f6b26b;">Flag</span> </span></span></span>is a miniature of the regimental flags, if known. If unknown or the regiment did not carry its flag on campaign, this cell is left blank. For more detailed images of French demibrigade cavalry flags, see chart below these OOBs.<br /><br />Fourth Column <span style="background-color: black;"> <span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: #f6b26b;">Strength</span> </span></span></span>is that reported from <a href="https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QadxDZYHGfC8NOLlyHeuGfpr-7I3kCH6ghvOk6pZ7s_EImlgBjYB9x_Uu5DVKPBZpdy_YgrUU0JtFGJ-YlaZpo2WPOn3vb31Gv9To3XjGg82eMk3dlL4m-p9mhtCVxv9W8eZutjCTrtxjeRE9ZCdYThML8dfXUkcY2XKKWuewlJGOnj4GDCthBsQkT0GG7XsYUm2QRlxO54BXm7c3uqzaKepoRJjDISdEv5pdYRGSIMaPIk02s1Ewh3CzA3q497TxGaqruXULUcpwc_5HphJe9LGxJDQb-r0BTfATR26p4Vzvto9MEw" target="_blank">Carrion-Nisas</a>, using official records he accessed in 1829 from the French War Archives. I have also filled in gaps in the Austrian OOB from Arnold's excellent book. Where neither Arnold nor Carrion-Nisas lists the the specific strength of a regiment, I have entered an approximate number (*) based on the average of the total strength reported for that category. One caveat is that, since these strengths come from returns dated 22 November, two weeks before Hohenlinden, they may have been slightly different by 3 December, which followed the combat at Ampfing. So while not necessarily valid for legitimate academic research, they are close enough for wargaming purposes.<br /></span></font></h3><h3><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XzEHJr7_E8U/X167KVtuteI/AAAAAAAAE08/zkpeC4eSKNM0h9TrVd4ZYtD3rfNPddp_ACLcBGAsYHQ/s3269/Hohenlinden%2BOOB%2BFrench.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3269" data-original-width="600" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XzEHJr7_E8U/X167KVtuteI/AAAAAAAAE08/zkpeC4eSKNM0h9TrVd4ZYtD3rfNPddp_ACLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Hohenlinden%2BOOB%2BFrench.jpg" /></a></h3><h3><font size="3"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xqB7fZKQ7q8/X168ivo_-BI/AAAAAAAAE1g/d5XhFA91T7wk1QEXAf4EvYCWxyz5kqABACLcBGAsYHQ/s3736/Hohenlinden%2BOOB%2BAustrians.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3736" data-original-width="600" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xqB7fZKQ7q8/X168ivo_-BI/AAAAAAAAE1g/d5XhFA91T7wk1QEXAf4EvYCWxyz5kqABACLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Hohenlinden%2BOOB%2BAustrians.jpg" /></a></div><br /></span></span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">French Flags at Hohenlinden<br /></span></span></h2><h2><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1zPBUn6rJQ8/X165v_cqhDI/AAAAAAAAE0o/L8SE5jNYE34yNo6qgxJclTPibJKLQf78wCLcBGAsYHQ/s1047/French%2BFlag%2BChart.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1047" data-original-width="800" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1zPBUn6rJQ8/X165v_cqhDI/AAAAAAAAE0o/L8SE5jNYE34yNo6qgxJclTPibJKLQf78wCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/French%2BFlag%2BChart.jpg" /></a></div><br /><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kaE5iuFUn6c/XzIPQNjGveI/AAAAAAAAExc/K9yFj6Fu7EIYJtPJ2h4dVPyjEgUudr1KACLcBGAsYHQ/s1428/French%2BFlag%2BChart.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px;"><br /></a></div><br /></div></div></font></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><font size="6">References</font></span></h2></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal">Arnold, James R., <a href="https://www.blogger.com/">Marengo
& Hohenlinden: Napoleon's Rise to Power</a>, Pen & Sword, 2005, ISBN 1
84415 279 0</p><p class="MsoNormal">Carrion-Nisas, Henri, le Marquis de, <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7jE_AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank"><u>Campagne des Francais en Allemagne 1800</u></a>, 1829, Paris, scanned PDF of original accessible on <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7jE_AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">Google Books</a>.<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Esposito, VIncent & Elting, John, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Military-History-Napoleonic-Compiled-Engineering/dp/B01NCOBGU1/ref=sr_1_2?crid=YPZZI5GV43I5&dchild=1&keywords=a+military+history+and+atlas+of+the+napoleonic+wars&qid=1596779501&s=books&sprefix=A+military+history+a%2Camazon-devices%2C265&sr=1-2" target="_blank"><u>A Military History and Atlas of the Napoleonic War</u></a>s, 1964 & 1999, Greenhill Books, London, ISBN 1-85367-346-3<br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Furse, George Armand, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9781845747978" target="_blank">1800:
Marengo and Hohenlinden</a>, 1903, Naval & Military Press, ISBN,
1-845747-97-6</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Letrun, Ludovic, <a href="#" id="https://www.powells.com/book/french-infantry-flags-from-1786-to-the-end-of-the-first-empire-9782352501121" name="https://www.powells.com/book/french-infantry-flags-from-1786-to-the-end-of-the-first-empire-9782352501121">French
Infantry Flags: from 1786 to the End of the First Empire</a>, 2009, Histoire
& Collections, ISBN 978 2 35250 112 1</p><p class="MsoNormal">Richepanse, "<a href="https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QadQHGxomsapLjrHlfWciHieeS03QgXGYPL9STZLhHiiELnk3mD_0C9p9DaS2HMqHrosuPzbnh1tvPDggmamRKQ7yOkWVH7G5wROr-lA7VpzfG1PE_w7xRsdFaT3zt416WJjrju-qxsyLIZHZhXpwukEJQEeDXUk9yZ-REXeyaOyB0GQMAsFZ2S846_IKKgFdqm_MaQWLGRNP3RlJ_bLKSxl2VunS7cs1sPf-4cygt4Xc5DMrnXhqKdqcfIh7x3cAwuhbcEYj0YrZtvKv874_BxH8d61Rw" target="_blank">La Bataille de Hohenlinden", <i>Le Spectateur militaire</i> XXII,</a> <i>" pp. 268-274, Rapport de la division Richepance sur la bataille du 12 Frimaire"</i> 1836, Paris<br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Smith, Digby, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/greenhill-napoleonic-wars-data-book-9781853672767" target="_blank">Napoleonic
Wars Data Book</a>, 1998, Greenhill Books, ISBN 1 85367 276 9</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: black;"><i>Copyright
2020, Jeffery P. Berry Trust, all rights reserved. No part of this post
may be used for republication or re-posting without documented
permission of the Jeffery P. Berry Trust. However, feel free to link to
this site as a resource from related sites. Original images (charts and maps) are copy-protected by Digimarc embedded digital watermarks.</i></span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
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<![endif]--></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com19tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-79753308409639953212020-06-10T19:01:00.041-07:002023-11-01T20:26:24.490-07:00Stamford Bridge 1066<h1 style="text-align: left;"><font size="6"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Challenge to the English Crown</span></span></font>
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<font size="6"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">25 September 1066</span></span></font></h1><b><span style="color: #b51200;"><font size="4">Anglo-Saxons</font></span> </b>under <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">King Harold Godwinson</a>, approx. 12,500<br /> <span style="color: #3367d6;"><b><font size="4">Norwegians </font></b></span>under <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">Harald Hardrada</a>, King of Norway and Fleming mercenaries under <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">Tostig Godwinson</a>, approx.6,000 (joined by 3,000 later)<br /> <br /> <span style="color: #f57c00;"><br /><font size="4"><b>Location:</b></font></span><font size="4"><b> </b></font><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Stamford+Bridge,+York,+UK/@53.9891295,-0.9182811,1646m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x48792950456f07ed:0x369086ac64bfa6!8m2!3d53.990129!4d-0.9140249" target="_blank">53</a><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Stamford+Bridge,+York,+UK/@53.9891295,-0.9182811,1646m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x48792950456f07ed:0x369086ac64bfa6!8m2!3d53.990129!4d-0.9140249" target="_blank">° 59’ 20" N 0°</a><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Stamford+Bridge,+York,+UK/@53.9891295,-0.9182811,1646m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x48792950456f07ed:0x369086ac64bfa6!8m2!3d53.990129!4d-0.9140249" target="_blank"> 55’ 5" W</a> Seven miles (11 km) east of York on the A-166. Be sure to visit the<a href="https://www.no10bistro.co.uk/" target="_blank"> #10 Bar & Bistro</a> there. I've never been, but the pictures on their website look delicious, and they serve Corona! In an English pub!<br /><br /><br /><font size="4"><b><span style="color: #f57c00;">Weather:</span></b></font> Hot. Damn hot.<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #f57c00;"><font size="2"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"></span></span></font></span></span></span></span></span><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #b51200;"><font size="6">N</font></span></span></span></span></span>early everyone with a passing awareness of the History of the English Speaking Peoples knows of the fateful year 1066, when William, Duke of Normandy (also known as "The Conqueror", "The Bastard", and "The Son-of-a-Bitch"--I just made up this last one), invaded England and seized the country from the lawfully elected King Harold II and the Anglo-Saxons at the Battle of Hastings. But what not everybody may know (put your hand down, Nigel, we know you do) is about an equally fateful battle fought less than three weeks before, some 250 miles north of Hastings, in which the same King Harold saved his crown and country from a Viking after the same thing.<br /><br /> As with my previous post on the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">Battle of the Granicu</a>s, much of the history of this nearly thousand-year-old, lesser battle is in dispute. A lot of it is legend or distilled from contemporary propaganda, generated by people who weren't there but only heard. Or who had their own political axes to grind (I'm looking at you, Normans). But as with that article, I intend to apply my own obscure suppositions to how this 11th century battle might have played out. And, as usual, you'll decipher my own ax grinding.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b51200;"><font size="4"><i>What a fun year this must have been! Comet included!</i></font></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NwNOlEg-ab4/XuGKd9RgPfI/AAAAAAAAEgI/3gsGFXryP4Y2oQUh7_hxlIgHFbIJeQtlwCK4BGAsYHg/s1278/England%2B1066%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" id="England 1066" name="England 1066" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1278" data-original-width="1000" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NwNOlEg-ab4/XuGKd9RgPfI/AAAAAAAAEgI/3gsGFXryP4Y2oQUh7_hxlIgHFbIJeQtlwCK4BGAsYHg/d/England%2B1066%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><h1 style="text-align: left;"><font size="6"><span style="color: #b51200;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><font>But First...</font></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></font></h1></div><div style="text-align: left;">Before we get to the eviscerations, dismemberings, and spurting aortas, it might be useful to know the context of Stamford Bridge. What preceded it and why it happened. And why it was strategically important to events that ultimately shaped English history, and even the evolution of the English language itself, i.e. why it's mostly French.<br /><br /> The 11th century was one of turmoil in Britain. For a thousand years it had already endured invasions and raids from continental Europe in the form of Romans, Gauls, Frisians, Angles, Saxons, and various Germanic tribes, as well as Danes and other Nordic people (collectively called Vikings). While most of England (as opposed to Scotland and Wales) had been ruled by Anglo-Saxon kings and earls since<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#"> Alfred the Great</a> in the 9th century, the threat of Viking raids had plagued all Britons, Celts as well as Anglo-Saxons, for almost three hundred years by 1066.<br /><br /> Though the Vikings had successfully conquered and settled lands across the world, including most of the Baltic, Normandy, Russia, Iceland, Sicily, Tunisia, Greenland, and, some say, Minnesota, their interest in the British Isles had, but for a brief period under <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">King Cnut</a> (reigned 1016-1035), been largely as a hunting ground for gold and slaves. Towns, villages, farms, and monasteries had endured sudden Viking raids for generations; where sack, rape, mass-murder, sadistic torture, arson, and human-trafficking had been the object. Must have been mad fun.<br /><br /> Alfred the Great had established a defense system throughout England to counter these raids and unify the country. This system involved local militias (called the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrd" target="_blank"><i>fyrd</i></a>) and the professional knights of his nobility, (called <i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">housecarls</a></i>). Organized similarly to the much later militias of American colonists in the 18th century (see my article on <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">Lexington & Concord 1775</a> for comparison), men were required to muster quickly when called, providing their own weapons and (if they could afford them) armor, including helmets, hauberks (either chain mail or leather), and shields. Homeland defense had been a patriotic tradition among the Anglo-Saxons for centuries. They had a long, proud heritage as ferocious fighters against invaders; galvanized by their deep, intimidating war-cry "<i>Ut! Ut! Ut!</i>" ("Out! Out! Out!).<br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; height: 382px; width: 299px;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-f6ElfMcyMzw/XtVeE_LetgI/AAAAAAAAEU8/O4Wm5LQSQqI1ELhvpHWhnLbuTjWOlf_FgCK4BGAsYHg/Evariste-Vital_Luminais_-_Pirates_normands_au_IXe_si%25C3%25A8cle.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="642" data-original-width="489" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-f6ElfMcyMzw/XtVeE_LetgI/AAAAAAAAEU8/O4Wm5LQSQqI1ELhvpHWhnLbuTjWOlf_FgCK4BGAsYHg/s320/Evariste-Vital_Luminais_-_Pirates_normands_au_IXe_si%25C3%25A8cle.jpg" width="260" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b51200;"><i>19th century romanticization of a<br />Viking human harvesting expedition.<br />Oh, those Romantics!</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></span></span></span> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">After the death of their Danish king, Cnut, in 1035, and then his short-reigned son, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">Harthacanut</a>, the Anglo-Saxons, through their version of a kind of proto-parliament, the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witan" target="_blank"> witenagemot</a>, elected their own king, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">Edward</a> (later known as "the Confessor" for his self-styled piety). The son of Cnut's predecessor, Aethelred "the Unready" and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" target="_blank">Emma of Normandy</a> (who also married Cnut on Aehtelred's death--yes, she got around), Edward had spent 25 years of his youth in exile as a guest of his mom's family, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Normandy" target="_blank">Duke Robert I</a> of Normandy and then his son William. So when he returned to assume the throne after a quarter century abroad, he was regarded by most Anglo-Saxons as a bloody, Norman-loving foreigner. <br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">But, to curtail Edward's foreign affections, the king had a very powerful Anglo-Saxon as defacto "hand" (to borrow from a recently popular fantasy series), one who was thought to put his own people's interests first--to say nothing of his own family's.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #f57c00;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Godwin, Earl of Essex</span><br /></span></h2><br /> One of the most powerful families in Anglo-Saxon England during Edward's reign was that of<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwin,_Earl_of_Wessex" target="_blank"> Godwin, Earl of Wessex</a>. Popular as indigenous champions of Alfred's greatness and the Anglo-Saxon way of life and government, Godwin and his sons had many allies. Godwin, the first Earl of Wessex, was both Cnut's and then his son Harthacanut's right hand man in England, helping them manage these odd people. And then, on Edward's accession, he became the new king's chief link to the English nation. It was, in fact, Godwins' influence on Harthacanut that brought Edward back to inherit the crown in 1042. So Edward owed the powerful man bigly. <br /><br /> Edward, in his earlier years as king, was probably intimidated by Godwin's influence and power, but accepted it as gratitude for his support in getting him the crown, and also as a survival condition. Edward also had no particular acumen for ruling, focused as he was on more spiritual matters. And, spending his formative years in France, he didn't even speak English (or Old English) well.<br /><br /> Because of his exiled background, the new king also intemperately brought with him many Norman friends with whom he had grown up, giving them property, titles, and important positions in his government. His ties to his former "hosts"was servile, which tended to rub the native English the wrong way. But accepting the strong, politically astute and popular Godwin as his principle chamberlain somewhat reassured the native English that one of them, a true Anglo-Saxon, was running things. Except for a brief period when Edward's Norman drinking buddies had forced the Godwin family into temporary exile, Edward let Godwin run the affairs of state from 1052 on (In fairness, it hadn't just been the Normans friends who influenced Edward to kick Godwin out, it had also been a grudge from when the earl had had Edward's half-brother Alfred's eyes burned out with red-hot pokers. That might have had something to do with it too.) <br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Following Godwin's reinstatement after his exile, one of the first things he had the pliant king do was dismiss all of his Norman entourage. He was, in practice, the king's regent, his <i>eminence grise</i>, the King's Hand (well, that's a fantasy title). At least until 1053 when the earl died, choking, according to Norman propaganda, on a baguette. But it was probably just a stroke. Not nearly as demeaning. Or as lurid as burned-out eyeballs. <br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Then the role of "regent" fell to Godwin's oldest living son, Harold Godwinson. Hence the last name.<span style="color: #f57c00;"></span><br /><span style="color: #f57c00;"></span></div><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; height: 260px; width: 650px;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oU0HoCXh85g/XuGNqoIVvRI/AAAAAAAAEgw/eaaAlAm0TMsYs2aB-d3y2kLsRFRR2wESQCK4BGAsYHg/s650/Bayeux1.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="650" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oU0HoCXh85g/XuGNqoIVvRI/AAAAAAAAEgw/eaaAlAm0TMsYs2aB-d3y2kLsRFRR2wESQCK4BGAsYHg/d/Bayeux1.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b51200;"><i>Panel 1 of the Bayeux Tapestry, showing Harold Godwinson counseling King Edward on the left.<br />The right hand section shows Harold hunting with his thegns, his falcon, and his dogs. Ah, those were good times, good times.</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="text-align: left;"><br /> <span style="color: #f57c00;"></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><br /></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><br /></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><br /><span style="color: #f57c00;"></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><br /></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><br /></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><br /></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span>Harold Godwinson takes charge. </span></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">For a time Harold was a national hero. He and his brother Tostig subdued an invasion by the Welsh and neutralized the always-irritating Scots. He also continued the campaign to reduce Norman influence in England. <br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">He had arranged for King Edward to give his younger brother, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tostig_Godwinson" target="_blank">Tostig </a>(referred to in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle with the adorable name, "Tosti") the Earldom of Northumbria, as well as smaller earldoms to his other brothers, Gyrth, Waltheof, and Leofwine. These moves were intended to return England to the Anglo-Saxons. All this nepotism, though, proved to be problematic for a simple reason: Tostig was a monster.<br /><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria" target="_blank">Northumbria</a>, during this time, was what we would now call a "failed state". Besides the constant Viking raids on the coast, there was widespread lawlessness on the roads and no one could travel without a strong, armed escort for fear of being robbed and murdered. So Tostig, declaring himself the "law and order" earl, immediately started exacting hideous punishments on anyone caught breaking the law, usually without trial, and including creatively gruesome torture. Tostig was a true connoisseur of sadism. On the plus side, this did have the effect of making the roads safe again. But the new boss didn't stop there. Law and Order costs money. So he also started antagonizing the local lords in Northumbria by raising their taxes. He held their relatives for ransom. He'd treacherously murder them at banquets he had invited them to. And imposed other arbitrary and oppressive laws to corruptly enrich himself. This created a self-generated crisis. <br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Fed up, and getting no help from their complaints to King Edward, Northumbrian lords came to York one day in 1065 and slaughtered most of Tostig's retainers. Tosti, however, managed to escape and jump on a ship to Flanders, where his in-laws lived. The rebel lords petitioned the king to disown Tostig or they'd revolt, allying themselves with England's mortal enemy, Scotland. <br /><br /> Edward would not risk losing the whole of northern England. Harold, probably sighing heavily, for he loved his brother, however monstrous he was, reluctantly counseled the king to reverse his award of Northumbria to Tostig, declare him outlaw, banish him from England. He also persuaded Edward to award Northumbria to the native lord <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morcar" target="_blank">Morcar </a>and East Anglia to his brother Edwin (<a href="#" id="England 1066" name="England 1066">see map above</a>). Harold went further in patching over this misunderstanding by agreeing to marry the brothers' sister, Edith. Both Morcar and Edwin, then, pledged their fealty to Edward and to Harold. Best friends forever. Or for a few months anyway.<br /><br /> The price for peace was that Harold turned his brother Tostig into a mortal enemy. Don't you love all this? Doesn't it remind you of the plot of that popular HBO show? What was that show? Damn! It's on the tip of my tongue.<br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><h2><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><font>William rubs his hands together, "Excellent!"</font></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span></h2></div><div>Besides being the King's "Hand" (not a real title, by the way) to Edward's domestic policies, Harold was also in charge of the the country's foreign policy. In 1064, on a diplomatic mission to Brittany, his ship allegedly (according to later Norman accounts) wrecked off of Ponthieu and the lord there captured him and handed him over to the current Duke of Normandy, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">William the Bastard</a>. William treated his new guest cordially and, since winter was approaching, invited him to spend it with him. They could go hunting, falconing, and warring on neighbors together. <br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div> During this convivial sojourn, William later claimed that he had
gotten Harold to pledge his support in his claim to the English throne
upon Edward's death. King Edward was not in the best of health by then.
And, in his piety, had not managed to find time to sire an heir with
this wife. This claim of succession by William, which was not based on any solid lineage (the
closest link, William's great aunt Emma had been Edward's mother), was
supposed to have been made years ago.</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="height: 1px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left; width: 1px;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr><tr style="text-align: left;"><td class="tr-caption"></td></tr></tbody></table><div>Years back, when
Edward was hosted by William in his exile, the duke swore on a stack of
Bibles that Edward himself had pledged to name him his successor if he'd let
him go accept the crown from Harthacanute in the meantime. This was a
suspicious story that has not been corroborated by any on the English
side. It also sounds like blatant extortion. <br /></div><div><br /></div>As with the spurious story of
Edward's earlier oath, this new story of Harold's oath to support
William's claim didn't seem to have any corroboration on the English
side either. In the Bayeux tapestry (an early piece of self-justifying
propaganda if there ever was any), there is even a panel displaying
Harold's supposed oath, made on sacred relics at an altar. But there
isn't even evidence that Harold was ever shipwrecked in Normandy, much
less made such an oath. In fact, as the most powerful man in England and
the presumed successor himself, there would have been absolutely no
motivation for him to do such a thing voluntarily. By way of reconciliation of the
Norman account and the lack of English reference to it, some historians
have invented the theory that William broached the subject with Harold
and the earl might have said, "Yeah, right," to keep his head, and that
William had hidden the sacred relics under some towels to trick the
Englishman into making it a holy vow, not knowing about the hidden
talismans. Tricky.<br /></div><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="459" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-S_T8PwYCVF4/XtbSdYUHD7I/AAAAAAAAEVY/9iYWllyYVOwcoAMp_0e5U7TxeW9mpqhTQCK4BGAsYHg/w640-h437/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b51200;"><i>The incriminating Bayeux Tapestry scene where
Harold supposedly swears to support William's claim to the English
crown, on not one, but two altars with sacred relics! <br />There it is,
everybody, not exactly in black & white, but in linen and thread. Can't fake that evidence!<br />It's the 11th century equivalent of a smartphone video.<br /></i></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /> At any rate, on 5 January 1066, the long-sick Edward made his last Confession and finally died. Harold claims (with witnesses) that as he leaned close to the dying king, Edward, in his last whisper, verbally named him his successor. And the assembly of lords, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witan" target="_blank">witenagemot</a>, (not to be confused with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Magic#Reception" target="_blank">wizengamot </a>of the Ministry of Magic) who happened to be in Westminster for the Epiphany holiday anyway, all voted him in as their new king and swore fealty. The Archbishop of York crowned him at Westminster Abbey, beginning a tradition for British monarchs that has continued to this day. All of this--the election, the oaths of fealty, the coronation by the archbishop--was all by-the-book according to English tradition and law. Since Edward had no living direct male heirs, this made Harold the legal and rightful new monarch. And they all lived happily ever after.<br /><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="2"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="height: 330px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 640px;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eIfhdLn48eo/XtcBTkhQplI/AAAAAAAAEWo/Z_cvCVezFbQXHVWWguXKt3qyUHMB49xbACK4BGAsYHg/Harold%2Bcrowned.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="185" data-original-width="434" height="272" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eIfhdLn48eo/XtcBTkhQplI/AAAAAAAAEWo/Z_cvCVezFbQXHVWWguXKt3qyUHMB49xbACK4BGAsYHg/w640-h272/Harold%2Bcrowned.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b51200;"><i>Bayeux Tapestry panel showing the coronation of Harold, with all of the English lords hailing him.</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></span></span></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="2"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></span></span></font> Unfortunately, this legal procedure did not conform to William's concept of inheritance. He did not recognize English tradition or law, or the authority of this witenagemot,...whatever that was. And it was an insult to his great aunt Emma's memory! Promises had been made! Oaths taken! He had a temper-tantrum and proceeded to assemble an army and fleet to jump the Channel and take what he claimed had been promised to him. England was supposed to be his personal property.<br /><br /> This mobilization took some time (it was the 11th century, after all). All that spring and early summer William built something like 700 ships (virtually identical to the iconic Viking long ships) and assembled anywhere from 7,000 to 12,000 knights and mercenaries to the port of St Valery-sur-Somme on the Channel coast. According to subsequent Norman propaganda (documented later in the Bayeux Tapestry) he had also secured the blessings of the new pope, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">Alexander II,</a> for this holy enterprise. So it was to be a crusade, backed by all of Christendom. Yeah, right.<br /><br /> But the weather (supposedly controlled by God, who evidently didn't get the word from the pope) wouldn't cooperate. Waiting for a favorable wind, the Normans sat and sat...and sat... in that port for months. I was reminded of the weather delay in launching the D-Day invasion nine centuries later (though that was more dependent on cloud cover for air support than wind for the sails). I was also reminded of Edward III's invasion of Normandy at the beginning of the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">Crécy campaign in 1346</a>, which was also delayed by weather for weeks. And then there was the destruction of the Spanish Armada by a storm in the Channel in 1588, Napoleon's terminal delay in his invasion in 1805, and the German's cancellation of their Operation Seelöwe in 1940. It may be only 26 miles across the sea, but the Channel was always a bitch to cross. <br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b51200;"><font size="4"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><font size="4"><b><span style="color: #b51200;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><span style="font-size: large;">What fresh hell is this?</span> <font size="2">(with apologies to Dorothy Parker)</font></span></span><br /></span></b></font></span></span></span></span></font></span></h2></div> Harold was aware of this mobilization from his many intelligence sources in Normandy. He didn't act to mobilize himself, though, until he was sure William was on the water. While he had the power, as king, to issue a national call-up of the fyrd, doing so prematurely would have been a disruptive and costly burden on the nation's economy. He had to feed the army all during their active duty, and, as the country's farmers, they themselves were the source of that food. Mobilization was subject to the seasonal clock of agriculture. So, not knowing how long it would take William to amass his invasion, he didn't want to do it too soon. It was a game of timing.<br /><br /> But then, on 24 April, the same day Halley's Comet made its appearance in the sky, Harold's charming brother, Tostig, suddenly reared his blond head and forced him to act. With the financial help of his father-in-law Count Baldwin V of Flanders, Tostig raised an army of Flemish mercenaries and some 60 ships and sailed to the Isle of Wight on the southern English coast in a bid to overthrow his brother. The outlaw former earl had, reportedly, gone first to William of Normandy to offer his services for William's own bid back in January. But William was not nearly ready yet. So Tostig, impatient, decided to raise his own armada in Flanders, and go it alone. <div style="text-align: left;"><font size="2"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><font size="2"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></font></span></span></span></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Qb3UgdMKOXM/XuFdsc2_X0I/AAAAAAAAEfQ/4O3T8r2DmDE52dHojv6oA73XUUToTBUNgCK4BGAsYHg/s218/xn_raven.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><font size="2"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><font size="2"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; height: 426px; width: 433px;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cV_2LOewU98/XtwZ732cgHI/AAAAAAAAEYw/y_o_wkJP7H4s-I4SQMSE4KUWg-QLfQWewCK4BGAsYHg/s301/Halley%2527s%2BComet.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="189" data-original-width="301" height="264" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cV_2LOewU98/XtwZ732cgHI/AAAAAAAAEYw/y_o_wkJP7H4s-I4SQMSE4KUWg-QLfQWewCK4BGAsYHg/w400-h251/Halley%2527s%2BComet.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b51200;"><i>Halley's Comet depicted in the commentary frieze above<br />the Bayeux Tapestry scene as Harold hears the news of his <br />brother Tostig's raids on the English coast.<br />Of course, in the Norman telling, the appearance of this<br />once-every-75-year phenomenon was an omen of the fall<br />of kings. Lord knows how Harold and his astrologers <br />interpreted it. But then they had no say in the embroidery.</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table> </span></span></span></span></font></span></span></span></span></font>Now Harold was forced to call out the fyrd (both troops and ships) to defend the coast from his brother. All through May he chased Tostig up the south and east coasts while the outlaw sacked, burned, and massacred on his way. apparently in his attempt to win the hearts and minds of the English people. I must admit, I was puzzled by this slash-and-burn strategy as I read about it. Has this ever worked? <br /><br /> Eventually, Harold had chased Tostig north, beyond East Anglia into Lincolnshire where, in early June, he ran into another Anglo-Saxon army under Morcar and Edwin, the very earls who had deposed him, who stopped him at or about a place or region or postal zone called Lindsey. Defeated in battle, he was deserted by his mercenaries, who took off in their ships back to Flanders. He himself managed to escape in one ship with some loyal housecarls to seek refuge in Scotland, where he spent the summer with King <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" target="_blank">Malcom III</a>. It was during this summer that he supposedly took a short trip over to Norway for a visit to persuade King Harald Hardrada to join him in another attempt on the English crown. Oh, and undoubtedly to take in the beautiful fjords, just gorgeous this time of year.<br /><br /> With these invasions and threats popping up, and with William continuing to build his massive fleet across the Channel, Harold decided to keep his mobilization order in place for the time being. He stationed his army and fleet at the Isle of Wight. Sometime in August he apparently even made a sortie out on the Channel to try and provoke William to come out. But nothing happened. 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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">—</span>this was no blitzkrieg. So Harold used that time to mobilize and hurry north. <br /><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><font>One of the Greatest Forced Marches in History</font></span></span></span></h2><br /> Even by modern standards, Harold's achievement of mobilizing a force of over 12,500 men and marching them 197 miles (317 km) to York to fight a battle at the end, in just six days, has to stand as one of the greatest feats in military history. On its face it seems superhuman, even miraculous. But let's look at the details.<br /><br /> Harold would have taken the old Roman road, known as Ermine Street (mostly the route of the modern A1), straight up to York. Modern narratives have described Harold as marching his men night and day without sleep (the superhuman part). But, if you do the math (and have Google Maps to help you plot the route if you walked it yourself), the whole trek would take just 65 hours, with an average 3 mph (4.8 k/h) marching speed. If Harold and his army left at dawn on the 19th and arrived at Tadcaster (just west of York) on the evening of the 24th, that's six days (not four as is described in some narratives), which would mean an average marching day of about 11 hours. A pretty long day, but one that could be done with time to eat and sleep each night (remember, too, this was September, so you would have had 12 hours of daylight). It could be done.<br /><br /> But there's more. While the housecarls would have been mounted, they too probably walked their horses to save their strength (and each knight would have had with him at least two horses to help distribute the load of equipment). Most of the troops would have been foot soldiers of the fyrd. It was hot. And they were wearing their chain mail or leather armor, and carrying their weapons (shields, swords, axes, spears, bows), plus their food. So that would have made the march even more grueling. But still very doable.<br /><br /> I could not find much information about logistics during the early Middle Ages (or is this the late Dark Ages?), but it is not improbable that an army, even then, moved with a lot of horses and wagons, carrying weapons, armor, and sustenance with it. It is hard to imagine all these people carrying their heavy arms and armor on their backs. So I propose imagining this large host marching along the edge of a well-worn Roman road, the center of the road lined with a convoy of wagons and horses. Each day of the march, they'd get up before dawn, walk all day until sunset, fall out to unhitch the horses from the wagons, make their dinner, and get a good night's sleep before the next day's march.<br /><br /> Also, considering the army was a defensive force marching through friendly territory, it is likely that it was provisioned by villages, and possibly even reinforced along the way. The narratives don't say that Harold left London with 12,500 men, only that he got to Stamford Bridge with that many. So perhaps many of his fyrd, as well as his thegns' housecarls, joined him on the way from his brothers' shires. <br /><br /> At any rate, Harold got to the village of Tadcaster, about 4 miles (6.4 km) southwest of York on the evening of the 24th. Neither Harald Hardrada nor Tostig (who boasted that he knew this country) had any <font size="2"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">i</span></span></span></span></font>dea so large a force was so close. As far as they believed, he was still down in the south, guarding the coast against William.<div style="text-align: left;"><font size="2"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="2"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="4"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><b>Morcar and Edwin in Front of York: The Battle at Fulford</b></span></span></span><br /></font><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="2"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></font></div> Let's go back six days. Harald and Tostig entered the Humber estuary with the vast Norwegian armada on the 18th. Though there was undoubtedly continuous rampaging on either bank of that wide river, which would have slowed up the force, they managed to row their shallow-draft ships up the River Ouse, a tributary of the Humber, to the inland port of Ricall. There, on the 19th. they started to beach their boats.The fleet trickled in from their raiding down on the Humber. The next morning, leaving about 3,000 men with the ships that had kept up, as well as their heavy (and hot) mail hauberks (this according to Snorri Sturluson's saga), Harald's army started to march overland up toward York. About 8 miles from Ricall and a mile south of York, they ran into the army of Anglo-Saxons that the Earls Morcar and Edwin had called up to meet the invasion. <br /><br /> This Anglo-Saxon army, both of housecarls and fyrd, numbering about 5,000, stretched its shield wall across the narrow patch of land from the east bank of the Ouse on their right to a ditch and marsh on their left. It was a sound defensive position, with both flanks secured, forcing Hardrada to make a head-on assault. The Vikings took some time to come up from Ricall and, at first, were outnumbered by the Saxons. In the first part of the battle they took considerable casualties. But as the day wore on and more and more Vikings showed up, the fight started to tip in in their favor. Finally, after several hours of savage hacking, poking, and cleaving, the Saxon army started to come apart, first slowly, and then in an avalanche. In their flight, hundreds drowned in either the Ouse or the marsh. A few thousand managed to make it back through the southern postern gate at York and beyond, Morcar and Edwin among them.<br /><br /> This was a costly victory for Hardrada, though. Both sides, it estimated, lost about 1,600 men, though the Vikings held the field. This deficit was to be felt in the next week. <br /><br /> Hardrada marched his men up to the southern gate and threatened to sack and burn the whole city if it didn't surrender. The city fathers offered him the keys if he would spare it. In return, he requested 150 children of nobles as hostage, to guarantee compliance. The Yorkish lords agreed but begged for time to collect the hostages. Would you accept a check? Hardrada agreed to wait five days for the Northumbrians to bring him their hostages. As it was very hot, he had his men march back down to Ricall and deposit their heavy mail shirts on the ships for safe keeping. Having defeated the main enemy army in the north, and with Harold occupied down south, they had no need of armor. He then marched three-quarters of his army up the Derwent to crossing point called Stamford Bridge, which was to be the meeting point where the hostages were to be delivered. Apparently, Hardrada thought he had decisively destroyed the main Anglo-Saxon resistance at Fulford and felt secure enough to relax. This was to prove a fatal error.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3lvh0PuACoI/XuA2pBKUf-I/AAAAAAAAEbo/4QObWRh20N8nHiZMvmhwh7n0lidPz2bjgCK4BGAsYHg/s1200/Stamford%2BBridge%2BCampaign%2BMap.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="809" data-original-width="1200" height="1011" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3lvh0PuACoI/XuA2pBKUf-I/AAAAAAAAEbo/4QObWRh20N8nHiZMvmhwh7n0lidPz2bjgCK4BGAsYHg/w1500-h1011/Stamford%2BBridge%2BCampaign%2BMap.jpg" width="1500" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><br /></h3><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span>Are those the hostages we've been waiting for?</span></span></h2></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="2"> </font> What is not clear to me is why Hardrada didn't take charge of York when he had chased the survivors back through the Fulford Gate. Both the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and Snorri Sturluson have him entering the city with his immediate entourage to negotiate its surrender. Why didn't he just move his whole army in and stay there? <br /><br /> My own supposition is that Tostig talked Harald out of bringing his bloodied and bloodthirsty army into his former city as he did not want it looted and destroyed, something he knew Harald had no control over. It was also probable that once the English survivors of the Fulford battle had escaped through the gate, it was closed and fortified against the oncoming Vikings. Harald had not come prepared for a formal siege. He neither had the forces nor the equipment to completely invest York from all sides. As the communications with the rest of Northumbria were still open on the north and west, the city could have withstood a siege for months. Vikings were hit-and-run raiders; they weren't Roman engineers. <br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; height: 429px; width: 320px;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eRjln39w-gw/XuFfSoSJuDI/AAAAAAAAEfs/9fF71Z3526UVF7NxgIySyLpabUd4kPH3wCK4BGAsYHg/s218/xn_raven.gif" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="199" data-original-width="218" height="294" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eRjln39w-gw/XuFfSoSJuDI/AAAAAAAAEfs/9fF71Z3526UVF7NxgIySyLpabUd4kPH3wCK4BGAsYHg/w320-h292/xn_raven.gif" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><i><span style="color: #b51200;">Hardrada's Raven Banner, or </span></i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven_banner" target="_blank"><span style="color: #b51200;">hrafnsmerki</span></a><i lang="non"><span style="color: #b51200;"> ("Land Waster") which he reportedly carried on expeditions. The raven was sacred to Odin and supposed to bring him tidings from all over the world every morning. Guess it was sleeping in on the morning of the 25th</span>.</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> So Hardrada undoubtedly accepted the word of the city fathers (their own witenagemot) that York was essentially his, and that they'd bring their hostages over to Stamford Bridge to guarantee it within a week. They promised. Crossed their hearts. So many characters in this story seem to put way too much faith in promises.<br /><br /> On the fifth morning after this solemn vow, the Vikings were still lounging around at Stamford Bridge, cooking their breakfast on both sides of the Derwent. Someone glanced up on the ridgeline above them and saw banners, spears, shields and the glint off thousands of helmets. Were these the surrender negotiators coming from York with their hostages? Right on time. <br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">But wait...You can imagine the sick feeling in the Norwegians' stomachs when they realized these weren't the hostages they were looking for. It was a whole new Saxon army, far larger than the one they had defeated the week before. Where did they come from?</div><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="2"><font size="2"><br /></font></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><h2 style="text-align: left;"><font size="2"><font size="2"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><font>Let the whackings begin!</font></span></span></span><br /></font></font></h2></div><br /><div style="text-align: left;"> On the night of Sunday the 24th, King Harold Godwinson and his army (swollen to over 12,500) had arrived in the town of Tadcaster, four miles southwest of York. The Norwegians had no idea they were there. As I mentioned before, they assumed that Harold was still down in the south, guarding the coast from a Norman invasion. And since neither Hardrada nor the detested Tostig, had virtually any intelligence network in this unfriendly country, they got no word in six days that Harold was marching north.</div><br />Spending the night to rest up, Harold got his army moving before dawn and moved it through York and out the east gate to march on the unsuspecting Vikings, camped around Stamford Bridge, seven miles to the east. <br /><br /> Harold, seeing that the Norwegians were spread out on both sides of the river, did not waste time to get into a formal battle line, but immediately charged with his mounted housecarls, right into the disorganized enemy on the near bank. 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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">, </span>arrows. Those Norsemen on the west bank of the Derwent were slaughtered like rabbits. Since the bridge was a narrow wooden structure, there must have been quite a traffic jam on it as men tried to scramble across, perhaps pushing each off into the stream. For a seafaring people, it is remarkable that more didn't think to swim across the narrow, slow stream. Could they not swim? Or maybe they did.<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-b5PxllnhlZs/XuFWujRtKfI/AAAAAAAAEeI/9TQDndwfddMDomsXBouv2m9ZLIB-6rZHACK4BGAsYHg/s1000/River%2BDerwent%2Bat%2BStamford%2BBridge.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="1000" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-b5PxllnhlZs/XuFWujRtKfI/AAAAAAAAEeI/9TQDndwfddMDomsXBouv2m9ZLIB-6rZHACK4BGAsYHg/d/River%2BDerwent%2Bat%2BStamford%2BBridge.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr style="text-align: left;"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b51200;"><i>View
southwest from the modern
bridge at Stamford Bridge (a few hundred yards downstream from the
original). You can see that this was a fairly minor stream, and in a hot
September might have been fordable in several places. In fact, in the
middle distance, you can make out what looks like slabs of rock that
could be a ford. (photo courtesy
of Google Street View). And, in further fact, the name Stamford, means, in Anglo-Saxon, "stone ford". <br /></i></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /> Soon the whole Anglo-Saxon army was crushing on the western end of the bridge, having cut down any who were caught on that side. According to <a href="http://mcllibrary.org/Anglo/part5.html" target="_blank">Part 5 of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,</a> a lone Viking <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berserker" target="_blank">berserker</a>, a towering giant, wild-eyed and frothing at the mouth, stood on the planks and cut down any Saxon who tried to cross. <a href="http://mcllibrary.org/Anglo/part5.html" target="_blank">The ASC</a> doesn't say how many this berserker slew, or that he slew any; it just says he just he held up their crossing for an unspecified time. It does say that one Saxon threw a spear at him and it missed. It goes on that an enterprising Saxon got in a barrel (or a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coracle" target="_blank">coracle</a>?), floated beneath the bridge, and stabbed the brave warrior up through the planks with a spear, right into his private parts, and he went down:<br /><br /><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><i>"Then was there one of the
Norwegians who withstood the English people, so that they might
not pass over the bridge, nor obtain the victory. Then an
Englishman aimed at him with a javelin, but availed nothing; and
then came another under the bridge, and pierced him terribly
inwards under the coat of mail." --Part 5, ASC</i></span></span></span><br /></div><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color: #b51200;"></span></div><br /><br /><div> But other legends have this lone berserker slaying some 40 men before being treacherously (or cleverly, depending on your bias) disposed of from below. And that he held off the whole Saxon army for hours. However, this number 40 sounds suspiciously like poetic license, like "40 days and 40 nights" of Noah's flood, or Jesus's sojourn of 40 days in the wilderness, or the 40 days from the Resurrection to the Ascension, or Moses staying on Mt Sinai for 40 days, or the original term "quarantine" which meant 40 days. But was anybody keeping score? Probably wasn't forty. Could have been none.<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>At any rate, before long the lone berserker was killed, toppled into the river, and Harold's army thundered over the bridge.<br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="2"><br /></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="2"><br /></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VYZsPMQLtBk/XuAiRBqpF2I/AAAAAAAAEak/_tjY94H7QKcwqdlR5SjPUkNOZbqPG6MKACK4BGAsYHg/s871/Stamford%2BBridge%2BMorning%2Bsmall.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="871" data-original-width="800" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VYZsPMQLtBk/XuAiRBqpF2I/AAAAAAAAEak/_tjY94H7QKcwqdlR5SjPUkNOZbqPG6MKACK4BGAsYHg/d/Stamford%2BBridge%2BMorning%2Bsmall.jpg" /></a></div><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vWlmVcwkw30/XuAcXSzjhgI/AAAAAAAAEZg/aPcW03qpcqoglI1tzHw7JDCtS9vmYYskwCK4BGAsYHg/s1306/Stamford%2BBridge%2BMorning%2Bsmall.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a></div><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3I5RpTN8eJE/XuAcDlf8zyI/AAAAAAAAEZM/ecENOXiPF3cM29z6Q6aiAjiwphkIiM-zwCK4BGAsYHg/s1567/Stamford%2BBridge%2BMorning%2Bsmall.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a></div> Most of Hardrada's army was already on the far side of the river. Which seems odd since it was away from York and on the other side of the Derwent from their own base at Ricall. Nevertheless, the delay in the Saxons getting across on the single, narrow span allowed the Vikings to form up their defensive shield wall on high ground. They would have seen that they were desperately outnumbered by Harold. After their losses at Fulford five days before, their 3,000 man detachment to guard the ships down at Ricall, and their losses on the far side of the river that morning, the Vikings probably had only 5-6,000 men to defend against over 12,000 (armored) Saxons, many of them on horses. <br /><br /> As soon as Hardrada realized he was fighting the main English army under Harold, he sent three mounted couriers down to Ricall to order his trusted commander, Eyestein Orre, to bring up his 3,000 men quick. At 15 miles and over a river, this message would have taken at least an hour to deliver, and maybe another hour for Orre to get everybody armored up and on the road. <br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="height: 396px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 667px;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hrjtD45R6fY/XuFY3zRqHZI/AAAAAAAAEe0/4CXcLhOmcBQvw1lY6AtYhAaqSpu6-Y42gCK4BGAsYHg/s1784/Stamford%2BBridge%2BBattlefield.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="854" data-original-width="1784" height="311" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hrjtD45R6fY/XuFY3zRqHZI/AAAAAAAAEe0/4CXcLhOmcBQvw1lY6AtYhAaqSpu6-Y42gCK4BGAsYHg/w640-h311/Stamford%2BBridge%2BBattlefield.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b51200;"><i>View of the battlefield from the east side of the present village of Stamford Bridge, where the Norwegian army formed their shield wall. (photo courtesy of Google Street View).</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">While the Vikings were forming their shield wall, a delegation of twenty housecarls road up to the Norwegian line and one of them asked to speak to Tostig. The renegade earl came forward to hear the delegation's proposal, which was that Harold would pardon Tostig and give him back his earldom (including York) if he would abandon Hardrada. According to Snurri Stuluson, the not all-to-be-trusted Icelandic saga writer, Tostig asked what he could expect for his new friend, the King of Norway, and the ambassador said, "...seven feet of English ground, or as much more as he may be taller than other men." So Tostig said he would sooner die than betray his ally. When the earl returned to Hardrada's side and told him what the English knight had offered and his reply, the Norse king asked who that ambassador was and Tostig said it was his own brother, Harold. So Hardrada said if he had known that he would have killed him right then and there. Ah, chivalry! If you read the Icelandic sagas about these Viking heroes, it seems like treachery was something to be admired. <br /><br /> There is another anecdote before the battle-proper started, described by Sturluson.. As both armies were lining up, getting their shield walls in place, Hardarda, riding down the ranks, supervising the men, fell off his black horse. He got up, laughing at himself, and saying "this was a lucky sign for a traveler." Seeing the pratfall from his side, Harold remarked to his thegns that Hardrada's luck seemed to have run out. Like the appearance of Halley's Comet earlier in the year, signs can mean what you want them to; confirmation bias. Whether this actually happened on not, the incident was used by later chroniclers to illustrate both the irony and prophecy of the accident. But it was a source of comic relief to both sides at the time.<br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="2"><br /></font></div><br /><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span>The Final Battle</span></span></h2><br /><div> In the conventional narrative of Stamford Bridge, the deployment of the two armies by early afternoon had the Vikings deployed in a backward bending arc, with the Saxons line wrapping around it (<a href="#" id="1st Map Afternoon" name="1st Map Afternoon">see 1st map below</a>). Once this arrangement was in place for both sides, somebody evidently blew a whistle and the whacking began. Or some signal. One imagines, too, that the Saxons began their intimidating war chant, "Ut! Ut! Ut!" with the Vikings answering in their traditional "Tyr! Tyr! Tyr!" (their god of war). <br /></div><div><br /></div><div>For what was described as hours, both sides gave as good as they got. But the imbalance in sheer numbers, and their lack of armor protection, started to make itself felt on the Viking side. Sturluson says that the Viking line was thinner than the Saxon line because they didn't have as many men, so they wouldn't have had as many fresh warriors from the rear ranks to spell the men in front.<br /></div><br /> At one point, part of the Saxon side started to fall back and, thinking (from their narrow perspective) that the enemy was in flight, the Vikings in that sector broke lines and went after them. In turn, these were set upon by the reserves of the thicker Saxon line who started to butcher them.<br /><br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="height: 575px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left; width: 667px;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Bva7Ih12DqM/XuFMhpH5YQI/AAAAAAAAEcg/9EPILGwSYnM5MskNZ6LbXk44on44SHHoQCK4BGAsYHg/s1000/1280px-Arbo_-_Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge_%25281870%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="665" data-original-width="1000" height="440" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Bva7Ih12DqM/XuFMhpH5YQI/AAAAAAAAEcg/9EPILGwSYnM5MskNZ6LbXk44on44SHHoQCK4BGAsYHg/w662-h440/1280px-Arbo_-_Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge_%25281870%2529.jpg" width="662" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b51200;"><i>Another painting in the Romantic style by Norwegian salon painter, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Nicolai_Arbo" target="_blank">Peter Arbo</a> in 1870, of the death of Harald Hardrada, with an arrow in his jugular. Not a great way to die. This painting does attempt to show the arms and armor of the time; the Saxon housecarls on horses with stirrups, the Vikings fighting without their mail hauberks. The Saxon horses are in full, mail caparisons, though, which is an anachronistic detail as this kind of horse armor didn't start being used until the Crusades, late in the 12th century.</i></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div>Seeing his line come apart, Hardrada went after them to rally them back into the shield wall. In the process, he exposed himself to the Saxon archers, one of whom managed to shoot an arrow into his windpipe. A mortal wound. When he fell, the men he was trying to rally panicked and broke, opening up a huge gap in the shield wall, through which poured the Saxons. Soon after, Tostig himself fell (though to another arrow or an axe or sword the narratives don't say). The Vikings and the Fleming and Scot mercenaries, seeing their line broken and their leaders slain, turned to run.</div><br /><div style="text-align: left;"> At this point, late in the afternoon, Orre and his 3,000 fully armored men finally came up from their grueling, hot, 15-mile run from Ricall. Realistically, they probably didn't run all the way; they probably marched quickly, with frequent rests. Sturluson implies that this new arrival nearly turned the tide and, for awhile, pushed the Saxons back. But Orre's men were exhausted. You try running 15 miles on a hot day in 26 pounds (12 kg) of metal mail, carrying another 20-30 pounds of weapons. Even those with only leather hauberks weren't in the best of shape. Overheated and dehydrated, many dropped dead along the way or shortly after arriving. At any rate, these poor men were turned into meat in pretty short order, too. The sagas described this stage of the battle as Orre's Storm. But it was a pretty sad storm, more of an afternoon drizzle. And you have to feel for these brave, heat-exhausted men; to run all that way only to fall dead from hyperthermia or to be butchered.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="2"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RY0nLzRTpGE/XuAiB4D7uqI/AAAAAAAAEaU/kw6YloJYyxsBvU-W4rkTAwPpkdmqjEPjgCK4BGAsYHg/s870/Stamford%2BBridge%2BAfternoon%2Bsmall.jpg" id="1st Map Afternoon" name="1st Map Afternoon" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="870" data-original-width="800" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RY0nLzRTpGE/XuAiB4D7uqI/AAAAAAAAEaU/kw6YloJYyxsBvU-W4rkTAwPpkdmqjEPjgCK4BGAsYHg/d/Stamford%2BBridge%2BAfternoon%2Bsmall.jpg" /></a></div></div></font><br /><br /><br /><h2 style="text-align: left;"><br /><span style="color: #f57c00;"></span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><br /></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span>Another Version of the Battle</span></span></h2> There is an alternative description of the battle. One made by Snorri Sturluson. While he was writing poetically about a heroic age more than a century before him, and with mostly oral "war-stories" from descendants to go on, he does make a convincing and more likely description of the initial deployment.<br /><br /> When the western bank of the river fell to Harold's morning attack, Sturluson maintains that Hardrada had his remaining men form a hollow circular formation, facing out on all sides. He also said it was less deep that the usual line, which given the probable number may have not been more than 4-500 yards across. He says that Hardarda chose this defensive formation as the best to counter cavalry (more evidence that the Saxons fought on horseback). As had been known for millennia, (and explained by Xenophon in his <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">Anabasis </a>fourteen centuries before), horses won't impale themselves on a thicket of pointy things; they'll swerve away. Sturluson also has Hardrada give his men the same advice. Moreover, if we assume that at this point, the Saxon army outnumbered the Vikings at least 2:1, a circular formation would have no ends to outflank. <br /><br /> Apparently, the battle unfolded as in other narratives, with both sides stabbing and hacking at each other for hours, each behind their shield walls. The Saxon cavalry swirled ineffectually around the Viking formation, unable to find an opening. But they did keep the Vikings pinned and unable to maneuver. It became a battle of attrition; who would collapse first?<br /><br /> As in the previous narration, at some point one section of the Saxon line did give way and the cohesion of the Viking line dissolved, chasing after the fleeing Englishmen. Waiting for just this kind of break, the Saxon horse were able to sweep in and attack this disordered clump from the flank and immediately into the hole they had exposed in their line. Once this happened, the whole Viking structure caved. Hardrada may have still fallen to a lucky arrow in the throat. But the Saxon victory owed more to the hovering presence of cavalry, ready to exploit a break.<br /><br /> Ironically, three weeks later, at Hastings, the tables were reversed. It was the Norman wing that broke (composed of Breton mercenaries) and the Saxon fyrd broke ranks to chase after them. And it was Norman cavalry this time which rode down the disordered fyrdmen and exploited the break in the Saxon line to tip the scales. </div><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="2"><br /></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qXqhfNLSGZM/XuArtEdoh5I/AAAAAAAAEbM/9D9uFMZqYdc1VzWHGfjvoGtghfBB4xlLwCK4BGAsYHg/s870/Stamford%2BBridge%2BSturluson.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="870" data-original-width="800" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qXqhfNLSGZM/XuArtEdoh5I/AAAAAAAAEbM/9D9uFMZqYdc1VzWHGfjvoGtghfBB4xlLwCK4BGAsYHg/d/Stamford%2BBridge%2BSturluson.jpg" /></a></div><span style="color: #b51200;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><b><font>The End of the Viking Age in England</font></b></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="2"><br /></font></div> The Saxons, according to the Chronicles and sagas, chased the surviving Vikings all the way down the Derwent to Ricall, where Hardrada's 16-year-old son, Olaf (now <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_III_of_Norway" target="_blank">Olaf III of Norway</a> since he was the direct, surviving heir) asked for terms and promised to go home to Norway and never bother England again (a promise which he, for one, kept). Harold generously allowed the surviving Vikings to take all the ships they needed to ferry themselves back home . They only needed 24 of the original 300. It had been a good day for the crows.<br /><br /> This was to be the final descent on England by a Viking, ending an age of predation that had lasted 277 years, since the first raid on a defenseless town in Dorset in 789. Three centuries of resentment and racial hatred animated the Saxons at Stamford Bridge. As they had always done, Hardrada's men had entered England with him, not with the political objective of putting their king on the English throne, but to merely rape, murder, burn, torture, and kidnap. To them, it was just a giant raiding party. They may have been dimly aware of their pirate leader's new ambition to rule another foreign land, but they were not ideologues. Just thugs. <br /><br /> So it is little wonder that the Saxon army was energized by seething homicide as they pounded up the two-hundred miles to Stamford Bridge. They had had enough just about enough. <br /><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div> The defeat was so devastating to the Norse psyche, and so traumatic to the teenage Olaf (who during his subsequent reign would be described as a kind, wise king), that no Scandinavian power or pirate ever again tried to molest England. <div style="text-align: left;"><h2><span style="color: #b51200;"><font size="4"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span>The End of the Anglo-Saxon Age in England</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></font></span></h2></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="2"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></font></div><div> However, we all know how this glorious feeling of liberation lasted a bare nineteen days with the victorious Harold and the Anglo-Saxon people. Three days after Stamford Bridge, on the 28th, William, landed his army at Pevensey in Sussex. <br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Harold, with his heroic army resting from their exhausting march and marathon battle, suffering from terrible casualties themselves, probably heard within two days of William's landing and had to ask his army to perform the impossible again; retrace their steps (this time 250 miles--400 km) in record time, meet the fresh Norman army. After all that, he and his Saxons still very nearly defeated them. Had it not been for an accident in that battle, the entire history of England, the very English language, and the world would have been different. </div><br /> Or not, if you believe in the inevitability of fate. Or the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" target="_blank"> Everett theory</a> of multiple universes in quantum mechanics.<div style="text-align: left;"><font size="2"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b51200;">Wargaming Stamford Bridge</span></h2></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Of those of you who already love and wargame this period, I would not presume to offer gaming techniques. I'm sure you already have your own set of rules, your own figures, your own board, and your own clubs and online communities. But I might offer suggestions for what-if scenarios. This, to me, is the most fascinating aspect of history and gaming, exploring those alternate universes in which a different course was taken. (See Everett's quantum <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" target="_blank">Many-Worlds Theory </a>again.)<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><h3><span style="color: #b51200;">Tactical What-Ifs</span></h3></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">It might be interesting to see what would have happened had the Vikings had prior warning of the Saxons. Of course, the main strategic coup that Harold made was the surprise attack on the morning of the 25th. But if this weren't a surprise, how would the Norwegian players have prepared? Would they establish their full force on the west bank, or set up a defense around the bridge head on the east side, forcing the Saxons to attack <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2016/01/arcola-1796.html" target="_blank">Arcola</a>-style? </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Another tactical what-if would be to let the Vikings retain their armor, giving them more protection from blows and missiles. <br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Or, had they known of Harold's imminent arrival, would the Viking players have been able to concentrate their force, bringing Orre's reserves up sooner?</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">It might also be interesting to see if the same result would happen if the Saxons did not attack mounted, per the other theory that they always fought on foot.<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Finally, this was September. And it was hot. So in all likelihood, there were fords along the River Derwent. It was not a raging torrent. And may have been low. So one tactical variation might allow either side to test for fords in an attempt to flank the other. Also as at Napoleon's battle at the <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2016/01/arcola-1796.html" target="_blank">Arcola Bridge</a> in 1796. Or at Alexander's first victory over the Persians at the <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2020/05/the-granicus-334-bce.html" target="_blank">Granicus</a> in 334 BCE.<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><h3><span style="color: #b51200;">Strategic What-Ifs</span></h3></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">In playing a strategic game covering the whole year, it would obviously be interesting for the various players to have to make the same kind of critical decisions that faced Harold, William, Hardrada, Tostig, and even external forces like the Welsh, the Scots, or the Danes. <br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">For instance, does the Saxon player stand down his fyrd for the harvest, risking an invasion by William? <br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">If there is a landing by Hardrada and Tostig in the north, does Harold still drop everything and hurry up there to put it down? Or could he bide his time, defeat William, and they hustle north to deal with the Norwegians? <br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">What if, after Stamford Bridge, Harold had taken more time to reform and grow his army, luring William further inland and away from his base? <br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">What if Harold makes a raid on Hardrada's beached ships at Ricall, burning them? <br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">There are hundreds of alternate universes here too.<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b51200;">Special Rules</span></h2></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">I do not know if the rule books you use to play medieval combat take some of the following issues into account, but I would suggest adding them if they don't. I use my own algorithm when playing solo wargames and have incorporated these factors. As we have seen in this narrative, things beyond arms and armor can have a decisive impact.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b51200;"><b>Heat</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">We have seen how the heat proved to be a factor in the effectiveness of Orre's relief force as they hurried north in their chain mail. Attrition from heat, particularly when wearing armor, should drain a unit's vigor and/or combat power. You can also roll dice at the start of a game for the temperature, heat definitely serving to the advantage of the defense (i.e. stationary) side.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b51200;"><b>Fords</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">As mentioned above, one could provide for hidden fords, to be discovered by die roll or some other randomizing device. The Derwent was no Mississippi. And Stamford implies, in Anglo-Saxon, a stone ford.<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #f57c00;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b51200;"><b>Death of the Leader</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Many rule systems provide for the random death of a leader. When Hardrada and then Tostig fell, all heart seemed to fall out of the Vikings. But the same thing might have happened had it been Harold, as did happen to him at Hastings in three weeks. Indeed, the morale of an entire army might be affected either negatively or positively, especially if the death infuriates the leaders' followers. This could also be determined through a die-roll reaction (or some other randomizing factor; like a card draw or random number generator). <br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b51200;"><b>Shields</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Both Saxon and Viking shields were pretty much the same design, weight, and protection in the 11th century. Though not rimmed with metal (usually), they could weigh as much as twenty pounds and start to tax the stamina of the soldier if held straight in front of him in the shield wall. Shoulders, arms, and backs would start to ache, especially if trying to maintain this stance for hours.. One technique of wielding the shield so it wasn't so tiring was to carry it high on the shoulder, so its weight rested on the spine instead of arm muscles. This posture, if provided for in the rules, could cost less of a fatigue tax and protect the head and neck. But it also exposed the abdomen and legs to thrusts and horizontal bow shots. So any rules that accommodate these two postures should take into account variation of protection and fatigue.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b51200;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b51200;"><b>Armor</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">One of the features of the Stamford Bridge Battle was the lack of armor in the Viking ranks. But chain mail armor was usually only available to thegns, housecarls, and other nobles. Lower rank soldiers, especially bowmen, could not usually afford armor. When figuring the protection rate of different categories of soldier, rate that of housecarls, etc, higher than lesser-rank, front line warriors, who might also have worn leather jerkins (still some protection) or padded tunics. Bowmen may not have worn any armor at all. I'm sure, if you're playing medieval or ancient games regularly, you've taken this into account in the composition of your armies.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b51200;"><b>Stamina and Rest</b></span><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">It goes without saying that hand-to-hand combat takes a lot out of anyone, even people in great shape, as I'm sure all these participants were. But though the sagas and the ASC describe the battle as lasting all day, we can be pretty sure it wasn't continuous hacking and slashing. <br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Realistic rules tax units for melee combat, so that after half-an-hour or so, they'd be pretty drained. This means that the combatants probably spelled each other--hence the importance of lines in depth. A force with a greater number of ranks would mean that it could refresh the business-end of the line more frequently than a thin one, and keep its overall vigor up. <br /><br />So it might be worthwhile to examine and adjust how your particular rules account for this physical drain and how long it takes to regain strength. You can tell if your game is realistic if it compels one side or the other to fall back to regroup after a set number of turns of combat. Or if it takes casualties from sheer exhaustion. If, on the other hand, your figures seem to be able to fight forever, you're not playing a wargame, you're playing Marvel superheroes. And that's okay, too. Both can be fun.<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SIhggjK2AwQ/XtF4cXxM12I/AAAAAAAAEQM/Z_wAus0lQ4A9s07wvRz74Y-tlmfSf1FpgCK4BGAsYHg/Stamford%2BBridge%2BCampaign%2BMap.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b51200;"><font size="6">Orders of Battle</font></span></h2></div><div style="text-align: left;">This is an extremely approximate list of forces involved in this battle, based on narratives in my references below, among them Wikipedia. Under no circumstances should you cite this as a source for any academic papers. Some sources gave the Norwegians 12,000 men when they started their invasion. But they also lost considerably after the hard fought Battle of Fulford five days before, even though they technically won that engagement. Hans Delbrück, the famous German military historian, wrote that you can't take any figures from ancient or medieval battles seriously. So take these strength figures as pretty much bullshit.<br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-p7Xv4uDWZQU/XtQz_2eyOeI/AAAAAAAAEUE/F9IZZNdBQJETPo-In1SAvljZGezL_O-yQCK4BGAsYHg/Stamford%2BBridge%2BOOB%2Btable.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="583" data-original-width="1090" height="342" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-p7Xv4uDWZQU/XtQz_2eyOeI/AAAAAAAAEUE/F9IZZNdBQJETPo-In1SAvljZGezL_O-yQCK4BGAsYHg/w640-h342/Stamford%2BBridge%2BOOB%2Btable.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><br /></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><font size="6"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">References</span></span></span></span></span></font></h2><div style="text-align: left;">Those of you who are true scholars of medieval warfare, or avid hobbyists of the period, have by now recognized that I am about as far from being an expert on this age as possible. Nevertheless, here is the paltry list of sources I relied on to write this article. <br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Gravett, Christopher, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9780275988395" target="_blank"><u>Hastings 1066: The fall of Saxon England</u></a>, 2000, Osprey, Campaign #13, ISBN 978 1 84176 1336</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"> Holland, Tom, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/forge-of-christendom-the-end-of-days-the-epic-rise-of-the-west-9780307278708" target="_blank"><u>The Forge of Christendom, The End of Days and the Epic Rise of the West</u></a>, 2008, Doubleday, ISBN 978-0-385-52058-4<br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;">Nicolle, David, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9781849085038" target="_blank"><u>European Medieval Tactics (1): The Fall and Rise of Cavalry 450-1260</u></a>, 2011, Osprey, Elite 185, ISBN 978 1 84908 503 8<br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Norman, A.V.B. & Pottinger, Don<u>, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/English-Weapons-Warfare-449-1660-Norman/dp/0880290447/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=English+Weapons+%26+Warfare%3A+449-1660&qid=1591769406&s=books&sr=1-1" target="_blank">English Weapons & Warfare: 449-1660</a></u>, 1985, Dorsett, ISBN 0 88029 044 7</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Smurthwaite, David, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9780718136550" target="_blank">Battlefields of Britain</a>, 1984, St Martin's Press, ISBN 0 312 92039 3</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Snow, Peter & Dan, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Battlefield-Britain-Peter-Snow/dp/B0009IW89O/ref=sr_1_2?dchild=1&keywords=Battlefield+Britain&qid=1590965760&s=movies-tv&sr=1-2" target="_blank"><u>Battlefield Britain</u></a>, 2004 BBC video, ep #2 <i>The Battle of Hastings</i><font size="2"><br /></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="2"><br /></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge</a><font size="2"><br /></font></div><font size="2">
</font><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Hardrada</a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor</a><br /><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Godwinson</a><br /><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/55614/55614-h/55614-h.htm#V_THE_SUCCESSION" target="_blank">The Complete Bayeux Tapestry</a><br /><a href="http://mcllibrary.org/Anglo/part5.html" target="_blank"><br /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://mcllibrary.org/Anglo/part5.html" target="_blank">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle </a><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Online Domesday Book:<a href="https://opendomesday.org/" target="_blank"> https://opendomesday.org/</a><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"> <br /> Snorri Sturluson, 1179-1241, <a href="http://mcllibrary.org/Heimskringla/hardrade2.html" target="_blank">The Saga of Harald Hardrada, (Modern English translation)</a><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="4">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><font size="4"><a href="http://www.hurstwic.com/history/articles/manufacturing/text/arms.htm" target="_blank">http://www.hurstwic.com/history/articles/manufacturing/text/arms.htm</a> </font></span></span></span></span>A useful resource for Viking (and, by extension, contemporary Saxon) arms, armor, and fighting techniques. Curated by Viking reenactors, so you don't want to argue with these guys.<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: black;"><i>Copyright
2020, Jeffery P. Berry Trust, all rights reserved. No part of this post
may be used for republication or re-posting without documented
permission of the Jeffery P. Berry Trust. However, feel free to link to
this site as a resource from related sites. Original images are copy-protected by Digimarc embedded digital watermarks.</i></span></span></div>Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com30tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-82451501734672374882020-05-11T18:44:00.019-07:002023-11-23T14:56:42.834-08:00The Granicus<h2>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Alexander's Conquest of Persia</span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Late May, 334 BCE </span></span></h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #990000;">Macedonians under <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" target="_blank">Alexander III of Macedon</a></b>,</span> approx. 18,100 (5,100 cavalry, 13,000 infantry)</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #674ea7;"><span style="font-size: small;">Persians under Arsites, Satrap of Phrygia, approx. 30,000 (16,000 cavalry, 14,000 infantry) </span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;">First Light:</span> 05:30 <span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunrise:</span> 05:56 <span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunset: </span>20:19 <span style="color: #b45f06;">End of Twilight:</span> 20:42<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">(approximate times calculated from <a href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/RS_OneDay.php" target="_blank">U.S. Naval Observatory</a>
based on location. However as the calculator does not figure for dates
prior to 1700, this was based mid May for this year. It may have been a few
minutes off. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Location:</span> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@40.2929442,27.263999,3923m/data=!3m1!1e3" target="_blank">40</a></span><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@40.2929442,27.263999,3923m/data=!3m1!1e3" target="_blank"><span>°</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> 13’ N</span><span> </span><span> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">27</span><span>°</span></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@40.2929442,27.263999,3923m/data=!3m1!1e3" target="_blank"> 14’ E</a> </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Just northwest of the Turkish town of </span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Gümüşçay on what is now called the </span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Çan Çayı.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></span><br />
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<div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span>History or Past-Its-Expiration-Date Propaganda?</span><span><br /></span></span></b></span></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">T</span></span>his semi-famous battle, the first of Alexander's victories in his conquest of the Persian Empire, has interested me because there is controversy about what really happened. And, as any of you who have followed my blog have by now realized, I love the iconoclastic. History is full of "accepted truths". And the more old the history, the more fuzzy those truths become. Like so many accepted truths of the military genius of Frederick the Great or Napoleon or Stonewall Jackson, most accepted truths are the fossilized remains of self-serving propaganda. So, I believe, is the accepted truth of this battle.<br />
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Classical historians as well as modern ones disagree about what really happened at this first battle in the new king's conquest of the Persian empire. Some modern historians simply take the predominant narrative of the Greco-Roman historians, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrian" target="_blank">Arrian </a>(86-160 AD) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch" target="_blank">Plutarch </a>(46-120 AD), as fact, based as they were on Alexander's contemporary chronicler, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" target="_blank">Ptolemy, </a>or his official scribe, Callisthenes, whose own writings have been conveniently lost (eaten by Arrian's dog apparently). Others have drawn on Diodorus Siculus's history (90-30 BCE), which differs from the others in key details. But others (notably Peter Green in his book <u>Alexander of Macedon</u>) suspect a lot of these ancient accounts were left-over, Hellenistic propaganda, and that the truth lies somewhere in between.</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">So, as with my other posts on semi-obscure battles (and, I know, I know, to you classical scholars and hobbyists,The Granicus is not obscure at all), the obscurity will be in my idiomatic take on this ancient battle. I approach the subject with logic, i.e. what makes sense, and not a partisan adherence to one point of view or another. In so doing, I have found myself seeing the sense of Peter Green's synthetic conclusions about what probably, actually happened.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--0P1Eap0Hhg/XroDw__BRpI/AAAAAAAAEPI/UtJkLrqKOVY7luvWgx3L6sucgAjMDJOEACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Granicus%2B--Arrian%2527s%2Bnarrative.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1281" height="876" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--0P1Eap0Hhg/XroDw__BRpI/AAAAAAAAEPI/UtJkLrqKOVY7luvWgx3L6sucgAjMDJOEACLcBGAsYHQ/w701-h876/Granicus%2B--Arrian%2527s%2Bnarrative.jpg" width="701" /></a>The young king wants to avenge past wrongs. </span></span></h3>
We've seen this phenomenon in our own time; the political need to avenge past insults. It's a sad, human trait. There was Hitler's animus to avenge the humiliation of Germany after WWI. Or Saddam Hussein's urge to avenge the insults from his neighbor Kuwait in 1990. Or Vladimir Putin's need to take back countries that, in his mind, had been stolen from the Russian Empire (Georgia, Chechnya, Ukraine). This urge to avenge is not new, of course, but was a human trait twenty-four centuries ago. We just haven't evolved past it since.<br />
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Alexander, shortly after he had succeeded his assassinated father, Philip II, as the most powerful monarch in Greece, declared that he wanted to avenge the past insults and invasions from Persia. Though the perpetrators of those insults, Darius I and Xerxes, had died respectively 153 and 131 years before, 20-year-old Alexander sought to use the resentment of the Persians to unite all Greeks in a race war, a war to unify Greece. This was just cover to fuel his true ambition, the conquest of the Achaemenid empire. Within two years of his accession, Alexander had made all of mainland Greece and the southern Balkans his own<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">—</span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">not the Americas or most of Asia and Oceania)</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span> So it was a political as well as a vainglorious motive to invade Darius III's realm.</div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"> </div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark">Darius III, for his part, was not particularly worried about a threat from the West. He and his predecessors had long regarded the Greeks as an irritating, "third world" joke, more concerned with fighting each other than defying the world's first superpower. After Xerxes' failed invasion almost a century-and-a-half before, the Persian monarchs had long settled on a policy of merely meddling in Greek elections, bribing their politicians, cultivating allies, and keeping the Greeks at each others' throats. In other words, Balkanizing them. It had been far cheaper than conquest. And Greece, moreover, had been an important trading partner with the empire. The Achaemenids, too, had been the principle employers of Greek mercenary armies, contributing greatly to the economic prosperity of the Aegean littoral. Several Greek city states along the Ionian coast (modern western Turkey) were integral parts of the Empire. The Acheamenids had been light-handed rulers since Cyrus the Great, tolerant of local customs and and religion, and had encouraged their local economies. They had learned that this was far more profitable than oppressive<span style="font-family: inherit;"> <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">—not to mention expensive</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">—</span></span></span>subjugation. Let people worship their own gods, elect their own governments, do their own business, as long as they paid their taxes to Persepolis and supported the Great King in his wars. The Greek city states of the Achaemenid empire, for the most part, didn't think of themselves as in need of liberation. They had felt pretty free for generations. For the most part they weighed their interests in economic stability rather than racial antagonism.<br />
<br />
In fact, Darius was facing far more serious political threats from the rebellious eastern satrapies of his empire (read Afghanistan) and from Egypt than from Greece. To him, some kid had just inherited a tiny throne from some backwater part of the Balkans (not even actually Greek); it was not anything that should concern the Great King. When he got word of Alexander's invasion in northwest Phrygia, he, at first regarded it as a nuisance and delegated the local satraps and his trusted Greek mercenary general, Memnon of Rhodes, to deal with it. They could muster an overwhelming army from resources in that region alone to squash the kid.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><span><span style="font-size: large;">Alexander starts his amazing adventure.</span></span></span></span></h3>
<br />
In early 334. after having subdued the recalcitrant city states in mainland Greece and put down a rebellion up in the Balkans, Alexander mobilized an army of some of some 36,500 in Thrace and set off to cross the Hellespont (the modern Dardanelles Straights separating Europe from Asia Minor). This had been the traditional route of invasion in reverse, when Darius's ancestors had invaded Greece in the previous century. After a three week march across Thrace, his army had arrived at the crossing point at Sestos, on the European side of the straights. Leaving his senior and most veteran general, Parmenion, to manage the crossing of the army to Abydos, on the Asian side, Alexander decided to take his boyfriend, Hephaestos, and some of his Companions down the coast on a little sight-seeing trip down to the ruins of Troy.<br />
<br />
He laid the foundations of two temples to Poseidon and Athena at the port towns of Elaius and Sigeion on either side of the mouth of the straight, and made some pious sacrifices to those gods and to heroes of Homeric legend. As his trireme crossed the two miles from Elaius to Sigieon, Diodorus describes Alexander as hurling his spear into the sand at Sigeion and jumping down into the surf, thereby symbolically laying claim to all of Asia. This anecdote, like so many recounted, was probably made up either by Callithenes or by Arrian or Diodorus centuries later to give epic melodrama to their narratives. Of course, this strategic port at mouth of the Hellespont, had, for months already been safely in the hands of a Macedonian garrison, so Alexander probably just climbed down unceremoniously off the boat to be welcomed by the garrison commander, Calas.<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b> </b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Mouth of the Hellespont</b> looking from Alexander's personal crossing point toward the Asia side.</span></span></span></i></span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bz3Yy8I3OcU/XrMfgsDmOII/AAAAAAAAELY/pvSQWtPl3u0fjmGLhsPZGNbTGiUmnl09gCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Mouth%2Bof%2Bthe%2BHellespont.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="697" data-original-width="1600" height="278" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bz3Yy8I3OcU/XrMfgsDmOII/AAAAAAAAELY/pvSQWtPl3u0fjmGLhsPZGNbTGiUmnl09gCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Mouth%2Bof%2Bthe%2BHellespont.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<br />
After everyone got ashore, Alexander went inland a couple of miles to what was thought to be the ruins of Troy to visit the reputed tomb of Achilles, his idol<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">—</span></span></span>that Marvel Universe Superhero of the ancient world<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">—</span></span></span>and one whom the adolescent Alexander had most wanted to emulate. Apparently, he also appropriated Achilles's armor from his tomb to make it his own (according to Diodorus and Arrian but not Plutarch). Since it would have been almost nine-hundred years old at this point, it is doubtful if it was <i>actually </i>Achilles's original armor (if the superhero had <i>actually </i>existed outside of Homer's fantasy), or if it was still functional. But apparently Alexander felt having it around his torso bestowed some kind of magical charm. I wonder if he didn't just buy it at the local gift shop, since this Troy was even then a popular tourist destination. And did the curators just go ahead and replace it again with some other old armor from storage when the king left?<br />
<br />
It was on this trip, too, that Alexander's sycophantic fortune teller, Aristander, supposedly predicted that Alexander would soon personally defeat a powerful enemy in mounted combat. This anecdote also came from Arrian, writing five centuries after the event. Arrian's hindsight is uncanny in his back-to-the-future prediction, because (spoiler alert) that is just what was about to happen at the Granicus. Also, Aristander had acquired a talent for coming up with favorable, but vague, predictions that Alexander loved to hear, or bend to his own self-narrative. So the clairvoyant made himself a nice living following the king to tell him things he liked to hear.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MOy5Jp0CjKY/XrXNqx50kyI/AAAAAAAAEMM/ntlvV3-zR8YjIuUgiCCBS5MlOKXVeL5aACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Granicus%2B334%2BBC%2Bcampaign%2Bmap%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1127" data-original-width="1600" height="837" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MOy5Jp0CjKY/XrXNqx50kyI/AAAAAAAAEMM/ntlvV3-zR8YjIuUgiCCBS5MlOKXVeL5aACLcBGAsYHQ/w1188-h837/Granicus%2B334%2BBC%2Bcampaign%2Bmap%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" width="1188" /></a></div>
<br />
Meanwhile, back up at the main crossing point, Parmenion had succeeded in ferrying the entire force across the water to Abydos (the port from which Xerxes had launched his own invasion in the other direction 146 years before), He then moved the army up to camp at the town of Arisbe to wait for Alexander's return from his tourist excursion. Once the king rejoined the army, he was informed of a large concentration of Persian forces to the northeast, around the city of Zelea (modern Sarikoy, Turkey). His original plan had been to march southward along the Ionian coast of Asia Minor, liberating Greek cities on the way. But this new information caused him to change his plans and engage the Persians directly, up on the Marmaran coast. So leaving a third of his army at Arisbe to guard his bridgehead, he proceeded to march/sail eastward along the coast some 60 miles (100 km) to the port of Priapus* (modern Karabiga) on the Propontis (modern Sea of Marmara).<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">*And yes, the town was named for what you think it was. It was a sailor town, after all.</span> <br />
<br />
Along the route the Greek cities, like Lamapscus and Kolonai, declined Alexander's offers of liberation and, instead, offered him bribes to spare them a siege. This suited Alexander in two ways; 1) he was short of cash to pay and provision his troops and couldn't afford series of long sieges, so here were some windfall funds, and 2) since Memnon, the defacto military representative of Darius in the northwest, owned quite a lot of property in these cities, it might have seemed as though the Greek mercenary general was somehow colluding with the invaders. He wasn't. But that's what Alexander wanted Darius to suspect. So he purposefully and cynically spared Memnon's property.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;"><b>View across the Hellespont </b>at approximate location of the main crossing of Alexander's army, a relatively short ferry ride in a trireme.</span></i></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VkmZnqwuDQ8/XrNr-a1gmGI/AAAAAAAAEMA/kSmA1lxrrXEAFbiq9Ny74Hon0xHtbqstwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Hellespont%2Bfrom%2BSestos.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="620" data-original-width="1600" height="248" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VkmZnqwuDQ8/XrNr-a1gmGI/AAAAAAAAEMA/kSmA1lxrrXEAFbiq9Ny74Hon0xHtbqstwCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Hellespont%2Bfrom%2BSestos.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Persians Respond </b></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Meanwhile, Arsites, satrap of
Hellespontine Phrygia, had called a mobilization of fellow satraps from Phrygia, Lydia,
Paphlagonia, Bythnia, Ionia, and other northwestern provinces, to convene with
their forces at the town of Zelea in northern Phrygia. Memnon joined them. Though he didn't outrank them (he was a foreign mercenary, after all), he had the most direct military experience with the Macedonians. He also had the Great King's trust and sat on Artises's council as Darius' representative.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Memnon's advice to the
assembled Persian nobles was blunt and sobering. He didn't bother with
diplomatic niceties. He noted that the forces they had gathered, (about 15,500
cavalry, 5,000 heavy infantry, and an unknown swarm of local levies) would be
no match for the veteran and disciplined Macedonian army. Instead of
confronting Alexander, he advised avoiding battle altogether and advocated a
scorched earth policy, burning the crops, stores, and even towns in front of the
Macedonian line of march and threatening its lines of communication to force it
back to Greece. Memnon's intelligence also informed him of Alexander's
logistical and financial straights. So he knew that it wouldn't take much to
drive him back over the Hellespont, even without a battle. at least until the
following year. This would give time for the Great King to quell the
rebellions in Egypt and in the east, and bring up overwhelming force to
counter-invade Macedonia, exterminate the young troublemaker, and install his
own puppet. There were any number of available Macedonian ex-pats who had fled to Darius's
court after Alexander started executing people. So, with all of this inside intelligence, Memnon made his case.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Persian nobles, who had
regarded themselves as members of the preeminent military power in the known
world since Cyrus the Great, scoffed at the threat the Macedonians posed. Their
own intelligence indicated that Alexander had only 18,000 infantry and less than
half their cavalry, and that if the Persians chose their defensive
position wisely, he would have to face them with inferior forces on disadvantageous
ground. Though they had long respected (and employed as mercenaries)
Greek phalanx methods of warfare, they had not kept up with the advances in
tactics and weaponry (like the long pike, the <i>sarissa</i>) of Philip's
military innovations. They imagined they'd just be fighting a relatively small
band of ordinary Greeks. And, besides, they had 6,000 of their own Greek mercenaries (hoplites and peltasts) to
supplement their overwhelming Persian cavalry.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Moreover, the idea that these
proud nobles should burn their own property and that of their subjects seemed
just too drastic</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">—</span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">and even cowardly. Under the three-hundred-year-old
Achaemenid administrative tradition of paternalism established by Cyrus and
honored by his successors, that was anathema. By the tenets of their state
religion, Zoroastrianism, the primary duty of a satrap and of a soldier, was to
protect their subjects under their charge. It presages the same kind of
chivalry we would later see bring the French nobility to a bad end at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2015/03/crecy-1346.html" target="_blank">Crecy</a>, 1,680 years later. The Persians' religion, their
traditions, and their pride would not tolerate the idea of "burning down
the village to save it." An estimable social policy but one which Alexander would exploit.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">They also had their own
xenophobic distrust of Memnon, a Greek himself, who they suspected had
duplicitous motives of his own. (What about those rumors, for instance, of his
property being spared by the Macedonians as they marched down the coast?) So
they overruled the Greek and ordered an advance to the Granicus River (see
strategic map), a natural moat any invader would have to cross. And if they had been accused of being xenophobic, why they'd point out that was a Greek word, too. So there.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
Strategically, had the satraps' confidence in their army's prowess been
justified, this was a smart move. Alexander could not leave a powerful enemy
force on his flank and rear to threaten his communications with Greece, so they
knew he had to confront them sooner rather than later, especially given his
supply and payroll troubles. And the Granicus River, though not large, at this
time of year was in flood, had a swift current, was uneven in depth, and had
steep, slippery banks. It would be a nightmare for any army to try and attack
across. It was probably the best defensive line the satraps could have taken.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">They also clung to the
hope that, knowing Alexander's youthful impetuosity and his reputed urge to
throw himself into the thick of the fighting, he might very well fall in battle and the
invasion by a unified Greece would be snuffed out with him. This was something
that happened so often in ancient warfare (see the untimely death of Cyrus the
Younger in <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1170/1170-h/1170-h.htm#link2H_4_0003" target="_blank">Xenophon's Anabasis)</a> that it had become a preferred strategy; cut the head off the snake.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">So, though historians have
enjoyed citing how idiotic the Persians were in confronting Alexander, given
their success for three centuries, and the circumstances at this stage of the
invasion, their strategic reasoning was justified. Conservative and
overconfident, but justified. They didn't know what the seer Delphic Oracle "knew" about Alexander being invincible. Or Aristander's "vision" of him vanquishing all those Persian nobles on horseback. Or Arrian knew five centuries later in his uncanny hindsight.</span><br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><span><span style="color: #b45f06;">The Battle: Arrian's Version</span></span></span></span></span></h3>
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<![endif]--><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggK5C1sGtslw5wEeDKygyNaRraS_fXfZxzyZNgwu0RgW3Zs3XWdo_3ON_xp29c9J63Fxsqm-rVkdoXaZeYJSkr4SmtJjSy_dSInjLH7OfCGpW8F7DUOVF93h1Hxtn_BJqTfYzQ2Dl-StKwpG77663w5nwNtCU8DKELVZK8k4vIX_ek1sWbCaqjTwhULCJJ/s2500/Granicus%20--Arrian's%20narrative.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2500" data-original-width="2000" height="2116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggK5C1sGtslw5wEeDKygyNaRraS_fXfZxzyZNgwu0RgW3Zs3XWdo_3ON_xp29c9J63Fxsqm-rVkdoXaZeYJSkr4SmtJjSy_dSInjLH7OfCGpW8F7DUOVF93h1Hxtn_BJqTfYzQ2Dl-StKwpG77663w5nwNtCU8DKELVZK8k4vIX_ek1sWbCaqjTwhULCJJ/w1692-h2116/Granicus%20--Arrian's%20narrative.jpg" width="1692" /></a><h3><br /></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />Resting his army by the sea in Priapus, Alexander got word of the arrival of the
Persian army on the Granicus River. He hurried his army the short eight miles
south to meet them. Why he chose to march down the western side of the river and didn't cross it up at the coast, Arrian doesn't say. It would have put him on the same side as the Persians. But perhaps Alexander was worried that the Persians themselves would cross the river and put themselves between him and his base at Abydos.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Arriving in the late afternoon, Alexander sees that the enemy has
occupied the berm above the steep, slippery slope of the eastern bank of the
river. According to Arrian and Plutarch, the Persians had
massed all of their cavalry forward on the lip of the slope, with their
infantry somewhere behind (and out of sight of the Macedonians). To the south
of the Persian left wing, held by Memnon and the mercenary Greek cavalry, the
ground on the western side of the river was all mushy and impassable. The
logical crossing point was north of there. Now blocked by thousands of heavily armored
cavalry. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Alexander's second in
command, Parmenion, observed all of this and cautioned that an assault directly
across the river and up the steep slope would be suicidal. He suggested that,
given the latenesss of the day, they make camp, wait until dark, and then
stealthily find an undefended crossing point further downstream (north) and attack
the enemy on open ground at first light. A classic Napoleonic or Frederickan<i> maneuveur sur les derrieres. </i></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_2wLOGJz-s8/XrYQjAOhgVI/AAAAAAAAEMw/3ooUBbnOrxsy1juCmJ2efnwujiLlCYlwACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/granicus01--Jona%2BLendering.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="525" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_2wLOGJz-s8/XrYQjAOhgVI/AAAAAAAAEMw/3ooUBbnOrxsy1juCmJ2efnwujiLlCYlwACLcBGAsYHQ/s400/granicus01--Jona%2BLendering.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>View across the Granicus today.</b></span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #b45f06;">It would probably not have been as brushy then.</span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #b45f06;">And, in May, the water would have been</span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #b45f06;">deeper and faster as meltwater coming down</span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #b45f06;">from the mountains to the south.</span></i></div>
<i><span style="color: #b45f06;"></span></i></div>
<i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Picture credit:<a href="https://www.livius.org/articles/battle/granicus/" target="_blank"> Jona Lendering,</a> 2014</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The young king would have none of
this sensible advice from this old friend of his father's. No, they'd attack at
once, straight at the enemy. So, leading his Companions and the lance-armed
Prodromoi cavalry in their wedge formations (interspersed with the lightly armed
peltasts and archers), Alexander charged right across the stream and up the steep, slippery bank as if it wasn't
there, smashing into the stationary Persian and Greek cavalry (under Memnon). In the center, Parmenion
led the Hypaspists (Shield Bearers) and the six taxis ("brigades") of the Phalanx with
their sixteen-foot sarissa, straight across and up the bank. There was some
difficulty. It couldn't have been easy for the Macedonian cavalry to stay on the backs of their horses (remember, no saddles or stirrups) while hanging onto to their twelve foot lances with both hands. And it couldn't have been easy for the phalangites to keep their tight formations while also holding their own <i>sixteen</i> foot sarissas with both hands. But Alexander and his heroes managed get unhindered to the top of the bank. According to Arrian and legend, the king personally slew two Persian noblemen
himself (Mithradates and Rhosaches, both relatives of Darius). He was knocked off his horse and narrowly
avoided being killed himself by a third (Spithradates) when Alexander's bodyguard,
Cleitus the Black, hacked off the Persian's arm as he raised his axe to split
Alexander's head. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Persian cavalry, after fighting ferociously
on the top of the bank for a time, soon broke and fled, taking all the Persian
infantry, who had evidently just been playing cards in the rear, I guess, with them. Their Greek mercenary allies, however, kept their discipline and
marched in phalanx formation back to a nearby hill. From there Memnon sent a delegation
asking for terms, even offering to join Alexander's crusade. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">But, for some
reason, Alexander was in no mood for mercy. Apparently he was infuriated by
what he perceived as treason by the Greeks fighting on the side of barbarians
against fellow Greeks, even though Greek mercenaries had fought for
Persians</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">—</span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">and yes, against Greeks</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">—</span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">for over a century. It had been a normal
thing. The whole concept of Greek nationalism had only just been invented</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">—</span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">by
Alexander himself as a political <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacGuffin" target="_blank">McGuffin</a>. And he himself had fought with his
father against Greeks</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">—to unite them through conquest, not for any noble ideals like freedom or democracy or nationalism</span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">But he gave no quarter to
Memnon's Greeks, ordering his phalanxes and cavalry to butcher them where they
stood. In the end, after a heroic last stand, over four thousand were said to
have been killed. The remaining two thousand were marched in chains back to
Macedon to slave in the mines until they died. Memnon himself, and a few
Greeks, managed to escape to fight Alexander another day.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Many historians (this one included) had thought
this massacre was a senseless and unwise move on the part of Alexander. They saw that he was passing up an
opportunity to recruit thousands of highly trained compatriots. And he had come to Asia, so
he piously claimed, to liberate the Greeks. And these Greeks had even offered to join his cause. The battle to
annihilate these men also turned out to be far bloodier than the previous battle
with the Persians, and most of the Macedonian casualties during Granicus
happened in this phase of combat as the Greek hoplites fought for their
lives.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">As it would turn out, this
no-quarter, homicidal nature of Alexander's was more his rule than the
exception. He had ordered the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thebes" target="_blank">genocide and razing of Thebes</a> the year before
when that city had resisted his offer to "unify" Greece. And he
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<![endif]--><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, or just </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">got peeved with, including Parmenion, his sons, and even
Cleitus the Black who had that day saved his life. Alexander was, at heart, a
paranoid, sociopathic, homicidal maniac. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">But that's an aside. This
narrative of Arrian's and Plutarch's of the superhero Alexander ignoring the
advice of Parmenion and charging straight at the enemy in an impregnable
position on the opposite bank of a river has been the story accepted by most historians. Most have rationalized
that it was the stupidity and arrogance of the Persians putting their cavalry
instead of their infantry in the front line, on top of a cliff, no less, that caused
their downfall, and that Alexander, military genius that he was, could see the
mistake at once. Or that the Persians were just no match for the superior
Europeans. Uh...yeah.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">But there is another version.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><span><span style="color: #b45f06;">A Revisionist Narrative </span></span></span></span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">There was another Greek historian
who lived closer to the event than either Arrian or Plutarch, by a couple of
centuries. Diodorus of Sicily's account told a different story, one favored by
Peter Green in his book <u>Alexander of Macedon</u>. It makes much more
sense. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Diodorus describes a north-south
battle, over open ground, that commenced in the morning <i>after</i> Alexander
had crossed the Granicus. He doesn't mention the aborted attack the evening
before. Otherwise he describes the combat in the same way, including Alexander's
brush with death and his personal combat with all the Persian nobles.</span></span>
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Peter Green hypothesizes that both
Arrian's and Diodorus's narratives are each partially true; that the battle was hyphenated, fought
both on the evening <i>and </i>the next morning, but that Arrian's makes Alexander
look more heroic, more Achilles-like. Arrian may have relied on accounts (now
lost) that had been edited for propaganda purposes: i.e. press releases.</span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A story getting out that the New
Achilles had bungled his first action and had to take the advice from his
father's best friend (Parmenion) would not go well with his need to cow all of
the Greek cities in Asia Minor. Months before, when he had gone to Delphi to
secure the prediction of the Oracle and the Oracle had said she was closed for
the season, he nevertheless dragged her out to the temple and demanded his
fortune be told. Peeved, she told him he was "invincible". This bit
of sarcasm zooming right over Alexander's head, he took it as Delphic
validation. But this first battle challenged that pronouncement. He had been
beaten back easily on that first charge, even though he ultimately won the
battle. So that story had to be altered to suppress the embarrassing opening.</span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Green suggests a synthesis of
the conflicting narratives. </span></span></div><br /><br /><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Green's Hypothesis</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Under Green's hypothesis,
Alexander at first does reject Parmenion's prudent advice not to attack at once
in the late afternoon, but cross that night further downstream and attack from
the north in the morning. As in Arrian's version, in Green's theory, Alexander
impulsively led an attack right away with his Companions and Prodromoi,
charging obliquely across the stream and up the bank into the Persian left.
This was supported by Parmenion , doing his duty even as he disagreed, leading the Macedonian phalanx in the center,
wading across the river and struggling up the slippery bank against the Persian
center. In Green's version the Persian center would have been held in the traditional deployment, by the phalanx of Greek mercenary hoplites and
peltasts, and not by cavalry. Both attacks stalled as horses and men
slipped and fell trying to climb the muddy slope and taking casualties from
Persian arrows and javelins from above.</span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Soon seeing that this attack was
fruitless and costing lives, Alexander grudgingly called it off. Parmenion,
though he loyally supported the cavalry with the Macedonian foot, had been
right. I'm assuming, he was diplomatic enough not to say "I told you
so." At least Alexander at this point was flexible and mature enough to listen
to the advice. He may have resented being proven wrong, though, which could
have been, at least partially, behind the resentment he felt toward Parmenion later when jealous rivals were dripping rumors of his disloyalty in Alexander's drunk ears.</span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">After having marched all day and
fought for an hour or so, the Macedonians needed rest. So they made camp in the
hills above the stream. They weren't worried that the Persians might cross the
stream in the night; the satraps had wisely picked their ground and had no
incentive to give it up themselves. </span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Sometime in the night, Parmenion's
Thessalian cavalry scouts had found a narrow ford about two-and-a-half miles
downstream (to the north, see map below). In the wee hours, the Macedonians
quietly crept out of their campsite, leaving a few men tending the fires to
fool the Persians. By dawn all had filed across the ford and drawn up on the
plain in their original battle order, but facing in a ninety degree direction, south across open, flat ground, threatening the Persian flank. This move was what Frederick the Great himself had emulated when he stole a march on the Austrians at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/06/leuthen-1757.html" target="_blank">Leuthen</a>, or Napoleon at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2016/01/arcola-1796.html" target="_blank">Arcola</a>. </span></span></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b> </b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>Looking soutneast across the plain bordering the Granicus today</b>. You can see how relatively flat the ground is; perfect cavalry country. Also perfect ground for phalanx warfare.. </i></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i> </i></span></span></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>Image from Google Street View.</i></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtwT_LiyyhjL17qtCN7AiFDQSIC6FCx0V_K-TfaWjEDXtTD-YhCZgKMFUb5UEayHz1vXdkNHu3Mb4_LI1_a0GESlXD0dllK3qmUJgKyM1-jfzFfM4CZoJib6g7mrdyqJpI0l2aaRynogalwjr7NJa62e-dWGjhdiA4TCT4bBZSJ1sZauLMh9alacIPWdn9/s1465/Granicus%20Plain%20looking%20east--google.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="1465" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtwT_LiyyhjL17qtCN7AiFDQSIC6FCx0V_K-TfaWjEDXtTD-YhCZgKMFUb5UEayHz1vXdkNHu3Mb4_LI1_a0GESlXD0dllK3qmUJgKyM1-jfzFfM4CZoJib6g7mrdyqJpI0l2aaRynogalwjr7NJa62e-dWGjhdiA4TCT4bBZSJ1sZauLMh9alacIPWdn9/w983-h388/Granicus%20Plain%20looking%20east--google.JPG" width="983" /></a></div><br />This sudden appearance of the enemy battle line on their flank on their side of the river must have greatly shaken the Persians, congratulating themselves on having easily repulsed Alexander the
previous evening. When scouts frantically came in with reports that the
Macedonian army had got across the river and was bearing down on their
unprotected right flank, the satraps panicked. Leaving their infantry to follow when
they could, they hurried their cavalry north to change their front and face the
Macedonians. They still had twice as many horse as Alexander, and their front
would have extended past his left (held by the Thessalians), but they no longer
had an impassable stream to their front. There were a couple of shallow
gullies, but the ground was otherwise perfect for cavalry and the unhindered
advance of the Macedonian phalanx. </span></span>
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRbnm_-TYPBVB1Cyhu7ZfbXroR_5j-xgQ5NYoIwwYOAcAydOXklRB_1-0QgVTrNYdOhVBCR_vT2OiJNs__WDxIe5PBmLFJ6zf1eB6VPLBeKT7rqdJxr2-mOTsFNb1p1hFefmH3-mpUWXtGGXZIa7d7FTV1sApod__dmKbUBsIuuXfdcKS7HqSI1cPx4uIY/s3500/Granicus%20--Diodorus%20narrative.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3500" data-original-width="3500" height="1967" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRbnm_-TYPBVB1Cyhu7ZfbXroR_5j-xgQ5NYoIwwYOAcAydOXklRB_1-0QgVTrNYdOhVBCR_vT2OiJNs__WDxIe5PBmLFJ6zf1eB6VPLBeKT7rqdJxr2-mOTsFNb1p1hFefmH3-mpUWXtGGXZIa7d7FTV1sApod__dmKbUBsIuuXfdcKS7HqSI1cPx4uIY/w1967-h1967/Granicus%20--Diodorus%20narrative.jpg" width="1967" /></a></div><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Main Battle</span></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">From here the battle unfolded
pretty much as Arrian had described it in his own narrative (minus the climbing
up the slippery slope). Alexander ordered his forlorn hope, an<i> ila</i>
(squadron) of Companion cavalry under one Socrates (not <i>that
</i>Socrates) to charge obliquely into the Persian left alone. This broke the line there
and Persian cavalry started swarming to the spot to mend the hole, like bees
swarming to attack an invader.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">This local disruption
achieved, Alexander followed through leading all of his right flank cavalry
(his 1,550 Companions and 750 Paonians and Prodromoi) first at the
Persian left flank opposite where Socrates' <i>ila </i>had disrupted the line (held by
Memnon and Arsites), and then abruptly swinging a hard left across the front to
plunge right toward the Persian center. The Persian right had begun to try
and outflank the Macedonian left, held by the Thessalian cavalry. This opened a
hole in the Persian center as their cavalry sought to move farther to the east. This
hole was right where Alexander was galloping.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">It was the primary tactic of
battles during this period to slay the opposing commander, thus hoping to cause the
entire enemy army to lose heart and flee. The Persians themselves had this
exact idea when they saw Alexander coming at them </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">at the apex of his cavalry wedge</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">, decked out in his bright cloak,
"Achilles's" gold cuirass, and gaudy helmet with a crest and
white feathered wings . Though he must have looked like he was a Mardi Gras queen, this flamboyant gear was also supposed to inspire his own army. People needed to see him at the front, leading.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first to get to him
was Mithradates, a son-in-law of Darius, leading the Iranian cavalry in
the center. The prince of Persia hurled his javelin at Alexander, which stuck
in the "Achilles" breastplate but didn't hurt him. Alexander drove
his lance into Mithradates's own breastplate, where it snapped off without
hurting <i>him </i>(armor really did work back then, unlike what you see in movies).
As Mithradates drew his sword to engage Alexander more closely, the king just
rammed the splintery end of his broken lance shaft with full force into
Mithradates face, killing him instantly (or maybe just knocking him off his
horse--at any event it must have hurt like hell). </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Then other Persian noblemen
quickly rode up to attack Alexander from all sides; he had ridden way out in
front of his Companions and was, for a critical minute or two, completely
alone. One, Rhosaces, managed to get behind Alexander and whack him on the head
with his sword (or axe, Persian cavalry often carried battle axes) so hard that
it split the king's fancy helmet and left him with a shallow crack on the
skull. This stunned Alexander, but he managed (according to Diodorus and Arrian
in each of their accounts) to cut Rhosaces down with his own sword.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">At this point, Alexander was
getting pretty dizzy from the repeated blows and his head wound and starting to
reel on his horse (not Bucephalus). Another Persian, Spithradates, the satrap
of Ionia and Rhosaces' brother, rode up and was raising his axe to cut down
Alexander when, just then, one of the king's companions, Cleitus "the Black",
came up in the nick of time and sliced the nobleman's arm clean off with his sword.
Spithradates fell off his horse and probably died quickly (we hope) from massive
blood loss. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Dazed, Alexander, too, fell off
his horse and lay unconscious on the ground while his Companions rallied around
his body, fighting off the Persian aristocracy. About this time, as well, the
Agranian peltasts (light infantry armed with sharp knives and javelins) had
caught up with the Macedonian cavalry to dart in and out of the heavily armored
Persian cavalry, hamstringing and disemboweling their horses and collectively
pulling the riders down, where they slit their throats or rammed their spears
into the cracks of their armor. This joint arms tactic (cavalry and light
infantry working together) had long been common to Greek warfare. And, as
we would see in medieval battles (see my article on <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2015/03/crecy-1346.html" target="_blank">Crecy 1346</a>), English longbowmen had performed the same
homicidal service during the Age of Chivalry. It wasn't considered chivalrous,
either in 4th century BCE Persia or 14th century Europe, but it was
devastatingly effective.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">As all of this mayhem was
going on, the 9,000 sarissa-armed men of the Macedonian phalanx under Parmenion (the six regiments, or taxeis, of the
infantry) and the 3,000 Hypaspists (shield bearers, armed with traditional
Greek shield, or hoplon, and spear) had been steadily pressing forward against the
center of the Persian cavalry line. The Greek mercenaries and the Persian
infantry had not yet come up to counter the Macedonian foot. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">One would think that heavy
Persian cavalry would have had an advantage over open ground against foot.
However, as Xenophon had counseled his own men in his best-selling <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1170/1170-h/1170-h.htm" target="_blank">Anabasis</a>,
written in 370 BCE, 36 years earlier, about his experience as a Greek mercenary in Persian service, well-formed infantry wielding a thicket of spears, or even longer sarissa, need
have no fear of cavalry:</span><br />
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<i><span face=""arial", "sans-serif"">"But
if any of you is out of heart to think that we have no cavalry, while the enemy
have many squadrons to command, lay to heart this doctrine, that ten thousand
horse only equal ten thousand men upon their backs, neither less nor more. Did
any one ever die in battle from the bite or kick of a horse? It is the men, the
real swordsmen, who do whatever is done in battles. In fact we, on our stout
shanks, are better mounted than those cavalry fellows; there they hang on to
their horses' necks in mortal dread, not only of us, but of falling off; while
we, well planted upon earth, can deal far heavier blows to our assailants, and
aim more steadily at who we will. There is one point, I admit, in which their
cavalry have the whip-hand of us; it is safer for them than it is for us to run
away."</span></i><i><span face=""arial", "sans-serif"">
<span style="color: #b45f06;">--Xenophon, Anabasis, Book III</span></span></i><span face=""arial", "sans-serif""></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Moreover, it was long known
among professional infantry that no horse would willingly impale himself on a
thicket of pointy things. And horses were wary of stepping on dead bodies (men
or other horses). This was a principle long recognized in ancient and even
early modern warfare. Though movies would have us think that cavalry would just
crash into solid infantry formations, even Napoleon's cavalry knew this was
folly to attempt. The more likely thing to happen was that if a horse were
forced to gallop at a line of men holding pikes or bayonets, they would either
swerve to the side or stop cold and topple the rider over their heads. So as long as the phalanx kept its ranks, kept its thousands of sarissa pointed forward, and its flanks protected by cavalry, it was safe from the Persian cavalry. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Persian right, had swung right to try and outflank the Macedonian line, but the Thessalian horse, as well as Alexander's own Greek cavalry, had nimbly maneuvered to counter them. So the Persian cavalry, unable to get behind the Macedonian foot, and facing this moving solid wall bristling with sixteen foot pointy things, had nothing to
do but run away. Just as Xenophon had predicted a generation before.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Before long a trickle became
a torrent as the Persian cavalry started to give up and flee to the rear. As they did so,
they took the Persian infantry levies with them (8,000 to 600,000 of them,
depending on which ancient source you believe). And soon, all who were left to
face Alexander were the 5,000 Greek mercenary hoplites, who marched slowly back
to a hill where they made their stand. We've already related their sad fate
before. </span></span><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Aftermath</span></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Alexander had won his first
battle in his eight-year campaign to conquer Asia. Until his last battle, at
the Hydaspes River (modern Jhelum River in Pakistan) in 326, this was his
closest run thing. His impetuosity had very nearly killed him. Had the gallant
Cleitus been a half-second later, the entire history of the world would have been
different.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">The young king went on that year
consolidating his power, "liberating" cities along the Ionian coast,
building up his army, and winning over Persian allies within the empire. He had
also solved his financial difficulties with all the tax revenue diverted from
western Persian satrapies now paying the taxes to him instead of Darius. Within
three years he had defeated Darius's vast main army twice (at Issus and
Gaugamela) and essentially captured the seat of the empire, taking the
remaining five years to conquer the eastern part up to the Indian frontier. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">The two principle commanders
on the Persian side, Memnon and Arsites, both escaped. The former mounted an
aggressive counter-offensive against the Macedonians by using Darius' large
navy (mostly Phoenician) to ravage the Greek fleet in the Aegean. He also
invaded Macedon and conspired with Demosthenes to start an anti-Macedonian
revolt. His campaign to bring the war to mainland Greece was successful until
the following year when he caught some bug and died during a siege. Memnon was
probably Alexander's most formidable enemy general in his career. Had he not caught that virus, the history of the world my have also been different.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Poor Arsites, on the other
hand, was so heartbroken that he had lost the battle and let this scorpion loose in the Empire,
that he went home and committed suicide in his palace at Dascylium, seat of
Hellespontine Phrygia.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">We need to talk.</span></span></span></span></span></span></h2>
</div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">An Unreliable Narrator</span></span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The divergent descriptions of this
historic event underscore a truth about reading history; it isn't always true. As I wrote at the beginning of this piece, it often just propaganda that has survived out of its contemporary context. The immediate political issues
fade, and this propaganda, while possibly seen for what it was when it was
circulated, evolves into accepted fact. As U.S. Attorney General William Barr cynically
said just this weekend, "History is written by the winners." </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">With the variance of Arrian's,
Plutarch's, and Diodorus's accounts of the Granicus, none of which were first
sources by a long shot, we can see this effect. Their own sources came from people
like Ptolemy and others of Alexander's retinue, who had clear political
objectives of what they put out, sometimes self-serving (as with Ptolemy) and
sometimes just sycophantic as with his official chronicler and PR hack,
Callisthenes (who was, ironically, later tortured to death on the orders of an
increasingly paranoid Alexander when a rival accused him of being in on a
conspiracy to assassinate the king). So you just can't trust the narrator.</span></span>
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The contemporary chroniclers of
Alexander's campaign were trying to make their fearless leader look more than
heroic. They were trying to make him look godlike. And gods don't make
mistakes. They don't make foolish, doomed-to-fail cavalry charges. Gods may face mortal
danger. They may even suffer wounds and temporary setbacks. But these
just make their triumphs all the more heroic. The focus on Alexander's
hand-to-hand combat with enemy heroes, themselves larger than life, makes it
seem like nobody else on the battlefield was fighting for their lives. It was
just Alexander and the handful of Persian princes. Like Achilles and the
Trojans.</span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Would you trust an official report
of a contemporary leader facing a crisis that just talked about how he
personally met it and he personally defeated it? Only him. No. We'd recognize that as
propaganda.</span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">This is where it is often useful to
apply logic to try to understand what really happened, as Peter Green has done
in his analysis of the battle. Ultimately, there is little doubt that Alexander
was the commander of the army that won the Granicus. But there is doubt about how that happened.</span></span>
<br />
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">The Persian "Mistakes" </span></span></span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">There is the matter of the
Persian cavalry's deployment. Were the Persians just being arrogant and stupid
in putting their cavalry in the front line? This is what the Greek
historians apparently wanted us to believe. Were they acting like the French knights
at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2015/03/crecy-1346.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Crecy</span></a>? In Arrian's and
Plutarch's versions, they had the cavalry defending the river bank, with the
Greek and Persian infantry to the rear, something that just didn't make any
tactical sense in an ancient battle. Xenophon's advice to his men about
infantry being better than cavalry at holding a line (see quote above) was not
news, it was accepted doctrine.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">But in Diodorus's version, the
Persian cavalry only took the front of the line when they hurried north to
confront the Macedonian crossing there. The left their infantry behind not because of any tactical decision, but because
they just couldn't keep up. And this was an emergency deployment. There wasn't
time to array conventionally.</span></span>
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Peter Green postulates that in the
original position on the evening before, the Persians <i>had </i>put their heavy
infantry (the Greek hoplites) in the center at the top of the river bank, with
the cavalry on the flanks, as conventional tactics dictated. It was only when
they were surprised the next morning by Alexander's <i>mouvement sur les
derrieres </i>that the cavalry all hurried north, leaving their foot
behind. </span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">I would also propose that with the
Macedonians trying to climb up the muddy slope, whether on horseback (remember,
no stirrups or saddles to hold on to in those days) or on foot with their heavy, sixteen foot
sarissa (which took two hands to hold), they would have become highly
disordered, breaking their tight formations. This would have left them mortally
vulnerable to a cavalry charge. So this may have been the logic behind the
Persian dispositions of putting so much of their cavalry forward. </span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">If the Persians made a glaring
mistake, I would contend it was in battlefield security. Were they so fooled by
the campfires across the river that they didn't feel the need to post pickets
up and down the river to watch for enemy crossings? Surely, if the Macedonians
had so easily found another ford, the Persians would
have known about them too. This was their country, after all.</span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark">
<h3>
</h3>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark">
<h3>
<b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;">Success-Induced Failure</span></span></span></span></span></b></h3>
</div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The Granicus is another example,
though, of how a previously unconquerable force meets its match when confronted
with a new idea, or when it is so confident in itself that it fails to be
careful. We've seen that in so many of the examples I've covered this site, <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/10/picketts-charge-1863.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Gettysburg</span></a>, <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2015/03/crecy-1346.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Crecy</span></a>, <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2019/02/isandlwana-1879.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Isandlwana</span></a>, <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2015/02/gqokli-hill-1818.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Gqokli Hill,</span></a> <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2018/03/friedland-1807.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Friedland</span></a>, <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/11/kolin-1757.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Kolin</span></a>, <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/11/blenheim-1704.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Blenheim</span></a>, <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2017/07/lexington-concord-1775.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Lexington-Concord.</span></a> The
Vietnam War also comes to mind.</span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">For three hundred years the Persians
had expanded and held on to the mightiest empire the world had ever known.
Their military and naval preeminence was unchallenged. They were the only
superpower. While they had long known of Greek methods of warfare, and even
suffered checks from those methods (at Marathon, at Salamis, at Plataea)
they readily adopted those methods themselves and even employed Greeks to fight
for them. Greece wasn't a threat. It was a resource to their own power.</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">
<br />
When Alexander crossed the Hellespont, he was considered just another annoying
Greek. Ignoring the intelligence brought to them by Greeks like Memnon, who had
been closely watching the new war machine created by Philip of Macedon and
inherited by his son, they responded by meeting them in the old way. They were
confident that they could just brush him aside.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">At the subsequent battles of Issus
and Gaugamela, Darius himself took command and marshalled the might of the
whole empire on the battlefield. he assumed the Granicus, fought by local levies and
satrapal cavalry, had been an embarrassing fluke. Darius was going to show them
what overwhelming military might could do. Unfortunately, even though he had a much larger
force at those battles (and terrifying weapons like scythed chariots), he failed to appreciate the almost foolproof tactics that Alexander and this new type of army employed. Alexander did not even change his battle plan for these battles; feinting to the right to draw the Persian cavalry away, then hooking back to go for the exposed jugular at the center. The Persians fell for this same sucker punch every time. And by Gaugamela, Alexander could read his enemy like a book. The remarkable thing is that the overconfident Persians read him back.</span></span>
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<div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Political Genius</span></b></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Alexander has long been praised as one of the great military geniuses of history. Julius Caesar, Frederick the Great, Marshal de Saxe, Napoleon, all studied him. But his martial skill paled beside his genius for political
manipulation. He could not only win battles, he knew how to turn the perception
of those military victories into even more powerful political ones, winning
over allies as he went forward. He could even turn fiascos (like the <a href="https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/2015/12/26/a-storm-of-terrors-alexander-the-great-at-halicarnassus/" target="_blank">siege of Halicarnasus</a>) into a political victory by framing them through propaganda and
personal charm. Many considered his last battle, at the river Hydaspes against the Indian king Porus to be a Pyrrhic victory, if that. Though he ultimately drove back the elephants of Porus's army, his own army was so mauled that he could not go on. Instead, he used his charisma to befriend Porus and recruit him as a loyal satrap.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Thus we see how the near-run-thing
that was this first battle at the Granicus was turned into this myth of the
unstoppable god-king destined to conquer the world. So many
people believed he was invincible. The Delphic Oracle's pronouncement of him as "invincible"
may have been sarcastic, but like <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/05/cedar-mountain-1862_24.html" target="_blank">General Bee's sarcastic remark</a> about General
Thomas Jackson refusing to help him and acting like a "stone wall" at Bull Run, the
non-sarcastic moniker was the one that stuck.</span></span>
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<h2>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Macedonian Formations</span></span></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">While there is ample illustration and explanation of the various formations used by the Macedonian cavalry and infantry in other sources (some cited below), I thought I'd be helpful and illustrate those here. The cavalry wedge formation had evolved from the Thessalian rhomboid. Experience had shown that each of these allowed charging cavalry to change direction quickly, making them much more maneuverable and allowing Alexander to feint and fool the Persians as to the aim of his attack. The leader of each squadron, at the apex of the formation, could also more easily direct it than from a corner or the side. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The standard array for an infantry syntagma was 16 side by 16 deep, the equivalent of a battalion or Roman cohort. However it was flexible enough to quickly widen to 32 by 8, or to narrow itself by files to negotiate a defile. The first four ranks advanced with lowered sarissa, presenting an impenetrable defense against horse or foot adversaries. Six syntagma formed a taxis, equivalent to a brigade.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SUd22GiQi-Y/XrndtkISTgI/AAAAAAAAEO8/kZRXWwAFQdURqiyp9Rr8WTwMS769XQ-KgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Greek%2BInfantry.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1046" data-original-width="918" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SUd22GiQi-Y/XrndtkISTgI/AAAAAAAAEO8/kZRXWwAFQdURqiyp9Rr8WTwMS769XQ-KgCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Greek%2BInfantry.jpg" width="350" /></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Order of Battle</span></span></h2>
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The following OOB is derived mostly from Diodorus' account of the battle. Numbers are approximate, obviously, since there are no surviving parade state reports from the era. Diodorus did passingly mention that there were 100,000 local levies of Lydian infantry, but we can probably discount that. Other sources I relied on were Hackett's <u>Warfare in the Ancient World,</u> Peter Green's <u>Alexander of Macedon</u>, Arrian's <u>Anabasis of Alexander</u>, and Warry's <u>Warfare in the Classical World</u>.<br />
<br />
A note on organization: Under "Subunits" I have used contemporary names of what we might today call companies and squadrons. For the Macedonians, these would have been <i>syntagma </i>(256 men) for infantry and <i>ilae </i>(sing. <i>ila</i>, 120-200 troopers) for cavalry. For Persians the company subunit was in <i>satabam</i> (6-10 files of 10 ranks, or 60-100 men). I have listed Greek mercenary subunits in the classical<i> lochoi</i> (singular <i>lochos</i>, about 100 men in eight ranks).<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>As usual, this graphic is copyrighted by Jeffery.P.Berry Trust, and protected by a Digimarc digital watermark.</i></span><br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">References</span></span></h2>
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Arrian, James Romm (ed) <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9781400079674" target="_blank">The Landmark Arrian: The Campaigns of Alexander</a>, 2012, Anchor Books, ISBN 978-1-4000-7967-4<br />
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Connolly, Peter, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9781853673030" target="_blank">Greece and Rome at War</a>, 1998, Greenhill Books, ISBN 1-85367-303-X</div><div id="watermark"> </div><div id="watermark"></div><div id="watermark">Dodge, Theodore Ayrault, <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Alexander/0RcwAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1" target="_blank">Great Captains: Alexander</a>, 1890, Houghton Mifflin, Cambridge, MA, <br />
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Fuller, J.F.C, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Generalship-Alexander-Great-J-F-C-Fuller/dp/0306813300/ref=sr_1_2?dchild=1&keywords=The+Generalship+of+Alexander+the+Great&qid=1589228941&s=books&sr=1-2" target="_blank"><u>The Generalship of Alexander the Great</u></a>, 1960, Da Capo Press, ISBN 0-306-81330-0 <br />
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Green, Peter, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9780520275867" target="_blank">Alexander of Macedon 356-323 BC</a>, 2013, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-27586-7 <br />
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Hackett, John (ed), <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Warfare-Ancient-World-OUT-PRINT/dp/0816024596/ref=sr_1_3?keywords=WArfare+in+the+ancient+world&qid=1564171606&s=books&sr=1-3" target="_blank">Warfare in the Ancient World</a>, 1989, Facts on File, ISBN 0-8160-2459-6</div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"> </div>
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Hanson, Victor Davis, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9780304359820" target="_blank">The Wars of the Ancient Greeks</a>, 1999, Cassell, ISBN 0-304-35222-5</div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"> </div>
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Head, Duncan, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-2221111535650" target="_blank">Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars, 359 BC to 146 BC</a>, 1982, Wargames Research Group, ISBN13: 2221111535650</div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"> </div>
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Lenden, J.E., <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9780300106633" target="_blank">Soldiers & Ghosts: A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity</a>, 2005, Yale, ISBN 978-0-300-11979-4</div>
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Sekunda, Nick, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9781855322509" target="_blank">The Persian Army 560-330 BC</a>, 1992 Osprey Elite Series 42</div>
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Unwin, Vanessa and Catton, Charles (ed), <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Fighting-Techniques-Ancient-World-3000/dp/0312309325/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=fighting+techniques+of+the+ancient+world+3000+bc+-+and+500%2C&qid=1564171045&s=books&sr=1-1" target="_blank">Fighting Techniques of the Ancient World 3000 BC - AD 500,</a> 2002, Amber Books, ISBN 0-312-30932-5</div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"> </div>
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Warry, John, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9781566194631" target="_blank">Warfare in the Classical World,</a> 1995, University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 0-8061-2794-5</div>
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<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;">Online References:</span></h3>
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Arrian, The Anabasis of Alexander, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Anabasis_of_Alexander">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Anabasis_of_Alexander</a></div>
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Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, Book XVIII, <a href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/17B*.html#19.3">http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/17B*.html#19.3</a><br />
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Mixter, John R.,<a href="https://www.historynet.com/wars-of-alexander-the-great-battle-of-the-granicus.htm" target="_blank"> "Wars of Alexander the Great: The Battle of the Granicus"</a> Military History Magazine, Dec 1997 </div>
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Plutarch, <u>Life of Alexander,</u> <a href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alexander*/3.html#16">http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alexander*/3.html#16</a><br />
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U.S. Military Academy, <a href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/usma-media/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/AncientWarUPDATE2020/04GranicusBattle.pdf" target="_blank">Map of the Battle of Granicus</a>, Atlas of Ancient War, 2012,<br />
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Wasson, Donald, "Battle of the Granicus", <a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Battle_of_the_Granicus/">https://www.ancient.eu/Battle_of_the_Granicus/</a><br />
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Xenophon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1170/1170-h/1170-h.htm#link2H_4_0003" target="_blank">The Anabasis </a></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"> </div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Movies:</span></b></span></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"> </div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark">Okay. Maybe not scholarly, and a pretty awful Oliver Stone potboiler, but whoever was the technical adviser on Macedonian tactics had the battle scene of Gaugemela pretty damn right.<br /><br />Stone, Oliver, director, <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0346491/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_7_tt_1_nm_7_q_Alexander" target="_blank">Alexander </a>2004</div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="widget-watermark"><br /><br /> <span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Copyright
2020, Jeffery P. Berry Trust, all rights reserved. No part of this post
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Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com29tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-65270736195044673662019-07-06T22:27:00.003-07:002021-04-18T18:09:55.951-07:00Snodgrass Hill, 1863<br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Chickamauga<br />American Civil War</span></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;">Sunday, 20 September 1863</span></span></h2>
<span style="color: blue;">Rear Guard, Army of the Cumberland under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" target="_blank">George Thomas</a>: 10,765, 16 Guns</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #990000;">Left Wing, Army of Tennessee under<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet" target="_blank"> James Longstreet</a>: 13,948, 13 Guns</span><br />
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<span style="color: #990000;">Weather:</span> Overcast but dry. 87⁰ (30 C) at 15:00 on the 20th. Nights it got down to freezing. Also there had been a drought for some weeks and other than the Chickamauga Creek, the gullies and streams were dry. <br />
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<span style="color: #990000;">Sunrise: <span style="color: black;">06:28 </span>Sunset:</span> 18:42 <span style="color: #990000;">End of Twilight:</span> 19:07<br />
Moon in its first quarter. At zenith at 19:01, set at 00:12<br />
( <a href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/RS_OneDay.php" target="_blank">U.S. Naval Observatory</a> from date and coordinates)<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #990000;">Geo Coordinates: </span><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Snodgrass+Hill/@34.9297776,-85.2763897,685a,35y,119.33h,44.8t/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x8860681e4ce89a9b:0xb67c8ba897395f0c!8m2!3d34.9278538!4d-85.2705115" target="_blank">34° 55′ 12″ N, 85° 16' 12″ W</a><br />
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<h2>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Hodor of the Civil War</span></h2>
I've been meaning to do an article about this closing <span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">act</span> </span>of the Battle of Chickamauga since I started this blog six years ago. Snodgrass Hill was where my great-great grandfather, John Fletcher Hill, fought in a near-suicidal rear-guard action against the onslaught by a victorious Confederate army. I wanted to honor him and the handful of incredibly brave Union soldiers who did this heroic thing.<br />
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I won't relate the entire three-day battle of Chickamauga (at least in this single post). In many ways that horrific battle was even more complicated and bloody than Gettysburg, which took place a little over two months before. And, for those of you fussbudgets who are still bothered by my increasingly misnamed blog, aside from Gettysburg, Chickamauga was probably one of the most <i>un</i>obscure battles in the Civil War. And one of the most thoroughly documented. But I wanted to zero in on the final hours of the heroic last stand by a few, forlorn and, in the end, forgotten defenders who held off the victorious Confederate hordes of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braxton_Bragg">Braxton Bragg</a> while their comrades made their escape.<br />
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In many ways it is the same story of <a href="https://gameofthrones.fandom.com/wiki/Hodor" target="_blank">Hodor </a>in <i>Game of Thrones.</i><br />
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<i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Much larger maps below. Read on. </span> </i><br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">But first, a little background.</span></span></h3>
As I said, I'm not going to cover the entire three-day Battle of Chickamauga in detail. At least not in one post. For that I would highly recommend either Peter Cozzens' <u><a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9780252017032">This Terrible Sound</a> </u>or David Powell's quadrilogy, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Chickamauga-Campaign_Glory-Grave-Breakthrough-Horseshoe/dp/1611213835/ref=sr_1_3?crid=33CW4O9ZHQGH8&keywords=david+powell+chickamauga&qid=1561414171&s=books&sprefix=DAvid+Powell%2C+%2Camazon-devices%2C193&sr=1-3"><u>The Chickamauga Campaign</u></a>, both works of a lifetime for these authors. But I will bring you up to speed on how we end up on Snodgrass Hill, this battle within a battle. <br />
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The days from the 18th to the 20th of September 1863 next to Chickamauga Creek (appropriately enough, translated from the Cherokee as either "Dead Creek" or "Stagnant Creek") was one of the bloodiest and most mismanaged battles of an already bloody and mismanaged Civil War. While the technical victory was given to the Confederates because they held the field at the end of the day Sunday, both sides lost pretty equally, suffering tens of thousands of casualties (about 16,000 each out of a grand total of 124,000 engaged, almost a third). The victory was truly Pyrrhic for the South as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braxton_Bragg">Braxton Bragg</a>'s Army of Tennessee never really recovered and he wouldn't achieve his aim of recapturing Chattanooga. Meanwhile, the losers, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rosecrans">William Rosecrans</a>' Army of the Cumberland, rebounded stronger than ever and within two months resumed their march on Atlanta (without Rosecrans, however, who was sent to Missouri to "spend more time with his family").<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fzDcbFwndLE/XQ22TGLajEI/AAAAAAAAD3w/nzmw_v-D8yQw0oVLuvcoy4v1hNZiS4JJQCLcBGAs/s1600/Rosecrans.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="246" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fzDcbFwndLE/XQ22TGLajEI/AAAAAAAAD3w/nzmw_v-D8yQw0oVLuvcoy4v1hNZiS4JJQCLcBGAs/s320/Rosecrans.jpg" width="226" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>William Rosecrans</b><br />C-in-C of the Army of the Cumberland</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>A very religious man. </i></span></span></td></tr>
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But where was I? Oh yes, the prelude to the battle.<br />
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Having driven Bragg's army completely out of Tennessee by the beginning of September, seizing Chattanooga, and crossing the Tennessee River, Rosecrans assumed he was just going to continue more of the same, pushing a dithering Bragg farther and farther back into Georgia. Confident that Bragg was already on the back foot, Rosecrans spread his five corps out (four infantry and one cavalry) to secure the passes through the long geological feature called Missionary Ridge on the Georgia side of the Tennessee River. What he hadn't counted on was Bragg himself moving over to the offensive to try to cut him off from Chattanooga and his lines of communication. He had just assumed that Bragg, playing his previous role, would just continue to retreat all the way to Atlanta.<br />
<br />
Rosecrans also apparently discounted dire intelligence warnings from Washington that Bragg was getting significant reinforcements both from western Mississippi and Virginia, the latter when Jeff Davis persuaded Lee to lend <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet">James Longstreet </a>and two divisions of his veteran corps to the beleaguered Bragg. It would not be the first time that a commander in the field dismissed intelligence (said the former intel officer). <br />
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Up until the 17th the Army of the Cumberland had been dangerously spread out along an almost forty mile front from Chattanooga southwest to Valley Head on Chattanooga Creek. Meanwhile, Bragg was concentrating his newly reinforced army (now numerically stronger than Rosecrans' force: 64,838 to 58,805) along the lower Chickamauga Creek with the idea of striking Rosecrans' left and cutting him off from his lines of supply to Chattanooga. It was to be a classic Napoleonic (or Frederickan, depending on your bias) <span class="st"><i>Manoeuvre sur le</i>s <i>Derrieres</i></span>--a term which always struck me with uncomfortably proctological connotations.<br />
<br />
Great in theory. But in practice, as in so many good plans, a cluster-[expletive deleted].<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>A general map of the strategic situation the day before the battle. A note on shadows: I have received some complaints that the shadows in my maps are confusing because hills look like valleys. Conventionally we are conditioned to view a light source from the upper left, but in my maps I have assumed the sun was shining more-or-less from the south, as it tends to do in the northern hemisphere, or bottom of the image (except in my map of <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2019/02/isandlwana-1879.html" target="_blank">Isandlwana</a>, which was in the southern hemisphere). So, in looking at these maps, think of the light coming from the south. </i></span><br />
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Rosecrans was aware that something was up. He ordered his cavalry commander, Mitchell, and Gen. Granger to send one of his Reserve Corps divisions (Steedman's) east toward the railhead at Ringgold to probe for Rebel activity. Steedman indeed ran into quite a lot of Rebel activity in the form of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" target="_blank">Bedford Forrest</a>'s cavalry and the detraining divisions of Longstreet's corps, which were starting to arrive from Virginia.<br />
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Across the Chickamauga Creek, Union cavalry under Minty and Wilder's mounted infantry reported more Confederate infantry and cavalry attempting to cross. These two brigades held back the Southerners for much of the 18th until they were eventually driven back by overwhelming force. Rosecrans, with the northern wing of his army at Crawfish Springs, sent urgent orders to his spread-out army, particularly McCook's XX Corps, to hurry north and converge on Lee & Gordon's Mill in anticipation of a Confederate turning attack between his left flank and his base at Chattanooga (see strategic map above).<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QSvs1FRUkpU/XQ22rxz9ysI/AAAAAAAAD34/ZBYMhS6gjV0QuWV4zx2UCrssAkyiK09bwCLcBGAs/s1600/Bragg.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="596" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QSvs1FRUkpU/XQ22rxz9ysI/AAAAAAAAD34/ZBYMhS6gjV0QuWV4zx2UCrssAkyiK09bwCLcBGAs/s200/Bragg.jpg" width="186" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Braxton Bragg</b><br />C-in-C of the Army of Tennessee</span></span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hated by all who served<br />under him. In fact, only<br />loved by Jefferson Davis who<br />evidently thought he was <br />maligned.</span></span></i></td></tr>
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<br />
While Bragg's plan was good, its execution was, shall we say, oh...what's the word for the opposite of good? His forces started crossing the Chickamauga during the evening of the 18th, and by the 19th he had four corps on the west bank, ready to strike Rosecrans' flank while most of his army was still hurrying north.<br />
<br />
But communication between the various commands in the Army of Tennessee was that same word that was the opposite of good. Commanders openly despised each other and talked trash about one another like middle-school mean girls. Bragg himself was held in varying degrees of contempt by nearly all of his corps commanders. So the timing and coordination of the attack on the 19th was off and slow. Some commanders refused to act until they had breakfast first. And Bragg's aides galloped all through the woods, issuing attack orders to every clump of troops they happened to stumble across. The disorganization of the Confederate army was its own worst enemy.<br />
<br />
Because of this lack of coordination on the Confederate side, Rosecrans, sensing his peril almost too late, had just enough time to pull his army together along the Lafayette Road to the west of the Chickamauga Creek. (see overall situation map of the whole battle below). All day and into the evening both armies murdered and maimed each other in the thousands as division, brigade, and regiment collided blindly in the woods, often firing into friendlies, mistaking them for the enemy. Both Cozzens and Powell, in their phenomenally monumental works on the battle, narrate every single engagement during these chaotic three days in excruciating detail (if you're that interested), but suffice it to say that it was a nightmare of mismanagement and confusion. Mostly, the Army of the Cumberland was just trying to shore up its line along the LaFayette Road and keep from being flanked, while Bragg's army was trying to feel for where the Yankees were in the smoke-filled woods.<br />
<br />
By the night of the second day the now outnumbered Union army had managed to consolidate itself behind a continuous, fortified line along the Lafayette Road and had held off the disjointed Rebel attacks, which had continued until long after sunset.<br />
<br />
Rosecrans felt that he had dodged a bullet and liked his prospects for surviving, perhaps even getting Bragg to exhaust himself again on the 20th so the Rebel would give up and resume his retreat to Atlanta. The Confederate command-and-control disaster saved the Union, at least temporarily. But Rosecrans was to have his own communications problems, which would prove fatal by the end of the third day.<br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rMIOE3MbVL4/XRAuW0_OeOI/AAAAAAAAD4k/6QkowEkpxWwmobizBIhQBMAIXvcDhfs7QCLcBGAs/s1600/Ringgold%2BStation.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="469" data-original-width="652" height="459" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rMIOE3MbVL4/XRAuW0_OeOI/AAAAAAAAD4k/6QkowEkpxWwmobizBIhQBMAIXvcDhfs7QCLcBGAs/s640/Ringgold%2BStation.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;">Harper's Weekly</span><i><span style="font-size: small;"> correspondent Alfred Waud's illustration of the arrival of elements of Longstreet's Corps at Catoosa Station near Ringgold on the 18th. He can be excused if he used his imagination because he wasn't there (well, neither was I). Apparently, he got it wrong since the corps' artillery didn't arrive with them in time for the battle. Nor most of the officer's horses either. They did all have brand new blue coats, however. (I know what you're thinking; that's going to play out later.)</span></i></span></td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;"> </span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;">Bragg makes a new plan, tells no one, and goes to bed. </span></h3>
That afternoon of the 19th, about 16:00, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet">Longstreet </a>and the remainder of his troops (at least his infantry; there had been delays with the artillery and the horses) arrived at Catoosa Station just outside of Ringgold after a 965 mile, round-about train ride from Virginia and moved up to the assembly area on the south flank of Bragg's army. Longstreet spent hours looking in the dark for Bragg. Nobody from Bragg's staff had been sent to meet him at the station and nobody he ran into knew exactly where Bragg's headquarters were. Eventually, about 22:00, Longstreet found him at Thedford Ford on the east bank of the Chickamauga. He had to wake up the old man to get his orders.<br />
<br />
Prior to Longstreet's arrival, Bragg had had the brilliant idea to reorganize his army--in the middle of a three day battle,. He was going to give his favorite corps commander, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonidas_Polk">Leonidas Polk, </a>the northern wing, with around 20,000 men of the survivors of that day's fighting, and Longstreet, with some 23,000 the southern wing. In the reorganization, divisions were willy-nilly reassigned to the two wing commanders, effectively rendering their original corps commanders redundant (D.H.Hill, Walker, Buckner). The plan was for Polk to launch a pinning attack at dawn against Thomas' stronger, northern wing of Rosecrans' army, dug in around Kelly Field. Then, when Rosecrans was rushing reinforcements from his right wing to reinforce Thomas, Longstreet was to attack en echelon in a powerful killing blow that would break through, wheel south, and gobble up half of the Yankee army. Bragg told Polk in person of his new plan, but Bragg's staff didn't write it down, and he didn't bother to tell D.H.Hill or the other corps officers of the new command structure, or his plan. He just assumed Polk would convey it to his fellow corps commanders that he was their new boss. Then Bragg went to bed.<br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-z_cQxADM20o/XRDraakFXUI/AAAAAAAAD4w/6mxVmE32oew2rROM9IX9abBA9OU3H8bvQCLcBGAs/s1600/Leonidas_Polk.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="867" data-original-width="629" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-z_cQxADM20o/XRDraakFXUI/AAAAAAAAD4w/6mxVmE32oew2rROM9IX9abBA9OU3H8bvQCLcBGAs/s320/Leonidas_Polk.jpg" width="232" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;"><b> The Right Rev.-Gen. Leonidas Polk</b></span></i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">The "Fightin' Bishop" got a good</span></i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">night's sleep before his important</span></i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">attack the next morning. Formerly</span></i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">the Episcopal Bishop of Louisiana, he </span></i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">hung up his chasuble before taking</span></i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">his commission as a general for the</span></i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">Confederate Army. Evidently, he was</span></i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">not at all bothered by the irony of a <br />Christian </span></i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">prelate taking other Christians' <br />lives,</span></i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">...oh, and defending slavery.</span></i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></i></span></td></tr>
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Longstreet hadn't had any sleep himself for 24 hours, but he said, o...kaaaay to Bragg's plan when the roused commander-in-chief explained it to him. Alone but for his two loyal aides, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxley_Sorrel" target="_blank">Moxley Sorrel</a> and <a href="http://antietam.aotw.org/officers.php?officer_id=932" target="_blank">Peyton.Manning</a> (I know what you're thinking, but no relation). Longstreet proceeded to ride around the dark woods looking for the division and corps commanders in his new command (Hood, Law, Kershaw, Hindman, Preston, Buckner, Johnson, Stewart), to try and get them to understand Bragg's new plan and make sure their troops were in position, provisioned, and ready to go at first light. One by one he found them and issued orders for their positioning and the next morning's attack. While so many of the Army of Tennessee's commanders hated each other and Bragg, Longstreet's reputation as Robert E. Lee's right hand had proceeded him; many knew him from West Point, and they were mostly enthusiastic that, at last, their fortunes might have changed with his arrival. Here was someone who knew what was what.<br />
<br />
Breckenridge spent the night around Polk's campfire, but he later insisted that the subject of the dawn attack, in which he was supposed to play a major role, never came up. And though Polk apparently sent a lone messenger to D.H.Hill advising him of his new authority over him (which would have thrilled Hill, who despised the bishop), that messenger got lost and couldn't find Hill. The trooper also never reported back to Polk of his failure to deliver the message. It took one of Polk's staff officers who happened to find the hapless cavalryman sitting by a fire roasting marshmallows with some pickets to find out that Hill never got the message. The trooper said he got lost. Polk didn't follow through. The "fightin' bishop" went to bed to get himself a good night's sleep.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Night of the Living Dead</span></span></h3>
Both Cozzens and Powell in their comprehensive works on the battle describe that night as hell. The confused battle in the woods the previous day had started quite a few fires in the dry underbrush of the woods, so that hundreds of wounded men were roasted to death, their comrades unable to get to them. Witnesses describe the horrible sounds of men screaming in agony for help as they burned alive. "Oh, if only I could drown out this terrible sound," wrote one soldier in his journal. It must have been like a scene from Dante's Inferno. Not only that, but in spite of the fires, and the fact that it was summer, the temperature had dropped down to freezing by midnight and many of the men had no blankets, having dropped their packs before going in (as was the practice). So while they were stripped for action, they were ill-prepared to endure the unseasonable frost. Finally, to make matters worse for the Federals, there had been a drought in this part of the U.S. for weeks and all the creeks, except for the big ones like Chickamauga, were dried up, leaving no water to quench the men's thirst after hours of biting cartridges and choking on gunsmoke. Detachments were sent far back to the few known ponds closer to Missionary Ridge to fill canteens with brackish and bloody water. One regiment, the 39th Indiana Mounted Infantry, took it upon itself gallop back and forth between the front line regiments and the far springs with filled canteens. The whole army was thankful to these Samaritans.<br />
<br />
Unable to sleep anyway, the Yankees did what they always did: They instinctively gathered wood, dismantled rail fences, cut down trees, and piled up breastworks. By this stage of the war the men didn't need orders to do this; experience had taught them to automatically fortify wherever they were halted. The Confederates not so much, though a few threw up hasty log piles during the night. Theirs was the job to attack, attack, attack. So breastworks were a waste of time to them. At least in 1863. That would change too by the next year. But to many freezing on the ground on the Confederate side, the sound of thousands of Yankees chopping wood gave the chill an existential dread.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;">Comes the Dawn: Nothing.</span></h3>
Eventually the night of hell passed, the last of the screams from the burning men mercifully stopped, and the dawn came. Bragg woke up early back in his headquarters near the Alexander Bridge (see overall situation map below), expecting to hear the thunder of guns from Polk's attack. Nothing. A few mockingbirds maybe. But no gunfire <br />
<br />
By sunrise the whole Union line was dug in and strongly protected, gun
batteries sighted to give crossfire support. A large battery was mounted on the ridge behind the main line to give extra artillery support anywhere it was needed. The Army of the Cumberland
was ready and confident. Let the Rebs come at them; they'd chew them up
and spit them out.<br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XHW3A6ZtzAQ/XQ266a0YvNI/AAAAAAAAD4Y/nazSXIELoFsgc5hJ-4GODMnirdBIs8YKgCLcBGAs/s1600/James%2BLongstreet%2BSocial%2BCard.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="539" height="267" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XHW3A6ZtzAQ/XQ266a0YvNI/AAAAAAAAD4Y/nazSXIELoFsgc5hJ-4GODMnirdBIs8YKgCLcBGAs/s320/James%2BLongstreet%2BSocial%2BCard.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><b>James Longstreet</b><br />In my humble opinion the Confederacy's best general,<br />and after the war a noble fighter for Black civil rights <br />against the KKK and white supremacists. For this he <br />was condemned by his fellow Confederate veterans<br />as a race traitor. With all the hundreds of statues of <br />Confederate generals erected across the South, there <br />have been none of Longstreet, except a small one at <br />Gettysburg, put up back in the woods in 1998.</i></span></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet">Longstreet </a>had assembled his assault force, almost 23,000 men in seven divisions stacked up in echelon, ready to smash into the Federal left. It was to be an overwhelming series of trip-hammer assaults, directed at what was understood to be the hinge of the Union lines, Brotherton Field, This time, though, there wouldn't be a banzai charge across mile-wide open field as there was earlier that summer at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/10/picketts-charge-1863.html">Gettysburg</a>; it would be a surprise attack out of the woods, supported by a diversionary attack up north by Polk. It was to be a classic Napoleonic <i>coup de main</i>, reminiscent of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a>. All Longstreet was waiting for was gunfire to the north and a message from Polk that his wing was fully engaged, pinning Thomas on the northern flank.<br />
<br />
But by 07:00, then 08:00, then 09:00, still nothing from Polk. It was all quiet on the northern front. Bragg was wondering too what was holding Polk up. He had been explicit, or so he thought, that the attack was to start at dawn, 06:28. He sent an aide to find out what the hold up was, and the aide (who was one of those officers who despised Polk and made up most of his story as calumny) reported that he found the bishop-general leisurely eating breakfast and reading a newspaper. When the aide wanted to know why the wing commander had not begun his attack at dawn, Polk replied that he thought the order to attack had been for when his men were fed and ready (it hadn't), which they weren't, and besides, he hadn't been able to find D.H.Hill to give him his orders. Hill, for his part, complained that he was not aware of any attack order, or any order from Bragg subordinating his divisions to Polk (the two also hated each other). It was a case of grown men with grave responsibilities over the fate of thousands acting like petulant first graders, all pointing fingers at each other.<br />
<br />
Finally, wiping his mouth and getting up from his breakfast at 09:15, Polk issued his formal attack orders to Breckenridge to begin the attack with his division. Breckenridge's brigades, who had been up, muskets at the shoulder, in line, and ready to go from dawn, started moving at 09:30. And the second day's battle was finally off, three hours late.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;">Not that things were any better on the Union side.</span></h3>
<br />
While the coordination of the Confederate army was abysmal, things weren't any better on the Union side. Ignoring his own army's chain of command and disrespecting two of his corps commanders (McCook and Crittenden), Rosecrans kept issuing contradictory orders directly to divisions and brigades. Pull out and move north to reinforce Thomas, move up to support so-and-so, and so on. Then he had the unfortunate habit of berating his subordinates in front of their colleagues and men for disobedience or being thick-headed. Not the most inspiring behavior in a leader.<br />
<br />
At day break, the Union line was pretty solid from the Brock house up to the north side of Kelly's Field. Thomas had strong defenses and ample reinforcements in the north, plus interior lines (see situation map below), and Rosecrans had moved Wood's, Davis', and Van Cleve's divisions to shore up the right flank. Then came another, contradictory order from Rosecrans that caused all hell to break loose.<br />
<br />
As Breckridge's attack on Thomas' defenses in the north got under way at 09:30, Rosecrans got word from a returning staff officer, Kellogg, who had happened to pass by the lines on the right flank (opposite Brotherton field) and mistakenly perceived a dangerous hole in the line there. He had been under the impression that Gen. Brannan, who had been holding the line opposite the Poe Field, was pulling out to move north to support Thomas. As he had passed by Bannan's position, he failed to see his troops lying down in the woods. When Kellogg got back to headquarters he breathlessly reported this danger to Rosecrans. This was followed by another staff officer galloping in from the same direction, reporting the same thing, "a chasm in the line" he called it. The Commanding General was alarmed and furiously wrote a hasty order to Gen. Wood to pull his division out of the line and move it north to plug the gap. When Wood got the order he was confused. There was no gap in the line to his left; Brannan's division held that sector and Wood was still in contact with him. What was Rosecrans talking about? He pointed this out to Rosecran's staff officer delivering the order, Lt.Col. Starling, and Starling said, "Well, then there is no order." Whatever that meant.<br />
<br />
McCook, who happened to be standing next to Wood (not his corps commander, but that day without a command himself and just riding around visiting, causing trouble) advised Wood that he had better not question Rosecrans again and obey the order. Both generals had that very morning been severely reprimanded in front of their own staffs by Rosecrans for questioning his orders. Wood, realizing that obeying the order would have the unintended effect of opening a gaping hole in the line, nevertheless told his brigadiers to move their men out. <br />
<br />
The brigadiers, realizing the same catastrophic error in the order, protested. But Wood was adamant. Though a good soldier, he had had enough of Rosecrans' ineptitude and abuse and decided to be passive-aggressive at this worst possible time. Starling, alarmed at Wood's news that Brannan was still in place, begged to be allowed ten minutes to gallop back to Rosecrans to obtain clarification. But Wood refused. He ostentatiously brandished the written order to witnesses around him, saying he was glad he had it in writing, and theatrically stuck it in his notebook. According to his own memoirs, and corroborating witnesses, he held up
the paper and prophetically said, (are you writing this down?),
"Gentlemen, I hold the fatal order of the day."<br />
<br />
With this "I'll-show-<i>him</i>!" attitude, Wood doomed the Army of the Cumberland. <br />
<br />
For years after the war, everybody involved in this incident had different, and self-serving, memories of it. In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashomon"><i>Rashomon</i></a>-like testimony and memoirs, Rosecrans, McCook, Wood, Starling and dozens of people witnessing it, and blamed each other as the bad guy.<br />
<br />
It didn't matter, the damage was done. And by this time, the war was long over, and the North had won...sort of.<br />
<br />
Coincidentally, at the very moment that Wood started pulling his troops out of the line (about 11:10), Longstreet launched his attack on that very spot. It wasn't from any grand design, or brilliant tactical sense that Longstreet attacked there and then; it was just luck.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Longstreet punches air. </span></span></h3>
Actually, Longstreet himself hadn't exactly ordered the attack to commence then. He had been waiting for Bragg to give him the go ahead. The idea was that before Longstreet would launch his own assault, Polk's battle on the northern flank would be fully developed, to both pin Thomas and draw more strength from the southern end of the Union army. But about 11:00 Longstreet started hearing inexplicable firing to his right front. Was that Stewart's division attacking without orders?<br />
<br />
Apparently, like Rosecrans, Bragg didn't feel it was important to use his chain of command; he sent orders directly to all divisions to start the attack. This was not the way Longstreet was used to dealing in the Army of Northern Virginia, where strict chain of command was respected, from Lee all the way down. So he was a not a little miffed. In effect, Bragg created these two new wing commands in the middle of the battle, confusing and pissing off everybody, and then proceeded to ignore them and issue orders directly to the division commanders. But Longstreet was a disciplined soldier so he went around and got his supporting divisions in motion (save Preston's which he wanted to keep in reserve). He reached some when they were simultaneously getting orders from one of Bragg's busy bees.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately for Rosecrans, this sudden, overwhelming attack hit him where he wasn't, and proceeded to roll up the whole Federal army south of Kelly's Field. Individual brigades, regiments, and even clumps of soldiers tried to make stands in Dyer Field and on the ridge above that field, where Crittenden had amassed most of his corps' artillery. According to Bragg's plan, Longstreet was supposed to wheel south and gobble up the right wing and depot of the Union army. But that army was, for the most part, retreating in the other direction, north, toward the high ground around Snodgrass farm. Most of them didn't stop there but kept on going toward the Rossville Gap and Chattanooga beyond.<br />
<br />
On the northern wing of the Union army, however, Thomas's salient was holding firm. Polk's blows had been hitting futilely against his entrenched men, the Confederates taking horrendous casualties for their efforts. There had been some near breakthroughs, particularly on the left, but there the Yankees had held.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>The
following map lays out the approximate positions of the brigades and
divisions in both armies late in the morning of the 20th, the third day of
the battle. Note that many of the Union brigades were in motion, with a
general flow toward the north to reinforce Thomas around the Kelly
Field. It was about this time, too, that Wood got his fatal and misread
order to pull out of the line and move north.</i></span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hSy_Wx-AbRY/XRFwcYbg1nI/AAAAAAAAD5w/D6lDkqNRpUYZfsk2KsYRNwJMzeZ-_h5GQCLcBGAs/s1600/Chickamauga%2BMap%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1224" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hSy_Wx-AbRY/XRFwcYbg1nI/AAAAAAAAD5w/D6lDkqNRpUYZfsk2KsYRNwJMzeZ-_h5GQCLcBGAs/s1600/Chickamauga%2BMap%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span class="K3JSBVB-r-f"><span class="K3JSBVB-r-b"><br /></span></span></div>
<h3>
<span style="background-color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">The aptly named "Dyer Field"</span></span></span></span></h3>
<br />
As Longstreet's brigades chased the fleeing Yankees from the woods along LaFayette Road into Dyer Field, they ran into a raggedy line of Union troops behind an intimidating array of batteries on the hill (see map above). Fleeing Union infantry were swarming the field and masking their own artillery when Longstreet's troops emerged from the woods close after them, so there was hesitancy on the part of the Federals to fire. In the first place, they couldn't tell if the troops in the distance, at the wood line, were friendlies or not because they were wearing blue. As I mentioned earlier, on their way out west from Virginia, Longstreet's men received a requisition of brand new uniforms, which, due to some ordering error, had been dyed dark blue, with new pants of light blue, just like Union troops. The Confederates, their old, smelly rags falling off of them, gratefully donned the new blue uniforms. But the consequence was that from a distance, they looked like Yankees. This had already caused friendly fire mistakes during the battle.<br />
<br />
The Federal regimental commanders rallying their infantry behind Crittenden's batteries had their flag bearers wave the national colors to get an answering signal from the unidentified blue infantry at the bottom of the hill, to ascertain if they were friendlies. The advancing Confederates (in this case, Perry's brigade from Law's division, Hood's corps) took the sign as a taunt and charged up the hill. The Federals, still unsure if these troops were friendly, held their fire until it was too late and the advancing "bluecoats" unleashed a volley first, removing all doubt which side they were on. The Union guns had only time to let go a single round before they were overrun and their supporting infantry routed again.<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #b45f06;">Why is Dyer Hill aptly named? Well, because of the "dying" error that caused the Confederates to look like Yankees. And the scene of hundreds of more dying Americans, of course. And that it was the scene of "dire" consequence that the Union army could hold off a complete rout. I know, bad puns. But I couldn't resist. And the Dyer family, whose farm was ruined, probably wouldn't have been amused.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
The battle following Longstreet's breakthrough was complicated (as had been the whole three day battle until now), and I could write another whole narrative covering the action in Dyer Field alone. There was also more fighting going on around the Kelly Field salient, where the Union brigades were holding their own. And while the Union army was in retreat on its southern flank, it was by no means a complete rout. Some regiments bolted, others held their ground and gave as good as they took, retreating slowly in the direction of Snodgrass Hill. The "victorious" Rebels were themselves taking terrible casualties all during this phase of the battle, moving slowly forward and frequently falling back.<br />
<br />
Rosecrans, by this time, had pretty much given up and personally left the field, galloping as fast as he could back to Chattanooga. He and his staff were taking the west road through Missionary Ridge through McFarland's Gap, missing Granger and his, as yet, uncommitted Reserve Corps at Rossville. At one point the commanding general had voiced his half-hearted second-thoughts to his chief of staff, James Garfield (the future president), that maybe he ought to turn around and organize the retreat. He was probably wanting validation for his flight. Garfield, probably sensing this, advised him to save himself and get back to Chattanooga where he could see to the defense of the city, while Garfield volunteered to return to the battle and coordinate an orderly retreat with Gen. Thomas' help. Garfield, who probably knew Rosecrans better than anyone, realized that the commanding general would only make things worse by staying, as he had mismanaged the battle until now. Rosecrans, with evident relief, saw the wisdom of it and left Garfield behind.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Rock takes charge.</span></span></h3>
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><b>George Henry Thomas</b><br />Nicknamed by the press after this battle<br /> "The Rock of Chickamauga", you can tell by this <br />portrait that he was a tough, no-nonsense soldier. <br />His men loved him. His fellow Southerners hated <br />him for "betraying" his native Virginia.<br /><br /><br /></i></span></span></td><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i> </i></span></span></td><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i> </i></span></span></td><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i> </i></span></span></td></tr>
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<a href="http://www.shfwire.com/node9380/">General George Thomas</a>, who seemed to have been the only corps commander in Rosecrans' army to have kept a cool head, was now commanding general on the field. Though many in the army and in Washington felt that he should have been given the Army of the Cumberland to begin with, unlike other generals on both sides, he was not political or contentious. He followed orders. He respected his commanding officer and remained loyal to Rosecrans, even after the defeat at Chickamauga. Unlike nearly every other Civil War general, he wrote no memoirs and so we don't know what his personal opinion of Rosecrans was; Rosecrans was his commanding officer, and that's all he needed to know. He kept his priorities with the safety and success of the army. A soldier's soldier.<br />
<br />
At the beginning of the war, unlike his fellow officers from Virginia, Robert E. Lee and J.E.B. Stuart, Thomas elected to stay loyal to his country over his seceding native state government. Stuart loudly and often said he'd hang him as a traitor if he ever caught him. His sisters turned his picture to the wall and refused the gifts of money he sent them during the war. Though he would save the army at Chickamauga and go on to win some of the most decisive victories in the West during the war (M<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge">issionary Ridge</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville">Nashville</a>), he was not honored the way Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, Mead, and so many other generals later were. He was a man of principle and integrity. Though his family had been legacy slave holders in the antebellum South, during the war, when he had Black regiments under him at Nashville and saw how they fought even harder than the all-white regiments, he changed his mind about people of color. After the war he vigorously defended the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments. As a military governor during Reconstruction, he fought to defend freedmen and other Southern Unionists against the KKK. He also wrote harsh newspaper editorials about how the former rebels had sought to rehabilitate themselves as defenders of an honorable "Lost Cause" for freedom, when in fact, he argued, they were just traitors trying to wash themselves of treason. He didn't mince words. In a lot of ways he was like his adversary on this day, Longstreet (though, unlike Longstreet, Thomas did get a statue or two, a fort named after him on the Ohio River, and a square in D.C.), both good soldiers, both cool-headed, both disinclined to get involved in politics, and both with an uncanny sense of the right thing to do. This extended for each of them through Reconstruction, when both generals actively defended the civil rights of people of color and those Southern whites who had remained loyal to the union.<br />
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Thomas had been deftly managing the hard defense on the northern flank around Kelly's Field for two days. Now, as the southern flank of the army caved, he moved his headquarters back 500 yards to the Snodgrass farmhouse. He still kept in close contact with the divisions compacted around Kelly's, which was only a couple of minutes away by horse. He also sent a plea back to Rossville Gap for Gen. Granger to come forward with his Reserve Corps to help him. And for two hours, while he chomped nervously on a cigar, he kept raising his field glasses to the north, looking for Granger's arrival.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Thomas cooly managed the defense of Snodgrass Hill (later called, for some unsatisfactory reason, "Horseshoe Ridge"--it isn't at all shaped like a horseshoe--maybe there were a lot of discarded horseshoes littering the ground, who knows? Or maybe it came as a polite euphemism for what the troops were probably calling it, Horsesh*t Ridge. I don't know.). He kept close communications with all available forces left on the field, from Kelly's Field to Horseshoe Ridge and rallied stragglers and commandeered remnants of brigades as they came by. As retreating but still-willing regiments and companies gathered on the hill, Thomas assigned them places to defend and gradually built up an almost impregnable position.<br />
<br />
The first unit on the hill was a battery of four 12-pounder Napoleon guns of the 4th U.S. Artillery, unlimbered in front of the tiny Snodgrass Cabin to cover a wide field of fire as far as Kelly's Field to the east and Dyer Field to the southeast. These were soon supported by Harker's brigade of 950 survivors of Wood's division, the ones who were fatefully ordered to pull out of the line, starting this disaster to begin with. These people were in no mood to retreat further. They wanted to vindicate themselves from what they perceived as an unjust order to withdraw.<br />
<br />
The Horseshoe Ridge portion of the position, to the west of the cabin, was also extremely intimidating to any attacker. On these three fairly steep knolls (called, imaginatively, Hills 1, 2, and--you guessed it--3), separated by ravines, Thomas and his division commander, Brannan installed various rag-tag remnants of brigades that had been fighting, dying, retreating, and rallying for two days. On the very western side of this line was the rather large 21st Ohio, 510 men of which seven of its ten companies were armed with new, revolving Colt rifles (same principle as the Colt revolver, but in long-arm form), each one able to pump out five rounds in quick succession. Because of the high volume of fire, this single regiment was capable of generating the firepower of a full-strength brigade. Their commander, Dwella Stoughton, lined them up in a single rank behind their makeshift breastworks, extending 350 yards. They were also issued 100 rounds apiece, knowing they would use it up during the course of the afternoon.<br />
<br />
These exhausted troops of Thomas's--some entire regiments represented by no more than a dozen men--piled up breastworks along the crest, looking down the slope, their cartridge boxes freshly replenished, and waited for the unnerving banshee screech of the Rebel Yell from the woods beyond. They didn't have to wait long.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Looking southeast from the top of Snodgrass Hill. Smith's battery could rake any Rebels that came out of the woods a little over 100 yards away. And Harker's troops, lying down behind the crest of the hill, would pop up, deliver a volley, then drop down to reload while the four lines behind them fired in turn. It was a very strong position.</i></span><br />
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<b> </b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><b>View from Hill 3 on Horsehoe Ridge</b>. Position occupied by the 21st Ohio and later by the 89th Ohio and 22nd Michigan. You can see, though fairly open, the woods restrict visibility out to only fifty yards or so. And it would have been impossible for an attacking force to maintain alignment, or even contact with an adjacent regiment.</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">13:15 The First Assault</span></span></h3>
At noon, while trying to rally his divisions in the chaotic aftermath of his breaking the Union line, Longstreet was called back to a war-council by Bragg at his headquarters, two miles to the rear at Jay's Mill. It was the worst possible timing. Polk was also called, even though his wing was in the midst of a highly fluid battle on the right wing. But Bragg felt it more vital now to personally upbraid Polk for being slow to get his attack started that morning. And when Longstreet told him of his breakthrough and how all the Yankees were fleeing north, back toward Chattanooga, and that it was important for his force to swing north instead to bag them, Bragg was incensed. His original plan was for Longstreet to swing <i>south</i>, to drive Rosecrans into a geographical cul-de-sac and trap him there. Longstreet tried to explain that Rosecrans's army was no longer south but north, and that the bulk of the retreating Federals were racing toward Chattanooga. But Bragg groused that nobody seemed to know how to follow orders. Even when circumstances changed. Apparently, it hadn't sunk in with him that in the intervening three days since he'd concocted his plan to come between Rosecrans and Chattanooga, the Federal army was no longer where it had been. So for Longstreet to swing south now would no make no sense. He didn't order Longstreet to adhere to the original plan and, after an awkward silence, the visiting general excused himself to return to his command (in the midst of a battle). But he left Bragg muttering.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Gen. Joseph Kershaw</b><br />Known for his impetuosity, <br />jumped the gun at <br />Snodgrass.</span></i></span></td></tr>
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This interruption had its own repercussions. By the time Longstreet returned to the front, all hell had broken loose. Not waiting for the supporting divisions of Bushrod Johnson and Thomas Hindman to come up, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_B._Kershaw">Joseph Kershaw</a> took it upon himself to charge up Horseshoe Ridge with just his two brigades of 2,822 men. He had inherited command of McLaws' division that morning since that general's train had yet to arrive. But he didn't think it was necessary to hand over command of his own brigade to the next senior colonel in the chain, thinking he could manage both his brigade and the division. He probably thought that as soon as McLaws showed up, he'd take back the division. To make matters worse, John Bell Hood, the corps commander, had been wounded (Again! He hadn't even fully recovered from his wound at Gettysburg, before he was hit in the leg here at Chickamauga.) so there was nobody around to supervise Kershaw. And he <i>needed </i>supervision. To make matters even worse than that, his and his staff's horses hadn't caught up with them in the trip out from Virginia, so they were all on foot, not the best way to manage a division spread out a thousand yards in the woods.<br />
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Sailing on the intoxication of victory, Kershaw felt his division could just sweep over the hill in front of him because the Yankees were quaking in fear. All it would take would be one more little nudge and they'd be off again. Like with the effects of all intoxication, Kershaw's judgment was off.<br />
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Almost as soon as they had assembled at the bottom of Horseshoe Ridge, Kershaw ordered the charge and up everybody went. Three thousand men climbed the steep, woody slope. On the way up, regiments lost touch with each other in the undergrowth, alignment within each regiment, or even each company, was a joke.<br />
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At first the attackers thought the ridge was empty because there was no fire. Then, suddenly, when they were almost at the top, huffing and puffing, a withering storm of volley fire cut into them. The Federals behind their barricades were aware that there were troops climbing up toward them, but when they came into view, they saw that they were wearing blue coats (the same confusion that had kept the Union batteries from opening up in Dyer Field earlier). But when the bluecoats raised a Rebel Yell, all doubt vanished and the Union men let them have it. The charge by Kershaw's brigade was stopped cold. The Confederates didn't retreat at once but went to ground and exchanged fire with the Federals for a bit. But they had no breastworks and many were caught in a crossfire as they were in one of the ravines that separated the three hills. The Federals, on the high ground and behind works, were hurt little in this firefight. Soon Kerhaw's regiments started crawling back down the slope.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Below, looking up toward the crest of Horseshoe Ridge from where Kershaw's men assembled for their repeated assaults. You can see how steep and broken the climb would have been.</i></span></span><br />
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On the western end of the hill, the 2nd South Carolina and the 2nd South Carolina Battalion (I know, Confederate organizational names were confusing) received an especially nasty surprise. After the first volley of the enemy, they felt they had about twenty good seconds to rush the breastworks before the Yankees could reload and fire again. So up they jumped to run up the last few yards. But then a second volley hit them immediately, and a third, and a fourth in rapid succession. This was a disconcerting surprise. As they turned and ran, tumbling down the slope to escape, a fifth volley hit many in the back. They had been up against the 21st Ohio and their Colt revolvers. So it had seemed like they were facing five thousand men. This would replay several times that afternoon as wave after wave made suicidal charges on the 21st.<br />
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Farther to the east, where a gap had opened up in the middle of Kershaw's brigade, a newcomer, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Regiment_Alabama_Infantry">15th Alabama</a>, showed up out of nowhere. Having become separated from its own brigade somewhere back in Dyer Field, the 15th was already known for being a freelancing unit. Its men crowded in between Kershaw's South Carolina regiments and raced them up the hill. When they too were stopped in a ravine by overwhelming fire from above, instead of retreating, the Alabamians just found cover in the rocks and trees and kept up an ineffective counterfire on the ridge above them. The notable thing about this regiment was that it was the very one that had been repulsed by the famous bayonet charge of Chamberlain's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Maine_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment">20th Maine</a> on Little Round Top at Gettysburg. These were the survivors of that unfortunate defeat and now they found themselves in almost the same circumstance again, not three months later. One wonders if they thought God had given them a chance to vindicate themselves. Or, did they think, "Not again!"<br />
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Finally, farther east, Kershaw's other brigade, that of Humphreys' (formerly Barksdale's, who had been killed at Gettysburg) had marched out into the open field, up to just beyond the edge of the woods bordering the south part of Snodgrass Field. And stopped. There they stood for several minutes, not moving forward or backward. Humphreys saw the four guns of the 4th U.S. battery at the top of the hill, but at first no infantry. He was confused as to how to proceed.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Humphreys' view from the bottom of Snodgrass Hill. Notice how he would have only been able to see the guns to the right of Snodgrass' cabin as Harker's brigade would have been lying down behind the crest. When they stood up to deliver their volley, it must have been quite a nasty shock. </i></span><br />
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On Snodgrass Hill, the officers of Harker's brigade weren't sure at first, if the men at the bottom of the hill were friend or foe. It was the blue uniforms again. Union troops were still retreating out of the south so the debate was that these might be some of those. But apparently somebody noticed a Stars-n-Bars battle flag and Harker ordered "Open fire!" Then the men of the 3rd Kentucky (Union) and 64th Ohio stoop up from behind the crest and let the blue-coated Rebels have it. At a close range of only 100 yards, the four 12-pounder Napoleon guns of Smith's 4th U.S. battery also opened up with canister. The Confederates did fire back, but since they were firing uphill and at targets which were elusive, they made almost no dent. Humphreys' men took 155 casualties in the few minutes they stood out there in the open before he overcame his shock and ordered the brigade back into the woods, from which he didn't budge for the rest of the battle. It was a sickening and useless sacrifice of these inconceivably brave men.<br />
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Meanwhile, at 13:30, while Kershaw was trying to rally his repulsed brigade in
the draw below Horseshoe Ridge. Col. Oates, of the party-crashing 15th Alabama
(you'll recall, they had become separated from their brigade) was
ordering a new charge up the hill on his own usurping authority. He went
to the commanders of the two regiments to either side of him (the 3rd
and 7th South Carolina) and "ordered" them to follow him up to the
crest. Both laughed at his temerity (one outranked him and told him to
pound sand, the other told him he didn't recognize him and took his orders from Gen. Kershaw). Then Oates took it upon himself to harangue the men of the
7th South Carolina directly, over the head of their commander, shaming
their honor for refusing to fight with him. A number of men in the 7th
stepped forward and soon the whole regiment, and then half the brigade moved
back up the hill, only to be stopped cold by the controlled volleys of
the defenders, and forced back down the hill, leaving even more wasted
casualties behind.<br />
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<ul>
<li><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Also left behind, tragically, was one <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rowland_Kirkland">Richard Kirkland</a> of the 2nd South Carolina, who had made a name for himself on
both sides as the "Angel of Mayre's Heights" at Fredericksburg when he had risked his life to bring water and blankets to
the dying Yankees suffering on the field that freezing night. His last words to his friends
trying to rescue him on Snodgrass Hill were, "Save yourselves. Please tell Pa I died right." He certainly lived
right. <br /><br />Both Powell and Cozzens, in their exhaustive narratives of Chickamauga, relate several instances of soldiers on both sides showing kindness to enemy wounded, often at risk to themselves. One Union soldier on the first day of Chickamauga, himself wounded, not only gave a wounded Confederate his own water, but also cleared the leaves away from him so he might be spared the danger of burning alive if the frequent brushfires swept through. The wounded Rebel expressed deep thanks but also surprise because he had been led to believe that all Yankees were evil. These instances gave another meaning to the term "civil war". </i></span></li>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2WZmiv5rx-U/XRpvlE9WnlI/AAAAAAAAD8k/XsSvc1csXHAJ2474skcudin83BMc5-H9ACLcBGAs/s1600/Kirkland%2BMonument.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2WZmiv5rx-U/XRpvlE9WnlI/AAAAAAAAD8k/XsSvc1csXHAJ2474skcudin83BMc5-H9ACLcBGAs/s640/Kirkland%2BMonument.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">Monument in front of the National Civil War Museum in Harrisburg, PA, to Richard Kirkland, "Angel of Marye's Heights", one of the countless Good Samaritans of the Civil War.<br /><br /></span></i></span></td></tr>
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By 13:30 Longstreet had come back on the
scene from his mandatory conference with Bragg and, for the first time,
started to take control of the assault on Snodgrass. Though he approved
of the enthusiasm of Kershaw, he said he'd wished he'd not been so
impetuous but had waited for support. So "Old Pete", as his men affectionately called him (which I resent as ageist, since he was only 42), began to organize a
more coordinated effort with the bulk of all of his resources. While
Kershaw was again rallying his men in the lane at the bottom of the hill,
Longstreet ordered <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushrod_Johnson">Gen. Bushrod Johnson</a> to take two of his brigades (Sugg's and
Fulton's) farther around to the west of Horseshoe Ridge to attempt to
turn the defenders' flank. He also sent for Hindman's division to come
up from Dyer Field to reinforce Johnson and Kershaw. <br />
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This was a good plan but, like all plans, something unexpected happened.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Granger to the Rescue </span></span></h3>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">Gen. Gordon Granger</span></i></span></td></tr>
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For
his part, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Granger">Gordon Granger</a>, with his single division in his Reserve Corps, pacing up and down at his assigned post guarding the Rossville Gap, was anxiously trying to
see what was happening 5 miles to the south. The rumbling booms rolling up from Kelly Field were increasing,
and the first fugitives from the Federal collapse on the right (Crittenden's and McCook's men) were starting to stream past. He had
climbed to the top of a haystack to see if he could see any farther; nothing, just smoke and haze, but that was all. It was just 11:00--Longstreet hadn't even launched his
attack yet--but all the commotion from Polk's attacks on the northern wing so
alarmed Granger that he slid down off the haystack and ordered his
sole division commander, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Steedman">James Steedman</a>, to get two of his three brigades in
marching column (Mitchell's and Whitaker's). Granger had a sixth sense that he was more needed down
there than idling up in Rossville. His remaining brigade could mind the gap.<br />
<br />
So he set out to Thomas' aid. By 13:00, when Thomas' messenger had
reached him, Granger's men were already halfway down the LaFayette
road. As his 3,700 men marched down the dusty pike, they started
running into more and more streams of wounded Union soldiers heading north. Nevertheless, they kept on.<br />
<br />
Soon
this column noticed Confederate cavalry (Forrest's troopers) to their
east. Steedman sent out flankers to guard that side of the column--the
96th Illinois even formed square, a rare example of this quaint Napoleonic
formation employed during the Civil War. But Granger told them, "None of that,
now," and kept them moving; he was not impressed with Rebel "rag-a-muffin cavalry" as a
threat. He sent back to Rossville for Steedman's remaining brigade (Dan McCook's) to
hurry down and hold off the threat of Forrest's irritating cavalrymen.
Steedman, meanwhile, directed his column off the road, to move in the
direction of Snodgrass Hill through the woods. That's where Thomas' messenger had directed him.<br />
<br />
At
13:30, Thomas, nervously peering through his field glasses toward the
northern edge of Snodgrass Field, saw a mass of marching infantry
heading his way. Because Granger's men had been marching on the hot,
unpaved, country road for a couple of hours, they were covered in dust and Thomas could not make out
whether they were wearing blue or gray. And he had been fooled more than
once that day by Rebels wearing blue uniforms. Shaking with fatigue and
excitement, he handed his glasses to a staff officer to see if his
younger eyes could make out their affiliation. After an interminable pause, the
officer said, yes, he could see the national flag fluttering above the
ranks. They were Granger's reinforcements. And not a moment too soon!<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">14:15, Third Assault </span></span></h3>
At 14:00 Johnson, who had his two small brigades of Sugg's and Fulton's Tennesseeans ready to climb up the hill, as well as Anderson's brigade from Hindman's division on his right, ordered the advance. They climbed through the steep ravine cautiously, not sure where the end of the Federal line was. Scores of individual Yankees, unconnected to their original regiments but pitching in on their own, fired at the oncoming Rebels' flanks. This part of the battlefield was completely unknown to Johnson.<br />
<br />
Then, out of the blue, the Confederate climb ran into a solid mass of blue. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Steedman">Steedman</a>'s division, having freshly arrived with Granger to reinforce Thomas, had marched over to the exposed right flank of the Union line and deployed for attack. When they saw the graybacks (unlike Kershaw's men, Johnson's were in respectable Confederate butternut), the lead regiments of Steedman's brigades opened up. After firing their first volley of the war, with bayonets fixed, the 419 men of the 96th Illinois charged down the hill. Granger had earlier remarked to Thomas when he arrived at Snodgrass Cabin that though his men were inexperienced, ignorance of what combat was really like would give them an idealistic courage. "They are raw troops, and they don't know any better than to charge up there."<br />
<br />
This sudden surprise of so many furious Yankees was too much for the already exhausted and depleted men of Fulton's tiny brigade. They bolted. On Steedman's left, the 22nd Michigan, also combat virgins, charged into the left flank of Anderson's 10th Mississippi. The 21st Ohio, wary of being outflanked, had already bent back their right and established a new line looking west when Anderson's men came huffing and puffing up the hill. At point blank range the 21st again poured out their rapid fire volleys from their Colts. So the 10th and 44th Mississippi, winded, falling like flies, and now hit in the left flank, just tumbled down back down the way they had climbed.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;"><b>James Blair Steedman</b><br />I hope I spelled his name right.</span></i></span></td></tr>
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Gen. Steedman himself was rushing all over his command, through both Whitaker's and Mitchell's brigades, leading charges, rallying, ordering volleys, getting regiments into line. His horse shot from under him, hatless, disheveled, and bloody, he got up on a borrowed horse to resume his frenetic work. His aide, who was sure his boss was going to get himself killed any second, asked if he had any last words, but the general ignored him and started to ride away. Then he turned, rode back, and said, "Yes. See that these damn newspaper reporters spell my name right." It was such a John Wayne moment.<br />
<br />
Bushrod Johnson's whole attack ground to a halt, wavered, and broke. The attempt was the largest yet for the Rebels to take Horseshoe Ridge. Unfortunately, the downhill charging men of the 22nd Michigan and 96th Illinois, ecstatic with their first victory, could not be held back, and were themselves mauled by supporting Rebel infantry or close range canister fire when they ran into Johnson's artillery (Dent's and Everett's batteries). They fell back up the hill in turn, suffering their first casualties of the war. The fun was starting to fade.<br />
<br />
On the Confederate right, Kershaw made one last effort to take Hills 1 and 2. But his lack of mobility (remember, his horse was still enroute on the train) meant that he couldn't coordinate all his regiments and only four of the ten regiments in his division got the word that another attack was on. This whole third effort suffered from confusion. On Kerhaw's left, the 2nd South Carolina was suddenly fired on from their left rear by the 7th Mississippi, coming up to support Anderson's lead regiments, and mistaking the blue-coated South Carolinians for the enemy in the smoke. These new blue uniforms were certainly a mixed blessing today.<br />
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;"><b>The 7th South Carolina "Palmetto" Flag</b><br />The uniforms weren't the only thing in Kershaw's <br />division that were blue. From a distance these<br /> too may have resembled the blue regimental flags <br />of Union infantry.</span></i></span></td></tr>
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One of Kershaw's regiments, the 7th South Carolina, was the first that day to actually plant its flag on the log breastworks of Hill 1. It was also the scene of one of the few hand-to-hand, bayonet fights in the Civil War. The defenders fell back, rallied, and then charged back in to push the Rebs out. John Beatty, one of the Union commanders who had become separated from his brigade in the general retreat, led three orphaned regiments (44th Indiana and 13th and 18th Ohio) in to shore up the line. In a last act of courage, Alfred Clark, ensign of the 7th South Carolina, to keep his regiment's sacred Palmetto flag from falling into enemy hands, tossed it back down to his men as he was cut down in a hail of Minié bullets. <br />
<br />
Kershaw's four participating regiments (2nd, 7th, 15th South Carolina, and the 3rd SC Bn) were beaten back again, taking with them the stubborn Oates and his 15th Alabama, which finally gave up its toehold beneath the parapets of the Union position. Humphrey's brigade, still hurting from its mauling in the open field, didn't move from its new favorite place in front of the blacksmith shop in Dyer Field. And Kershaw's division, having been fighting for three days, out of ammunition, and losing 659 of its original 2,817 (23%) was done for Chickamauga.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">15:00, 4th Assault</span></span></h3>
By 15:00 Hindman had gotten his next two brigades, those of Deas and Manigault, up and ready. Since Hindman had been wounded earlier and wasn't feeling his old self, he handed command of his division over to Johnson, who seemed to know the ground better anyway. Johnson, surprised by the new arrival of Steedman's division to the west of Horseshoe Ridge, decided to have Deas and Manigault outflank the now longer Union line. He also appealed to Sugg, Fulton, Anderson, and Kershaw to lend their weight to an overall assault of over 8,000 men to finally take this hill.<br />
<br />
But the climb up the ravines and steep slopes broke up the tactical cohesion of the assault again. Regiments and companies got into each others' way, further adding to the difficulty of trying to maintain any semblance of a continuous line on this forested mountain. Within fifteen minutes the whole assault was reduced to an unruly mob. And the going was even steeper the farther west one went. One regimental commander had to actually get off his horse and lead it up.<br />
<br />
When the first disorganized regiments neared the crest, they were met again by disciplined volleys from Mitchell's and Whitaker's brigades, now behind breastworks and well under control. The Alabamians and South Carolinians came to a halt about fifty yards from the summit and did manage to fire back, hitting several Union officers, including Gen. Whitaker (whose wound was more of a nasty thump to his belly by a spent ricochet, but which nevertheless convinced him to leave his men to go have it looked at in the rear). But after about thirty minutes of this firefight, the Confederates had had enough and started to melt back down the hill, out of sight. They were encouraged in their retreat by more bayonet charges from the impetuous 96th (they were having such a good time in their first fight) and the 121st Ohio. <br />
<br />
Though Granger had brought with him his corps ammunition wagons, the rounds were getting scarcer among the Yankees. The formidable 21st Ohio, with their fast-firing Colts, were nearly out. They had come up onto the hill two hours before with 100 rounds apiece, but with the repeated Rebel charges had all but emptied their cartridge boxes. Detachments were sent up and down the hill to scavenge cartridges from the dead and wounded (Confederate and Union). Granger had given them a supply of Enfield ammunition but the .577 cartridges were just a tad too cozy for the .56 caliber Colt cylinders and had to be forced in. But the forced cartridges posed a significant risk of bursting the barrels when fired. To prevent this, somebody had the innovative idea to fix bayonets on the muzzles, letting the bayonet's ring hold the barrels together just enough to keep them from bursting. Moreover, one other problem with the Colts was that, owing to their rapid rate of fire, they became too hot to handle. And the men didn't have any water to drink, much less to cool their weapons.<br />
<br />
For this particular charge, however, the 21st, and their neighbors to the east, were spared since Anderson and Kershaw had had enough and were sitting this one out. The 21st and 89th Ohio and 22nd Michigan did fire some enfilading volleys into Manigault's right-hand regiment, which helped persuade it to retreat. Johnson, of course, had appealed to Anderson and Kershaw to join this latest
attack, but those brigades had had enough, too, and contented themselves with
firing uphill into the smoke-choked leaves, wasting ammunition. Just behind Manigault's attack, Sugg's and Fulton's brigades, now supported by Coleman's (formerly McNair, who was wounded), down to almost half their original strength and running low on ammunition themselves, made a half-hearted climb over the bodies of their brothers, but fell back under the blistering fire from the crest.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">16:00, A Lull</span></span></h3>
Thomas and his division commanders, Steedman, Brannan, and Wood were defending Snodgrass Hill well. Though exhausted and running low on ammunition, the men, even the small companies from previously routed regiments, were holding. Granger, who with his turning over of his sole division to Thomas, was out of a job, occupied himself with his favorite pasttime, helping the artillerymen aim their guns. About 15:45 Rosecrans's chief of staff, James Garfield, arrived to tell Thomas that the commanding general had made it safely to Chattanooga and was rallying the half of the army that had collapsed and fled from the right wing. This information greatly relieved Thomas. His was now a rear guard action to delay Bragg long enough for the army to reform. And he could think about systematically withdrawing himself.<br />
<br />
Things seemed to have stabilized over in Kelly's Field, five hundred
yards to the east. Polk's attack had sputtered for a time to a half-hearted
duel between pickets. Since the Kelly position seemed secure, Gen. Hazen
asked his division commander, Gen Palmer, if he could move from his
reserve status over to extend Thomas' wing at Snodgrass. While there had
been no action there, that 500 yard gap separated the two masses and Thomas
knew it was only a matter of time before Longstreet, or somebody, discovered it. <br />
<br />
But for now, the immediate threat from Longstreet's wing seemed neutralized. Four attacks had been beaten back and the Rebels were quiet. Thomas imagined that they too must be spent and nearly out of ammunition. It was a welcome lull. What little ammunition that was left was distributed, and at 16:00 Hazen brought his welcome brigade to help bridge the gap to Kelly's Field.<br />
<br />
But Longstreet wasn't nearly done. At 15:00, as Johnson's attack was getting underway, he received another summons from Bragg to go back and report. When he reached headquarters, nearly two miles away, Longstreet was full of excited energy as he reported the complete collapse of the enemy army, and that he was on the verge of gaining the rear when he took Snodgrass. He urged Bragg to order Polk to attack the Union salient around Kelly's Field again to put maximum pressure on what was left of the enemy army.<br />
<br />
But Bragg evidently thought that he had lost the battle. He complained that Polk's men had no more in them and were done for the day. And he wanted to know still why Longstreet wasn't swinging south, per the original playbook. Longstreet was aghast. The Union army was now fleeing north, toward Chattanooga, he tried to explain to Bragg. But the commanding general wouldn't believe it. He must have thought Bragg had lost his mind. He had clearly lost his nerve. This was not what Lee's "Right Hand" was used to.<br />
<br />
So Longstreet left Bragg fretting back in the rear and returned to Snodgrass. There he found that Johnson's latest attack had failed and everybody was giving up. The hill couldn't be taken. It was too strongly held. In a moment of supreme aaaaaargh, Longstreet wouldn't believe it for a second. <br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">16:30, 5th Assault</span></span></h3>
As he rode back to Dyer Field from Bragg's headquarters, Longstreet stopped by Gen. Preston, whose division he had been holding in reserve, and told him to follow him with his uncommitted brigades. Those of Gracie, Kelly, and Trigg, with over 4,000 men, had fought little if any over the past three days and were relatively fresh. Aside from the fact that one of the larger regiments in thus division, the 63rd Tennessee, was composed of men forcibly conscripted from pro-Union eastern Tennessee (there were as many Tennessee and Kentucky regiments in the Union Army) and had experienced one of the highest rates of desertion, Preston's regiments had fought well in the war so far.<br />
<br />
Gracie's brigade, in the lead, got to the vicinity of Snodgrass first, and before the other two could come up, Kershaw once again overstepped his authority and ordered Gracie up the hill to attack before Kelly or Trigg could get there. Preston was livid. Not only was Kershaw just some other division's brigade commander, but he had presumed to think he could just snatch brigades away from another division for his own purposes. Usurpation, of course, seemed to be the prevailing corporate free-for-all culture in the Army of Tennessee. Every officer felt he had the authority to command any group of soldiers he happened to come across.<br />
<br />
The result was predictable. Gracie's regiments had to filter through the immobile men of Kershaw's brigade (which, you'll notice wouldn't participate in any more combat that day), which caused them to become disrupted and lose touch with each other. The 63rd Tennessee found itself out in the open of Snodgrass Field, at the foot of the same lethal slope from which Harker's and now Hazen's brigades had savaged Humphrey's brigade three hours earlier. And they met the same fate; ripped to shreds, unable to effectively return fire, and driven back into the woods.<br />
<br />
On the left, Gracie's other regiments stumbled up the hill, looking for the Union-held crest. While they did this, Col. Oates's 15th Alabama (you'll remember him having ordered Kershaw's brigade into joining a premature charge with it three hours before) now decided to scramble back in retreat right through the upcoming 3rd and 4th Alabama Battalions, wrecking their lines. Oates had just received an order from his original commander, Perry, who finally found his prodigal son, to return to his own brigade. So now, of all times, he chose to obey the chain of command, yelling outta my way to any friendly troops that happened to be in his path.<br />
<br />
Thus broken up, Gracie's regiments crawled up the hill in small groups, finally reaching the Federal breastworks, only to be mowed down again as in the previous attacks. They all sank into the ground and tried as best they could to return fire up into the breastworks.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Preston's next brigade to come up was Kelly's 874 men, the smallest in the division, with just three regiments. His first brigade purloined by Kershaw, Preston ordered Kelly to follow Gracie due north in support. But on their way there, yet another random Confederate officer, this time Gen Hindman, who, you'll remember, was supposed to be resting in the rear with his wound, happened upon Kelly and carjacked his brigade to move to the northwest and attack the section of the line Anderson had failed to make a dent in earlier. So Kelly changed direction and got his regiments up to try and attack Hill 3. With the same effect as Anderson's previous charge. Two of his regiments came rolling back down the hill after suffering horrendous fire from the Yankee breastworks. What's that maxim? To do the same thing over and over again with the same failed result is the definition of crazy. Or stupid.<br />
<br />
But Kelly's attack wasn't entirely futile. His third regiment, the 5th Kentucky (CSA), did manage to climb over the breastworks on Hill 3 which had suddenly become empty in its sector. Previously held by the death-dealing 21st Ohio, that regiment had finally run completely out of ammunition and had withdrawn to the rear to wait until it could be replenished. Kelly's attack had come at the worst possible moment for the Yankees. So the Secesh Kentuckians were able, for the first time that day, to seize the breastworks of one of the hills on Horseshoe. But they couldn't hold it long. Receiving a crossfire from both the 35th Ohio on their right and the 22nd Michigan to their front, they soon had to give up their gains.<br />
<br />
On the right, about 16:45, Gracie had brought up his one reserve regiment, his old 43rd Alabama. At first they made the same mistake as the 63rd Tennessee and Humphrey's brigade when they stepped out into the open field, only to take murderous fire from the two batteries serving grape salad a hundred yards away. So Gracie pulled the 43rd back, reformed them, and sent them up the hill under the cover of the woods toward Hill 1. Joined by the 2nd Alabama Battalion, they drove back the 19th Illinois and 11th Michigan about fifty yards. Then they settled in behind the reverse side of the Yankee breastworks to exchange fire with the Illinoisianians and Michiganderites (or whatever their unwieldy demonyms are). And so a second salient on the ridge had been taken, at least temporarily. <br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Thomas leaves Snodgrass in capable hands.</span></span></h3>
With his troops running out of ammunition (even after Granger's resupply), Thomas recognized by this time that he was probably not going to hold out until after dark, which was two hours away. Reassured by Rosecrans's newly returned chief-of-staff, Garfield, that the bulk of the Army of the Cumberland had made it safely back to Rossville, Thomas decided it was time for him to start packing up his remaining troops. Leaving the defense and retreat from Snodgrass to Brannan, he galloped over to Kelly Field (only about three minutes away) to start managing the retreat of the four divisions still there.This would be conducted in a sequence of fighting withdrawals from the south to north, a difficult maneuver. Any panic or mistake on the part of one regiment could precipitate a wholesale panic and rout. So the complicated withdrawal had to be micromanaged by Thomas. Fortunately, at this time, Polk had not been active against this front for a couple of hours, so it was better now than later.<br />
<br />
But this was another chapter in Chickamauga. Thomas doesn't return to Snodgrass for the rest of the day. And this post is about that battle. So we'll leave Thomas and go back to the hill.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">17:00, 6th Assault </span></span></h3>
After Thomas had left to go do his thing over in Kelly's Field, and after Gracie's attack had achieved its limited success. Bushrod Johnson decided to have one more go. Disgusted with the half-hearted attempts by Hindman's brigades (Deas and Manigault) earlier, Johnson rallied his own three, thoroughly depleted brigades (Sugg, Fulton, and Coleman) and led them up the ravines and hills again. He shuttled his men more to the left, still knowing the Union line was in the air over there, and for the third time led them up the woody slopes, feeling for Steedman's lines. They were joined on their left by two regiments of Manigault's, the 28th and 34th Alabama, who were themselves not half-hearted by far.<br />
<br />
It was a difficult assault to manage. In the dying light (the sun had already dropped below the hills) and smoke-filled woods, all semblance of control evaporated. The whole mass, of some 2,400 men remaining, dropped even a pretense of moving in ordered lines and crept up the slope as a mob, regiments mingling willy-nilly.<br />
<br />
Steedman's division was fresh out of bullets, though. As soon as they sensed another attack coming up against them and outflanking their right, the Yankees called it a day and began to fall back to the next ridge to the north. Steedman tried to stem the stampede as best he could. Intercepting the 115th Illinois on the left, he ordered them to turn right around and go back to their posts. Their commander protested that they were out of ammunition, but Steedman cavalierly told them to just "fix bayonets" then. Dutifully they did that and marched back to their previous position. But they were met by the oncoming Confederates of Sugg's brigade, who fired on them. Since they couldn't return fire, they turned around again and re-retreated.<br />
<br />
Johnson's men, pretty exhausted themselves, must have been terribly relieved there wasn't going to be another firefight. They gratefully let the Yankees head off into the gloom and collapsed on their former positions on the crest. They now had the Union right flank and were content to just sit there.<br />
<br />
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<br />
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">18:00-19:00, 7th and Final Assault </span></span></h3>
By 18:00 it was getting pretty dark. Though the sunset wasn't actually until 18:42, by this time it had set behind Missionary Ridge and Snodgrass was in deep shadow, made deeper by the woods. And all the firing all afternoon had created a literal "fog of war", the smoke just hanging under the canopy of leaves. So it was hard to see anything.<br />
<br />
Johnson had finally secured the western flank of the Union line, but we wasn't making any more moves to roll up that line. Steedman's division had retreated on its own and was in the process of rallying, not to reenter the fight, but to march off back to Rossville. All of the troops, in fact, on Horseshoe Ridge and in Snodgrass Field, were starting to form into columns and go while the going was good. Brannan had grabbed four regiments, the 35th Ohio, the 9th, 68th, and 101st Indiana and posted them to act as rear guard for the whole retreating force.<br />
<br />
Fortunately, the Confederates themselves seemed to have had enough too. Gracie's two regiments, which had occupied the breastworks on Hill 1, fell back to join the rest of their brigade on the lane at the bottom of the hill. They were out of ammunition themselves and weren't sure they weren't going to be counterattacked by fresh Union troops, of which the enemy seemed to have an inexhaustible supply. Kershaw, Humphreys, Anderson, and Hindman, weren't going anywhere. Only Kelly's small brigade, clinging to the ground just below Hill 3, was hanging on, exchanging ineffective fire with the remaining Federals on Hill 3 until they also ran out of ammunition. One of those regiments, the 58th North Carolina, had crept up again after its previous repulse but was thrown back again by surprise reappearance by the murderous 21st Ohio (firing off their last rounds) and a short charge by the 9th Indiana.<br />
<br />
Everybody on the Union side was packing up and moving out in good order.<br />
<br />
Well, almost everybody.<br />
<br />
This is where my ancestor comes in. The two orphan regiments under Whitaker, the 89th Ohio (in which my great-great-grandfather, Fletcher Hill, was a corporal in K Company) and the 22nd Michigan, had been placed at the western flank of Hill 3 and had been fighting there for over three hours, taking terrible casualties, using up all their ammunition, and shooting with increasingly hot and fouled rifles. Originally, these two regiments had been temporarily assigned on loan to Whitaker by Rosecrans to aid in the Reserve Corps'--well--shall we say, reserve duties. They weren't organically part of that corps except for the duration of this battle. Now, as everyone else was gone, the senior officer of the two regiments, the 22nd's Col. Heber Le Favour, ordered everybody to get up and retreat too. As they were heading back, a passing staff officer of Steedman's (who had long since departed) demanded of Le Favour where the hell he thought he was going? Le Favour replied that his men were out of ammunition and following the rest of the brigade. The staff officer (a major, but feeling he had the authority of a general), ordered Col. Le Favour back in the line and told him to just have his men fix bayonets. He promised him that ammunition and reinforcements would be sent soon. Then rode off to Rossville. Don't know if he even tried to keep his promise.<br />
<br />
So Le Favour reluctantly led his two lonely regiments back to the top of Hill 3, where they did as they were told and fixed bayonets.<br />
<br />
Around this time, too, the survivors of the 21st Ohio, who were also out of ammunition and had been fighting furiously all day, were down to a hundred men left with the colors, and had only fouled weapons left. They too were found marching to the rear when they were intercepted by a passing Col.Van Derveer (not their brigade commander) and ordered to get back in line. Van Derveer apparently didn't even promise ammunition; just that they too should fix bayonets. The meme of the day. He bravely left for the rear too.<br />
<br />
So the three forlorn regiments, not a round between them, settled in behind their previous breastworks and waited. The didn't have to wait for long.<br />
<br />
About 18:30 Col. Trigg, Preston's last brigade--in fact the last brigade in the whole of Bragg's army who hadn't done any fighting that day--came up. They were sent to fill the gap between Kelly's left and Sugg's right, at the western foot of Hill 3. Trigg took a few minutes to line his three regiments up (his fourth, the 1st Florida Dismounted Cavalry, had gotten lost and was way over on the eastern flank of Longstreet's force). Then he began moving up the slope, slowly, carefully. It was already quite dark.<br />
<br />
With the sun now well below the ridge to the west, it might as well have been night under the trees, though official sunset wasn't for another ten minutes. Everyone on the Confederate side was wary of friendly fire, which had been happening all day as brigades and regiments stumbled into each other from all directions in the jungle. Kelly was warned by Preston that Trigg was coming up on his left and to be careful of firing at the first thing that moved. At one point, someone in the 5th Kentucky (CSA) saw some dark forms ahead and challenged them "Friend or Foe?" The answer was "Friend!" (What a stupid challenge. Didn't these people use call signs?). Then the unknowns let loose with a volley (the 21st Ohio's last round). This infuriated the chivalry-obsessed Confederates as treachery, but what did they expect? They were in the middle of a shooting battle and had been killing each other for three straight days. Besides, the accent of the shouted question probably gave them away as Rebs.<br />
<br />
As Trigg's men crept up the hill, the Yankees saw movement in the darkness. Wary of firing into friendlies themselves, Maj. McMahan, acting commander of the 21st Ohio, sent a captain down to see who they were (why didn't he just ask "Friend or Foe?"). When the captain didn't come back (he'd been captured), McMahan sent another officer, who also didn't come back.<br />
<br />
Farther down the line, Col. Le Favour also noticed movement below his 22nd Michigan. Rather than sending someone else, he went himself, and was captured. Now, considering the risk of friendly fire was zero since nobody, by this time, had any ammunition, one wonders why these people thought they should send people in harm's way to find out if they were about to be overrun or not. But my ancestor, Fletcher Hill of the 89th Ohio, said that the hesitancy to fire, particularly on troops coming up behind them, was because they had been promised relief by that above-mentioned, transient staff officer, and expected it momentarily.<br />
<br />
About 19:00 Trigg's men, with Kelly's on the opposite flank, had completely surrounded the three abandoned regiments. There was a lot of shouting as Confederates demanded "Surrender, you damned Yankees!" Many did (including including my great-greatgrandfather) but many also managed to slip away in the darkness. The 9th Indiana, posted on Hill 2 by Brannan to act as rear guard, heard all the calls to surrender and let off a volley into the darkness. While this apparently didn't hit anyone (friend or foe), it triggered pandemonium, during which many more Federals got away. Trigg heard this fire and sent off an aide to ride over and find out if it came from a friendly unit, and to tell them to stop. When the aide found the 9th and saw that they were the enemy, he demanded that they surrender too. They shot him instead. Treacherous Yankees.<br />
<br />
So, after a whole afternoon and seven assaults, Snodgrass Hill was finally taken. Hodor had held the door long enough for the Army of the Cumberland to get away. And the Battle of Chickamauga was finally over.<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #b45f06;">You'll remember that earlier Thomas went over to Kelly's Field to extract the four divisions still defending there. That itself was another remarkable tactical tour-de-force, and he largely got most of those troops out safely too, even after Polk renewed his attack when he saw what was happening. But that's another post. </span></li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">What now for Bragg and the Confederacy?</span></span></h3>
With Thomas' help, Rosecrans did manage to pull the bulk of his army back safely to Chattanooga, fortifying that city. Lincoln, ever the thoughtful parent, sent a nice telegraph to buck him up, saying how proud he was of him and his men in saving the army. But to his secretary, John Hay, after reading one of Rosecrans' replies in the War Department telegraph office, Lincoln remarked that he sounded "confused and stunned like a duck hit on the head." Lincoln had the best way with words.<br />
<br />
Bragg also helped the Union cause by remaining immobile for several days. Longstreet, enthusiastic over his victory--he hadn't been this happy since Gettysburg--tried in vain to convince Bragg that he had actually won the battle. Partly because of the horrific cost (16,215 Union casualties to 16,808 Confederate), but also due to Bragg's inherent morose nature, and the fact that this would be his first victory in months, the commanding general just forgot what victory felt like. Forrest, who was pressing the retreating Yankees on his own, also tried in vain to get Bragg to get out of bed and destroy Rosecrans while he was on the back foot, and before he had fortified Chattanooga. But Bragg wouldn't budge. "What does he fight battles for?" Forrest asked no one in particular on his staff.<br />
<br />
Forrest and Longstreet were right. By the time Bragg eventually moved up his army and surrounded Chattanooga on three sides, the Army of the Cumberland was fortified and reinforced, and its lines of supply from the west bank of the Tennessee secured. Bragg did have a good excuse in that he had no pontoons to bridge the Tennessee River, so he couldn't seal off its far side. But there's no evidence that he tried to obtain any bridges either. Every day Union reinforcements were pouring into Chattanooga, gradually increasing their numbers to even greater levels than before the battle..<br />
U.S.Grant was appointed overall commander of the West and dismissed Rosecrans, (probably to his relief as well as dismay) and named his replacement as Thomas. About time. By late November, just two months after Chickamauga, the Army of the Cumberland had grown to over 72,000 while Bragg's Army of Tennessee had dwindled to just 49,000. From November 24-25, Grant and Thomas threw Bragg off Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge overlooking Chattanooga. And the invasion of Georgia began in earnest.<br />
<br />
So the Battle of Chickamauga, the greatest Southern victory in the West, gave the Confederacy just two months more life, and didn't do a thing to persuade foreign powers like Britain or France to intervene on its behalf. After Gettysburg and the fall of Vicksburg, Chickamauga proved to be such a Pyrrhic victory that the Confederacy was abandoned by all of its erstwhile allies abroad.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">As for the fate of my ancestor...</span></span></h3>
So what happened to the men captured on Snodgrass?<br />
<br />
After the ruckus from the 9th Indiana's half-hearted rescue attempt died
down, order was restored. Though the three Federal regiments were
technically captured whole, including their flags and commanding
officers, quite a few managed to escape and rally back in Chattanooga to
continue the war under their regiments' names. In the 89th Ohio, my
ancestor Fetcher Hill's regiment, of the original 389 that had marched south from
Rossville that morning, 19 were killed, 63 wounded, and 171 captured,
which meant that 136 fell in for roll call at Rossville the next day. Of the 2nd
Michigan, 66 mustered the next day. And of the 21st Ohio, who had
suffered the most at Snodgrass (but had fought the longest), of its
original 561 men, 318 reported for duty in Chattanooga. So these units
were, by no means, wiped out.<br />
<br />
My GGG Fletcher Hill relates in a long,
serialized memoir, "A Prisoner in
Dixie", he wrote for a magazine years later, that the surrendered men were all marched off in the dark that
night by men of the 54th Virginia, who, he remembers, were very kind to
them and gave them all water and let them keep their food and personal
items--mutual respect between fighting soldiers. The next day, however, they
were handed over to what Hill calls "Home Militia", not front line
combat troops, who abused them all the way to Richmond. "They were
devoid of everything that went to make up a human creature," he
described them, confiscating not only all their food, but their personal
possessions, including letters, photos and "likenesses" of loved ones,
locks of hair, wedding rings, keepsakes, and other mementos. They also cursed the prisoners
repeatedly, he reported, and wanted to "show you'uns the folly of
stealing negroes." An odd remark when one considers that after the war,
Lost Cause politicians and apologists said the War was emphatically not
about slavery, but States' Rights. Well, yes, states' rights to maintain
slavery.<br />
<br />
After six weeks incarcerated in the
notorious Libby Prison in Richmond, where 121 of the 171 captured in the
89th died of starvation and disease. The survivors were moved down to another POW prison in
Danville, Virginia, from which he and sixty other prisoners escaped that
same night. Only four made it back. He describes in his memoir that
though he and his fellows were constantly dodging Confederate Home Guard on
their 253 mile odyssey through Virginia, they were helped again and
again by friendly pro-Union civilians, disgusted by their own state
government's secession. Several Confederate deserters, Unionists
themselves drafted by their state, also helped and guided them. Reading his account, it becomes apparent that there was widespread disaffection in the South for the Confederacy, many describing it as an autocratic state. He also described being helped many times by heroic Black people, who were enthusiastic to do what they could for the fight for their freedom.<br />
<br />
When
Hill got back to Ohio, the governor allowed him three months'
furlough to visit his family (in New Holland), and then sent him back in March 1864 down to Georgia to rejoin his regiment (the survivors of the 89th who had escaped that night on Snodgrass), with a commission as lieutenant,
in time for the siege of Atlanta . He was wounded at the Battle of Jonesboro and spent the rest of the war in a hospital. Recovering partially after the war, he moved from Ohio to Kansas and finally to Arizona, where he died in1903 at the age of 69.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Wargame Considerations</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Model Terrain </b></span></span><br />
Snodgrass Hill would be a challenging game to play with miniatures since most of it was fought in the woods and steep terrain. So model landscaping would get in the way. I might recommend a sparser scattering of trees to abstractly represent woods and make it easier to move the figures (I've had success with kitchen tongs and/or chopsticks in moving figures in dense terrain). <br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Visibility</b></span><br />
Another important feature of any wargame of Snodgrass Hill would be visibility. Because it was fought in woods, and woods tended to keep gunsmoke from dissipating, visibility would be severely limited to perhaps fifty yards. Even with light undergrowth, the shadows, the smoke and the intervening trees would cut down how far you could see.<br />
<br />
What this suggests is that a wargame would cut down the range of weapons in the woods (not so on the open group around Snodgrass cabin). It would also suggest that there be some provision for concealed movement as each player sought to outflank the other in the ravines and trees.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>A view into the woods from Hill 3 on Horseshoe Ridge.</i></span><br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Ammunition</b></span><br />
One of the most crucial decisive factors of this battle was ammunition, or lack thereof. Had the Union troops had unlimited supplies of rounds at their disposal, they could have conceivably held off the Confederate uphill assaults until nightfall. But when they were finally overrun, the remaining Federal troops had no ammunition left. The same for most of the Confederate regiments. Though on the map it looks like Longstreet's forces vastly outnumbered the dwindling and retreating Yankees, most of those men, too, had shot their last bullet. So in a wargame, it would be critical to bookkeep the ammunition. The winner would be the one who husbands his or hers.<br />
<br />
That being said, if your rules provide for it, there was a tendency in battles like this for troops to just fire away all of their ammunition, even when it was making no difference (as was the case with a lot of the Confederates clinging to the slopes just below the Union breastworks. So whether it's die roll tests against the discipline and order of a unit to see if they will cease fire, or some algorithm to test for control, this would be another interesting factor at play in a wargame of Snodgrass Hill.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Victory Conditions</b></span><br />
Obviously, the Union player isn't likely to destroy the Confederate player. His mission to to keep the Rebels from exiting the northern edge of the table by nightfall, allowing the army to safely retreat to Missionary Ridge. So, however many turns are allotted between 13:00 and 19:00 (a half hour after sunset), if the Blue Team keeps the Gray Team from exiting the north side of the board (in sufficient numbers to be agreed on), the Blue Team can claim victory. <br />
<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Orders of Battle</span></span></h2>
The following is a list of the forces directly engaged in the fight over Snodgrass Hill, not for the entire Battle of Chickamauga.<br />
<br />
As with my previous OOBs, the first column (<span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="color: #f1c232;"><b>Command</b></span><span style="color: black;">)</span></span>
is color-coded in the coat color of the regiment. Of course, you might expect
this to be universally gray for Confederate and blue for Union. However, given the fact that Longstreet's corps arrived from Virginia
wearing new, dark blue coats and light blue pants, and that this
confusion played a tactical role in the battle, I have indicated which
Rebel regiments were dressed like Yankees.<br />
<br />
For the Union organizations I have also included an image of the corps,
division, and brigade headquarters flags of the three corps as of September 1863. These were
derived from <u>The Official Military Atlas of the Civil War</u> cited below, as well as various online references.Thomas' XIV Corps flags are those carried in 1863, which were later changed after the battle. I did was not able to find headquarters flags for the disparate Confederate commands so I have just included the standard Stars-n-Bars battle flag.<br />
<br />
For the <b><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="color: #f1c232;">Stengths</span> </span></b>of the various units I started with David Powell's thorough OOB. Then, drawing on the detailed narratives of his and Peter Cozzens' books, I subtracted estimated loss levels from the original unit strengths to approximate the size of the units when they began this end-stage of the battle (about 11:00 on the 20th). So these are estimates, in some cases based on the estimates of Powell.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><b><span style="color: #f1c232;">Weapons</span> </b></span>are listed where known. Where I had no information, I have assumed that the regiment was armed with the standard issue 1861 Springfield Rifle (or Confederate armory equivalent).<br />
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<br />
<h2>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">References</span></span></h2>
Having been researching this battle for months now, here is a list of the sources I used, particularly the incomparably detailed works of Cozzens and Powell, which, for anyone wanting thorough, blow-by-blow detaisl on the entire battle, I can't recommend enough. <br />
<br />
Arnold, James R., <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9781855322639" target="_blank"><u>Chickamauga 1863: The River of Death</u></a>, 1992 Osprey Books, ISBN 1-85532-263-3 <br />
<br />
Carter, Robert L., <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Fight-Snodgrass-Hill-Rock-Chickamauga/dp/0983549532/ref=sr_1_fkmrnull_1?keywords=The+Fight+for+Snodgrass+Hill&qid=1556862927&s=gateway&sr=8-1-fkmrnull" target="_blank"><u>The Fight for Snodgrass Hill and the Rock of Chickamauga</u></a>, Melica Books, ISBN 978-0-9835495-3-6 <br />
<br />
Cozzens, Peter, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9780252017032" target="_blank"><u>This Terrible Sound: The Battle of Chickamauga</u></a>, 1992, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0-252-01703-X<br />
<br />
Davis, George, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9780760750445" target="_blank"><u>The Official Military Atlas of the Civil War</u></a>, 1978, Fairfax Press, ISBN 0-517-415666<br />
<br />
Foote, Shelby, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9780394746210">The Civil War: A Narrative: Fredericksburg to Median</a>, 1986, Vintage Books, ISBN 0-394-74621-X <br />
<br />
Griffith, Paddy, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Battle-Tactics-Civil-Paddy-Griffith/dp/0300042477/ref=pd_sbs_14_4/142-5374826-7505637?_encoding=UTF8&pd_rd_i=0300042477&pd_rd_r=3918c8c4-6d69-11e9-8684-3ba914696e6d&pd_rd_w=nSfdK&pd_rd_wg=3bXAB&pf_rd_p=588939de-d3f8-42f1-a3d8-d556eae5797d&pf_rd_r=5XSPTKE666PX4KX9V08H&psc=1&refRID=5XSPTKE666PX4KX9V08H" target="_blank"><u>Battle Tactics of the Civil War</u></a>, 1987, Crowood Press, Wilshire, UK, ISBN 978-1-84797-789-2<br />
<br />
Hill, John Fletcher, "A Prisoner in Dixie", 1875, A personal account of my great-great-grandfather's participation in the action on Snodgrass Hill with the 89th Ohio, along with his subsequent capture at the end of the battle, and then escape from a Confederate POW camp.<br />
<br />
Hill, John Fletcher, Personal letters to his wife and his brother from 1862-1864<br />
<br />
Katcher, Philip & Scollins, Rick, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9781855322554" target="_blank">Flags of the American Civil War 2: Union</a>, Osprey #258, 1993, ISBN 1-85532-255-2 <br />
<br />
Korn, Jerry, <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9780809448166" target="_blank"><u>The Fight for Chattanooga: Chickamauga to Missionary Ridge</u></a>, 1985, Time-Life, ISBN 0-8094-4816-5<br />
<br />
McWhiney, Grady & Jamieson, Perry D., <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Attack-die-military-Southern-heritage/dp/0817300732/ref=sr_1_1?crid=DSDH5WINU7WC&keywords=attack+and+die&qid=1556863423&s=gateway&sprefix=Attack+or+die%2Caps%2C205&sr=8-1" target="_blank"><u>Attack and Die: Civil War Military Tactics and the Southern Heritage</u></a>, 1984, University of Alabama Press, ISBN 0-8173-0229-8<br />
<br />
Powell, David A., <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Chickamauga-Campaign_Glory-Grave-Breakthrough-Horseshoe/dp/1611212022/ref=sr_1_2?crid=2X60Q6ZODDC7J&keywords=the+chickamauga+campaign+david+powell&qid=1556862692&s=gateway&sprefix=The+Chickamauga+Campa%2Caps%2C197&sr=8-2" target="_blank"><u>The Chickamauga Campaign. Vol 3, Glory or the Grave</u></a>, 2015, Savas Beatie, ISBN 978-1-61121-383-6<br />
<br />
Powell, David A., <a href="https://www.powells.com/searchresults?keyword=The+Chickamauga+Campaign%3a+Vol+4%2c+Barren+Victory" target="_blank">The Chickamauga Campaign: Vol 4, Barren Victory</a>, 2017, Savas Beatie ISBN 978-1-611121-384-3 <br />
<br />
Powell, David A. and Friedrichs, David A., <a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9781932714722" target="_blank"><u>The Maps of Chickamauga</u></a>, 2015, Savas Beatie, ISBN 978-1-932714-72-2<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;">Online References</span></h3>
For ordnance details of the various batteries on both sides: <a href="https://www.historicalmarkerproject.com/" target="_blank">Historical Marker Project</a><br />
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Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com19tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-50180262351704607422019-02-26T00:05:00.005-08:002020-10-22T14:10:05.440-07:00Isandlwana 1879<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: large;">22 January 1879</span></h3>
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Anglo-Zulu War</span></span> </h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>British:</b></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_2nd_Baron_Chelmsford" target="_blank">Lt. Gen. Lord Chelmsford</a>, 1,897 men, 2 guns (at Isandlwana)--4,700 & 6 guns total in the #3 Column within ten miles.<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Zulu:</b></span> </span><span style="font-size: small;">amaKhosi</span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">Nt</span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntshingwayo_Khoza" target="_blank">shingwayo</a> and Mavumengwana, about 25,000 men in 12 <i>amabutho</i><br />
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Location</b>: <span style="color: black;">Isandlwana, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, </span></span></span><a href="http://28.3586° S, 30.6514° E" target="_blank">28.3586° S, 30.6514° E</a><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@54.4461632,21.0125584,17z" target="_blank"><span class="longitude"></span></a></span></span></span></span></span> </span><br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Weather</b>:</span> Hot and muggy, rained night before. <span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Visibility</b>: <span style="color: #134f5c;"><span style="font-size: small;">Overcast </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #134f5c;">but clear. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">First Light:</span> </span> 0455 <span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunrise: </span> 0520 <span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunset: </span> <span style="color: black;">1858 </span></span><span style="color: #b45f06;">End of Twilight: <span style="color: black;">1924</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Moonrise:</span> 0505 <span style="color: #b45f06;">Moonset:</span> 1903 New Moon<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #134f5c;">A partial solar eclipse started at about 1330, reaching maximum (75%) at 1429, ending at 1530. It is not known if anyone would have noticed given the overcast. By its maximum the battle would have been about over anyway and the Zulu, had they noticed, may have thought it was a bad omen (<i>umnyama</i>) for the British. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">All times UTC +2 (Bravo zone, Zulu +2)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">(calculated from<a href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/index.php" target="_blank"> U.S. Naval Observatory</a> from lat/long and date)</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">The African Little Bighorn</span></span></h3>
The Battle of Isandlwana, a glorious victory for the Zulu Nation in its fight against the invasion of white imperialists was one of the last ones it would enjoy. In many ways it was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" target="_blank">Little Bighorn</a> of South Africa, which itself had been fought just two-and-a-half years prior and saw the last victory of First Peoples of North America (Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho) over white invaders from the United States.<br />
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Both Isandlwana and Little Bighorn shared another characteristic: The outcome of both was the result of gross overconfidence and bad tactical judgment on the part of the white commanders (Custer and Chelmsford), chauvinistically underestimating their enemies and extending themselves thinly in the presence of an overwhelming, fearless, competent, and mobile force. Both commanders dismissed conventional military tactical prudence, believing that their enemies were so unsophisticated that normal precautions were unnecessary. Is that too harsh? Read on.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">How did this war start?</span></span></h3>
A little background first. Like so many of Europe's colonial wars in the 19th century, the Anglo-Zulu War was manufactured by a plutocracy in Britain and its Cape Colony in South Africa. The Union of South Africa, as a political entity, did not yet formally exist in 1878. The region consisted of four principle municipalities or states, the British-run colonies of the Cape and Natal, the Boer state of the South African Republic (Transvaal), and the Zulu Empire. The first three were ruled by Europeans (British and descendants of the original Dutch settlers in South Africa, the Boers), while the Zulu nation, founded some sixty years previously by Shaka Zulu (see my article on <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2015/02/gqokli-hill-1818.html" target="_blank">Gqokli Hill</a>) was the most powerful indigenous political entity in Sub-Saharan Africa. The latter spanned most of the eastern part of today's South Africa.<br />
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The Europeans (both Boers and British) had gotten along fairly harmoniously with the Zulus (with the exception of a few border clashes between the Boers and the Zulu) for most of the century so far. Starting with the founder of the Zulu state, Shaka, the successive Zulu kings had even had British advisors on their advisory councils. And trade between the colonies and the kingdom had been, if not robust, at least steady. But the Zulu kingdom sat on top of land that the British were discovering was rich in mineral wealth, particularly gold, and quite recently, diamonds; wealth that the pastoral Zulu saw no need to exploit. Moreover, the economic vitality and future of the Cape and Natal Colonies depended on securing their geographic position astride the sea-route to India, Britain's true crown jewel. The opening of the Suez Canal provided the quickest route to India, but the nationalistic unrest in Egypt in recent years had revealed to the British that they needed a backup should the canal again be cut by another rebellion. This is where the stability of South Africa came in.<br />
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To aid in that effort, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" target="_blank">Disraeli </a>Government in London sent the renowned bureaucrat and diplomat <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bartle_Frere" target="_blank">Sir Henry Bartle Frere</a>, fresh from his tour as governor of Bombay (now Mumbai) in India, to consolidate things in South Africa. As the telegraph didn't quite reach Cape Town then (dispatches took five to six weeks to reach the Cape from London), and as his mandate from the Home Office was, to say the least, vague, Frere felt that he had a free hand. He got creative. And, to White Hall's irritation, he greatly exceeded his authority.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7nyIL7NXIHY/W7pougENJNI/AAAAAAAADkE/9iJd7ZDyszEBlOhAZWP8GsEuE1dLJUg-wCLcBGAs/s1600/Sir%2BBartle%2BFrere.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="428" data-original-width="329" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7nyIL7NXIHY/W7pougENJNI/AAAAAAAADkE/9iJd7ZDyszEBlOhAZWP8GsEuE1dLJUg-wCLcBGAs/s320/Sir%2BBartle%2BFrere.jpg" width="245" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Sir Henry Bartle Frere<br />High Commissioner for Southern Africa</b></span><br />Looking quite regal. One cannot help <br />thinking he let his gold-lace and sashes<br /> mess with his head.</span></td></tr>
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His big idea was to confederate all of the political entities in the sub-continent (the Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, Basutoland, the Orange Freestate, and Zululand) into one giant administrative entity, administered from Cape Town. This had been <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" target="_blank">recently done in Canada with some success</a> (1867) and he thought it was a great model for South Africa too. In this he had to convince the administration in Natal, as well as the extremely independent Boers, that it was in their best interests to let Britain handle their border security while they could go on in a semi-autonomous state, running their own internal affairs. The parsimonious Boers, while suspicious (rightly) of ulterior British motives, saw the economic advantage in this. Let the British fend off the Zulu and all the other migrating African clans. The Boers, for their part, were sparse in population and yet claimed vast swaths of territory for themselves, to the cost of local people. So it made sense to them, grudgingly, that the British were willing to take on the task of border security from the "encroaching" blacks. Typical white entitlement.<br />
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The Zulu, however, were harder to convince of the logic of this arrangement. They saw only the cost to themselves without any benefit. Their fourth king, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetshwayo_kaMpande" target="_blank">Cetshwayo kaMpande</a> who had come to the throne after a bloody coup six years before, ruled a monarchic state which was the largest and most powerful in southern Africa. The king saw no economic or political advantage in joining any kind of white-dominated confederation. Frere recognized that the Zulu, who were used to being the bull elephant (which was Shaka's actual nickname) in southeast Africa the past 60 years, and whose society was based on militaristic expansionism and hegemony, were not going to buy into this without some carrot or stick. Mostly stick. Frere smugly thought he could apply the same coercion to co-opt Cetshwayo and his indunas into the same power-sharing arrangement he had employed in India among the maharajahs. He would be wrong.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PlxQzKSou18/W7lmklcDs7I/AAAAAAAADj4/dOg0nIREWQQQWsCxvPoWDQ6s6R9OPBESwCLcBGAs/s1600/Cetshwayo.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1009" data-original-width="800" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PlxQzKSou18/W7lmklcDs7I/AAAAAAAADj4/dOg0nIREWQQQWsCxvPoWDQ6s6R9OPBESwCLcBGAs/s400/Cetshwayo.jpg" width="316" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Cetshwayo kaMpande<br />Fourth King of the Zulu</b></span><br />portrait painted by Karl Rudolf Sohn in 1882 <br />during the king's visit to Great Britain after the war.</span></td></tr>
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Frere, as well as the Boers and many of his British colleagues, saw the Zulu as a threat too. Their militarism, their predatory heritage, and what the British saw as a brutal and authoritarian regime, needed to be tamed, if not gelded. To Frere, the populous Zulu people were just more potential low-wage workers ready to exploit for mining minerals like the gold and diamond deposits recently discovered in the Transvaal. As did many British colonialists of this era, Frere saw it as his mission to "civilize" these savages, converting them to a Christian and genteel (if submissive) station. And who knows what further mineral wealth could be discovered under the hills and dongas of Zululand?<br />
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But the High Commissioner couldn't just invade Zululand and conquer it. His employers in the Disraeli government had enough colonial wars to deal with as it was, and could not afford another elective one. Even Frere's imperialist attitude needed a moralistic and legal cover; greed was not an acceptable<i> casus-belli</i>--at least to the moralistic readers of the <i>Times</i>. There must be a provocation on the part of the target people to take action.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Traditions cause problems.</span></span></h3>
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Conveniently—and flimsily—the provocation came in the form of a family dispute. Late in 1878 two wives of one of Cetshwayo's chiefs, Sihayo, had fled across the Buffalo River into Natal Colony with their lovers. Sihayo sent two of his sons and a party of warriors into Natal to bring them back. When the women were kidnapped and taken back across the Buffalo into Zululand, they were executed under Zulu law against adultery. Frere was publicly furious . But privately he was delighted at this gift of a provocation. This cross-border violation was just the kind of threat living so close to a bloodthirsty, lawless, and savage people posed. It demonstrated to the world—or at least to sensitive English gentlefolk—the need to deal with this threat at once. He immediately sent a request to Cetshwayo to extradite the murderers back to Natal to stand trial.<br />
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Cetshwayo, who had no desire to antagonize the powerful British who had been the Zulu's friendly neighbors since the days of Shaka, demurred that the adulterous wives of Sihayo (an old political ally of his) were merely being punished according to long-standing Zulu law, which was administered on Zulu soil. It was merely a domestic situation and one on which the Zulu king saw his country's own sovereignty in its rights. <br />
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But there were other, biological, forces pressuring Cetshwayo. It was unappreciated by Frere (and he would not listen to British compatriots who knew the Zulu) that Cetshwayo was feeling strong pressure within his country from younger <i>izinduna </i> (plural of <i>induna</i>, "officer" or "head man") and their increasingly horny retainers who had not been allowed to marry because they had not the prerequisite <i>Sula iZembe</i> ("washing of the spears") in a war in years. Zulu tradition required that before a man could marry, he had to have personally killed an enemy in a war, proving his worthiness to head a family and sire offspring. But there hadn't been a war in Zululand for over a generation (homicide in family feuds didn't count as <i>Sula iZembe</i>; that was just a capital crime as it was in every culture). So the tradition was getting in the way of biological need, not to mention population growth. These tens of thousands of young, virgin* men clamored for war with the whites, whom they thought they could easily brush aside, and so earn the right to get their families started.<br />
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">*An aside here. The young Zulu men weren't exactly virgins. Zulu culture, making a big accommodation to enforced celibacy until a war, allowed young Zulus to fool around, so to speak, under a practice called <i>ama hlay endela</i> (ahem "the fun of the roads," as well as other euphemisms). They weren't Baptists, after all! They were just supposed to be careful not to get pregnant, which worked about as well as you can imagine. The founder of the Zulu Empire, Shaka, in fact, was supposed to have been conceived by an accident during <i>ama hlay endela</i>. Just thought you'd find that interesting. <br /><br />But where was I...?</span></span> </li>
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Posing an alternate view, Cetshwayo's older <i>izinduna</i>, who formed the core of his advisory council, cautioned against such a war as potentially catastrophic for the country; they urged the king to offer the British a token of good faith and extradite Sihayo's sons. But the king feared that this would also incite a mutiny among his younger <i>amabutho</i>, his unbloodied and forcibly celibate regiments. It was a clash of young nationalism versus old pragmatism. And not a little bit of testosterone.<br />
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Frere was either not aware of this delicate position that Cetshwayo was in or simply ignored it. He haughtily summoned the king to a summit on the Natal-side banks of the Tugela River, the border with Zululand, to be held on 11 December 1878, so the two sides could negotiate a solution to this international misunderstanding. The High Commissioner and his jingoistic advisors thought they needed to at least have a fig leaf of diplomacy before they were going to do what they were going to do anyway.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>The "summit" on the Tugela</i></span> <br />
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Predictably, the Zulu sovereign was not about to obey the presumptuous summons of some foreign, colonial bureaucrat. But wishing to appear willing to avoid a confrontation, Cetshwayo did send a delegation of some of his most trusted, older <i>izinduna</i>. Ironically, the Zulu king was not as ignorant a savage as Frere himself and considered that appearing to try diplomatic solutions would strengthen his own case with his allies among the British, of whom he had many. Cetshwayo wanted to appear to be reasonable and no threat to his neighbors.<br />
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Frere, for his part, did not deign to attend, either, but sent his racist functionary, John Wesley Shepstone, (younger brother of the venerable and pro-Zulu statesman, Sir Theophilus Shepstone) and four "friendly" (i.e. anti-Zulu) Natal chiefs to the Tugela for the meeting.<br />
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The summit turned out to be no negotiating forum at all but a humiliating charade in which Shepstone read to the <i>izinduna </i>a list of arrogant and insulting ultimatums. These demands would effectively turn Cetshwayo into a compliant puppet, just as Frere had treated the <i>maharajahs </i>during his experience in India. The ultimatum laid out that Zululand was to become a British protectorate under British laws and Crown authority. The Zulu army was to be disbanded. Summary executions of Zulus without a proper trial were to stop. Zulus were to no longer need the king's or anyone's permission to marry. The king could issue no directives or orders without the co-approval of a British Resident assigned to Zululand. The issue of extraditing Sihayo's sons was far down the list of non-negotiable demands. Oh, and on this point, the whites threw in a "fine" of 600 cattle to add insult to injury. Cetshwayo had until 11 January (one month) to accept this ultimatum or hostilities would commence. There was no negotiation.<br />
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<i>That's</i> how you treat savages, Frere obviously thought. <br />
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Non-plussed, the <i>izinduna </i>attending the Tugela meeting claimed, diplomatically, that they themselves had no authority to accede to the ultimatum but would carry the document back to their monarch. When they got back to Cetshwayo's royal kraal at Ulundi, the king was greatly upset not just by the completely unacceptable ultimatum, but by this sudden aggressive attitude on the part of the British, with whom his people had been amicable neighbors for generations. <br />
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Cetshwayo's elderly advisors cautioned him against provoking this new British commissioner and suggested that they merely agree to the original extradition demand and turn over Sihayo's sons for trial in Natal (humiliating enough) and pay the 600 cattle fine, ignoring all the subsequent demands. This was the same strategy that John Kennedy used 84 years later in the Cuban Missile Crisis to avoid thermonuclear war with the Soviets: Agree to the original offer and ignore the later, escalated one. In this case, however, it wouldn't work.<br />
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On 11 January, the day the ultimatum was to expire, Cetshwayo sent word that he was ready to surrender the Sihayo boys and the cattle, but that he needed more time to consider the other demands. Nope, Frere replied. Time's up. And he ordered his military commander, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_2nd_Baron_Chelmsford" target="_blank">Lt. Gen. Lord Frederick Thesiger Chelmsford</a>, already having massed some 17,000 troops along the border, to commence the invasion of Zululand.<br />
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For its part, the Disraeli government in London had no knowledge of
these high-handed, unsanctioned actions on Frere's part. They had not yet authorized the creation of any "confederation" in southern Africa, and had certainly not authorized military action. At that very moment they were in
the midst of trying to avoid a war with Russia in Afghanistan (doesn't this sound familiar?). But due to the slowness of
communications with the Cape, and the precipitate speed of events,
Whitehall didn't get word that their High Commissioner down there had
got them into yet another expensive war until <i>after </i>the disaster
at Isandlwana (sorry, that was a spoiler). The resulting war, which the
Crown had neither wanted nor could afford, as well as the subsequent war
later this same year with the Boers over Frere's presumptive annexation of the
Transvaal, would cause the Disraeli government to fall. Frere would be fired by
Gladstone's succeeding Liberal government early the next year and
recalled to London to answer charges of misconduct, not just in South
Africa but in his previous blunders in Afghanistan. By then it would be too
late. Frere already created a military, political, economic, and human disaster.
All by himself.<br />
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Once again in the West's long history of taking what belongs to other people, a European power had moved to conquer and "civilize" an independent, indigenous state. While no Wakanda, the Zulu empire had for generations been one of the most stable, powerful, and self-sufficient states in Africa. It had posed no threat to its British colonial neighbors. Lately there had been a few small skirmish wars with the Orange Free State and the Transvaal, but these had been largely the result of Boer aggression on Zulu territory rather than vice-versa (the Boers, like their white counterparts in North America, tended to think that all land occupied by native peoples was theirs for the taking). But Frere and his expansionist party were made nervous by the large, standing Zulu army. Moreover, they were morally offended by what they perceived as capricious and barbaric justice practiced by the Zulu king and his <i>izinduna</i>. From Cetshwayo's point of view, however, that was entirely his own business and he saw a double-standard on the part of the British. He sent a message to Frere that he didn't seek to impose <i>his </i>laws and <i>his </i>will on British and Boer colonists; why was the white man seeking to do that to <i>his </i>people? Who was the barbarian?<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">The war machines cough to a start.</span></span></h3>
Even prior to the egregious ultimatum in December, Frere and his military commander, Chelmsford, had been making preparations for invasion. Though Chelmsford had requested additional regular regiments from Whitehall, Disraeli's government had denied them, not wanting to get further regular British forces involved in what was, to them, a local police problem. The Government judged that Chelmsford and Frere had started this without their approval, let them figure out how to fight this war with the troops and resources they had on hand.<br />
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With the addition of garrison troops from the Cape, Chelmsford had only about 7,000 regular troops available throughout southern Africa. These included the 3rd, 4th, 13th, 24th, 80th, 90th, and 99th regiments of foot, a total of nine battalions. The British regular troops had recently been issued with breech-loading Martini-Henry rifles, which would prove to be highly effective--well, other than at Isandlwana. <br />
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<i><span style="color: #b45f06;">The
Martini-Henry .45 cal. breech-loading rifle, principle arm of the British
infantry. Though it was sited out to 1,800 yards, the large caliber caused its rounds to lose velocity quickly, reducing its effective range to about 400 yds (367 m). Rate of fire about 12 rpm. Because of the flimsy foil cartridges it was also prone to frequent jamming. It also quickly overheated in combat; veterans would wrap the muzzle in wet cowhide to avoid burning their hands. </span></i><br />
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The primary source of intelligence at the time was light cavalry, but Chelmsford had no regular cavalry and had to rely on a collection of volunteer
mounted contingents, European colonist farmers who could ride and
shoot.There were also available some experienced native cavalry, trained and armed by Colonel Anthony Durnford, a brilliant field commander and one of the few British officers who admired and respected the Basuto and other tribal men who rode for him. The result was a regiment of very competent light cavalry, probably the best and most reliable troops in Chelmsford's entire army. But they were only about 250 altogether. In all, Chelmsford could count on only about 1,000 cavalry, which he desperately needed for scouting, screening, and intelligence collection in the<i> terra-incognita</i> of Zululand. He did, however, thanks to quite a few Zulus disaffected with Cetshwayo and the--shall we say--controversial way he came to power, have a number of spies at Ulundi, the royal kraal, who got word to him of the movement and strength of all the regiments of the Zulu army. So he wasn't exactly blind.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ExAcCaNy590/XFYNvjQQUII/AAAAAAAADkk/hQk2zerJY8QiHp6aIBvOKCBJsykpm575QCLcBGAs/s1600/Chelmsford.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="800" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ExAcCaNy590/XFYNvjQQUII/AAAAAAAADkk/hQk2zerJY8QiHp6aIBvOKCBJsykpm575QCLcBGAs/s200/Chelmsford.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Lord Frederic Thesiger Chelmsford</b><br />Frere's commander and co-conspirator</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
To fluff out his force, Chelmsford was also compelled to to rely on about 7,000 native warriors recruited from various tribes in Natal and even Zululand, thrown together into ad hoc battalions, called, collectively, the Natal Native Contingent (NNC). These were officered by white colonial volunteers, only some of whom spoke Bantu, and who, for the most part, had contempt for their native African allies. Some of NNC companies were actually Zulus themselves, led by their own<i> izinduna</i>, who had split with Cetshwayo (whose accession had not been universally acknowledged within Zululand and came with considerable bloodshed). These Zulu units were regarded as steadier and better fighters than the other Bantu companies. One NCC regiment (the 1st) trained by Col. Durnford, who showed respect to them and who treated and led them like professional soldiers, also showed more steadiness. Originally, the NNC were supposed to be armed and trained with breech-loading rifles and clothed in red coats. However, Chelmsford just didn't have the money to do this and so the NNC troops mustered with only their hide shields and spears, and, except for the red cloth wrapped around their heads to distinguish them (theoretically) in battle, looking exactly like their Zulu enemies.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TFtuGNXBsaw/XHDpJ2Ec1_I/AAAAAAAADm4/vKyhRGP-3s4NzFO0axDo3XvNZ3hEspAxgCLcBGAs/s1600/Cavalry_carbine%252C_1865_-_BL_Foster_994.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="650" data-original-width="1600" height="161" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TFtuGNXBsaw/XHDpJ2Ec1_I/AAAAAAAADm4/vKyhRGP-3s4NzFO0axDo3XvNZ3hEspAxgCLcBGAs/s400/Cavalry_carbine%252C_1865_-_BL_Foster_994.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><a href="https://www.theexplora.com/a-curious-twist-to-the-monkey-tails-tale/" target="_blank">Westley Richards carbine</a>, or "monkey tail", carried by Durnford's cavalry</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
But the greatest problem facing Chelmsford wasn't fighting men, it was logistics. The biggest cost and bother of mounting a campaign in this undeveloped part of the world, without roads or railroads, was getting provisions to his men. To do this, he had to contract thousands of teams of oxen from local Boers. Oxen were deemed far more efficient than horses because, though far
slower, they were more self-sufficient grazers and didn't need to carry
their own feed. They could also haul more per beast than a horse. But word got out quickly among the Boer farmers and the price per team (which included the humans driving each one) quickly sky-rocketed. And because of their slowness and the dependency of the European troops on daily supply, it meant that Chelmsford couldn't exactly mount a blitzkrieg type invasion of Zululand.The wagons supplying just the central column of his invasion (at Rorke's Drift across the Buffalo River) numbered 302 alone, pulled by over 1,500 oxen.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5384KGZI9hM/XHTdK59kjRI/AAAAAAAADsg/mIYKixCahx8i9xjQsezYUOIdh9h4N3ipQCLcBGAs/s1600/H%2Bco%2B1st-24th%2BFoot.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="817" data-original-width="1479" height="352" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5384KGZI9hM/XHTdK59kjRI/AAAAAAAADsg/mIYKixCahx8i9xjQsezYUOIdh9h4N3ipQCLcBGAs/s640/H%2Bco%2B1st-24th%2BFoot.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>H company of the 1st/24th Foot, photographed at the beginning of the campaign.<br />All would be killed at Isandlwana.</i></span></td></tr>
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">The Zulu Army </span></h3>
On the Zulu side, mobilization wasn't easy either. The Zulu army, totaling perhaps 40,000, while well organized as any European army, was essentially a citizen force; each soldier was also a farmer. Essentially it was a militia. And the timing of Frere's ultimatum, coming as it did in the middle of January, also happened to be just before harvest season for the Zulus (summer in the Southern Hemisphere). Fortunately, the first part of January had seen heavy rain in southern Africa, which had delayed the harvest. But a mobilized army could not be maintained indefinitely, so once Cetshwayo called for the bulk of his <i>amabutho </i>(regiments) to assemble at his kraal at Ulundi, he had only two or three weeks to deploy them before they'd have to disband to go back and cut grain. Besides the fighting men, too, each <i>ibutho </i>also employed an almost equal number of boys and women (<i>iziNdibi</i>) to accompany it with provisions. Logistics dominated Zulu operations as much as they did the British. The Natal countryside wasn't exactly an Eden for living off the land.<br />
<br />
Cetshwayo sent word to his northern and southeastern <i>izinduna </i>(commanding officers, sing. <i>induna</i>) to mass their own <i>amabutho </i>where they were, anticipating attacks from those ends of his kingdom. His strategy was to hit the center British column first, and then move to reinforce each wing in turn "to eat up" the rest of the invaders.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VqnS3VeHlPc/XHOXkL_hOEI/AAAAAAAADrQ/8zN8LxPuKOIxi9vvA_BUnmc608y0K4rgACLcBGAs/s1600/NNC%2B2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="670" data-original-width="960" height="446" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VqnS3VeHlPc/XHOXkL_hOEI/AAAAAAAADrQ/8zN8LxPuKOIxi9vvA_BUnmc608y0K4rgACLcBGAs/s640/NNC%2B2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Zulu soldiers photographed during 1879. Actually, while these may have been Zulus, the red cloths tied around their heads (called "puggaree") indicates that they were probably NNC. But aside from that the dress and weapons would have been the same. Note that they carried both the isiJula (light throwing spear) and the longer bladed kKlwa (short stabbing spear). Some have smaller ceremonial shields while others are carrying the large war shields, isiHulanga. Full regimental regalia would have included distinctive feathered head dress and fur ornamentation, but these were only worn for ceremonial occasions. For combat they would have gone more practical, stripped down for action, as in this photograph.</i></span></td></tr>
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The organization of the Zulu military was as sophisticated as any in the
world. Like the British establishment, it was based on the regiment...or the equivalent of a regiment. This system had been intrinsic to Bantu culture for centuries; Shaka Zulu, the founder of the Zulu Empire, had merely refined it in 1819. Each army (or <i>Impi</i>) was composed of a number of regiments (<i>amaButho</i>-- singular <i>iButho</i>)
of anywhere from several hundred to several thousand, founded upon
generational lines. As each birthyear of boys was initiated into adulthood, it was officially inducted into an ibutho, in which the members served for life. Each ibutho was subsequently composed of companies called <i>amaViyo</i> (singular <i>iViyo</i>), though there was no set number per regiment. Depending on its size, an <i>ibutho </i>could have a handful or several dozen <i>amaviyo</i>. <br />
<br />
Arming the Zulu army, though, was not nearly as complicated as for the British. The principle arm of a Zulu soldier was the short stabbing spear, the<i> iKlwa </i>(misnamed an assegai by the British), which, like the Roman <i>gladius</i>, was designed for close combat. After stabbing his opponent to death with his iklwa, he was supposed to shout "<i>Ngadla</i>!" or "I have eaten!" to announce that he was now a man and, presumably, could marry. He was also supposed to disembowel the stabbee to allow the victim's spirit to escape, otherwise it would haunt the killer.<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Interestingly--and gruesomely--the Zulu name "iklwa" (pronounced with a clicking sound) was onomatopoetic in that it duplicated the sucking sound of a spear being withdrawn from a wound. Gross, huh?</i></span></li>
</ul>
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In his other hand the Zulu warrior carried a large, five foot long leather war shield, <i>isiHlangu</i>,
which would stop a thrown spear but which was also used as a battering
weapon and one with which to parry the thrust of another spear (or
bayonet) and expose the enemy's flank to an <i>iklwa </i>thrust. In this way it was used tactically as the ancient Romans had used their <i>scuta </i>shields. Originally, each <i>ibutho </i>had a shield of a particular pattern and color made from the cattle who were sorted and assigned to that <i>ibutho </i>so that the unit had a uniform look in the battle line. However, due to several years of a devastating cattle disease (bovine pleuro-pneumonia), the herds of Zululand had been decimated and regiments were compelled to supplement with whatever shields they could assemble. <br />
<br />
Other weapons were a throwing spear, the <i>isiJula</i>, and the <i>iWisu</i>, or war club, used for bashing in the brains of an opponent or finishing off a wounded man.<br />
<br />
Some of the Zulu did have firearms. These were mostly in the form of antique smoothbore or rifled muskets. Ammunition was not plentiful and marksmanship was therefore not, shall we say, particularly lethal. The rifle was not considered a manly weapon and it was mostly used for harassment prior to an all-out charge. Often, after a soldier had fired his musket, he would discard it and move in with his <i>iklwa </i>for more manly combat. However, that's not to say that Zulu musketry was entirely innocuous; many of the casualties at Isandlwana came from Zulu firearms. But a Zulu would not get credit for <i>sula izembe </i>(spear washing) if he merely killed an enemy with a gun.<br />
<br />
(For more detailed explanation of Zulu fighting techniques, visit my prior article on Shaka Zulu's first battle, <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2015/02/gqokli-hill-1818.html" target="_blank">Gqokli Hill</a>. But come back!)<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Invasion</span></span></h3>
Not waiting to give Cetshwayo the benefit of the doubt in responding to the deadline on the ultimatum, Chelmsford led his forces across the Buffalo River (Mzinyathi) into Zululand at dawn on 11 January. A Saturday. The morning started foggy and drizzly. Though summer, this was the height of the rainy season in South Africa.<br />
<br />
His strategic plan was to attack Zululand from three directions, spanning a front of 120 miles from the mouth of the Tugela on the coast, up to its tributary, the Buffalo, to the border with the Transvaal and the Buffalo's tributary, the Blood (Ncome). The central and southern columns were to converge on the capital, Ulundi, while the third column blocked the north, preventing Cetshwayo from escaping or his impis from launching a counter-invasion of Natal. Frere's and Chelmsford's biggest fear was that Cetshwayo would launch a counter-invasion somewhere along the undefended border into Natal or Transvaal. So Chelmsford had to cover all the possible crossing points of the Tugela and Buffalo rivers.<br />
<br />
The southernmost British prong was under the command of Col. C.K. Pearson with 4,750 troops (more than half of which were Natal Native Contingent auxiliaries), which was to cross the Lower Tugela at the Lower Drift close to the coast (the site of the unfortunate summit the month before) and make its way up the 91 miles (146 km) to Ulundi via Eshowe (see strategic First Invasion map below)<br />
<br />
The center, main thrust was ostensibly under the command of Col. Richard Glyn, commanding officer of the 24th Foot (2nd Warwickshire) with 4,700 people, of which the majority were NNC and volunteer cavalry, and only about 800 Imperial infantry. Since Chelmsford accompanied this force, Glyn's command was moot and he accompanied Chelmsford during the subsequent battle. The plan was for this part of the invasion to proceed across the Buffalo at Rorke's Drift (about 80 miles up river from the Lower Drift) and head 72 miles (116 km) due east toward Ulundi, wary of the main Zulu impi which was expected to pop up anywhere along the route. Chelmsford's intelligence told him that the main impi was already massed at Ulundi but hadn't left yet. <br />
<br />
The northern wing of the invasion was under Col. Evelyn Wood, crossing into Zululand from Utrect with about 4,000 men. Wood's mission was to basically guard the northern flank and the disputed border between Zululand and the Transvaal State <br />
<br />
Chelmsford also assigned Col. Durnford and his 500 experienced Basuto troops to watch the Middle Drift of the Tugela between Pearson and the central column (see strategic map). However, just prior to the invasion Durnford was ordered to take the bulk of his command north and join Chelmsford in the central force, leaving just two battalions of his NNC infantry to watch the Middle Drift. It took him a little while to do this but he and his men got to Isandlwana by the 22nd .<br />
<br />
Another small "picket" force under Col. Rowland was posted north of Wood, near Luneburg to watch the border with Swaziland. The British were worried that the Swazis might throw in an opportunistic blow for the Zulus (but mostly for themselves).<br />
<br />
Though Chelmsford had almost 17,000 troops total, much of his force was siphoned off to guard rear depots (like Helpmakaar, Greytown, and Dundee) and man makeshift forts at the crossings (like Rorke's Drift and at the Lower Drift). So his actual striking arm was only about 13,000.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-B9Ur62bjkvU/XHIhwDX9ZVI/AAAAAAAADpk/PRD9bgbefyojJkT8T-JSrSxyXHuSv2fWwCLcBGAs/s1600/2-Chiefs-Ntshingwayo-kaMahole-300x260.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="260" data-original-width="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-B9Ur62bjkvU/XHIhwDX9ZVI/AAAAAAAADpk/PRD9bgbefyojJkT8T-JSrSxyXHuSv2fWwCLcBGAs/s1600/2-Chiefs-Ntshingwayo-kaMahole-300x260.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>Ntshingwayo kaMahole</b><br />inKhosi of the Main Impi<br />and family.<br />Photo taken after the war.</i></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Cetshwayo's Strategy </span></h3>
On Zulu side, about the 17th, Cetshwayo, hearing of the crossing of the Tugela and the Buffalo, sent off his main <i>impi </i>of 25,000 men in 12 <i>amabutho</i> under his veteran indunas, Ntshingwayo and Mavumengwana, from Ulundi due west to Isandlwana. He bade them take the journey easy so as not to tire the men (Cetshwayo was a much more humane ruler than his great uncle Shaka had ever been.) His orders to Ntshingwayo were to hide his <i>impi </i>and look for an opportunity to ambush Chelmsford's central corps as it was strung out on the march. But he also was adamant that they only attack in broad daylight, which was the only honorable way for the Zulu to fight. While he wanted to win, obviously, he was also very conscious of appearing to be honorable in anticipated negotiations. So fighting fair was paramount.<br />
<br />
To deal with the southern invasion from Pearson's column, the king sent five more <i>amabutho </i>(6,000 men) under the <i>induna </i>Godide (who went on to found the web building company...just kidding) to intercept the British at the drift near the abandoned kraal at Gingindlovu, laying another ambush.<br />
<br />
To the north, he sent word to the <i>induna </i>of the Olusi, Msebe, to just watch the British in that sector and to hold fast until he could send his main force up to assist him in wiping out Wood, if need be.<br />
<br />
Cetshwayo's strategy was to inflict on Chelmsford such a blow that the British would wake up to the foolishness of their ultimatums and sit down to talk peace. He had no intention, as Bartle-Frere and Chelmsford feared, of invading Natal himself. In fact, he gave specific instructions that under no circumstances were any Zulus to cross the Buffalo or Tugela rivers into Natal. He wanted to appear as only defending his homeland, much as the Sioux and Chevenne at Little Big Horn wanted to appear as only in defending theirs. So there were to be no provocations or counter-invasions, even though his own country had been invaded itself, with kraals burned and cattle confiscated.<br />
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<br />
Chelmsford's invasion got underway extremely slowly. At Rorke's Drift, the Buffalo was in spate and the water up to a man's neck. There were only two punts built to ferry the infantry and guns across the water. The cavalry, the wagons, and the native infantry waded. The latter employed the Zulu technique of linking arms and crossing <i>en masse</i>; in this way, if one were to lose his footing, all the others could hold him up. (See my post on <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2015/02/gqokli-hill-1818.html" target="_blank">Gqokli Hill</a> about this technique.) Unfortunately one of the battalions attempting this broke up midstream and several warriors were carried away and drowned. It took a whole day for the bulk of the force to get on the Zulu bank of the river.<br />
<br />
Sihayo, the <i>induna </i>whose sons had provided the provocation for the war in the first place, had his kraal (farm) a couple of miles up from the river. He himself and some of his sons were with the main <i>impi</i> up at Ulundi. But a couple hundred of his men harassed the British from the surrounding hills. Chelmsford decided to give himself an easy first victory by launching at attack on this kraal, which, except for the handful of Zulu skirmishers, was undefended. There were a few dozen Zulu dead and only three slightly wounded British (well, actually, one was a Swiss policeman, who went back to the field hospital at Rorke's Drift and made himself a hero on the 23rd). The kraal was burned, all the women, children, and old people had already fled, and all the cattle were confiscated. A glorious start to this war.<br />
<br />
There was another thunderstorm that night, as there had been every night so far since mid-December.<br />
<br />
Chelmsford's itinerary was to head eastward from here, making his next camp at the bluff of Isandlwana about eight miles on. He had two months of supplies to get the seventy-some miles to Ulundi. But the terrain between Rorke's Drift and Isandlwana was swampy and, due to the recent rains, in desperate need of a corduroy road to move his heavy wagons over. This his engineers and their NNC laborers worked on for a week, holding up everything. So it wasn't a racing start out of the blocks.<br />
<br />
In the meantime, Chelmsford sent what cavalry patrols he had eastward to try and find the main Zulu <i>impi</i>, which his spies informed him was massing at Ulundi. On the 13th he and his staff moved up north toward Wood to meet that commander halfway and share what intelligence they each had from their sectors. They too had nothing. The Zulu weren't exactly defending their border in force.<br />
<br />
Hearing of the invasion, and the burning of his friend Sihayo's kraal, Cetshwayo correctly calculated that the center British column at Rorke's Drift was the main threat. On the 17th, after suitable cleansing rituals, he ordered his main <i>impi </i>of 25,000 west to intercept Chelmsford. Its commander-in-chief, Ntshingwayo, was given strict orders to march in a leisurely way so as not to tire his men, to sneak up on the British and catch them strung out, and, as mentioned before, not attack at night. Ntshingwayo was also ordered under no circumstances to cross the Buffalo River to invade Natal. There must be no further provocations of the whites. The king also sent smaller <i>impis </i>to the south and north to stall the other two main British columns for long enough that the center could be destroyed. It was a very shrewd strategy. But the Zulu did not become the most powerful empire in southern Africa by being idiots.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RRHZN8uV6J4/XHIuuqBhqQI/AAAAAAAADpw/RZVTHM5XxIUleRudTuAqR5XFhRl5C0uPQCLcBGAs/s1600/Isandlwana%2Bbattlefield%2BGoogle.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="662" data-original-width="1577" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RRHZN8uV6J4/XHIuuqBhqQI/AAAAAAAADpw/RZVTHM5XxIUleRudTuAqR5XFhRl5C0uPQCLcBGAs/s1600/Isandlwana%2Bbattlefield%2BGoogle.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>View of the shoe-shaped bluff looking west. The sky, when this particular photo was taken (from Google Earth) would have probably looked very similar on 22 January 1879. It had rained nearly every night that month and the days were mostly overcast.</i></span></td></tr>
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">What a lovely a camp site!</span></span></h3>
The plain to the east of Isandlwana was considered ideal for a camp.
There were good lookout positions on top of the mountain itself, as well
as from the Nqutu escarpment to the north which could give views of miles of
open terrain. Any attacking force could be seen for an hour or more and would be exposed for at least
half-an-hour to withering fire from the camp. There was water close by
in the dongas (sunken streambeds), and scrub wood for fuel, The only real disadvantage was that the ground was too hard and stony to dig trenches easily. And the troops were not issued enough shovels at any rate to dig them.<br />
<br />
The shoe-shaped hill, Isandlwana, (pronounced, approximately, ee-SAND-luh-WAH-nah) was a Zulu word describing the way it
looked to them, a culture without shoes. Depending on the dictionary, it means either a small hut or the second
stomach of a cow. (Did I mention that the Zulu were cattle ranchers?) Several memoires and letters describe the place as a beautiful site for a camp. And if you didn't plan on getting massacred, it would have been a nice place to pitch a tent and spend the weekend.<br />
<br />
By the 19th, the roads to Isandlwana from Rorke's Drift were sufficiently prepared to start moving the army to this new campsite. The tents were laid out on the sloping (and relatively dry) ground on the east side of the mountain. The 300 odd wagons were parked behind (when they weren't being used to shuttle supplies from Rorke's Drift). The Boer adviser attached to Chelmsford's staff strongly advised him to laager his wagons around the camp, that is, to park them, tongue into axle, so as to form a mobile fort surrounding the camp. The Boers, who had been fighting in South Africa for generations, knew that this was the only adequate defense against a Zulu attack. But Chelmsford dismissed this advice on the grounds that it would have taken too long and he had no intention of staying at Isandlwana for more than a night or two at most. With his limited stockpile of supplies he needed to get to Ulundi as soon as possible. He was also confident that the firepower of his Imperial infantry with their quick firing Martini-Henrys would be enough to stop any Zulu charge across the wide open plain.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gL9Ub1o5MZg/XHIgl1LmEpI/AAAAAAAADpY/nsBMd9_QsJYZZ33DWWOr2yGqKnQqSIwUwCLcBGAs/s1600/3-Lt-Col-Henry-Pulleine-286x300.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="286" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gL9Ub1o5MZg/XHIgl1LmEpI/AAAAAAAADpY/nsBMd9_QsJYZZ33DWWOr2yGqKnQqSIwUwCLcBGAs/s1600/3-Lt-Col-Henry-Pulleine-286x300.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Pulleine" target="_blank"><b>Lt. Col. Henry Burmester Pulleine</b></a><br />His first and last field command. An excellent<br />administrator with a long service record, he<br />had never led troops in combat until Isandlwana.</i></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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Chelmsford was already thinking of his next stop, about ten miles further to the east. Before dawn on the 22nd, as his men were just snugging down in their tents next to Isandlwana, he took half his troops up and took them on a reconnaissance-in-force to find the next suitable stopping place and look for the main <i>impi</i>. His spies in Ulundi had informed him that the <i>impi </i>had left the royal kraal five days before (the 17th) and it would have conceivably been lurking nearby by now. Indeed, his volunteer cavalry screen had reported large bands of Zulu in the hills, and had even chased them from hill to gully to hill. But the main impi had yet to be discovered. He took Col. Glyn and five companies of the 2nd/24th with him and left Lt.Col. Henry Pulleine, acting commander of the 1st/24th in command at Isandlwana. He also sent an order to Col. Durnford, with his 500 native cavalry and infantry, to hustle up from Rorke's Drift to reinforce Pulleine. <br />
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Meanwhile, by the night of the 21st the main Zulu army had reached the vicinity of Isandlwana and quietly crept into a canyon of the Ngwebini river just three miles (five kilometers) to the northeast of the new British camp, behind the Mabaso hill (see map below). The <i>amabutho </i>were instructed to make no fires to give away their position. Because the 22nd was a new moon, it was inauspicious for the Zulu to attack in the morning, it being considered a time of <i>umnyama</i>, or evil omen. Ntshingwayo wanted his army to rest, eat, make the ritual preparations, and then attack the British camp on the 23rd, when the spiritual signs were better. Though they were not allowed to have any campfires, the men did enjoy some <i>Cannabis sativa</i> (according to Laband), which was something that Zulu warriors had traditionally smoked to calm their nerves just before a battle. As I said, these people weren't Baptists.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cpwagz0jvLw/XHTeGAuwX5I/AAAAAAAADso/jdPYVzloeCAGredzUDJvpCYTzcxhO712ACLcBGAs/s1600/Wagon.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="717" data-original-width="1230" height="232" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cpwagz0jvLw/XHTeGAuwX5I/AAAAAAAADso/jdPYVzloeCAGredzUDJvpCYTzcxhO712ACLcBGAs/s400/Wagon.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>One of Cherlmsford's 302 wagons. You can see why it would have been<br />difficult to laager these. They are as big as trucks</i></span></td></tr>
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Prior to this, two local <i>izinduna</i>, Matshyana kaMondisa (son of Mondisa) and Matshyana kaSitshakuza, with about 2,000 of their own retainers, had been making a loud and dramatic show of force about ten miles to the east with the object of misleading the British. There is evidence (also cited by Laband) that there had been a meeting between the Matshyanas and Ntshingwayo to devise this plan of misdirection, which the Zulu had been masters of in their generations of warfare. Chelmsford's reconnaissance detachment under Maj. John Dartnell had run up against the Matshyanas and even sustained casualties. To him, it seemed as though he had found the main <i>impi </i>and sent to Chelmsford for reinforcements. Indeed, the Matshyanas had deployed their warriors in the classic buffalo chest and horns formation, the <i>iMpondo Zankomo, </i>and demonstrated aggressively as if they were the main army. The night of the 21st these <i>izinduna </i>cleverly spread their men out and lit many campfires to simulate a much larger army. This was also an old Zulu strategic trick. The reports apparently convinced Chelmsford that Dartnell had probably found the main Zulu <i>impi</i>, and confirmed his determination to move further east to engage and draw them into a decisive battle. That the Zulu had outwitted him had not crossed his chauvinistic mind.<br />
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But he was right about one thing: There was to be a decisive battle soon.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Situation at Isandlwana about 1130. Discovery of the main Zulu impi. </i></span></div>
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Hel-lo! Were these the Zulus you were looking for?</span></span></h3>
As Chelmsford set out with half his force at 0330 on the 22nd, he wasn't completely convinced that the Zulu demonstrations he was chasing were the main <i>impi</i>. But wanted Pulleine to have as much force at the camp as was available just in case. He probably wouldn't need it, though. In his opinion, the camp at Isandlwana was such a strong position that Pulleine, with some 1,400 troops (600 of them Imperial infantry), would easily be able to defend it, even against an attack by the main <i>impi</i>. But, just to give him all the forces he could, he sent for Col. Durnford at Rorke's Drift to come up with his 500 NNC horse and foot. Chelmsford had a hunch that the reports of large numbers of Zulus his detachments had reported, while not the main <i>impi</i>, were nevertheless an sign that it was fairly close. His own foray was not so much a reconnaissance in force as a leap-frogging move to establish a new camp ten miles closer to his ultimate goal of Ulundi. And he wanted to set up an equally defensible position there, bringing up the rest of the column the next day. He thought the main Zulu army would seek him out there for a decisive battle. <br />
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Durnford, getting the order about 0530, got his men up, saddled, and headed for Isandlwana, getting there about 1030. He considered that, since he was a full colonel and Pulleine merely a brevet lieutenant colonel, the overall command of the camp devolved upon him--not to pull rank or anything. Pulleine protested that Chelmsford's orders said no such thing, but Durnford was adamant. In fact Chelmsford didn't trust Durnford because of some previous unauthorized initiative on his part, shall we say. He didn't know what to do with him and definitely made it clear to Pulleine that he and not Durnford was in command, in spite of the latter pulling rank. While the two officers were chest-butting, reports came in from the pickets up on the Nqutu escarpment of hundreds of Zulu scouts and foragers sighted to the northeast. From Durnford's own long experience fighting Bantu tribes in the past, he had a hunch that where there were foragers, there was probably an <i>impi </i>nearby.<br />
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So at 1100 he solved Pulleine's problem of authority by taking a company of his NNC infantry, his tiny rocket detachment (ten men) and his Basuto cavalry troops off on his own reconnaissance-in-force eastward to find the <i>impi</i>. He also ordered two his adjutant, Capt. Theophilous Shepstone Jr. (Sir Theophilus' eldest son and nephew to the racist John Shepstone who had started this whole mess) to take two of his Zikali cavalry troops under Lieutenants Raw and Roberts to sweep the plateau above the escarpment to push the Zulu scouts down toward him. He had tried to commandeer two companies of the 1st/24th but Pulleine vetoed this (as they were his own). Durnford, nevertheless, told him to support his own force in its eastward fieldtrip should he get into trouble. Not the most prudent of officers, Durnford.<br />
<br />
I have no idea what Durnford expected to do with his tiny force of 400 men should he run up against the main <i>impi</i>, which Chelmsford's pretty accurate intelligence estimated at 25,000. But at about 1130 his three horse troops were over three miles east of the camp, chasing after isolated bands of Zulu boys herding their family cows. His little rocket detachment and a company of NNC trailed about a mile, probably feeling like they were being left behind. The way he split up his force in his wide sweep reminded me of the same way that the equally arrogant and impetuous George Armstrong Custer split up his own tiny force at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" target="_blank">Little Big Horn</a> over two years before, also thinking that he would simply "round up" thousands of well-armed Indians. What <i>were </i>these guys thinking?<br />
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Back at the camp Pulleine had "Assembly" called, with all the troops lining up with their kit (including seventy rounds each) in front of the tents. He sent up a company of 1st/24th (A) to fan out on the top of the plateau north of Isandlwana, relieving E company which had been there since the early morning and came back down to camp to eat something. He had also posted a couple companies of NNC farther up on the plateau to warn of any Zulu movement from the northeast.<br />
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Shepstone, with Lieutenants Raw and Roberts, in the meantime, were trotting with their Zikali horse over the rolling plain above the escarpment after the retreating Zulu scouts. Raw spotted some boys herding cows and galloped after them to the top of a hill called Mabaso. At the top his point man yanked up his reins and began pointing frantically into the gorge below. When Raw and Shepstone caught up to him, the hairs on their necks undoubtedly stood straight up, for as far down the valley as he could see in both directions were tens of thousands of Zulu. They had stumbled upon the main <i>impi</i>. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-I8mA6HSt2VM/XHBg8NOJhyI/AAAAAAAADmQ/boHOZV2ym2Q4VcYCUNlqIU-86bqGjE0DQCLcBGAs/s1600/Zulu%2BImpi%2Bfirst%2Bdiscovered%2BZulu%2BDawn%2B2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="814" data-original-width="1410" height="369" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-I8mA6HSt2VM/XHBg8NOJhyI/AAAAAAAADmQ/boHOZV2ym2Q4VcYCUNlqIU-86bqGjE0DQCLcBGAs/s640/Zulu%2BImpi%2Bfirst%2Bdiscovered%2BZulu%2BDawn%2B2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Still from movie, <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0080180/?ref_=nv_sr_1" target="_blank">Zulu Dawn</a> (1979), when the Zikali Horse discover the main Zulu impi in the Ngwebini ravine.</span></i></span></td></tr>
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<ul>
<li><i>I couldn't help but imagine, too, that just before Raw's men crested the Mabaso, they must have also gotten a terrific whiff of 25,000 people smoking pot. Relaxing with cannabis was, aparently, a long tradition among the Zulu, particularly after a long march or to calm their nerves before a battle. Had this been a century later, Chelmsford's scouts might have assumed a rock festival was nearby. Okay, that's an unprofessional digression...</i></li>
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The Zulu down in the gorge saw him too, silhouetted on the brow of the hill. The nearest <i>ibutho</i>, the iKhandempemvu (also known as the umCijo), rose up spontaneously, shouted their war cry in unison, and started pounding up the hill toward them. Raw's men fired a couple of volleys and then turned and galloped back down the hill the way they had come. Shepstone, instead of sending a messenger, took it upon himself to abandon his command and go back and deliver it himself to headquarters. He probably shouted back to Raw, "I'm going for help! You hold 'em back!" Or something to that effect.<br />
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The entire Zulu <i>impi </i>started moving like an avalanche. Seeing their neighbors in the iKhandempemvu start to charge, the next nearest <i>amabutho </i>joined close behind and started running toward Isandlwana. Ntshingwayo, furious, could not restrain them. Remember, he wanted to wait until the following day to launch his attack. He was only able to hold in check the more senior regiments of the Undi Corps, the uThulwana, iNdlondlo, uDloko and iNdluyengwe. Eventually, as the entire rest of the <i>impi </i>was swarming south and west, he decided the battle was on and might as well join it, so after some ritual ceremony, he got his Undi Corps lined up to follow after the rest. He must have reasoned that if he had delayed a day, he might have missed the opportunity to ambush the British. New moon omens be damned.<br />
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Raw and Roberts conducted a well-ordered withdrawl, stopped their troops periodically to dismount and fire volleys at the oncoming horde to try and slow them down. These Basuto cavalry, remember, were probably some of the best and most disciplined men in the British force; they fought a dogged retreat. Though there were only about a hundred of them, they at least caused the Zulu to stop and fall to the ground before each volley. The Zulu weren't suicidal kamikaze; they could tell when they were about to receive a volley and none of them wanted to die. Lieutenant Raw had sent a galloper back to Pulleine to tell him of his awesome discovery and of the avalanche coming toward the camp.<br />
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It would only have taken the leading <i>amabutho </i>of the <i>isiFuba </i>("chest") Corps (uNonkenke, iKhandempemvu, and uMbomambi) about fifty minutes to reach the top of the Nqutu escarpment, two-and-a-half miles away. There they would have had their first sight of the British white tents all arranged neatly below them. They stopped to catch their breath. As their <i>indunas </i>got them into their battle formations, they began their menacing <i>ingomane </i>(shield banging and rhythmic, baritone singing) to strike fear into the hearts of the redcoats (see also my article on <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2015/02/gqokli-hill-1818.html" target="_blank">Gqokli Hill</a> for a discussion of this psychological warfare technique, which can also be seen-heard in the movies <i><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0058777/?ref_=nv_sr_1" target="_blank">Zulu </a></i>and <i><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0080180/?ref_=tt_rec_tti" target="_blank">Zulu Dawn</a></i>. Of course, it is almost a universal human practice, as who hasn't attended a college football game or soccer match that hasn't heard a version of it?).<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Th</i><i>e Zulus' view from the Nqutu Escarpment toward Isandlwana. </i></span><br />
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Farther east, the left <i>uPondo </i>("horn") of the <i>impi</i>, composing the uVe and iNgobamakhosi <i>amabutho</i>, about 9,500 of the youngest warriors in the kingdom, had meanwhile headed south around the low hill called Itusi to sweep around the eastern flank of the camp. In so doing, they ran into Durnford's spread-out cavalry, Lt. Nourse's single NNC infantry company, and Russell's forlorn little rocket troop. These latter, standing on a little hill all alone, managed to get off maybe two erratic rockets before they were overrun and speared (three survived, miraculously, by playing dead). Nourse managed to rally a few of his NNC to make a fighting retreat back to camp. Durnford's two cavalry troops (Hlubi and Edendale) conducted the same kind of fighting retreat Raw and Roberts were making on the plateau and kept back the oncoming uVe regiment, setting up a firing line inside the Nyogane Donga as a natural defensive trench. <br />
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To the west, the right Zulu <i>uPondo </i>(uDududu, iMbubi, and iSangqu) had jogged behind Mkwene Hill and the <i>isiFuba </i>Corps on the escarpment, to filter down the western flank of Isandlwana and come at the camp from behind, cutting off escape.<br />
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Ntshingwayo had detailed off his reserve, the Undi Corps, (uThulwana, iNdlondlo, uDloko and iNdluyengwe<i> </i>regiments) under its <i>induna </i>Prince Dabulamanzi (Cetshwayo's half-brother) to range far west and south and block any fugitives from trying to cross the Buffalo River at Rorke's Drift. Dabulamanzi was reminded to stay on this side of the river, per Cetshwayo's orders, and not, under any circumstances, to invade Natal. We'll see how that worked out.<br />
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Ntshingwayo and Mavumengwana themselves, with their staff of <i>izinduna</i>, took position behind the <i>isiFuba </i>Corps on top of the Nqutu escarpment to try, as best they could, to control the battle from there. Though given the impetuosity of their enthusiastic <i>amabutho</i>, both generals probably felt there was little either could do to control anything other than to direct their broad movements. The warriors were going to end this today and that was that.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>This map shows the positions of all troops at the time of the full deployment of the Zulu center and left wings. Once they were deployed, the amabutho would have been in regular lines of 12-20 ranks, each man standing about six feet apart. Their actual footprint is demonstrated here. The British companies would have been in open order, also six feet apart, but in a single line.</i></span> <br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Pulleine sets up his defense. </span></span></h3>
About 1145, when the breathless Shepstone reached the camp with the news that the main Zulu <i>impi</i> had been found and was now rumbling toward Isandlwana at a run, Pulleine quickly started deploying his command. They jumped up from their breakfasts, grabbed their rifles, slung on their ammunition pouches, and fell in. Inexplicably, in the excitement, Pulleine seems to have failed to recall the isolated A company and Barry's NNC company up on the plateau and before anyone in the camp could see the Zulu hordes, everyone heard firing from up there. (To be fair, since everyone involved was soon killed and there weren't any records of written orders found on the battlefield, Pulleine may well have sent orders to recall the pickets.) Nevertheless, soon A company and the NNC began to fall back down the spur to the Isandlwana mountain, firing at something behind them. And shortly after, the crest of the escarpment began to grow a beard of Zulus.<br />
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The main threat to the camp seemed to be from the escarpment to the north, and as Zulus started appearing in great numbers on the crest, Pulleine organized his line from the spur north of Isandlwana following the Big Donga to the right, which acted as a natural trench. On his right he posted G company of 2nd/24th (the only company of that battalion that hadn't marched with Chelmsford that morning) in echelon and facing east, alone with a company of 3rd NNC under Londsdale. Raw's and Roberts' Zikali horse had fallen back from the plateau after their long running battle and took up position in the center, along with a third Zikali troop (Vause's) which had recently arrived having escorted Durnford's baggage from Rorke's Drift.<br />
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Supporting his line Pulleine had the two 7 pounder guns that Chelmsford had left him unlimbered to commence firing on the plateau. These were largely ineffective against the Zulu at this range, who were still in open order. Whenever the warriors saw a puff of smoke from the guns they had at least three seconds to hit the deck before the round arrived (muzzle velocity of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RML_7-pounder_Mountain_Gun" target="_blank">7 pdr mountain gun</a> was a languorous 295 m/s and the range to the escarpment was over 1,000 meters, about 3 seconds away) someone would see the puff, shout "uMoya! (the Wind!") and people would duck. It was all mad fun.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>View northeast from British line toward Nqutu escarpment.</i></span><br />
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At 1215 Pulleine dictated a message to Chelmsford:<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>"Heavy firing to left of our camp. Cannot move camp at present. Shepstone has come in for reinforcements and reports the Basutos [Raw and Roberts horse] are falling back. The whole force at camp turned out and fighting about a mile to left flank."</i></span><br />
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The part about not being able to move the camp was in reference to an order just arrived from Chelmsford to pack up and join him at once. The Commander-in-Chief would not get Pulleine's reply until about 1445, and, when he read it, it did not seem to him that the tone indicated a dire situation. It would be the last message Pulleine would send.<br />
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Though he had only six Imperial infantry companies, in the standard tactic of the time when fighting "savages", Pulleine had them deploy in open order (about six feet between men) to maximize their frontage. Chelmsford, in fact, had stipulated this standard deployment while in Zululand before he left. The rate of fire (about 10 rpm) of the Martini-Henry rifle was such that a firing line, even so extended, could lay down an almost impenetrable weight of fire so that nothing moving within about 400 yards could live. Each man had seventy rounds on him, and the regimental ammunition wagons were brought up close behind, so as long as the men kept their cool and picked their targets carefully they could theoretically stop anything coming at them over the open ground. Some of the companies also got into the donga in front of the camp, which acted as a natural defensive trench and helped steady their aim.<br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gxg5ybnGvcw/XHH2V2ubn1I/AAAAAAAADoQ/Q4e_GOwd5JoyWKQwIXZS8GgiSYjyo1mGQCLcBGAs/s1600/NNC%2B3.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="460" height="395" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gxg5ybnGvcw/XHH2V2ubn1I/AAAAAAAADoQ/Q4e_GOwd5JoyWKQwIXZS8GgiSYjyo1mGQCLcBGAs/s640/NNC%2B3.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>A company of the Natal Native Contingent. </b><br />At this stage of the war these
troops were armed almost identically to the Zulu. In fact, many of them
were anti-Cetshwayo Zulu. Their only distinguishing feature was a red cloth ("puggree") tied around their heads. During the second invasion later in the year, they would receive red coats and actual rifles.</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Unfortunately, some of the troops, namely the Natal Native Contingent (NNC), were not so armed. Many were disaffected Zulus themselves, armed identically to their foes (<i>iklwa </i>and shield). Though rifles were supposed to be distributed to these units, by this time few had any, and they had almost no training in marksmanship other than what they might have had as farmers or hunters themselves. To make things worse, except for the 1st NNC companies under Durnford (under Captains Nourse and Stafford) the white officers recently assigned to the rest did not know their men and few spoke Zulu. These NNC companies were stationed in reserve, behind the line of redcoats, and were expected, when the Zulus broke under the hurricane of Imperial fire, to run out and chase down the retreating enemy to finish him off.<br />
<br />
While he was preparing to defend the camp, Pulleine had no idea where the newly arrived Durnford had run off to. Right after he had claimed he was in command (because of seniority), Durnford left Pulleine without any instructions and galloped off like a dog chasing a squirrel. So Pulleine just went on as if his conversation with Durnford had never happened. Whatever was going on with him was masked by the conical amaTutshane hill to the east. Gunfire could be heard from that direction but for all Pulleine knew, it was a distant fight between Chelmsford and the rest of the <i>impi</i>. An enterprising staff officer took it upon himself to send the little cavalry left to Pulleine (Bradstreet's volunteer troops and mounted police) east to take up a defensive position in the Nyonga Donga to cover Durnford's retreat should he come galloping back. But as of 1230, the threat from the massive left "horn" of the Zulu army (uVe and Ngobamakhosi <i>amabutho</i>) had not yet revealed itself. Nor had the large movement of Zulu to the northwest of Isandlwana been detected. As far as Pulleine could see, the main <i>impi </i>was to his front, on the Nqutu heights.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">This was no mad, movie charge. </span></span></h3>
The battle took some time to develop. Though they outnumbered the British and NNC forces by over 13:1, the Zulu had enough respect for British firepower and discipline to be cautious. The various <i>amabutho </i>may have precipitately swarmed in the direction of the British camp that morning, but once they reached the edge of the Nqutu escarpment and saw the camp, their <i>izinduna </i>and their innate training and discipline led them to carefully set themselves up and move tactically but carefully toward their target. With their huge numbers and stamina they could have committed one suicidal charge across the open plain to roll over the redcoats like a tide. But this tide was made up of brave but prudent individuals and they weren't going to let themselves be shot down hundreds of yards from their quarry. Like the Indians fighting Custer at Little Big Horn, the Zulu now took advantage of every covered approach in the dongas and folds in the ground to creep up on the British, take potshots at them, and make a series of dash-and-duck advances. It must have been exasperating for the British shooting at them.<br />
<ul>
<li><font size="3"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><i>By way of contrast, the attack of the Khalifa's </i>ansar <i>on Kitchener at Omdurman two decades later was made by a series of long, running charges over open ground in the face of overwhelming firepower (see <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2015/11/omdurman-1898.html" target="_blank">my post on Omdurman 1898</a>). The Zulu, like the Sioux and Cheyenne at Little Big Horn, were much more careful in their approach. Both the Zulu and Plains Indians of North America were master light infantry.</i></span></span></font></li>
</ul>
The British infantry and dismounted cavalry (Zikali Horse and Bradstreet's volunteers) did not fire in controlled volleys, which would have allowed the NCOs to control ammunition expenditure. Instead the troops were allowed to fire individually on their own, taking their time to pick targets and aim carefully. This made the weight of fire more or less continuous along the front, so it was that much more dangerous for the attacking force. But it also relied on the individual soldiers to control their own ammunition expenditure.<br />
<br />
There has been a theory that the ultimate fault of the collapse of the British line (oops, spoiler!) was running out of ammunition due to the mismanagement by quartermasters dolling it out from the wagons to the rear of the companies. This was dramatized in the movie <i>Zulu Dawn</i> in which, as men were running out and runners had been sent back for resupply, the officious bureaucrat in charge of doling out the ammunition was making them queue up and wait their turn while he recorded each requisition (in triplicate presumably). Another theory was that the ammunition boxes had been impossible to open because nobody had a screwdriver to undo all the screws sealing them. But recent battlefield archaeology has dismissed both these theories. And the few eyewitnesses to survive, as well as some on the Zulu side, attested that the British infantry, at least, were still firing as they were overrun.<br />
<br />
Instead of a wild charge down the hill and across the 700 yard plain, the <i>amabutho </i>of the Zulu center (the <i>isiFuba</i> corps) filed down the various dongas coming off of the escarpment and made a series of short dashes from gully to gully toward the British positions. They did take casualties because the redcoat fire was dense and accurate. But for a time the 24th and Zikali troops, even in open order, seemed to hold them at bay. With seventy rounds per man and with their own ammunition wagons close in their rear, the regular British companies were not in danger of running out.<br />
<br />
By the time Durnford's troopers had made it back to the Nyogane Donga to set up a firing line, the left <i>uPondo </i>had also taken refuge in gullies to avoid the deadly fire. Pulleine had dispatched his remaining cavalry, Bradstreet's volunteers, to support Durnford on his right. Everything seemed to have been stabilized for the time being. <br />
<br />
Some of the <i>uVe </i>started to make their way south to try and envelop Durnford's men. Noticing this, he ordered another tactical retreat to the Big Donga in front of the camp. His men, though, were themselves running out of rounds and he sent back his subaltern, Capt. Barton, and some NCOs, to find ammunition.These dashed up to the carts of the nearest 24th regiment and were told to piss off and go find their own ammunition.<br />
<br />
This is perhaps where Durnford's impetuosity and fundamental incompetence of
command made itself felt. He had left the supervision of his supply wagons to
Capt Vause that morning (who was currently fighting alongside the 1st/24th with
his 3rd Zikalis on the north end of the line) and Barton didn't know where his
regiment's own wagons were. So the hapless officer galloped all over looking
for it or for some less stingy supply sergeant to give his men some cartridges.
To no avail. This may have been where the myth of the whole British line
running out of ammunition came from. Some of the only survivors (and therefore
witnesses) of the battle were from Durnford's troopers (since they had horses)
and they probably vented their spleen about running out of ammunition and of
bastard quartermasters who wouldn't give them any. So this story was evidently
seized on by the press to apply to Pulleine's whole command. Anyway, that's my theory and I'm sticking to it.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
In all likelihood, though, as Durnford fell back a final time, the whole
left <i>uPondo </i>rose up and chased after them. Some detachments of the <i>uVe </i>regiment also extended around the south
approaches to the camp. At the same time, the right
<i>uPondo </i>(uDududu, iMbubi, and iSangqu) had swept around the eastern slope of Isandlwana to envelop the British from the southwest.
Pulleine, seeing this immediate threat of double envelopment, ordered his
bugler to sound withdrawl to the tents. His evident intent was not to initiate a retreat but to have his
command form a tight square, but by this time everything was in pandemonium. The Zulus were among the men and the tents already.<br />
<br />
As
the British infantry started to fall back, the uKhandempemvu spontaneously <i>ibutho </i>rose up from the ground and charged. The next <i>ibutho</i>'s <i>induna </i>Sikizane of the iNgobamakhosi, got up and shamed his regiment for cowering in the gullies, "What was it you said to the uKhandempemvu?" he shouted at his prone warriors about their rival <i>ibutho</i>, "There they are going into the tents! Stop firing! Go in hand-to-hand!" The Zulu center now all rose up and ran
like hell the remaining 100 or so yards to beat the British to their tents. In the retreat, the
24th's companies (already in open order) became disordered and many were stabbed
by charging warriors running past them. One report held that even a herd of cattle were stampeded by the uMbonambe into the British ranks to disrupt them and mask warriors running among the cows.<br />
<br />
Everything fell apart here. The British hadn't run out of
ammunition; they were surrounded and overrun.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yhgTbCi-ACU/XHI5W3ONKNI/AAAAAAAADp8/J62cqgjizO4aRhRZj4e8bP0incgCtSptACEwYBhgL/s1600/the-battle-of-isandlwana-1024x645.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="944" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yhgTbCi-ACU/XHI5W3ONKNI/AAAAAAAADp8/J62cqgjizO4aRhRZj4e8bP0incgCtSptACEwYBhgL/s1600/the-battle-of-isandlwana-1024x645.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Charles Edwin Fripp's famous and lurid painting of <b>The Last Stand of the 24th at Isandlwana</b> (1885). One poignant detail <br />is the little drummer boy being shielded by the sergeants. Though the readers of the <u>Times </u>were enraged by the atrocity<br />committed by the Zulu on children at the battle, was anyone particularly outraged by the idea of taking children into battle<br />in the first place? Again, who were the barbarians?<br /><br />One inaccuracy in this painting is the presence of the Regimental Colour at the center of the British square. That flag wasn't<br />with the 24th at Isandlwana, but had been left safely back at Helpmakaar in Natal. And more research on my part has revealed that <br />the youngest drummer enrolled in the 24th was 18, while the oldest was 36. Hmm.<br />But I'm being picky.<br /><br /></i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
While narratives are rich with individual instances of small groups
forming squares, or taking refuge in the rocks up on Isandlwana, mostly what
followed was a classic rout and massacre. The Zulu went berserk, killing everything that moved; soldiers, native levies (any NNC who hadn't already run away), cooks,
clerks, bottle washers, drummer boys, teamsters, mules, oxen. When the Zulu killed, they
also ritualistically disemboweled each victim with their <i>iklwa</i>, the point
being to release the soul of the murdered man so it wouldn't haunt the killer.
(Hey, everybody's entitled to their belief system, okay?)<br />
<br />
When the returning
troops and the <i>London Times</i> reporter Charles Norris returned with Chelmsford about sunset that evening and
saw the grizzly butchery, the blood and entrails splattered all over, these
lurid details were used to inflame the indignation of the army as well as the
constituencies at home. One horrific sight, the body of a small drummer boy of about ten, hung upside down from a wagon wheel and cut open, particularly enraged the soft-hearted British public--but this may have been the result of some yellow journalism. Further research on my part has found that the youngest drummer in the 24th at the time was 18. But there may have been children among the Boer teamsters who would not have been in the roster. Or it may have been, like we experience from the tabloid press today, and from spurious conspiracy theory sites, just made up lies to inflame the base.<br /><br />There were reports of decapitations and scalpings as well, more emblems of uncivilized savagery. But these atrocities were to be expected after any brutal hand-to-hand battle, and not exclusive to so-called savages. The British themselves had a long history of individual atrocities committed in combat during their own savage past. But to the self-described gentle, Victorian, registered voters, these reports, exaggerated or not, were sufficient to galvanize popular support for what had been an unauthorized foreign war. More on this later.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-owDnc6HJ-kM/XHIfKPvewlI/AAAAAAAADpE/28KkDXufZ6o6Ei45pKN21ybIWM0fZwk0gCLcBGAs/s1600/13-Nev-and-CogXXX.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="805" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-owDnc6HJ-kM/XHIfKPvewlI/AAAAAAAADpE/28KkDXufZ6o6Ei45pKN21ybIWM0fZwk0gCLcBGAs/s400/13-Nev-and-CogXXX.jpg" width="266" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Coghill and Melville trying to make their escape <br />with the rolled up flag.</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The killing and looting went on for a couple of hours after the <i>amabutho </i>swarmed into the camp about 1330. Ntshingwayo had sent the right uPondo down to the Sothondose Drift on the Buffalo (just over a mile away) to pick off any fugitives
trying to make it across that flooded river. The other <i>amabutho </i>besieged some of the
British who had holed up on the rocks and crevices of Isandlwana until they
finally did run out of ammunition, then finished them off in hails of spears; the Zulu were loathe to come close to those long bayonets.<br />
<br />
Earlier, when the awful truth of collapse had struck him, Pulleine handed the Queen's Colour of the regiment (the Union Jack version, not the green Regimental Colour depicted erroneously in Charles Edwin Fripp's famous painting, which was back at Helpmakaar) to two trusted officers, Lieutenants Melville and Coghill, to carry it safely back to Natal. The two mounted up and tried to do just that, running a gauntlet of Zulu warriors until they reached the Buffalo at the Sothondose Drift (later memorialized as Fugitive's Drift). Here they were ambushed and killed by more Zulus waiting on the supposedly safe Natal bank. The flag, which had been wrapped up in its oilcloth case the whole time, fell into the river and was discovered some months later downstream.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-moYQmXCEmo4/XHIfdWm3mkI/AAAAAAAADpM/7oUaAFUBDEEW3Lty5JBNcX6fS8WsTGN0wCLcBGAs/s1600/24th%2Bstandard.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="622" data-original-width="564" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-moYQmXCEmo4/XHIfdWm3mkI/AAAAAAAADpM/7oUaAFUBDEEW3Lty5JBNcX6fS8WsTGN0wCLcBGAs/s200/24th%2Bstandard.jpg" width="181" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">The actual flag of the 24th, later <br />found in the river.</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The stories of carnage at the Buffalo River were also a source of righteous anger on the part of the home audience. By the time the right <i>uPondo </i>Corps had rounded the slopes of Isandlwana, its men saw that their chance of "washing their spears" among the tents was gone since their rival <i>amabutho</i> had got there first. If they were going to get credit for killing an enemy in battle, they needed to get in another queue. So they continued south to the river bank to catch any fugitives fleeing from the massacre in the camp. Running alongside fleeing horsemen and running redcoats, they slashed and stabbed. At the river they stabbed men struggling in the water. Some of the Zulu swam across upstream (where the current was slower) and ran back down to the lower drift to catch fugitives staggering out of the river to skewer them on the bank. It was just not fair. And, since they had violated Cetshwayo's explicit orders not to enter Natal, they had technically invaded British territory; another <i>Times </i>headline outrage!<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PoUWP75ngCE/XHTWHYTQMJI/AAAAAAAADsI/6roUpJmtQooesJcvrhzflR3AuenOEPpwgCLcBGAs/s1600/12-Isandlwana-XXX.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="828" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PoUWP75ngCE/XHTWHYTQMJI/AAAAAAAADsI/6roUpJmtQooesJcvrhzflR3AuenOEPpwgCLcBGAs/s400/12-Isandlwana-XXX.jpg" width="275" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Fugitives, mostly cavalry and NNC trying to make<br /> it across the Sothonose Drift.</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
However, another story started circulating soon after this. It was going around that the fugitives who had made it to the presumed safety of the Natal side of the river were hunted down and slaughtered by retainers of Sothonose, a disaffected Zulu <i>induna </i>under the protection of the Natal government who had long before fled Zululand under Cetshwayo's predecessor, Mpande, and was graciously granted sanctuary. When Sothonose saw that the Zulu were clearly the victors of this battle, he evidently (according to the accusation) led his men to join the winning side and curry favor with Cetshwayo. Apparently he assumed that there would next be an invasion of Natal and he wanted to show where his loyalties lay. Or so the rumors circulated.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Spear washing cycle done.</span></span></h3>
By about 1430 the killing was dying down at the camp. Those under Pulleine's command who were going to get away, mostly by horse, had safely reached the south side of the Buffalo River and were not slowing down on their way to Helpmakaar. Lieutenants Chard and Bromhead at Rorke's Drift vainly tried to get the retreating 3rd Zikali under Vause to stay and help them defend the mission station, but these kept on, urging them to flee for their lives themselves. They didn't.<br />
<br />
The Zulu started to loot the camp for guns, ammunition, and things useful in their agrarian society, like wagons, cloth, tools, watches, money (not shoes, paper, photographs, or canned food). The oxen that had not been slain were led off as booty (remember, cows were money in Zululand.) Like the Minute Men of <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2017/07/lexington-concord-1775.html" target="_blank">Lexington and Concord</a> after that battle (a shameless plug for another article in my own blog), the Zulu had beaten the supposed superior redcoats and headed back to their own kraals to tend to their farming. They would, of course, be called up again to muster for the next invasion in three months, but for now, they had cattle to tend to and a harvest to supervise (though, I'm sure the women were perfectly capable of managing it without supervision).<br />
<br />
They also needed to cleanse their spirits. Though they had killed in combat, killing was still considered murder in Zulu culture and a warrior had to not only literally as well as figuratively wash his spear, he had to perform a series of absolving rituals to remove the stigma of murder; this before he went home to his family. One of these involved the wearing of an item of the slain victim during the ceremonies, which was why so many witnesses had been appalled at seeing Zulu warriors wearing the red coats and white pith helmets of the dead British. What had been taken as callous insult was actually an important part of Zulu religion, not just souvenir taking. When I consider some of the battlefield souvenirs picked up by my own family during both World Wars, I think how barbaric that might be considered, too. And they didn't do it to show respect for a courageous enemy.<br />
<br />
This was also why there was so much mutilation of the bodies by the Zulu--mostly disemboweling--they did this to release the spirit of the dead so they wouldn't linger and haunt the one who killed them. I know this sounds like rationalization, but it was a factor. Doesn't mean it wasn't horrifying to Western eyes.<br />
<br />
Many Zulu lingered in the area for a few hours. Some got drunk from alcohol found in the tents and were captured by Chelmsford's returning column. Some stayed to help wounded comrades, or help them limp home. Others stayed to bury their own respectfully. <br />
<br />
The immediate toll of the battle was severe, on both sides. The British had lost 52 officers, 727 European ORs, and 471 NNC; 1,250 people. This was 66% of those engaged, technically a massacre. There were hardly any wounded; the Zulus didn't take prisoners or leave anyone alive if they could help it (you don't get "wash your spear" credit for merely wounding). Those that did escape either played dead and crawled away after the Zulus had passed on (like the three that survived Russell's rocket detachment), or made it to the Natal bank on horseback without being found.<br />
<br />
For the Zulu, who didn't leave a lot of their dead and wounded on the battlefield before Chelmsford got back, the toll was also severe but less precise. They obviously didn't keep rosters. Estimates were that they lost as few as 1,000 (Laband's estimate) and as many as 2,000 (Morris). Many limped or were dragged back to their homesteads by friends and family, only to die of their wounds later. The state of Zulu medicine could cope with simple stab or cut wounds, but wounds from rifle bullets, which shattered bone and exploded organs, were beyond their traditional healing powers. Cetshwayo, even though his army had triumphed, was dismayed by the toll, which had included some of his own family and lifelong friends. "An assegai had been thrust into the belly of the nation," he said, "There are not enough tears to mourn for the dead."<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-o5OICSaKo3c/XHNNCJM1BYI/AAAAAAAADqI/LuW9bzU8iQoFR6Oxss8Xe6FaqFlBsvVOQCLcBGAs/s1600/11-Fetching-away-the-waggons-Isandlwana.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="847" data-original-width="1200" height="449" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-o5OICSaKo3c/XHNNCJM1BYI/AAAAAAAADqI/LuW9bzU8iQoFR6Oxss8Xe6FaqFlBsvVOQCLcBGAs/s640/11-Fetching-away-the-waggons-Isandlwana.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Chelmsford's men hauling away the remaining wagons from the battlefield the evening of the 22nd. </i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Some of the Zulu stayed in the vicinity of the battlefield for as long as three days, hiding up on the plateau, tending to their wounded friends, or staying with them while they died so they could be buried decently. This description in Morris really touched me. It's not just U.S. Marines who don't leave a man behind. In contrast, when Chelmsford led his remaining troops back to the camp late that afternoon and discovered the disaster, they didn't stay but the one night, which, admittedly, had to be pretty awful, lying amid the carnage. And though they looked for and rescued the few wounded, they left their own dead where they lay to be collected and buried in a mass grave four months later (having been picked to bones by hyenas and vultures). Any of the wounded Zulus they found, they bayonetted, mirroring the same mercy the Zulu had bestowed on their enemy's wounded. Not knowing if the victorious <i>impi </i>was still close or what its intention was, Chelmsford thought it safer to retreat as quickly as possible back into Natal. The bodies of Pulleine and Durnford were never found, if they were seriously even looked for.<br />
<br />
Early next morning Chelmsford ordered what was left of his column to march directly back to Rorke's Drift, recovering what wagons were left. The night before they had seen the sky above the Oskarburg, the mountain between them and the Drift, red with fire. Musketry echoed off of the hills from that direction. On their march back, the British column passed within shouting distance of the retiring <i>impi </i>of the Undi Corps marching in the opposite direction from its fruitless and costly attack on the single British company holding the mission station. Apparently the passing forces just eyed each other warily. Neither force had the will or energy to fight any more.<br />
<br />
Though it is probably the subject of another post, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rorke%27s_Drift" target="_blank">the siege of Rorke's Drift </a>on the afternoon and night after Islandlwana served as an important coda, not just for the story of heroism on the part of the single, isolated companyof the 2nd/24th who held off nearly 6,000 Zulus, but for its morale boost to the entire British nation.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tuMZT_8kXFs/XHTe_MQSqeI/AAAAAAAADsw/Vh-tjVBaXQcHQkZcnvn6X0XqMebA3H_OQCEwYBhgL/s1600/Dabulamanzi%2B3.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="685" data-original-width="1026" height="266" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tuMZT_8kXFs/XHTe_MQSqeI/AAAAAAAADsw/Vh-tjVBaXQcHQkZcnvn6X0XqMebA3H_OQCEwYBhgL/s400/Dabulamanzi%2B3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Prince Dabulamanzi kaMapande</b> <br />Photo taken after the war and his ill-conceived "invasion" of Natal and<br />disastrous attack on the mission station at Rorke's Drift.</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Prince Dabulamanzi, who had been ordered by Ntshingwayo to take his Undi Corps around to the south of Isandlwana to cut off the retreat of the army, went way beyond his mission. Hungering for more spear washing (which his men had been deprived of) he took his command (uThulwana, uDloko, uNdondlo, and uNdluyengwe amabutho) clear across the Buffalo to lay siege to the mission station held by B Company, 2nd/24th, defying both Cetshwayo's and Ntshingwayo's express injunctions against violating Natal territory,<br />
<br />
He evidently thought it would be a walkover. Wasn't.<br />
<br />
Anything but, in fact. Rorke's Drift turned out to be an exploding cigar for Cetshwayo. Not only did it escalate the perceived threat from the Zulu to Natal and British interests in South Africa, but it also demonstrated that the Zulu victory at Isandlwana had been a fluke. At the mission station at the drift, a single company of determined, disciplined redcoats held off and inflicted severe punishment to 30-40 times their number, vindicating the heroism of British arms (and earning eleven Victoria Crosses). The Undi Corps lost nearly another 1,000 casualties to the British' 32 (17 killed). Dabulamanzi was an idiot. And he did his half-brother king and his country no favors.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">The battle over, but not the war.</span></span></h3>
All Isandlwana did for the Zulu nation was delay its fate by about four months. It had been, as <a href="https://www.britishbattles.com/zulu-war/battle-of-rorkes-drift/" target="_blank">Rorke's Drift </a>and the subsequent battles of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kambula" target="_blank">Khambula</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Eshowe" target="_blank">Eshowe</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gingindlovu" target="_blank">Gingingdlovu</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ulundi" target="_blank">Ulundi</a> all soon demonstrated, a fluke. The psychological effect on the British public and their government was exactly the opposite of its intent to demoralize the British into suing for a settlement. The news of the humiliation to British arms, spiced by the horror of the grizzly atrocities committed by the Zulus after the battle, turned what had been an ill-conceived, unpopular adventure on the part of Frere into a Kiplingesque <i>cause celebre</i>. Disraeli's government raised money to fund an even larger expedition to atone for its lack of support for Frere's unauthorized war. And the Second Invasion, begun in June, was conducted much more carefully (also by Chelmsford, who was about to be replaced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnet_Wolseley,_1st_Viscount_Wolseley" target="_blank">Garnet Wolseley</a>). For one thing, his standing orders were to laager and fortify every camp on the advance to Ulundi, and not fight in extended skirmish order. No longer would the British hold contempt for what they had assumed were ill-disciplined savages. And there was much more professional cavalry to reconnoiter this time. And Gatling guns.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Z6TrrNnIcRs/XHRxgMt64NI/AAAAAAAADrw/0W_yhZsOoMUBnOA_iARfGjAv9oTXqyukgCLcBGAs/s1600/zuluwarcetshwayo.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="814" data-original-width="629" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Z6TrrNnIcRs/XHRxgMt64NI/AAAAAAAADrw/0W_yhZsOoMUBnOA_iARfGjAv9oTXqyukgCLcBGAs/w309-h400/zuluwarcetshwayo.jpg" width="309" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>A debonnaire Cetshwayo on his publicity tour<br /> in Britain after the war. Apparently, the British<br />public fell in love with him for his charm and<br />grace.<br /></i></span></td></tr>
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Shaka's heretofore invincible army was defeated and disbanded. The royal kraal at Ulundi was burned to the ground. Cetshwayo was captured and shipped off to London to meet Queen Victoria, where, on a public relations campaign, he became quite popular with the Queen and the British public for his innate charm, grace, and intelligence. He was sent back to Zululand (now a British protectorate) to resume his now honorary duties as constitutional monarch and died at Eshowe of a heart attack at the age of 60 in 1884,. He was succeeded by his son, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinuzulu_kaCetshwayo" target="_blank">Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo</a>, who would be the last recognized king of the Zulu.<br />
<br />
Disraeli's Tory Government fell in the next election, partly due to Frere's skullduggery in getting the country involved in another expensive foreign war, and for Chelmsford's incompetent handling of that war, as well as the subsequent First Boer War later that year. The Liberal Party under Gladstone replaced it. One of its first acts was to recall Bartle Frere, who had started this whole mess, and put him under investigation for his misconduct both in Southern Africa and previously in India. He died less than four months after his nemesis, Cetshwayo, in 1884, defending himself against the charges. It is sad that the Zulu king couldn't have witnessed that, at least.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Armchair Generaling</span></span></span></h3>
There are a few obvious lessons to be gleaned from Isandlwana. The first is don't underestimate your enemy. This is probably on the top of every moronic mistake made throughout the history of warfare. Chelmsford took Cetshwayo and the Zulu army as dumb savages. Though he had loads of expert, first-hand intelligence and advice about the professionalism, shrewdness, and sophistication of his enemy, he apparently didn't take it seriously. Instead, he believed it was safe to split up his force into tiny detachments, tramp off blindly into unknown territory, and leave his camp as open as a Boy Scout Jamboree. Fortunately for him, he only lost half his central column. He also didn't make the same mistakes in the next invasion in June. Also, fortunately for him, he was ably seconded by the commanders of #1 and #4 columns on either end of his front (Pearson and Wood), who proceeded more carefully, did have the sense to laager their camps, and managed to defeat the <i>impis </i>that attacked them. <br />
<br />
Another obvious lesson was on the more strategic, socio-political scale. The British lost the Battle of Isandlwana but ended up winning the war because the defeat actually won the public relations war back home. The insubordinate "counterinvasion" of Natal by Dabulamanzi by attacking Rorke's Drift had the predictable effect that Cetshwayo feared (and why he specifically warned his <i>izinduna </i>against it): Mass hysteria back in Britain and support for a larger, more determined war effort by the Disraeli Government. This single "outrage", like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution" target="_blank">the bogus attack by the North Vietnamese on American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin</a> in 1964, flipped the whole situation from an obscure, unpopular little police action into a full scale war of conquest. It is debatable, but I think likely, that if Dabulamanzi had obeyed his king and stayed on his side of the Buffalo, Cetshwayo might have credibly swayed the British into a diplomatic settlement. Disraeli's and the Home Office's support for Frere's and Chelmsford's activities in South Africa were tepid at best, and after the clumsy disaster of Isandlwana, had the Zulus not crossed into Natal, Chelmsford and Frere most likely would have been recalled and Wolsey would have been sent down to negotiate with Cetshwayo. But after Rorke's Drift, and after the reports of the butchering of the "little drummer boys", jingoistic fever gripped Parliament and the British public. It was all over for the Zulu nation after that.<br />
<br />
At least, that's my obscure take on it. Of course, the conquest of Zululand might have happened anyway. Gold and diamond fever were high. <br />
<br />
Other lessons learned were tactical. The British infantry did not operate in loose formations in their colonial wars after this. The rest of the Zulu war they used heavy cavalry screens to warn of Zulu movements, and whenever they faced an attack, they closed ranks, got behind wagons, and concentrated their artillery and Gatling guns. The tight formations used by them at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2015/11/omdurman-1898.html" target="_blank">Omdurman nineteen</a> years later had their origins at Isandlwana. <br />
<br />
The Zulu themselves showed themselves to be masters of tactical and strategic warfare, even given their relatively primitive technology. They used the Matshyanas <i>izinduna </i>to create convincing misdirection, pretending to be the main impi and drawing off half of Cherlmsford's column on a wild goose chase. They moved cross country stealthily and swiftly (barefoot, I might add). They were able to conceal their largest formations, even in deceptively open country. They showed enviable tactical discipline in the deployment of their <i>amabutho </i>and <i>amaviyo</i> in the actual battle. And their commanders exercised tight control over their men. They even used cattle as diversions, churning up dust and masking actual troop movements. These were some of the most formidable and professional foes the British had fought in their long history of colonial conquest. <br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Wargame Considerations</span></span></span></h3>
Isandlwana, as well as the Zulu War in general, has long been a popular subject for wargaming. In studying the battle, here are some what-if suggestions that come to my mind for anyone wanting to game it.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">British Formations</span></b></span><br />
Though the movie version (<i>Zulu Dawn</i>) shows the British infantry in a conventional, two rank, closed firing line, as we have seen, they actually fought in extended skirmish order (four yards per file in a double staggered line of men), providing for a 120-180 yard frontage for each company. Pulleine apparently did this to throw his defensive line out far enough to cover Durnford, should he come back (which sounds suspicious to me). With his six companies he didn't have enough men to cover that area and protect his flanks. And he not unreasonably felt that, even in extended formation, British troops with their quick-firing, long range rifles could lay down an impenetrable fire out to 400 yards in front of them. Indeed, this seemed to work until the line became outflanked.<br />
<br />
A testable alternative would be to bring the six companies in closer to the camp (having torn down the tents to clear the line of fire), and set them up in a classic, tight square, with the ammunition wagons in the center and artillery on the corners. Chelmsford himself, in issuing his standing tactical orders for the second invasion, told his commanders to form square as though the Zulu were cavalry. This formation proved to work effectively<a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2015/11/omdurman-1898.html" target="_blank"> in the Sudan</a> during the following decades.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Zulu Formations</span></b></span><br />
The Zulu did not charge helter-skelter like the Mahdi's fanatics in the Sudan, or even like barbarians (including Britons) during the Roman wars. They maneuvered and came on in a series of ordered lines (the <i>amaviyo</i>), supporting each other and skillfully handled by their <i>izinduna</i>. In a wargame one should probably treat them as one would Roman centuries and cohorts. Their formation depths ranged from 12-20 lines, depending on the target and the ground. And they generally allowed six feet between files to allow for shield and spear work without getting in each other's way.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Keep Durnford in the Camp</b></span><br />
Another thing to test in a game would be to keep Durnford in the camp with Pulleine. It was the former's adventurism which supposedly compelled Pulleine to overextend his command in support. If Durnford had stayed where Chelmsford told him to, the defense of the camp might have been handled differently. His cavalry and better disciplined native infantry, as well as Russell's rockets, might have made a difference. <br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Natal Native Contingent troops</span></b><br />
These should only be used for scouting or held in the rear for pursuit of a retreating enemy. Since they were armed like the Zulu and had almost no firearms, they would not have been much use in a firing line. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Campaign Game</b></span><br />
In a campaign game, one might experiment with keeping the Central Column intact and letting Chelmsford's cavalry do its job. The side playing the Zulu could also pick any number of avenues of concealed approach, lying in ambush for the column to pass (ala the Germanic tribes against the Romans in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" target="_blank">Teutoburg Forest</a>, 9 BCE), or popping up between them and Rorke's Drift.<br />
<br />
Such a game would also cry for concealed movement rules (I'm thinking of a land version of AH Midway). I'm a huge fan of concealed movement campaign games, which I cut my game playing chops on at the Armed Forces Intelligence School. Oh yeah!<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Orders of Battle</span></span></h3>
The following is derived mostly from Ian Knight's OOB in his <i>Isandlwana 1879</i> (Osprey #111). Under weapons, the principle firearm of the British troops was the breechloading Martini-Henry rifle. The mounted NNC troops were issued mostly with the Westly-Richards "monkey tail" carbine. The Natal Native Contingent troops went into battle wearing their traditional Zulu panoply and were armed principally with the short stabbing spear of the Zulus, the <i>iKlwa</i>. About a tenth of these NNC had older, muzzle-loading Enfield rifles but were only allotted five rounds each. The Zulus were armed with their <i>amaKlwa</i> short stabbing spears (misnamed assegais by the British) and many also had older muskets. Cetshwayo's father, Mpande, had made a point of modernizing his army as much as possible with firearms.<br />
<br />
As with my other OOBs in my blog, the first column is color-coded in the principle coat color of the regiment and the second column in the facing color. The British infantry, as of this year, had not yet switched over to khaki. As for the Zulu and NNC, who went into battle pretty naked, this is obviously moot.<br />
<br />
Where known, the authorized shield pattern of each <i>ibutho </i>in the Zulu <i>impi</i> is represented. However, it has been noted by several historians (notably Ian Knight himself) that by 1879 the uniformity of shield patterns among the <i>amabutho </i>established by Shaka, the founder of the Zulu state, had disappeared. A years-long epidemic of bovine pleuropneumonia (lung disease) which had decimated cattle in southwestern Africa, made it increasingly difficult to enforce uniform hides. By 1879 each regiment now carried a hodge-podge of different shield patterns. Shaka would have rolled heads.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: large;">References</span></span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></h3>
<a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9780713714692" target="_blank"><br /></a>
<a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9780713714692" target="_blank">Balthorpe, Michael, </a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" target="_blank"><u>The Zulu War</u></a>, 1980, Blandford Press, Dorset, UK, ISBN 0-7137-1469-7<br />
<br />
<a href="https://ospreypublishing.com/zulu-1816-1906-pb" target="_blank">Knight, Ian, <b><u>Zulu 1816-1906</u></b>, 1995, Osprey Publishing, Warrior Series #14, ISBN 978-1-85532-474-9</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.powells.com/book/-9780275986360" target="_blank">Knight, Ian and Adam Hook,<u> </u></a><u><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" target="_blank">Isandlwana 1879: The great Zulu victory</a></u>, 2002, Osprey Publishing, Campaign Series #111, ISBN 978-1-86176-511-2<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.amazon.com/There-Will-Awful-Home-About/dp/B0011R51SW/ref=sr_1_fkmrnull_1?keywords=There+Will+be+an+Awful+Row+at+Home+About+This%3A+The+Zulu+War&qid=1551165524&s=books&sr=1-1-fkmrnull" target="_blank">Knight, Ian (editor), <u>There Will be an Awful Row at Home About This: The Zulu War</u>, 1987, Zulu Study Group of th Victorian Military Society, </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Rise-Fall-Zulu-Nation/dp/1854094211/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1422912397&sr=1-2&keywords=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Zulu+Nation" target="_blank">Laband, John, <u><b>The Rise and Fall of the Zulu Nation</b></u>, Arms & Armor Press, ISBN 978-1 85409-421-6</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.powells.com/biblio/61-9780306808661-0" target="_blank">Morris, Donald R., <b><u>The Washing of the Spears: The Rise and Fall of the Zulu Nation</u></b>, 1965, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-671-63108-X</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.powells.com/s?kw=Roberts%2C+The+Zulu+Kings&class=" target="_blank">Roberts, Brian, <b><u>The Zulu Kings: A Major Reassessment of Zulu History</u></b>, 1974, Charles Scribner, ISBN 684-14042-4</a><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Online References</span></span></h3>
<a href="https://archive.org/stream/zuluenglishdicti00brya#page/n5/mode/2up" target="_blank">Bryant, Alfred T., <u>A Zulu-English Dictionary and A Concise History of the Zulu People</u>, 1905 </a><br />
<p class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="text-align: left;">Divis, Craig, <a href="https://mrdivis.wordpress.com/2014/10/08/little-bighorn-and-isandlwana-an-interesting-comparison/?unapproved=2981&moderation-hash=6398455ee2b4bd2e8dad58b54fe20c50#comment-2981" target="_blank">Little Big Horn and Isandlwana, An Interesting Comparison</a>, 2014<br /></p><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">For a demonstration of how the Zulus actually looked and fought, I can recommend the two famous films by Cy Enfield, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_%281964_film%29" target="_blank">Zulu </a>(1964) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_Dawn" target="_blank">Zulu Dawn</a>
(1979), which, using hundreds of Zulu historical re-enactors and Zulu
technical advisors, show how the Zulus probably looked, fought, marched,
danced, and even sounded in the 19th century. The first movie also has a marvelous
demonstration of Zulu call-and-response war chants and the <i>ingomane</i>, or shield rattling, which the <i>impis </i>used to boost their own morale and intimidate the enemy.</span></span></h1>
Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com38tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-38092974010522660082018-03-26T16:49:00.000-07:002019-07-07T12:06:39.810-07:00Friedland 1807<span style="font-size: x-large;">14 June 1807</span><br />
<br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Napoleonic Wars<br /><span style="font-size: large;">War of the Fourth Coalition</span></span></span></h2>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #674ea7;"><b>French</b></span>:</span> <span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="color: black;">under Napoleon, approx. 11,000 with 19 guns, rising to 90,000 with 172 guns </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Russians:</b></span></span> <span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #134f5c;">under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levin_August_von_Bennigsen" target="_blank">Count von Bennigsen</a>, approx. 61,000 with 372 guns</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Location: <span style="color: black;">modern Pravdinsk in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia,</span></span></span><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude"> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@54.4461632,21.0125584,17z" target="_blank">54°26′N</a></span><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@54.4461632,21.0125584,17z" target="_blank"> <span class="longitude">21°01′E</span></a></span></span></span></span></span> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Weather:</span> Hot. Low 90s F (33 C) <span style="color: #b45f06;">Visibility: <span style="color: #134f5c;"><span style="font-size: small;">Clear</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">First Light:</span> </span> 0<span style="font-size: small;">3</span>06 <span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunrise: </span> 0401 <span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunset: </span> </span>2113 <span style="color: #b45f06;">End of Twilight: </span>2208<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Moonrise:</span> 14:45 waxing, 65% gibbous<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">All times UTC +2 (Bravo zone, Zulu +2)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(calculated from<a href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/index.php" target="_blank"> U.S. Naval Observatory</a> from lat/long and date)</span><br />
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<h4>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: medium;">How to Catch a Monkey</span></span> </h4>
There's an ancient trick to catching a monkey. The trap is simple and takes advantage of the monkey's greed. A small hole is drilled into a hollow gourd, just large enough for the monkey to slip his hand in if the fingers are extended. Irresistible treats are put into the gourd and it is tied firmly to the trunk of tree. The curious monkey comes down from the trees, smells the treats inside the gourd, and slips his hand in to grab a fistful. But he can't pull his hand out unless he relaxes his fist and drops the treats, which he won't do. At least the stupidest and greediest of monkeys won't. This pretty much sums up how Napoleon caught the Russians at Friedland.<br />
<br />
Friedland was a satisfying culmination for Napoleon to an otherwise
miserable campaign. Since his brilliant
double victory over the Prussian army at Jena and Auerstadt the year
before, he had not been able to knock Prussia out of the war. And the exasperating Russians just wouldn't quit. Battle after battle had been some of the bloodiest Napoleon had ever fought, and yet each ended in a draw. Then at last came Friedland. As with my other articles, while Friedland may not be obscure to
Napoleonophiles, it has always been dear to my heart as battles go, and
I wanted to do a map and commentary on it. So if you are still one of those who complain, "What's so obscure about Friedland?" you need to get some fresh air.<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /></span>
<i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Below is the deployment of the two forces at 0600 on Sunday, 14 June. Each battalion, regiment, and battery is represented by its actual, scale footprint. You can see that by this time. after six hours, Lannes' thin force was still holding back the bulk of Bennigsen's army, which had crowded itself on the left bank of the Alle.</span> <span style="color: #134f5c;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Map copyright protected by Digimarc digital watermark. If you'd like to purchase a hi-res version for private use, or to license it for publication, contact me or a representative of the Jeffery P. Berry Trust on <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/p/the-maps.html" target="_blank">The Maps</a> section of this blog.)</span></span></span></span></i><br />
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<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">A Bad Beginning</span></span></h3>
It seemed like Napoleon was losing his edge. The years 1805 and 1806 had
seen two of his greatest strategic victories, Austerlitz and Jena-Auerstadt, in which he apparently had knocked
out two formidable adversaries, Austria and Prussia. But since the latter
battle, things hadn’t gone so well. Though three-quarters of its army was wiped out, Prussia was not completely subdued. It had
fought on, moving its capital to the fortress port of <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Königsberg</span>
in East
Prussia (now the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" target="_blank">Kaliningrad </a>enclave of the Russian Federation). And the
Russians had yet to come to terms, even though they had been one of the losers
at Austerlitz. Napoleon had won the battles but hadn’t yet won the war—at least
the latest War of the Fourth Coalition. So he and his army couldn’t go home to their
adoring families. (Though the Emperor did have his new 20 year-old Polish mistress, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Walewska">Marie Walewska</a>, to
massage his throbbing temples.)<br />
<br />
All during the winter and spring of 1806-07, Napoleon’s troops fought one
bloody, indecisive battle after another with the Russians. From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pu%C5%82tusk" target="_blank">Pultusk </a>to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Golymin">Golymin </a>to <a href="https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/nwars/combat-of-hof-was-fought-on-6-february-1807-t581.html" target="_blank">Hof </a>to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" target="_blank">Eylau</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Heilsberg" target="_blank">Heilsberg</a>, the French won tactical victory after victory--inasmuch as the Russians would always withdraw from the battlefield in the night--but at such great cost and without the Russian commander, Bennigsen, surrendering. The Russians just didn't know when they were beaten.<br />
<br />
Consequently, that winter would greatly sap the strength and morale of the <i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Grande Armée</span></i>. Though it had fought ferociously for two continuous years, it was not allowed to go home yet. Suicides among the French troops were soaring. Napoleon estimated that 40% of his soldiers had deserted during the winter. The now-familiar term "grognards," which Napoleon had coined to describe his grumbling Guard infantry, who openly cursed him as he passed, started with this winter in Poland. He was a dictator, but not a vindictive one, and tolerated verbal abuse from his rank and file without punishing any of them. He seemed to recognize that they needed some outlet to their frustration.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, on the Baltic, t<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1807)" target="_blank">he siege of Danzig</a> dragged on, with 14,400 Prussians under<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf_Graf_von_Kalckreuth" target="_blank"> Kalckreuth</a> tying down nearly twice that number of French for months. Napoleon couldn't let this important port on the Baltic stay in Prussian hands. It was vital to secure his logistics. But the Prussians didn't know they were beaten either.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_3fIsgLU1PA/WrLR8U_4v0I/AAAAAAAADX0/MFO6tLjPLxIyZm97f-6nmy_F2BSJzhv1gCLcBGAs/s1600/Siege_of_Danzig_1807.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="561" height="290" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_3fIsgLU1PA/WrLR8U_4v0I/AAAAAAAADX0/MFO6tLjPLxIyZm97f-6nmy_F2BSJzhv1gCLcBGAs/s400/Siege_of_Danzig_1807.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>The Siege of Danzig, 19 March - 24 May 1807.</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
During the spring, though, Napoleon received fresh recruits to fill out his depleted divisions and the warming weather seemed to dose him with new adrenaline. He also accepted a new infusion of artillery and ammunition, as well as the first installment of brand new white uniform coats for his infantry regiments (I'm sure they were thrilled).<br />
<br />
Danzig finally fell on 24 May after 78 days, freeing up 25,000 troops for maneuvering. His lines of communication secured, Napoleon's new goal was to seize the provisional Prussian capital of <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Königsberg</span>, knock out Bennigsen's Russian field army once and for all, and force the Prussians and Russians to a strategic peace on his own terms.<br />
<br />
But Bennigsen wouldn't stay pinned down and the Prussian commander at <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Königsberg</span>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Wilhelm_von_L%27Estocq" target="_blank">l'Estocq</a>, who had turned the tide at Eylau, was digging in for a siege. On June 10, seemingly catching Bennigsen dug in on top of a bluff at <a href="https://battlefieldanomalies.com/the-battle-of-heilsberg/" target="_blank">Heilsberg </a>(auspiciously, "Victory Mountain") on the Alle River, Napoleon's perpetually feuding commanders, Murat and Lannes, botched the battle, refusing to support each other, and ended up losing over 12,000 men to the Russians' 6,000, without achieving anything. Napoleon arrived the next day to separate the two and take charge. But in the night Bennigsen had withdrawn his army again, this time across to the eastern bank of the Alle.<br />
<br />
By the time Napoleon had realized that Bennigsen had slipped away and was now making his way up the opposite bank of the Alle,to relieve <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Königsberg, </span> the Russian had stolen a march on him. The Emperor ordered Lannes to hurry up to Friedland (the next logical crossing point) to watch Bennigsen and dispersed the rest of his army to <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Königsberg </span>(Murat, Soult, Davout) and Eylau (Mortier, Victor, Ney, and the Guard). He was furious at the neverending feud between his most beloved commanders, Murat and Lannes, and separated them as far as possible.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bennigsen Sticks His Hand In</span></span></h3>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6SXcRP-eobk/WrhggxFFVeI/AAAAAAAADbY/dAV1ZNtCp8QMhQqqI89x0vKkRBqIcZBvwCLcBGAs/s1600/Bennigsen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="255" data-original-width="220" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6SXcRP-eobk/WrhggxFFVeI/AAAAAAAADbY/dAV1ZNtCp8QMhQqqI89x0vKkRBqIcZBvwCLcBGAs/s320/Bennigsen.jpg" width="276" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>General Levin August von Bennigsen</b><br />One of those ubiquitous German soldiers in Russian <br />service. Though he was criticized for losing Friedland, <br />the Czar retained confidence in him and he went on to <br />fight at Borodino, during Napoleon's retreat from <br />Russia, and at Bautzen and Lutzen.</i></span></td></tr>
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Two days later, around sunset on June 13, Bennigsen's advanced cavalry patrols had crossed the bridge over the little Alle River at Friedland (present day <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pravdinsk,+Kaliningrad+Oblast,+Russia,+238400/@54.4412362,21.0011632,2729m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x46e3a9564664814d:0xefd5622873511459!8m2!3d54.4413138!4d21.0119816" target="_blank">Pravdinsk </a>in the Kalingrad Oblast of the Russian Federation) and drove in some pickets of Lannes' 9th Hussars. More cavalry poured over the bridge and began to fan out across the plain on the west bank, occupying two villages (Posthenen and Heinrichsdorf). They reported back to Bennigsen that many French troops were showing up and contesting the villages. Captured prisoners revealed that they were part of Lannes' Reserve Corps.<br />
<br />
Bennigsen, who himself had been physically drained from the series of battles and endless maneuvering in the previous months, had come down with something. Probably exhaustion. He and his troops had marched almost non-stop from their fight at Heilsberg the 36 miles (58 km) to Friedland in forty-eight hours. They had neither rested nor eaten in those two days. His better judgment would have probably told him to leave the French where they were, continue up the right bank of the Alle, and then march the short distance down the Pregel to <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Königsberg</span>. It would have been the more prudent thing to do.<br />
<br />
But Bennigsen's scouts reported that Lannes was isolated at Friedland. It was just too tempting. He reasoned that the rest of Napoleon's corps were so scattered (the closest, according to his intelligence, were at Eylau, two days' march away by his calculations) that they couldn't come to Lannes' aid in time. He could hop across the river, deliver a quick killing blow to Lannes' isolated corps, and hop back across the Alle to safety before Napoleon could get there. So that evening he ordered his engineers to throw three pontoon bridges across the river (all at Friedland, alongside the existing wooden bridge already there) and for his army to march over and eat up Lannes.<br />
<br />
Here was the monkey smelling the treat in the gourd. The restricted geography of the situation--Friedland's narrow streets and the broken ground on the west bank--didn't suggest a trap. And placing all of his bridges at this choke point also didn't seem unwise. What could possibly go wrong?<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Lannes Bites the Hand</span></span></h3>
<br />
Meanwhile, Lannes, hearing the reports of Russians crossing the river at Friedland, quickly sent back word to the Emperor at Eylau, 16 miles away, to tell him of this development. He sent forward what troops he had nearby, Oudinot's division of provisional elite battalions (grenadiers and voltigeurs), as well as Grouchy's dragoon division and Tilly's brigade of light cavalry. He had, at first only about 12,000 men and 18 guns to resist the growing horde of 61,000 Russians and over 370 guns, a forelorn hope reminiscent of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" target="_blank">Thermopylae</a>.<br />
<br />
But if anyone could do it, Lannes was the man. He was (at least in my amateur opinion) probably Napoleon's most competent general. Ever since Bonaparte's Italian campaigns the decade before, Lannes had performed miracles in the face of overwhelming odds. He knew how to keep an enemy at bay, by maneuver, inspired leadership, and, in many cases, bluff. This latter talent was critical in the wee hours at Friedland.<br />
<br />
Oudinot's division and Grouchy's cavalry began to show up around
midnight of the 13th, and Lannes distributed these limited assets from
north of Heinrichsdorf to the Sortlack Woods in the south. Oudinot's men
drove the Russian cavalry out of Posthenen and Lannes established his
headquarters there. He also had Oudinot deploy his elites as whole
battalions of skirmishers, holding back the oncoming Russian infantry.<br />
<br />
Since
the French were far more skilled at these light infantry,
shoot-and-skoot tactics than the Russian jagers, they were able to
confuse the enemy as to the exact size of the defending force. The
ground around the battlefield was perfect for this kind of warfare. Not
only were the crops (wheat and corn) high at this time of year, but the
uncultivated land was itself covered in high foliage and bumpy ground,
providing the French with unlimited opportunities for small ambushes (see
photograph below). Consequently, though the troops of Gortchakov and
Bagration had poured over the Alle, and could have overwhelmed the
outnumbered French, they were not sure of how strong a force they were
facing. And so they contented themselves with stopping and consolidating
their lines.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>A view from Bagration's forward positions looking toward the French center at Posthenen. You can see how uneven and scrubby the ground is, ideal for light infantry tactics. It was also crisscrossed with ditches and swales that provided cover for ambushes. </i></span><br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Another view of the broken terrain in front of Posthenen, this from the French perspective. In the right middle distance is the one of the streams which separated the Russians from the village.</i></span><br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ZB_2QRtEdg4/WrlaPp9EOuI/AAAAAAAADcE/R8JpWbXu6NcSf3ybpkF5Lp8ZUrEFtVjwQCLcBGAs/s1600/French%2Bcenter%2Bin%2Bfront%2Bof%2BPosthenen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="669" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ZB_2QRtEdg4/WrlaPp9EOuI/AAAAAAAADcE/R8JpWbXu6NcSf3ybpkF5Lp8ZUrEFtVjwQCLcBGAs/s640/French%2Bcenter%2Bin%2Bfront%2Bof%2BPosthenen.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Bagration's <i>Avant Garde</i> under Raesvsky moved to the Russian left into Sortlack village and wood (see map) to secure Bagration's flank. Though his 4,200 jagers greatly outnumbered the two French elite battalions in the wood, they were cowed into inaction by what they perceived as unknown numbers of killer <i>tirailleurs </i>(literally, "sharpshooters") swarming in the woods ahead of them. So they contented themselves with just hunkering down at the edge of those woods, and occupying the riverside hamlet of Sortlack to guard the Russian left wing.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i> A random view into Sortlack Woods. Though the woods were described as relatively free of undergrowth, visibility was such that the Russian jagers creeping forward, would not have been aware of how many lurking French tirailleurs they would encounter. A scary prospect. Admittedly, the woods might have been of a different density and species of trees two centuries ago, but this seemed to be the nature of woods around Friedland (Pravdinsk) today.</i></span><br />
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About the only aggressive activity the Russians indulged in during the early hours of the morning was an attempt by Uvarov's cavalry to toss the French out of Heinrichsdorf (on the road to <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Königsberg</span>). But every time the Russian cavalry managed to take control of this "gateway" village, French cavalry (first under Grouchy and later the cuirassiers under Nansouty) would drive them out again. This seesaw fighting went on most of the morning until the arriving French reinforcements became too strong for Uvarov (and eventually Kollogribov's Guard Cavalry) to eject.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>View toward Heinrichsdorf from the Russian perspective. This would have been the road to </i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Königsberg</span>, making control of the village key.</i></span><br />
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By 0600 Lannes had been holding back Bennigsen for about six hours, and the sun had been up for two. During this time more reinforcements had arrived in the form of Nansouty's heavy cavalry division and Lannes' second division under Verdier, with Polzen's Saxon brigade following closely, bringing Lannes' force to nearly 22,000. Napoleon was already racing toward Friedland from Eylau and had sent out orders for Mortier's VIII Corps, Ney's VI Corps, and Victor's I Corps to converge there. The Guard, under Bessieres, was with Napoleon. If Lannes could hold on for a few more hours, holding Bennigsen by the nose, the Emperor would have achieved local superiority and could annihilate the Russian at last. This time he wouldn't be able to get away.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kvBQNa70hJI/WrhhvDisaMI/AAAAAAAADbk/AygVSFL73uQl7g5O7Q4wmmI1e5zi8RFhgCLcBGAs/s1600/Marbot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1345" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kvBQNa70hJI/WrhhvDisaMI/AAAAAAAADbk/AygVSFL73uQl7g5O7Q4wmmI1e5zi8RFhgCLcBGAs/s320/Marbot.jpg" width="285" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><i>Jean-Baptiste Antoine Marcellin de Marbot</i></b><i><br />Now who couldn't trust that adorable face?</i></span></td></tr>
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Lannes had dispatched his aide, Jean-Baptiste Antoine Marcellin de <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Antoine_Marcellin_de_Marbot" target="_blank">Marbot</a>, to ride back and report that he was holding on, but hurry; he didn't know how long he could. When Marbot reached Napoleon, he found him in an excellent mood. In Marbot's memoir the Emperor invited him to stay and ride along with him for a few miles so they could chat. In their conversation, he asked the 25-year-old how good his memory was. The young man said it was passable. The Emperor said, mischievously, "Then what anniversary is today, the 14th of June?"<br />
<br />
"Marengo."<br />
<br />
"<i>Exactement</i>! Marengo!" laughed Napoleon, "And today I'm going to do to the Russians what I did to the Austrians!" And he spurred his horse to a gallop. (I don't know if he did this, but it seems like the cinematic thing for him to have done.) As he passed his marching Guard columns, he called out, "What anniversary is today?" And they all shouted, "Marengo!" Everybody's spirits were high. It was a beautiful (if somewhat warm) spring day, and the Emperor's confident mood infected the whole army.<br />
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<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">This time would be different. </span></span></h3>
<br />
In previous battles of the 1807 campaign, Bennigsen had always had a line of retreat. Wherever he took a stand, he could absorb the French attacks and then safely withdraw in the night, preserving his army while bleeding the French. But for the first time, the unfavorable ground around Friedland, would not allow that easy retreat. The crossing point (with all four bridges, for some reason, concentrated there) was a natural trap. The narrow peninsula on which Friedland sat was a traffic nightmare. To add to this disadvantage, Bennigsen's two wings (Gortchakov to the north and Bagration to the south), were separated by a steeply banked stream, the <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mühlen Fluss (just "Mill Stream", a pretty generic name)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"></span>
which prevented each wing from easily supporting the other. The banks of this creek were steep, preventing easy crossing. Engineers threw a few makeshift planks over the gully, but they weren't much help.<br />
<br />
Nevertheless, in spite of the fact that, after six hours, Bennigsen's overwhelming numerical superiority hadn't managed to even dislodge Lannes' thin force, much less annihilate it, he failed to act on his earlier contingency and withdraw to safety. In fact, he made things worse by feeding more and more troops over the river. By 0600 forty-eight thousand Russians were crowded on the narrow wedge of land beyond Friedland, almost 80% of Bennigsen's army, their backs to the river, with only a narrow exit behind them. But more troops kept pouring over.<br />
<br />
And yet despite a local superiority of more than two-to-one, neither of the two Russian wing commanders, Gortchakov nor Bagration, did anything aggressive for most of the day, contenting themselves with occupying their ground and indulging in a slow artillery duel with the French. This inactivity went on for the next 11 hours, as the French kept building up their own strength to 90,000, flipping the advantage. By this time, Bennigsen had pushed even more of his army into the trap, sending over <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Dokhturov" target="_blank">Dokhturov</a>'s Reserve Corps of the Guard and Somorov's 14th Division, bringing his overall strength to 61,000. But by this time he himself had become outnumbered. And still he wouldn't open his monkey's paw and slip out of the gourd.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>View north looking along the face of Gortchakov's line toward the woods bordering the north of the battlefield. The ditch on the right shows the tactical insignificance of these features separating the French and Russian positions (see maps).</i></span><br />
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<br />
The one smart thing that Bennigsen <i>didn't</i> do was send all of his artillery across the river. The Russian army had the greatest ratio of artillery to men in any army of the age, over five guns per thousand men. Napoleon, the artillerist, was always envious of this strength, only ever able to achieve at most two tubes per thousand men at the height of the <i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Grande Armée</span></i>'s existence. But Bennigsen kept all but a fraction of his guns on the right bank, covering the left bank from high ground there. He allowed the infantry and cavalry to take some light batteries with them as close support (six-pounders and unicorns), but he had no massed batteries in the front line as Napoleon did. Not to be a spoiler, but when Bennigsen lost the battle, he at least was able to save the majority of his guns.<br />
<br />
Napoleon himself arrived on scene around noon, taking overall command from Lannes, who had been up without sleep for nearly two days. It took until later that afternoon for his strength to accumulate to when he was comfortable with his relative superiority and position. During all of this hot afternoon, the two armies just looked at each other, occasionally firing isolated pot shots. <br />
<br />
The emperor's staff and some of his marshals urged him to wait until the next day, when even more troops could come up. They had been chastened by earlier battles with the Russians, whom they regarded as dangerous. The Russians may not be aggressive, but attacking them would prove costly since they didn't retreat. Napoleon dismissed this cautious advice. He told them he intended to attack at 17:00, lulling Bennigsen into thinking he wouldn't that day. But, he said, he wasn't going to let this chance slip away. "We won't catch the enemy making a mistake like this twice," he said. <br />
<br />
Bennigsen, and all of his commanders, did think Napoleon would not attack that day. He had intended to withdraw back over the river under the safety of darkness (sunset was at 21:13) and continue to march up the right bank of the Alle and around to <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Königsberg</span>. Meanwhile, he'd let his tired infantry rest in the hot sun. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Ernst Messonier's glorious salon painting (1875, Metropolitan Museum of Art) of Napoleon reviewing his cuirassier regiments before the Battle of Friedland.</span> </i></span><br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">At the Last Minute...</span></span></h3>
<br />
Napoleon looked at his watch. At 1700 he nodded to his favorite artillery commander, Senarmont, to give the signal, three simulaneous salvos of 30 guns in the center. The French attack began.<br />
<br />
Napoleon's orders were for an oblique attack, beginning with Ney's VI Corps on the right through the Sortlack Woods and onto Bagration's left. Ney's two lead divisions, Marchand's and Bisson's, were to erupt from the woods and charge into Bagration's flank, driving him into the crowded streets of Friedland. <br />
<br />
In the meantime, the French left, held by Mortier's VIII Corps and Grouchy's cavalry were to open fire on Gortchakov but not attack until released by Napoleon. This was intended to pin the Russian left long enough for Ney to block their retreat to the bridgehead. It also required a steady, disciplined restraint on the part of Grouchy, who, in Murat's absence, was overall cavalry commander. I'm sure that one of the reasons Napoleon had sent Murat north to invest <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Königsberg </span>was to keep him away from the Friedland battlefield. Murat's impetuosity, egotism, and history of insubordination (not to mention his constantly picking fights with Lannes) could have ruined the whole plan. One of Napoleon's oft quoted maxims was, "Never interrupt your enemy when he is making a mistake." And Murat was The Great Interrupter.<br />
<br />
Knowing he was a couple days away, Napoleon did shrewdly send Murat an order to hurry up and capture <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Königsberg </span>so he could get down to Friedland to participate in the <i>apres-dejuner</i> pursuit. But he knew the message wouldn't reach him in time and undoubtedly sent it to make him feel needed. Which he wasn't.<br />
<br />
In the center, Napoleon stationed Lannes' exhausted divisions, Victor's fresher I Corps, and the Imperial Guard to act as reserves to support Ney. But the first action fell to that red-headed marshal.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /></span>
<i><span style="color: #b45f06;">At about 17:00 Napoleon's entire force was in position. Though he was planning to start his withdrawal right after sunset, Bennigsen had not yet begun. But the Russians had consolidated their front line in a continuous defensive front. Here you can see how he had lined the opposite bank of the Alle with the majority of his artillery.</span></i><br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ney Attacks</span></span></h3>
At 1700 Ney heard the three salvos of massed artillery at Posthenen and ordered his two division commanders, Marchand and Bisson, to start their attack. Skirmishers pushed back the Raevsky's remaining jagers at the north end of the woods as the infantry in close columns began to push up the roads in the woods and out into the open. They were supported on their right by the VI Corps cavalry brigade under Colbert, who drove back the Russian hussars and jagers in Sortlack village. <br />
<br />
Anticipating the end-of-day withdrawal, Bagration had already started to slowly collapse his front, inching his battalions backward toward Friedland. Since the French hadn't done anything all day but increase their numbers, he, like Bennigsen, had assumed that they wouldn't attack until the next day. It was quitting time. Everybody was starting to pack up to march back over the bridges. The supporting artillery, having shot away all of their ammunition during the all-day, fruitless cannonade, were sent back first.<br />
<br />
But now the shock of the strong French battery commencing a bombardment from Posthenen, as well as the sudden emergence of Ney's columns from the Sortlack Woods, caught Bagration and Bennigsen off guard. <br />
<br />
Kogine's 30 squadrons of Russian cavalry, covering Bagration's flank, did not panic, though. Seeing the French infantry chasing the jagers out of the woods, Kogine saw his duty. As the French columns emerged, they came into the open in some disarray and were struggling to shake themselves into columns of attack. Kogine's front line was less than 400 yards from them, just two minutes away. If he could slam into them before they had formed, he could rout the whole lot. He ordered an all out charge.<br />
<br />
As the Russian cavalry thundered toward them, the discipline and superior experience of Ney's infantry gave some of the battalions time to form emergency squares. Some did not and were thrown back into the relative safety of the woods by the galloping Russians. A good way to start a battle, as far as Kogine was concerned.<br />
<br />
But then, wheeling around the northwest corner of the woods, seemingly out of nowhere, came <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Fay_de_La_Tour-Maubourg" target="_blank">Latour-Maubourg</a>'s 3,200 dragoons. In column of regiments they crashed into Kogine's now-disorganized 2,200 horsemen, milling around the squares and hacking at the fleeing French, completely ruining their fun. After a brief sabre fight, Kogine's two brigades galloped back to plunge into the Alle and swim their horses to the opposite bank. Latour chased them to the edge, then rallied his squadrons, ready to support Ney while his infantry regrouped.<br />
<br />
After several minutes, Ney's two divisions (Marchand and Bisson) came back out into the open and formed up in columns of attack in readiness to continue toward Bagration's left flank. As they moved forward, though, they found themselves facing a new nasty surprise.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>A typical French infantry battalion of nine companies deploying from Column of Attack to Line on the center. The two center companies would remain in place while the others would fan right and left by files at the double. The Column of Attack also served as a more-or-less instant square against cavalry if the companies merely closed up the space between them.</i></span><br />
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<br />
Bennigsen's prudent deployment of his heavy guns on the opposite bank of the river paid off. Marchand's and Bisson's infantry found themselves in close range and enfiladed by dozens of guns on the high ground across the river. They and Latour's dragoons took heavy casualties--probably the lion's share of French casualties for the whole battle--and retreated back to the woods again to regroup. So the initial attack was stalled.<br />
<br />
However, the hero of the day would turn out to be <a href="http://www.frenchempire.net/biographies/senarmont/" target="_blank">Alexandre Senarmont</a>, Victor's I Corps artillery commander. According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Antoine_Marcellin_de_Marbot" target="_blank">Marbot </a>in his memoirs, Senarmont got Napoleon's permission to commandeer as many batteries as he could (from his and Ney's command), take the assembled guns up close to the banks of the Alle, and proceed to hail the opposing Russian artillery with canister. This didn't knock out the guns themselves but it proved to be a meat grinder for their crews and horses. So, within minutes, the opposing batteries were neutralized. Clearing the way for a renewed assault.<br />
<br />
Ever since his equally adroit handling of his artillery in the early days of the Italian Campaign, Napoleon had long trusted Senarmont as his most audacious artillery commander. He was to the guns as Murat was to cavalry. Both he and the emperor saw eye-to-eye on the theory of how to use artillery. Like Napoleon, and breaking with the traditional, defensive use of artillery of the age, Senarmont believed that the artillery should be concentrated and handled as an offensive arm, very much as Rommel and Guderian, 130 years later, revolutionized tank warfare. Senarmont is credited with inventing the "artillery charge" in which he kept pushing massed guns up in sequence to within potato-chucking distance of the enemy, blasting canister into their ranks. <br />
<br />
While he was rallying his infantry and Senarmont was neutralizing the Russian artillery on the opposite bank of the river, Ney got another source of unexpected help. Dupont, Victor's 1st Division commander, decided on his own to cover for Ney and attack Bagration with his own division of 7,000. This had the effect of keeping up the pressure on the Russian left and giving time for Ney to regroup yet again and renew his own assault. <br />
<br />
Ney had by now reformed his own divisions. With the Russian artillery on his right neutralized, and Bagration preoccupied on his front by Dupont, he resumed his attack on Bagration's flank.<br />
<br />
Senarmont was on a roll this afternoon. Having swept the Russian batteries off the hill on the east bank of the river, he swung his own thirty guns around and started moving
them forward toward Bagration's line in leapfrog fashion, pumping barrage after barrage of
roundshot and finally case into the packed Russian infantry. He did this until
he was within a few dozen yards of the enemy line, ripping huge, bloody holes in the Russian battalions. Watching through his spyglass, trying to make out what was happening through the smoke, Napoleon became worried about losing his old gunner friend and sent an aide to him to find out if he was in trouble. Senarmont, a little distracted at the moment, curtly told the aide that he was busy and that the Emperor should let him do his job. He was so close to his target that his gunners took horrific casualties from the Russian musketry, but he gave back ten times what he took, with entire battalions of Russian infantry mowed down. Marbot claims that 4,000 were killed by Senarmont's guns alone. The Russian, couldn't answer this slaughter with their own frontline artillery since their guns were either withdrawn or out of ammunition.<br />
<br />
The stalwart Russians enduring this point blank cannonade, gradually began to waiver. Beginning in the support formations to their rear (closest to the bridges) a few individuals started running back through the town, like the first bouncing pebbles in front of an avalanche. Sensing their backups evaporating behind them, Bagration's front battalions now started to involuntarily shuffle backwards, with more and more individual soldiers breaking from the rear ranks, ducking around the bellowing NCOs trying to shove them back into line.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">The Massacre </span></span></h3>
<br />
As Ney's infantry now caught up to Senarmont's forward guns and raced through them to fall on the shaky ranks of greencoats, the avalanche to the rear of Bagration's line broke. The French infantry never had to collide with the front ranks of the Russian infantry; they only had to step over the piles of mangled corpses and chase after the fleeing rest. Ney's men charged into the town after the routed Russians, bayoneting as they went. The Russians, trying to get to the bridges, were so jammed into the tight streets and houses that, according to Marbot, who accompanied Ney into town, they couldn't use their arms, but only presented dense targets to the oncoming French.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Bennigsen, still on the opposite bank, directing the battle
from afar, kept feeding his remaining troops across the bridges in the opposite
direction, trying to reinforce failure. Rather than helping, this had the counter-effect of increasing the
traffic jam as the battalions of Somorov's 14th Division ran headlong
into the fugitives of Bagration's divisions. So the bridges were now
packed with humans trying to surge both ways.<br />
<br />
Friedland was in gridlock. Senarmont had his howitzers lob shells into the town to start fires and more grisly casualties, further increasing the panic (see my article on <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/07/lobositz-1756.html" target="_blank">Lobowitz 1756</a> in which Frederick's artillery did the same thing to the retreating Austrians at that battle). The bend in the river at Friedland afforded an opportunity for enfilade so he also had his gunners start firing at the packed humanity on the bridges, using howitzers to break the spans themselves. One by one the four bridges collapsed, either under the weight of people or from shell bursts. This had the effect of snapping the trap. <br />
<br />
Word got to Gortchakov in the Russian center that the left wing had broken and Friedland, the army's sole line of retreat, was threatened. He ordered Dokhturov's reserve division under Mallutin to wheel left and try to throw back Ney and retake the town. He did not know, at the time, that the bridges had been broken.<br />
<br />
Mallutin's attempt, even with the regiments of the Russian Imperial Guard, failed. As fresh and elite as they were, they had trouble filing over the makeshift bridges across the <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mühlen Fluss </span>separating the Russian wings. They were met by Dupont's division who shot them down as they tried to cross and reform.<br />
<br />
A sense of doom now rippled through the entire Russian army.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Simeon Fort's panoramic painting of Friedland (c 1840). In the left distance you can see hundreds of Russian fugitives who have forded (or swum) across the narrow Alle. In the foreground he shows the streets and yards of Russian infantry and artillery packing. Gortchakov's line is on the upper right, beyond the shallow lake and windmill, still exchanging fire with Mortier's corps. Up the middle, running directly away from us, is the infamous </i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mühlen Fluss </span>that separated the Russian wings.</i></span><br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Killing Blow</span></span></h3>
The panic in the Russian rear was visible from Napoleon's viewpoint in front of Posthenen. Friedland was burning, the bridges were burning, hordes of Russians were jumping into the river like lemmings (or, like lemmings are erroneously thought to do). He could also see the start of retrograde movement in Gortchakov's line on his left.<br />
<br />
With his perfect sense of timing, the emperor now gave Mortier and Grouchy the nod to commence their own attacks on the Russian center and right. He was probably thinking how glad he was that Murat wasn't on the battlefield because that hot head would have charged prematurely earlier in the day. (I'll never understand why Napoleon kept that lunging puppy around.)<br />
<br />
As Mortier's infantry and Grouchy's cavalry moved forward across the ditches separating them from the double lines of Gortchakov's infantry and Uvarov's cavalry, the Russian battalions started to break like Bagration's had earlier. Men began racing rearward, toward the river, first in ones and twos and then in clumps, and soon by entire battalions. Word had quickly spread that the way back to the bridges was blocked, and, looking nervously over their shoulders, they could see the town burning. The panic was contagious. Thousands of men dropped their weapons and threw themselves into the river, hoping to swim or dog paddle across the stream. Apparently some Cossacks had found a ford upstream from Friedland, opposite Kloschenen, but Marbot describes how most of the Russian army drowned in the river. <br />
<br />
This story seems odd to me. If you look at how narrow the river is (about 15-25 meters, see photo below), remember that it was a hot summer, and that the cavalry didn't seem to have a lot of trouble crossing, this claim of Marbot's is hard to believe, unless the stampede of men and horses was such that many were pushed underwater by the crowd. But the river is no Mississippi.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i> Alle River (now the Lava) at Friedland. It is only about 80 feet wide.</i></span><br />
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Meanwhile, on the extreme north of the battlefield, most of Uvarov's and Kolligribov's cavalry,
after having gamely tried to engage with Grouchy's cavalry, saw the mass rout of Gortchakov's infantry to their
south and concluded it was time to catch their own bus. But rather than joining the stampede in the center to
try and get over the river, Uvarov and Kolligribov, led their
still-intact commands up the left bank to cross farther north at their
leisure. It being about sunset, Grouchy called off the pursuit,
contenting himself with riding down, killing, and rounding up the low-hanging fruit of Russian infantry crowding the banks.<br />
<br />
There was one more, half-hearted attempt to resist when Platov, and his 7,000 Cossacks, showed up late on the other side of the river opposite Sortlack. These made a demonstration as if to cross, probably swearing a lot and shaking their lances in a cossacky way, but nothing came of it. Colbert's cavalry and Ney's third division under Brun firmly held the left bank here. Any attempt to ford across by Platov would have met with disaster. So the Cossacks flipped the French off (in cossacky fashion) and moved off. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Painting by Russian salon painter Viktor Mazurovksy (1912) of the Russian Guard Cuirassiers engaging French cuirassiers at Friedland. The town is seen in the distant right, behind the windmill and the mill pond, which would have the Russian cavalry in this picture charging from the west and driving the French back toward...uh...the river. He seems a little turned around. Also, it was apparent from the sources I used that the Russian Guard Cuirassier Regiment was not at the battle. But I could be wrong. I wasn't there. Nor was Mazurovsky. But it </i>is <i>a stirringly patriotic painting, isn't it? </i></span><br />
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<br />
The victory, however, was complete for Napoleon. Bennigsen's pesky army had at last been destroyed and he didn't have his usual chance to steal away in the night to fight another day. And <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Königsberg</span>'s hope of relief was dashed. Its Prussian garrison commander, Lestocq, hearing of the disaster at Friedland on the 16th, abandoned the town to Soult's corps.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Well, that happened.</span></span></h3>
Bennigsen lost about 30% of his army, around 11,000 dead, 7,000 wounded (total 18,000). He also lost some 80 guns. Of course, he managed to have preserved the bulk of his army's artillery because he kept it relatively safe on the right bank. There has been some debate about the casualties, at least on the Russian side, because the French reported almost no unwounded prisoners. This would either attest to the incredible tenacity of the Russian soldiers to die before surrendering, or that the French were bayoneting prisoners. Let's go with the brave Russians story. That way both nationalities retain their honor.<br />
<br />
It was a fairly costly victory for Napoleon's troops as well. With 1,372 killed outright, 9,108 wounded, and 53 prisoners (probably taken the night before), the total was (don't worry, I'll do the math) 10,533, or 11.6% of his total force present. This casualty ratio was even higher if you match it against only those engaged (about 62,000, the Guard and most of Victor's troops having been kept inactive in reserve), or 17%. So it was not a cheap win.<br />
<br />
Undoubtedly night (which fell about 2200) and the Alle River saved Bennigsen from total annihilation. Grouchy, whose troopers had been fighting more or less continuously for 20 hours, was pretty spent. Some historians have snarkily linked this post-victory inaction to <a href="https://www.napoleon-series.org/military/battles/1815/c_grouchyorders.html" target="_blank">Grouchy's later inaction during the Battle of Waterloo</a>. But Grouchy was a reliable, disciplined, and competent cavalry commander, one whom Napoleon continued to rely on and promote. Undoubtedly, had Murat been present, he would have whipped his exhausted troopers into an all-night chase. But had he been present (as I've already noted) he might have prematurely flipped the trap and cost Napoleon the victory.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Horace Vernet's 1835 painting of Napoleon supervising the mop up at the end of the battle, giving instructions to Oudinot. Behind him are Nansouty and Ney (with the red hair) and a nice bouquet of captured Russian flags. In front of him is a trooper of the 9th Hussars, who had been the first in the battle from the night before.</i></span><br />
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<br />
At any rate, this defeat and the fall of <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Königsberg </span>were severe enough strategic blows that Bennigsen crossed the Pregel, burned his bridges over that river, turned right instead of left to <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Königsberg </span>, and withdrew the rest of his army back across the Nieman.<br />
<br />
After two years of combat, Czar Alexander I, took this last defeat to heart and agreed to meet Napoleon in person on a raft in the middle of the Nieman to discuss peace. Both emperors were reportedly charmed by each other. And though he had the whip hand, Napoleon was generous in his terms, handing over quite a bit of territory (at Austria's, Sweden's, and Turkey's expense) to Alexander. His only caveat, other than a cessation of hostilities and the return of the Ionian Islands in the Adriatic to France, was that Russia join the Continental System to blockade England. This was fine with Alexander since he was not particularly fond of Britain in the first place (and he probably knew that the blockade was unenforceable in the Baltic since Napoleon didn't have much of a Navy). So they both signed and embraced and departed new best friends.<br />
<br />
To the Prussians, however, Napoleon was far less friendly. He stripped them of almost all of their provinces in the west, creating a new puppet Kingdom of Westphalia (with his brother as king). He also took all of Prussia's Polish provinces to create the Grand Duchy of Warsaw (including provinces that had never been part of Poland to begin with, like East Prussia). The Russians wouldn't have stood for a renewed Kingdom of Poland, so the Poles had to be satisfied with a Grand Duchy (halfway between a plain old duchy and a kingdom). And he split Saxony off of Prussia too, recreating it as an allied kingdom. Prussia, reduced to its pre-Frederican borders, was also required to pay crippling reparations to the French Empire. Of course, all of this would come to bite Napoleon in his tender parts viciously after 1812 when Prussia, humiliated, rose again like a phoenix to become his worst and most lethal foe. An object lesson on the value of magnanimity in victory; don't humiliate your conquered foes, for they will surely remember it when the tables are reversed.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Some Amateur Theorizing</span></span></h3>
<br />
Aside from the fact that Friedland was one of Napoleon's most strategic victories, there are some issues about the battle that I have wondered about. The first is...<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;">What was Bennigsen thinking?</span></span></h3>
We know that his original idea was that he could quickly skip over the river to gobble up Lannes' outnumbered and exposed corps, and then skip back before Napoleon would know what had happened. But the activity of his troops once over there left a lot to be desired. Had he not told Gortchakov, Uvarov, or Bagration what their mission was? They just seemed to be content with marching out a couple thousand yards on the plain west of Friedland to pick flowers.<br />
<br />
Perhaps it was too dark and they weren't sure how many French there were or where exactly. But that's what they had Cossacks and all that light cavalry for, reconnaissance. And this was near the solstice, in a very northern latitude. The sun started coming up a little after 0300 and by 0400 they had full light, with the sun at their backs (a tactical advantage,since the French had to squint through the morning haze). And yet, except for a lot of tit-for-tat cavalry skirmishes around Heinrichsdorf, the rest of Bennigsen's army just kept filing over to sit. And sit. And sit.<br />
<br />
The rest of the French army didn't start showing up until after 0600 and yet Bennigsen's mission to destroy Lannes was stalled. And then, even when the French did start arriving--and it took them until late afternoon to get their full strength--during the whole day the Russians still did nothing except indulge in some cavalry skirmishes on the northern fringe.<br />
<br />
One has to ask, if he wasn't going to fight, and he wasn't going to eat up Lannes when he was weak, why didn't Bennigsen follow his original plan and start pulling back over the river early, instead of waiting until the end of the day?<br />
<br />
My hunch is that he was sick in bed. And not paying attention. Narratives do mention him as being unwell. And he had been up and hard marching (as had his entire army) for three consecutive days after Heilsberg. He might have caught something. He spent the whole battle on the near side of the river at Allenau (see map). That seems to indicate he was in bed, or at least resting in his coach, listening to reports and dictating orders without actually seeing what was going on. But that's my theory.<br />
<br />
And, as I've noted, the entire Russian army had been fighting and force marching for four days (including Heilsberg), so perhaps none of them had the energy to go further. <br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;">Why were the bridges all clumped together next to the flammable town?</span></span></h3>
It's easy to point this out as an armchair general, but putting all of their pontoons next to each other to a bridgehead that was already a chokepoint was a bonehead decision by Bennigsen's engineers. They could have spread them out, allowing access from both flanks and under the cover of his ample artillery on the heights. As it turned out, having all three pontoon bridges next to the existing wooden bridge at Friedland not only made them vulnerable to close artillery fire, but compounded the traffic control problem.<br />
<br />
Crossing through a town on a narrow strip of land and having that town be your only line of retreat was a terrific blunder. Napoleon saw this at once. He also saw that more and more Russians were crossing the into that town all through the day. His maxim, "Never interrupt your enemy when he's making a mistake" couldn't have been more apt than at Friedland.<br />
<br />
Again, this supports my theory that Bennigsen, an otherwise competent field commander, was sick and absent. His orders, written from bed, might have been vague. And the default order, for the whole army to keep on keeping on over the river, was probably never corrected in light of events.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;">Senarmont's and Napoleon's artillery theory put into practice</span></span></h3>
I imagine that the stroke of genius that Senarmont executed, moving his guns enmass in a series of closer and closer positions until they were blasting at the dense Russian columns from musket range, was something that he and Napoleon had talked about more than once. Apparently, either Napoleon had ridden over to Senarmont or the latter had gone back to Napoleon to ask for permission to do this. It was a risky move. But for the first time in a European battle, Napoleon was able to use artillery aggressively and in concentration. The tactic proved to be so famously successful that tacticians began using it throughout the following century, and teaching it in their staff colleges.<br />
<br />
In one sense, it was a tank attack over a century before there were tanks. And, like Guderian's armored tactics in WWII with his own concentrated armor, Senarmont's tactic required infantry support to immediately follow up and pour into the gaps blown open by his guns (or the tanks). <br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>One of my favorite of the Belle Epoch French salon painters, Eduoard Detaille's painting of the charge of the 4th Hussars at Friedland, 1895. Although accurate as far as uniform is concerned, I'm bothered by the hussars appearing to wear their fur lined pelisses. Considering the extremely hot, muggy day, I imagine that the hussars had left their red over-jackets behind in camp and would have worn just their dark blue dolmans...for those of you military miniature painters.</i></span><br />
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<h2>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Wargame Considerations</span></span></h2>
Friedland is an obvious testable scenario for a wargame. There are so many factors which could be played to allow the Russian player to prevail or to draw the game. In fact, a drawn game, allowing the Russian player to exit safely after dark (as he did at all previous battles in this campaign) could also be considered a Russian victory.<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Hidden French</span></span></h3>
If the only thing keeping the Russians from pressing ahead with Bennigsen's plan to annihilate Lannes' isolated detachment in the early hours was not knowing exactly where and how strong the French were, a rule that would hide any French troops from the Russian player would make the game more realistic (ala the old <i>Battleship</i> search rule). The Russian player could use small cavalry probes (like pawns) to query sections of the battlefield west of Posthenen, in the Sortlack Woods, or around Heinrichsdorf. The French player could keep his hidden units noted (say on cards or a spreadsheet) and if queried by an adjacent Russian marker could say yes or no. Or, decoy markers could be used if the off-board bookkeeping method is too cumbersome.<br />
<br />
Also, the actual initial strength of the French player would be randomized at the beginning of the game.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Relative Combat Effectiveness</span></span></h3>
The CE of the French Army during this campaign was probably at its pinnacle. Though there had been some losses during the previous year, the regiments had, by mid-June, been brought back up to strength with well-trained recruits. Also the French NCOs at this stage were still some of the best in Europe. Morale might have been somewhat lower, however, as the <i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Grande Armée</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span>had been on deployment for two years, and were thinking this war was never going to end.<br />
<br />
Though the Russian infantry was not particularly well led, the stubbornness of the Russian soldier should be considered extremely high. Frederick the Great had said of them a generation earlier, it wasn't enough to shoot them, you had to knock them over. So even though they were taking horrific casualties from Senarmont's artillery and Ney's and Dupont's musketry, it took a lot to get them to retreat. And until the Russian army broke, they were giving as good as they took in terms of inflicting casualties.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Alternate Bridgeheads</span></span></h3>
Since the colossal blunder that Bennigsen was known for in this battle was putting all his bridges in one place, at the choke point of Friedland, an interesting scenario for a wargame would be to allow the Russian player to determine where to throw his pontoon bridges. He could, just to see, spread them out, above and below Friedland. Or he could try putting them all at a different location (say opposite Kloschenen) which were not so prone to congestion. The main reason I play wargames myself is to test hypotheticals. And this would certainly be one hypothetical worth testing.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">River Fords</span></span></h3>
The
Alle River was lower than usual (owing to the heat and time of year)
and may have been fordable in places. According to some of my sources,
some Russian artillery batteries were even able to cross at the ford
discovered by some Cossacks near Kloschenen. As with reconnoitering
rules for discovering hidden French at the beginning of the battle, the
same rule could apply to finding fords. Only cavalry can test for fords,
however.<br />
<br />
The Alle should otherwise be considered
impassable to infantry if a ford is not identified at that point.
Evidently, the training of the average Russian soldier at the time
didn't include swimming lessons.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Heat and Fatigue</span></span></h3>
It was reportedly sweltering on the day of the battle. So any rules governing fatigue or endurance reflect a faster rate of tiring.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Woods</span></span></h3>
One of the critical factors of this battle was the role of the Sortlack Woods. Though reportedly relatively free of undergrowth, moving through them would have still broken up close formations. So the French infantry columns would only be able to move undisordered along the roads (see map). Skirmishers (including cavalry) can move through these woods, but only at the slowest rate.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Skirmishers</span></span></h3>
Though the Russians had several entire battalions of jagers, light infantry tactics were still new to this army. The French, who had been trained at skirmishing tactics since the mid 1700s, were far more skilled at open warfare. Therefore the combat efficiency of French troops in skirmish order should be far higher than the Russians.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Russian Artillery Variant</span></span></h3>
As I pointed out, Bennigsen had kept the majority of his guns on the right bank of the Alle. Except for the battery that enfiladed Ney (which Senarmont subsequently obliterated), none of this force participated in the battle. Ironically, though the Russians enjoyed dramatic artillery superiority, at the front of the battle, the advantage was reversed. The Russian infantry did have small detachments of light guns in close support, but nowhere was there anything like the concentration that the French had.<br />
<br />
One scenario would be to test whether the outcome be different if the Russians had been able to mass their numerous heavy guns at their front. They might have theoretically overwhelmed the French massed batteries and, once the French attacks had started, done to them what Senarmont had done to the Russian infantry. It would be a risk, in that had Bennigsen still lost the battle he would conceivably have lost all of his artillery. But as the result of this battle proved to be the end of the war as it was (of the Fourth Coalition anyway), that may not have mattered. Had Bennigsen, instead, beat Napoleon to a standstill using his superior artillery, the war may have gone on, or Napoleon may have negotiated for peace on more favorable terms to the Prussians and Russians. <br />
<br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Orders of Battle</span></span></h2>
The following OOBs were derived from a variety of sources (see References below). I used, as the primary guide, George Nafziger's OOBs, with the exception of d'Espagne's cavalry division. Nafziger states that this division was not present at the battle, but Napoleon's own battle orders specifically mention d'Espagne as fighting on the left wing under Grouchy. So I tend to go with the horse's mouth, pardon the pun.<br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Caveats </b></span></span><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>and Key to the Table</b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span>
First Column<span style="background-color: black;"> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Command </b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span>is
the name of the command or regiment, colored in the primary uniform
coat color for each regiment. The order to change the standard coat for the French infantry from blue to the old white came at the beginning of 1807. Only some of the regiments received their new white coats (noted in the OOB), but I am not sure they actually donned them before the order was rescinded later that year after the Peace of Tilsit.<br />
<br />
Also, while I have listed the actual, historic companies of the French batteries, not having that detail for the Russian OOB, I've listed Russian artillery batteries sequentially (<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><b>Bty #1,#2,#3</b></span>, etc.) from north to south for map reference.<br />
<br />
Second Column<span style="background-color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Facing</b></span> </span> </span>is
the command level and type, using standard military symbology. This
column is color-coded in the “facing” color of the regiment, that is,
the cuffs, lapels, and sometimes turnbacks of their coats. <br />
<br />
Third Column<span style="background-color: black;"> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Flag </b></span> </span></span>is a miniature of the regimental flag, if known. If unknown, this cell is left blank. Some units, notably the combined grenadier battalions, did not carry flags. The Russian army during the Napoleonic Wars went through a variety of flag redesigns and those represented here seem, from my sources, to be the ones still carried by the units at Friedland.<br />
<br />
Fourth Column<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #e69138;">Strength</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></span>is
the approximate strength of each unit. For this battle, I used reported brigade and division strengths from George Nafziger's research and averaged them per subunits. These include the book strengths of artillery commands. <b>Major Caveat:</b> Individual subunits may have varied considerably, so do not cite these for any academic purposes.<br />
<br />
Fifth Column<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #e69138;">Guns </span></span></b></span>is the allocated number of tubes for each battery. Narratives give Benningsen's army many fewer guns than the number of batteries Nafiziger's OOB reports (120 vs 372 tubes), which would assume that each battery had less than a third of the twelve pieces allocated in its TOE. But the Russian army had always been known for having the highest number of artillery per man, a ratio Napoleon (a gunner by training) said he envied.<br />
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<h2>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">References</span> </span></span></h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: black;">As a courtesy to the authors and retailers, I have linked each title to <a href="http://www.powells.com/" target="_blank">Powell's Books</a> in Portland, Oregon (my local retailer of choice but with an <a href="http://www.powells.com/" target="_blank">online store</a>),
or, failing Powell's in-stock inventory, to Amazon. The ISBN number is
also included should you like to support your own, local book seller or
public library.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Campaigns-Napoleon-Historys-Greatest-Soldier-ebook/dp/B002YPOS4S/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1453320389&sr=8-2&keywords=the+campaigns+of+napoleon+david+chandler" target="_blank"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: black;">Chandler, David, "The Campaigns of Napoleon", MacMillan, 1966, ISBN </span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" target="_blank">0025236601</a> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.powells.com/book/dictionary-of-the-napoleonic-wars-9781840222036/1-4" target="_blank">Chandler, David, "Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars", MacMillan, 1979, ISBN 0-02-523670-9</a></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Military-History-Atlas-Napoleonic-Wars/dp/1853673463/ref=pd_sim_14_6?ie=UTF8&dpID=515WRA7SNXL&dpSrc=sims&preST=_AC_UL160_SR160%2C160_&refRID=186BSJWA0BYH9DVK7GQN" target="_blank">Elting,
John & Esposito, Vincent, "A Military History and Atlas of the
Napoleonic Wars", Greenhill Books, 1999, ISBN 1-85367-346-3</a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Historical-Maps-Napoleonic-Simon-Forty/dp/1856487334/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1451713730&sr=1-1&keywords=1856487334" target="_blank">Forte, Simon & Swift, Michael, "Historical Maps of the Napoleonic Wars", PRC, 2003, ISBN 1-85648-733-4</a> </span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: black;">Hourtoulle, F.G., <a href="http://www.powells.com/book/from-eylau-to-friedland-9782352500216" target="_blank"><u>From Eylau to Friedland, 1807, The Polish Campaign</u></a>, Histoire & Collections, Paris, 2007, ISBN 978-2-35250-021-6</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Marbot, Jean-Baptiste, <a href="http://www.powells.com/book/-9780786708017" target="_blank">"The Exploits of Baron de Marbot"</a>, Caroll & Graf, 2000, ISBN 0-7867-0801-8</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.powells.com/book/imperial-bayonets-tactics-of-the-napoleo-9781853672507/1-0" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: black;">Nafziger, George, "Imperial Bayonets" , Greenhill Books, 1995, ISBN 1-85367-250-5</span></span></a></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: black;">Nafziger, George, OOB for Friedland 1807 </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Musket-Cannon-Sword-Tactics-Napoleon/dp/1885119275/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1455913955&sr=8-1&keywords=With+Musket+Cannon+and+Sword" target="_blank">Nosworthy,
Brent, "With Musket, Cannon and Sword: Battle Tactics of Napoleon and
His Enemies", Sarpedon, 1996, ISBN 1-885119-27-5</a> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Summerville, Christopher, <a href="http://www.powells.com/searchresults?keyword=Napoleon%27s+POlish+Gamble%3a+Eylau+%26+Friedland+1807" target="_blank"><u>Napoleon's Polish Gamble: Eylau & Friedland 1807</u></a> Pen & Sword Books, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-84415-260-X </span>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Online References:</span></span></h3>
Marbot's Memoires,<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217023938/http://gustave.club.fr/bataille_de_friedland.htm" target="_blank"> la bataille de Friedland</a><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="IT"></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i>©
</i></span></span>Copyright 2018, Jeffery
P. Berry Trust, all rights reserved. No part of this post, except those
illustrations which are already in the public domain, may be used
for re-publication or re-posting without documented permission from the
Jeffery P. Berry Trust, which may be obtained by e-mailing <a href="mailto:jeffery.p.berry@comast.net">jeffery.p.berry@comast.net</a>. However, feel free to link to this site as a
resource from related sites.</i></span></span>Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com24tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-56003688100632977632017-09-19T00:55:00.020-07:002022-09-25T17:45:54.155-07:00Fontenoy 1745<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">11 May (Gregorian) 1745</span></span><br />
<h2>
<br /><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: x-large;">War of the Austrian Succession</span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #674ea7;"><b>French</b></span>:</span> <span style="color: black;">under Marshal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_de_Saxe" target="_blank">Maurice de Saxe</a>, approx. 50,000 with ~78 guns (rising to 63,000)</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Pragmatic Army:</b></span> <span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #134f5c;">under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland" target="_blank">Duke of Cumberland</a>, approx. 45,000 with 97 guns</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Location: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@50.56834,3.46349,2358m/data=!3m1!1e3" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">54</span></a></span></span><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@50.56834,3.46349,2358m/data=!3m1!1e3" target="_blank"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">°</span></span></span></span> 34' N, 3</span></span></span><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">°</span></span></span></span> 27' E</span></span></span></a><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@42.4691148,-71.3515686,768m/data=%213m1%211e3" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]-->, </span></a></span></span></span><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">Antoing, Belgium, just southeast of Tournai on the Scheldt River.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Weather:</span> Mild temperatures. <span style="color: #b45f06;">Visibility: <span style="color: #134f5c;"><span style="font-size: small;">Low ground fog in the morning, lifting about 0900. <span style="color: #b45f06;">Ground:</span> Soft and frequently soggy in low areas after days of heavy rain.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">First Light:</span> </span> 04:27 <span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunrise: </span> 05:06 <span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunset: </span> </span>20:28 <span style="color: #b45f06;">End of Twilight: </span>21:07<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Moonrise:</span> 16:40 waxing, 77% gibbous<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">All times UTC +1 (Alpha, Zulu +1)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(calculated from <a href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/rstt/onedaytable?ID=AA&year=1745&month=5&day=11&place=Tournai%2C+Belgium&lon_sign=1&lon_deg=3&lon_min=27&lat_sign=1&lat_deg=50&lat_min=34&tz=1&tz_sign=1" target="_blank">U.S. Naval Observatory</a> from lat/long and date)</span><br />
<br />
<h4>
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ha-uagjJQ9k" target="_blank"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Old and Busted vs New Hotness</span></span></a></h4>
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
The battle of Fontenoy has always appealed to me personally because it's one of those numerous occasions in history where age defeats youth. And, at this stage in my life, that has suddenly become important. I particularly love lessons in which late-blooming age shows its quality (e.g. Browne at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/07/lobositz-1756.html" target="_blank">Lobositz </a>or Marlborough at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/11/blenheim-1704.html" target="_blank">Blenheim</a>). At Fontenoy, it was the aging and ailing Marshal Saxe who not only schooled the young Duke of Cumberland, but also the young, hip critics in Louis XV's own court. He had nearly as many enemies at his back as on the battlefield. But he handled them all. <br />
<br />
<h4>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Cause of the War: The Pragmatic Sanction</span></span></h4><p>
I have, of course, done other articles on battles during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" target="_blank">War of the Austrian Succession</a>--<a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/02/mollwitz-1741.html" target="_blank">Mollwitz</a>, <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-battle-of-soor-1745_23.html" target="_blank">Soor</a>, <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/03/chotusitz-1742_30.html" target="_blank">Chutositz</a>--but those took place in the eastern theater of that long war, between Frederick II and the Austrians. Fontenoy takes us to the west, between allies of Frederick (France) and the Austrians (Britain and the Netherlands). The war had already been going on for four years by the time Britain and the Netherlands decided to get into it. Its origins had long since evaporated from the minds of the various combatants <br />
<br />
My father used to say there are two reasons for everything, the good reason and the real reason. In the case of the War of the Austrian Succession, the "good" reason was the outrageous idea that a mere girl should inherit the Hapsburg throne, or any throne, for that matter. All of the insecure male egos in Europe had not gotten over their misogyny about women governing. You'll remember my earlier post about the <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2015/03/crecy-1346.html" target="_blank">Battle of Crecy</a> in 1346 and how the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" target="_blank">Hundred Years War</a> started because of a dispute over succession to the throne of France via the female line; the infamous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salic_law" target="_blank">Salic Law.</a> Well, four hundred years later, this dangerous idea of female inheritance was still getting the various male-chauvinist crowned heads' periwigs all twisted. They could see a trend developing, what with nasty women becoming heads of state since the middle of the 16th century (Mary Tudor, Elizabeth Tudor, Mary and Anne Stuart in England; Catherine I, Anna Ivanovna, and Elizabeth Petrovna in Russia). It didn't seem to end. Civilization itself was imperiled. <br />
<br />
Charles VI, king of Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, Croatia,Transylvania, Lombardy, the Austrian Netherlands, and a mess of principalities and spas all over Europe, had no male heirs (he also had been elected Holy Roman Emperor, but that was an elected and honorary title and had nothing to do with this). But the allies of Charles and, in the end, his enemies, sick of decades of war, eventually agreed to what was called the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1713" target="_blank">Pragmatic Sanction of 1713</a>, i.e. that the crowns of Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, etc. should go to Charles's daughter when the time came and he didn't have any male heirs. They all reluctantly agreed, mostly to avoid yet another stupid succession war (there had already been two that century, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" target="_blank">Spanish</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" target="_blank">Polish Successions</a>). <br />
<br />
But when the time came and Charles VI died, he only had a daughter, Maria Theresa, and the very male Elector of Bavaria, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" target="_blank">Charles Albert</a>, thought <i>he </i>should be King of Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, and all those other places, not some 23-year-old girl. Remember the Salic Law? And because of all the incest among the nobility of Europe, he had some lawyers draw up some convoluted lines of inheritance (by marriage). So he threw a tantrum for war. <br />
<br />
Now came the real reason for the war. Greed. Frederick II of Prussia wanted the rich province of Silesia from Austria. Louis XV of France wanted the Austrian Netherlands (today's Belgium) and some other places. And they both used Charles Albert's thin claim of succession as a righteous pretext to go to war to grab some rich territory. The British and the Dutch had their own equally cynical and covetous motivations; they wanted to take colonies and markets from the French. Also, whatever the French were for, the British and Dutch were against anyway. It was all very sordid.<br />
<br />
But coming to the defense of a damsel in distress (Maria Theresa) or against an upstart woman were the "good" reasons on each side. As my dad used to say, the "good reason and the real reason."<br />
<br />
It's really complicated. And from our perspective in the 21st century when wars are fought for very good and sensible reasons, indeed, it all seems so silly. (Yes, I'm being sarcastic.) Also, knowing all the background of political and economic factors in this arcane period has nothing really to do with understanding this particular battle, or for those who want to turn it into a set piece wargame. In the end, it really isn't very pragmatic at all.<br />
<br />
So that's all I'm going to say about the War of the Austrian Succession. It won't be on the test.</p><p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>NB: About the maps</b>. I have created these using a light source based on where the sun would be at this latitude and time.Since we have been conditioned to look at images with the light source coming from the upper left, this may take some perceptual adjustment.</i></span><br />
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<h4>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Saxe lays his trap.</span></span></h4>
At the beginning of this fifth year of this tedious war, the French got the drop on the Allies (Britain, Hanover, the Netherlands, and Austria-Hungary). They cheated by starting early in March, before the normal campaigning season, invading the Austrian Netherlands (today's Belgium) with 95,000 men and laying siege to the big market town of Tournai on the Scheldt river. Louis XV's strategy was to just go for his ultimate prize and seize all of Belgium--or the Austrian Netherlands, as it was then known--and do it early. He had done so the year before, but got sick with smallpox (he got better!) and, after a series of setbacks in Bavaria, was forced to give it all up and retreat back into France at
the end of the year. But he and his new commander, Marshal Maurice de
Saxe, probably one of the most gifted soldiers of the age, saw how
easily Flanders and the rest of this country had fallen to the
discombobulated Dutch defense the year before. It should be no trouble
to repeat the feat in 1745, for keeps this time.<br />
<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_de_Saxe" target="_blank"><b>Marshal Maurice de Saxe</b></a></i><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Nearly 50 and sick with congestive heart failure<br />but still one of the outstanding soldiers on the <br />Continent in 1745. <span style="font-size: xx-small;">Painting by Maurice de la Tour</span>.</span></i></div>
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Also, there was the matter of honor. Two years before, Louis's forces had suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of the British at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dettingen" target="_blank">Dettingen in Germany</a>. (We can call them "British" by this date, even though they were English, Welsh,
Irish, and Scots, there had been a formal union of all these countries
in 1707.) No matter that the defeat was from a numerically superior force, or the result of an impetuous blunder by an over-eager French local commander, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Gramont" target="_blank">le Duc de Grammon</a>t, who violated orders by charging out of his perfectly secure fortifications to attack the redcoats on open ground. <i>Pour la gloire</i>, you understand. That didn't matter. Louis wanted vengeance and vindication.<br />
<br />
So, as soon as the huge French army crossed the border in early April, it invested Tournai, which had about 7,000 surprised Dutch troops inside. Saxe also knew that besides taking this strategic town, the siege would be bound to attract a valiant rescue operation by the Pragmatic Army (so named to remind the Allied members they were fighting to uphold the Pragmatic Sanction supporting Maria Theresa's right to the throne...oh, never mind). As soon as the marshal crossed into Flanders, he sent a portion of his army southeast toward Mons as a diversion, and to give his main army time to invest Tournai. The ruse worked and the Pragmatics spent precious time marching toward Mons to intercept what they thought was the main French thrust.<br />
<br />
The Allied Army in Flanders was now under the command of the young and talented (so his father thought) Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, third son of <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland" target="_blank">Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland</a><br />Just twenty-four years old and already <br />Captain-General of a whole Allied army.</i></span></td></tr>
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George II, and 24-years-old. He was supposed to be the new generation of military leaders; young, brilliant, inspirational, just percolating with new ideas on the right way to wage war. Haven't we all heard that before? George had apparently been mightily impressed by his young son's vigorous behavior at Dettingen a couple of years prior, and had insisted, since his country was footing most of the bill for the war, that his son be given overall command. This to the disgust of several more senior and more experienced officers in the army, including the 41 year-old General Karl Friedrich August, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont, who commanded the Dutch contingent.<br />
<br />
But Cumberland had confidence in his own star. Because so many of the sycophants in his father's court had assured him of his military prowess, he tended to believe it himself. It was another of those examples of someone being born on third base and thought they'd hit a triple (as we Americans like to say, drawing from our perpetually useful bag of baseball metaphors). So he took his new role as Captain-General of the Pragmatic Army very seriously. He may have been many things, but as we'll see, he was earnest and brave. And also a terrible manager. And a worse judge of talent; like Henry V, he peopled his staff with old drinking buddies, not necessarily with the best talent.<br />
<br />
On April 29th, when he finally got news of de Saxe's true invasion target, Tournai, some 32 miles (52 km) west of Mons, Cumberland assembled what forces he had so far in Brussels and started slowly marching southwest to save the Tournaisians (Tournaians? Tournaisinis? Tournaises?). Just as Saxe hoped he would. Cumberland assumed in his correspondence, based on faulty intelligence, that de Saxe had, at most, 22,000 men around the town and though his own forces were not yet up to their full strength (only around 44,000), he felt had more than enough to defeat the French, particularly as the core of his army was composed of his undefeated British infantry.<br />
<br />
Saxe, on the other hand, had an excellent network of intelligence throughout Flanders and knew how to exploit it. He quickly got word that Cumberland was moving slowly from Brussels through the Soignes-Ath-Cambron-Vezon route and estimated, because of his slow progress on the rain-soaked roads, that he would not be in front of Tournai before 10 May. He even accurately predicted the route he would take, running up past the market town of Antoing a couple of miles south of Tournai on the Scheldt River. The marshal had marked this ground well, and like Wellington at Waterloo seventy years later (and just 42 miles away, or 68 km, in case you're interested), he had kept it in his pocket.<br />
<br />
He also didn't have only 22,000 that Cumberland's intelligence estimated, he had closer to 95,000 around Tournai, more than enough to not only meet Cumberland with overwhelming force, but to keep sufficient numbers in the trenches around the city to keep the siege going.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Waiting for Cumberland</span></span></h3>
<br />
The battlefield was constricted by a rather large wood to the northeast (the Bois de Barry) and the marshy banks of the Sheldt to the southwest. A long sunken road, a natural trench, ran eastward from the Castle of Antoing to the village of Fontenoy and then turned abruptly north toward the Barry Wood. The ground south of the road between Antoing and Fontenoy was open, as was the plateau behind Fontenoy, and the long, sloping ground in front of it toward the village of Vezon (see map above). It was perfect artillery terrain, and also perfect for funneling an enemy into a killing zone.<br />
<br />
The Allied army began to show up in the villages a little over three miles southeast of Fontenoy on the evening of the 9th, from the exact direction de Saxe had counted on them coming. Cumberland and his staff, and about a dozen squadrons of dragoons as escort, rode toward Vezon to reconnoiter the battlefield. It was was here that they first saw the French campfires stretch from south to north in the distance. Patrols reported that the wood to the north of Vezon (the Barry Wood) seemed to be thick with enemy light infantry, but Cumberland dismissed this report as inconsequential. As soon as he saw where de Saxe was, he had already decided the best strategy was to go right straight for him. No fancy, unmanly maneuvering.<br />
<br />
That same evening two miles away, as soon as his own patrols reported the arrival of the Allies, and in spite of heavy rains in the days before, de Saxe tasked his 500 pioneers, with as many borrowed infantry laborers as they required, to construct a series of redoubts all along this L-shaped line and to create a strong fortification around Fontenoy village. He had put off commencing work on these fortifications until he knew for sure that Cumberland was coming up this way. There had still been a chance he would have taken the northern, straighter road toward Tournai and, for that reason, he had left blocking forces north and east of the city.<br />
<br />
Working around the clock, his men did heroic labor, building, in all, five strong redoubts, each garrisoned with artillery and infantry, and over two kilometers of gun bastions and firing trenches around Fontenoy and Antoing. The spur on the west side of the Barry Wood was also cut down to give the two redoubts there (named Eu and Chambonas, after their garrison regiment and its commander) clear fields of fire should the Pragmatics attempt to filter through the wood. <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Detail of defenses around Fontenoy village</span>.</i></span> <br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">Copyright 2017 Jeffery P. Berry Trust, all rights reserved. Image protected by Digimarc watermark</span></i></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">.</span><br />
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The Marshal knew that the British wing of the enemy army would take the position of honor, the right (or north) side, in front of the village of Vezon, making the Dutch attack around from the south toward the three redoubts on the Antoing-Fontenoy sunken road. This is exactly what he wanted. The British were the decidedly greater threat to his army. They were renowned for their discipline, their firepower, and their sense of their own invincibility. They had never lost a major battle on the Continent since the turn of the century. So he figured that his best chance was to force them into the constricted space between the Barry Wood and Fontenoy, where they would be subjected to overwhelming fire from both flanks and the front, unable to deploy to their full numbers. It would be his own <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" target="_blank">Poltava</a>, in emulation of one of his heroes, Peter the Great of Russia.<br />
<br />
Saxe had more enemies than the Pragmatic Army, of course. Louis XV, who had come up from Versailles to be present during the operations in front of Tournai, brought with him his entourage of toadies, many of whom hated Saxe as an upstart foreigner (he was Saxon, after all, one of Augustus II of Saxony's many illegitimate children); they were jealous of his favor with their sovereign and his (to them) undeserved promotion to Marshal of France. So there was a lot of carping and making of duck faces. The Marshal, though, had a warm, personal relationship with the young king and was scrupulous about keeping his sovereign informed about his plans. As Louis rode the lines with him, listening intently to his plans, some of these harpies (Saxe called them "carpet generals") began to criticize his preparations, especially his building field fortifications, as unmanly and not respectful of French courage. They opined that the honorable thing to do was not to hide in trenches, but to stand up in the open and face the English like men. Louis, who was apparently indulgent of all of this kibbitzing, finally put his hand up. He said, loudly to Saxe, for all his powdered courtiers to hear, "In confiding to you the command of my army, I intend that everyone shall obey you, and I will be the first to set an example of obedience." Booyah!<br />
<br />
Louis lived up to his word. Throughout the subsequent battle, even during the diciest parts, he never wavered in his support of Saxe's leadership, and never left the field of battle. It would not only prove to be Saxe's finest moment, it would also be Louis's. <br />
<br />
Saxe carefully deployed his army in four lines, two infantry and two cavalry. Occupying the central position he felt that he could quickly shuttle needed reinforcements to either face of his position, while his enemy would be split and unable to support each of his wings as quickly. He also had his trusted left wing commander, Lutteaux, to send his elite Arqubusiers de Grassin, all crack shots skilled in the new light infantry tactics, into the Barry Wood to take up positions to worry the enemy northern flank. Finally, he held the four-battalion Normandie regiment and the Angoumois and Royal Corse regiments around the village of Ramecroix on his left flank to block any sweeping maneuver attempted by Cumberland around the Bois de Barry.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Saxe sent out patrols to the hamlets of Bouregon and Peronne (see map) to act as pickets warning of the approach of the enemy and to set fire to the villages upon their approach to keep them from acting as shelters.<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">We saw this same thing during the <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/11/blenheim-1704.html" target="_blank">Battle of Blenheim</a> 41 years earlier when the French pickets burned the little villages there too. One can't help but think of how cruel this was to the people who lived there, who would lose everything they had. And in an age when warfare was supposed to be so genteel, to civilians and the ordinary soldier, it really hadn't changed since the barbarity of the Thirty Years War, except that the soldiers weren't so murderous to the civilians themselves. They'd just destroy everything they had. De Saxe also had the outlying houses and barns in front of Fontenoy itself burned for the same reason, to provide a clear field of fire. Do you think the inhabitants were compensated? Did they have war insurance?</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
Cumberland courteously gave Saxe almost 36 hours to prepare. Instead of charging ahead immediately before the French could dig in, the new Captain-General gave his army another whole day to rest from their arduous 11 day, 50 mile march from Brussels (they'd had only five days of rest in that whole time!). He was nothing if not considerate of his men.<br />
<br />
So, with two nights and a full day to thoroughly prepare his battlefield, Saxe felt ready. Late during the evening of the 9th his pickets in the outlying hamlets heard the distinct sound of drums coming up the road from Ath. They set the houses on fire and scampered back to the main line. The enemy had arrived.<br />
<br />
<h4>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">These things take time.</span></span></h4>
As the Pragmatic Army neared the battlefield, Cumberland's
cavalry patrols reported again that while the woods on the northern flank were
filled with an unknown number of enemy troops, the plain to the north of it
seemed relatively unprotected. True to 18th century convention, the Duke called a
council of war to debate the implications of this. Many of his generals,
notably his cavalry commanders, Campbell, Crawford, Rothe, and Bland, as well as the Austrian representative, Konigsegg, vigorously recommended a strong
cavalry envelopment wide around the Bois de Barry to roll up the French left and cut them off from their siege lines at Tournai.
But Cumberland listened to the more cautious advice, that it would
not be prudent to split up the army in the presence of the enemy,
particularly as no one knew the strength of the force in the woods. So it
was decided to shelve the envelopment idea in favor of a more direct, blunt force approach. If you have read my article on <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/10/picketts-charge-1863.html" target="_blank">Pickett's Charge at Gettysburg</a>, you'll recognize this same frustrating situation, with Lord Crawford repeatedly imploring Cumberland, as Longstreet implored Lee, to move around to the right of the enemy and take them in the flank, and with Cumberland (like Lee) ignoring this prudent advice.<br />
<br />
The Allies started sorting themselves out at Vezon and Bourgeon in the evening of the 10th. But they didn't attack right away. In this age of linear warfare, it took time for an army to deploy from a column of route to a line of attack. Considerable time. Also, the ground around the village of Vezon, where the Anglo-Hanoverian wing had to form up, was quite broken and choked with gardens, marsh, and orchards. And it was dark. Not ideal for forming lines of battle.<br />
<br />
Shortly after sunrise, 0506, Cumberland received a report from his scouts that the low ridge ahead of him (between Fontenoy and the woods) was concealing a considerable force of French infantry and artillery, entrenched on the flanks in strong positions. As the landscape was wrapped in early morning fog (there was still considerable moisture in the ground from the days of rain), neither side could see the other. So the fog worked for awhile to give the Allies time to deploy. But by about 0700 it had started to burn away and the Dutch artillery, which had unlimbered in front of Bourgeon, started to a slow bombardment of the French in their fortifications at Fontenoy. The French, in turn, started firing back slowly. And so began a two hour waste of ammunition on both sides.<br />
<br />
As the morning fog lifted, the French in the center, seeing the British infantry forming up in front of Vezon, about a mile away, started cannonading them as well. Of course, at that range, the state of artillery technology was not capable of doing much but random damage (effective range of even the 12 pounders being only about 650 yards with the French Army's Valliere guns, at the time, among the most advanced artillery in Europe). Also, given the soggy nature of the ground from days of rain, the ricochet of roundshot would have been reduced, further lowering their effect. But the bounding cannon balls could still irritate the British. <br />
<i><br /></i>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>View from just in front of the French center toward Vezon, where the British and Hanoverian infantry was shuffling to deploy. </i> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Image from GoogleMaps Street View.</i></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nUlrfTkvkFw/WbDsJWTXeLI/AAAAAAAAC_U/voq9F-4qgWwkI5b_IkTdZ-vXtwb7k60OQCLcBGAs/s1600/View%2Beast%2Bfrom%2BFontenoy%2Btoward%2BVezon.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="648" data-original-width="1600" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nUlrfTkvkFw/WbDsJWTXeLI/AAAAAAAAC_U/voq9F-4qgWwkI5b_IkTdZ-vXtwb7k60OQCLcBGAs/s1600/View%2Beast%2Bfrom%2BFontenoy%2Btoward%2BVezon.jpg" /></a></div>
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Meanwhile General Ligonier, Cumberland's infantry commander, began the tedium of getting his 20 British and five Hanoverian battalions into a line of attack. It was important to respect the relative seniority of the various brigades in the sequence in which they deployed. You couldn't have a more "junior" brigade form on the right of a more "senior" one, after all. What! Are you nuts? Gentlemen would be insulted. The first line had to be of the most senior British regiments, beginning with the 1st Guards ("Grenadiers") on the far right, the post of honor, then the 2nd Guards ("Coldstream"), the 3rd Guards ("Scots"), then the 1st Royal and so on. Of course they lined up by brigade, with each brigade composed of three or four single battalion regiments, and it was the senior regiment of each brigade that gave the brigade its rank order. I know, the protocol is mind-numbing. But if they didn't do it this way, Western Civilization as they knew it would collapse (as it ultimately did anyway in 1789) and there would be no point in fighting the war at all. At the very least there would be duels between the insulted regimental commanders afterward.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SyVhxds3oLc/Wb7QvSTZYzI/AAAAAAAADDg/G3naunmwhUEGIFoMEURIJcQGrE7hoNjSQCLcBGAs/s1600/Louis_de_Gramont_%25281689-1745%2529.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="300" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SyVhxds3oLc/Wb7QvSTZYzI/AAAAAAAADDg/G3naunmwhUEGIFoMEURIJcQGrE7hoNjSQCLcBGAs/s320/Louis_de_Gramont_%25281689-1745%2529.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>Louis, Duc de Grammont </b></i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i> </i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>The 54-year old Commander of the</i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i> Gardes <br />Francaises, paid today with </i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>his life for his <br />earlier blunder at </i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>the Battle of Dettingen,<br /> the unlucky </i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>victim of a random cannon ball. </i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>He looks very comfortable in this </i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>portrait <br />in his new Christmas bathrobe</i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i> though,<br /> doesn't he?</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
While all this was going on, French cannon balls kept rolling at the ends of their trajectories through the redcoats' lines. At this extreme range, the shot were running out of energy and easy to spot in flight. So they was equally easy to step out of the way of, so no infantry were killed and only a few injured. But it bothered Cumberland enough that he ordered his cavalry commander, James Campbell, to bring one of his dragoon brigades forward to present themselves as meat shields to his evidently more valued foot. I'm sure the dragoons appreciated that. They were supposed to sit there passively on their horses and catch the shot from the French while the infantry behind them took their own sweet time in getting themselves organized. Since the dragoons were bigger targets on their horses and closer to the French, they did take some grisly casualties. Even a slow, bounding, 4 pound shot could disembowel a horse or take off a leg. Which is exactly what happened to General Campbell himself. A "spent" ball smashed his leg and he was taken off the field, where he eventually died from loss of blood.</div>
<br />
Incensed, Cumberland ordered his artillery chief, Col. Lewis, to bring up his own six pounders and howitzers and fire back. No sense just one side
wasting ammo. He was also eager to avenge the wounding of his dear friend, James Campbell. With the press of men in front of Vezon trying to find their appropriate places in line, there was considerable disruption of the deployment process to get the British guns through the shuffling lines and unlimbered in front of the heroically patient dragoons. So it took about an hour (and more delay in the infantry deployment) for Lewis's guns to open a counterfire on the French. Almost poetically and sadly, one of the first casualties on the French side from this bombardment was none other than the poor <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Gramont" target="_blank">Duc de Grammont</a>, the same aristocrat whose impetuosity had been responsible for the French losing the Battle of Dettingen two years before.<br />
<br />
<h4>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Who are those rude people in the woods?</span></span></h4>
<br />
While Cumberland was trying to manage all of this confusion, he got a report from one of his commanders that there was somebody firing at their flank from the Bois de Barry. These somebodies would have been the Arquebusiers de Grassin, an elite light regiment in the French Army. This new danger would, it was explained to him, present a considerable hindrance to his proposed attack on the main French line. True to form, Cumberland called another council of war to discuss this development. Someone again thought he should throw his cavalry around the wood in
a sweeping, outflanking movement. Cumberland looked blankly at this
suggestion; hadn't they already been over that? After more discussion it was suggested that an <i>ad hoc</i> assault brigade be formed and to go over and clear the woods of whoever was shooting at them. Cumberland liked this idea and told Col. Richard Ingoldsby, an old drinking buddy, to take four battalions--the 12th (Duroure's), 13th (Pultney's), and the 42nd (Munro's, also known as "The Black Watch") as well as Boschlanger's Hanoverians and the two companies of Nederlander Freicorps that the Austrians had graciously lent the Allies fighting for their cause--and go over and see about clearing those woods, like a good chap.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eSehNAtLGuY/Wb15beedMwI/AAAAAAAADBs/M2jQ47DqrkAtIHOUL_i_vB7HGfyZRi1gwCLcBGAs/s1600/Arquebusiers_de_Grassin%252C_Infanterie_XVIIIe_si%25C3%25A8cle_01.jpeg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="637" data-original-width="474" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eSehNAtLGuY/Wb15beedMwI/AAAAAAAADBs/M2jQ47DqrkAtIHOUL_i_vB7HGfyZRi1gwCLcBGAs/s320/Arquebusiers_de_Grassin%252C_Infanterie_XVIIIe_si%25C3%25A8cle_01.jpeg" width="238" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>A nattily dressed Arquebusier de Grassin</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p>Then the Duke turned his attention back to sorting out all of the deployment confusion with his infantry. It had been discovered that the front across which his attack would march was two narrow for all his infantry to deploy in their customary two lines. Some historians have supposed that the British decided to deploy on six ranks instead of the usual three. I find this to be unlikely. When you are trained to form up a certain way (e.g. three ranks) the field of battle is no place to suddenly change your tactics. It is more likely that Cumberland instead formed his attack column up in three echelons or lines (not ranks) instead of two, with the Hanoverian in the third echelon with Skelton's and Bligh's brigades. Of course, this is my hypothesis. I vasn't dere, Charlie.<br />
<br />
Then came another setback. After about an hour, Ingoldsby sent a message saying he had tried to eject those people from the Barry Woods, but he had no idea how many there were and was cautious about charging in there blind. There seemed like overwhelming numbers from their fire (there were only about 800, but the Arquebusiers were such crack snipers that their fire seemed like it must be coming from several times more). Cumberland dropped what he was doing and galloped over to see for himself. When he reined up, Ingoldsby pointed out the smoke and popping coming from the edge of the woods and asked his friend if he might have some of Col. Lewis's artillery to sweep them out of there. Sighing, Cumberland granted his request and sent for Lewis to break off some of his guns and lend them to the timid Ingoldsby. Then the Duke rode back over to Vezon see what was holding up his main deployment again.<br />
<br />
</p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-oinRZJ3wOPw/Wb19sBAUoUI/AAAAAAAADCA/aFGCrm67CeUYLMtWvPHdcX1bvWhOrgdqgCLcBGAs/s1600/12th%2Bfoot%2Bgrenadier%2Bplate.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="217" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-oinRZJ3wOPw/Wb19sBAUoUI/AAAAAAAADCA/aFGCrm67CeUYLMtWvPHdcX1bvWhOrgdqgCLcBGAs/s400/12th%2Bfoot%2Bgrenadier%2Bplate.jpg" width="180" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>A grenadier of Doroure's <br />12th Foot one of the two <br />regiments who nearly<br />captured Fontenoy.</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
When Ingoldsby got his guns (three 6 pounders), they fired canister into the woods and the Arquebusiers temporarily fell back. But by this time, someone looked over to the left and noticed a very menacing redoubt, bristling with guns and bayonets, at the end of the woods (Chambonas's redoubt mentioned above), and Ingoldsby decided not to risk it. He had his men hunker down in the sunken lane bordering the woods and sent back to Cumberland about this new problem. The Duke stopped his supervision of his main deployment again, rode over, and publicly berated his old friend in front of his command and told him to get into that wood now! And to overrun the redoubt, while he was at it and capture and turn the French guns on their own people. Then the Duke rode back.<br />
<br />
Ingoldsby made one more, less-than-half-hearted attempt, but by this time, the Arquebusiers, noticing the timidity of the British, crept back to their original positions and started picking them off again. The hapless Ingoldsby sent back to his commander one more time that the position was too strong and requested more troops. Swearing, Cumberland personally dropped everything yet again, galloped over, relieved Ingoldsby of his command, and ordered his four battalions to return to their parent brigades. He'd just deal with the flanking fire from the wood when he came to it. Ingoldsby was later court-martialed for his cowardice and failure to obey orders, though a witness at his trial said he plainly heard Cumberland tell the officer, "to attack the battery in the wood and to maintain himself if he could; if not to make the best of his way off." Confusing and limp orders if there ever were.<br />
<br />
These distractions with the relatively minor action on the flank already started to reveal Cumberland's unfitness for command. His attention easily captured by details and petty problems that his subordinates should have dealt with themselves (had he selected subordinates based on their military prowess instead of their pub companionship), he felt he had to micro-manage everything. As we'll see, he macro-<i>mis</i>managed the battle.<br />
<br />
<h4>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Dutch jump the gun, literally</span></span></h4>
<br />
Meanwhile, waiting for the order to begin their attack on the French southern flank, the Dutch under Prince Waldeck, had had an easier time deploying their own battalions and squadrons. The ground in front of and to the west of Bourgeon was more open and were more or less deployed and ready to attack by about 0700. They waited for the British to attack so the whole effort would fall on the French simultaneously. <br />
<br />
And waited.<br />
<br />
And waited for the message from Cumberland or some sign that the right wing had started their attack. The plan, as discussed and agreed on in earlier councils of war, was for both wings to commence their attacks together, mutually supporting each other. So there was a considerable amount of pacing by the impatient Dutch while the two sides' batteries took desultory potshots at each other. Like the British, the Dutch ranks were also irritated by French gunfire, and they were getting itchy to get on with it. It is one thing to march steadily into the face of fire, but more stressful still to stand and just take it. I do not know if, as Marlborough had done with his infantry at Blenheim, Waldeck allowed his men to lie down while they were waiting. A prudent commander would have.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>View from the Dutch start line toward the redoubts around Fontenoy.</i> <i>The village of Bourgeon would have been in smokey ruins and not as built up, but you can see what a clear field of fire for the French the ground was.</i> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Image from Google Maps Street View</span>.</i></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oW2kVRMBnP4/WbDq8ajGq7I/AAAAAAAAC_I/c5VgLw7Nk1AFaAc4HoMXhhAd7_glqr3TgCLcBGAs/s1600/View%2Bnorth%2Bfrom%2BWaldeck%2527s%2Bposition%2Bnext%2Bto%2BBourgeon%2Btoward%2BFontenoy.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="660" data-original-width="1600" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oW2kVRMBnP4/WbDq8ajGq7I/AAAAAAAAC_I/c5VgLw7Nk1AFaAc4HoMXhhAd7_glqr3TgCLcBGAs/s1600/View%2Bnorth%2Bfrom%2BWaldeck%2527s%2Bposition%2Bnext%2Bto%2BBourgeon%2Btoward%2BFontenoy.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
But at about 0900 Waldeck thought he definitely heard signs that the British had commenced their attack. What he probably heard was the firing from Col. Lewis's guns and the musketry going on in front of the Bois de Barry. There was no galloping messenger bearing an order from Cumberland to commence his attack, but Waldeck mistook the opening salvos from Lewis's six pounders as the signal to start. In reality, the British were nowhere near ready and wouldn't be for another couple of hours at least.<br />
<br />
Nevertheless, and probably to the relief of the 20,000 Dutch foot and horse, Waldeck passed the word for the regimental drums beat the charge and the battalions started to march toward the French between Fontenoy and Antoing (see map above). The 21 battalions were supported on the left by Hessen-Philipsthal's 3,660 horse (27 squadrons), who swept around the burned hamlet of Peronne. To the rear of the infantry came General van Schlippenbach's 1,000 cavalry (nine squadrons). This was a march across open ground in the face of 10,000 muskets and 36 guns in prepared positions, both from front and flank. In terms of conditions and scale it must have also resembled <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/10/picketts-charge-1863.html" target="_blank">Pickett's Charge</a> at Gettysburg 120 years later, where 16,000 infantry also marched across a mile of open ground toward strong enemy positions and massed artillery.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vA9yjHJfMP8/Wb3OW2Qv6HI/AAAAAAAADCQ/8AupO3G0jqoMwfpr6L5SqKrxXvhk-F-bwCLcBGAs/s1600/Charles_August_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="361" data-original-width="300" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vA9yjHJfMP8/Wb3OW2Qv6HI/AAAAAAAADCQ/8AupO3G0jqoMwfpr6L5SqKrxXvhk-F-bwCLcBGAs/s320/Charles_August_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont.jpg" width="265" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="color: #e69138;">Karl August, Prince of Waldeck</span></i></b><br />
<i><span style="color: #e69138;">"Come here! Give us a hug!" </span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
As the Dutch massive assault neared the redoubts and entrenchments of the French southern flank, it masked its own artillery support (except for the little 3 pounder battalion guns that followed the infantry) while the French gunners switched to canister. On the Dutch left, the French guns and infantry defending Antoing (the Piedmont and Marine regiments) enfiladed the cavalry, driving them back. There was even a battery of six 16 pounder cannon on a hill on the opposite bank of the Scheldt that joined in (though, as it was a mile distant, it was probably too far beyond effective range make much of an impact).<br />
<br />
Just within musket shot of the three redoubts (about 80 yards), the Dutch infantry, leaning into the intense fire and falling fast, came to a halt. Men started huddling behind each other, causing their lines to become deep mobs, consequently making them even more vulnerable to the raking artillery. This untenable ordeal didn't last but a few minutes before, one by one, men started running back the way they had come, some actually even led that way by their regimental commanders. One infamous cavalry commander, Col. Appius, even fled the field with his squadron, galloping back to Ath, where he sent an hysterical message back to his government that all was lost and the Allies had been defeated. Not helping.<br />
<br />
The Dutch assault had failed before it even got to the first redoubt.<br />
<br />
To their credit and professionalism, except for Col. Appius, the Dutch didn't vacate the field entirely. They were still under command. Most of them rallied back with their regiments around Bourgeon and out of effective range of the French artillery, who stopped firing to let their cannons cool and replenish their ammunition. Waldeck's men had been stopped and beaten back, but were ready for another go.<br />
<br />
The Dutch and the Prince, though, felt betrayed by their allies, of which there was no sign of support during this charge. They had done their part, according to plan, but where were the British and Hanoverians? The Dutch felt like fools, left in the lurch. After the battle the blaming began and the British disparaged their longtime Dutch allies as cowards. But the Dutch were right, <i>their </i>friends <i>had</i> left them on their own.<br />
<br />
<h4>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Oh, sorry. Can we try again?</span></span></h4>
Of course, by this time, the British weren't nearly through getting their own battle line in the right order. <br />
<br />
Cumberland got a polite but urgent "Where the *expletive* were you?" message from Waldeck about his failed attack on the left and asked--also politely--for better support the next time. The Duke, distracted by the organizational mess he was having on his right, and now free of micro-managing the debacle Ingoldsby had created in the Barry Wood, ordered the Hanoverian commander, General Thomas von Ilten (known disparagingly as "The King's Confectioner" because of his reputed cowardice at Dettingen) to take his four remaining foot regiments (Zastrow, Oberg, Sporken, and Campen), as well as the Black Watch and Duroure's regiments (42nd and 12th Foot) and assault the eastern face of the Fontenoy fortifications while Waldeck tried another go at the south face again. He then sent a deferential message to the Dutch commander; would he be so awfully grand as to please try again as his lordship was going to put in a strong attack from his own side this time. Promise.<br />
<br />
I imagine Waldeck exhaled a deep sigh of resignation at getting this message.<br />
<br />
When Col. Sir Robert Munro, of the Black Watch, heard that his regiment was to take part in a direct assault of the fortified village at Fontenoy, he couldn't wait for the rest of the brigade to come up, but led his men right at the French, with Duroure's 12th joining them on their right. As they neared the French line, Munro heard the French order to fire and immediately ordered his men to hit the dirt. They all did and a salvo of canister and musketry sailed over them. Munro himself, a very fat man, did not lie down, saying later that was afraid he wouldn't be able to get up again, and gamely stood up to the hail of lead, miraculously unscathed. Then he ordered his lads up and they hurled themselves into the trench line before the French could reload, hacking and yelling, driving the third battalion of Dauphin out of it. Duroure's regiment did the same thing with the second battalion Dauphin. But the French rallied and fresh battalions came forward and began firing down into the trench at the redcoats. Munro and Duroure, realizing they were unsupported (the Dutch and Hanoverians had yet to begin their own charge) ordered a withdrawal. The bulky Munro himself had to be physically hoisted out of the trench by four men. They then took shelter behind the burned out ruins of Fontenoy's houses to the southeast, waiting for the Dutch.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zZdPh24fQ88/Wb16XqFO5PI/AAAAAAAADB0/8KaC4MvwLqwqOjgcGP8uGTz8gkzx16XEwCLcBGAs/s1600/The_Black_Watch_at_the_Battle_of_Fontenoy_by_William_Skeoch_Cumming.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="959" data-original-width="1600" height="383" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zZdPh24fQ88/Wb16XqFO5PI/AAAAAAAADB0/8KaC4MvwLqwqOjgcGP8uGTz8gkzx16XEwCLcBGAs/s640/The_Black_Watch_at_the_Battle_of_Fontenoy_by_William_Skeoch_Cumming.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>"The Royal Highland Regiment at Fontenoy"</b>
The Black Watch hitting the dirt to let the French bullets pass over
them as their colonel, Sir Robert Munro (shown more svelte here in this romantic
Victorian painting than he was described by contemporaries) remained standing. </i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>As brave and ferocious as he was, he also had a self--deprecating sense of humor. </i></span>He explained
later that he was afraid, given his girth, that he'd have trouble getting up
again. The landscape of this painting bothers me since it looks a lot more hilly than that part of Flanders. Had Mr. Cumming not visited the site? <span style="font-size: xx-small;">Painting by William Skeoch Cumming 1894</span></i></span></td><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p>
<br />
<br /> </p><p>The Dutch and Hanoverians came forward eventually, but began to suffer the same galling fire from all the French artillery and musketry (now reoccupying the trenches) as before. They halted, the Dutch well short of where they had even achieved earlier in the first assault, and withdrew. They were done. They didn't completely leave the field, but they rallied on their start lines, observing the rest of the battle from a safe distance.<br />
<br />
Disgusted, the two British regiments just huddled behind the ruins of
the Fontenoy suburbs and waited for the opportunity to retreat
themselves. <br />
<br />
Still the main British assault, which was supposed to support this one, hadn't yet started. <br />
<br />
</p><h4>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Finally, the main attack begins.</span></span></h4>
<br />
At about 1100 everything seemed finally ready on the Allied right. Cumberland rode to the front of his 23 British and Hanoverian regiments, drew his sword and started the main attack. The two lines began to march slowly forward, pulling their supporting light 6 pounder guns with them. Rothe's dragoons, who had been screening them before, rode to the rear to provide support, or ready to exploit a breakthrough should the infantry force a general retreat of the French.<br />
<br />
For Saxe, this was going to be the moment of truth. He had been pleased with how his right flank and Vauguyon's men in Fontenoy had beaten back the two Dutch assaults and the small attack by the two British regiments. But he was not worried about the Dutch any longer, and never had been, really. What he <i>was </i>worried about was the British main attack.<br />
<br />
The French hadn't beaten the British in a battle yet this century. He knew his men knew that and that they were nervous as hell. Often, when someone expects to fail, the expectation becomes self-fulfilling. He was also worried that, in spite of his strict orders to stand fast and not counter-attack, that some hot-headed aristocrat (as Grammont had been at Dettingen) would break ranks with his battalion or squadron and go at the British, starting an avalanche of disobedience, only to be cut to ribbons by their formidable musketry. He was fully expecting this, in fact.<br />
<br />
But he had a plan. A plan similar to Mohammed Ali's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope-a-dope" target="_blank">"Rope-a-Dope"</a> strategy. And he didn't call any councils of war to discuss it.<br />
<br />
As the two lines of Allied infantry approached the bottleneck between the Bois de Barry and Fontenoy, the negligence of not securing either the fortified village or the redoubt on the northern flank started to hit home. While Cumberland and his artillery chief, Col. Lewis, believed he had largely eliminated the French guns in the previous, long artillery duel, it became apparent as his infantry came within effective range that those guns were very much in operation (same as Lee's mistaken belief that Alexander's overwhelming artillery bombardment prior to <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/10/picketts-charge-1863.html" target="_blank">Pickett's Charge at Gettysburg</a> had suppressed the Union artillery). And now those guns started enfilading the British and Hanoverian formations in a murderous crossfire.<br />
<br />
Nevertheless, the stalwart redcoats pressed on up the shallow slope of the narrow ridge. In so doing they found that they had to condense their frontage even more as they drew away from the batteries on either side. By the time they reached the top of the ridge between Fontenoy and the woods, they had become three lines. Here, waiting for them just behind the ridge line were the six battalions of the French guard regiments, four of the Gardes Francaises and two of the redcoated Gardes Suisses, 4,000 of the elite of the French Army, plus another four battalions of the Aubterre and the Swiss Courten Regiments (2,400). The advancing Allied line halted about 50 yards from this formidable sight.<br />
<br />
It was at this point that a supposedly famous and ludicrous episode took place. Whether it actually happened or not is in dispute, but it became legend and was meant to symbolize the acme of this age of civilized warfare. According to Voltaire's telling the story, when the British line halted in front of the French, a Capt. Charles Hay of the 1st Foot Guards advanced a few paces to the front of his battalion and theatrically taking out a flask from his coat pocket, offered a toast to his enemy, asking them to please not run as they had at Dettingen, but to stay and do him the courtesy of getting to know them better. He then bowed and invited them to make the first volley. An insult so gracious in its burn.<br />
<br />
In response, so Voltaire's great anecdote goes, a Lt. Comte d'Anterroches of the Gardes Francaises stepped out in front of his own battalion and, taking off his hat and bowing ostentatiously, offered some erudite insults of his own and gallantly declined the generous offer of the English gentleman to fire first, saying that Frenchmen never take the first shot, and to please do so themselves. There must have been much tittering in the ranks.<br />
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<span style="color: #e69138;"><i>Eduard Detaille's 1876 painting, "Le Salut," of the legendary niceties between the two respective Guards regimental officers. Detaille seems to have the Gardes Francaises arrayed in an echeloned column rather than a four rank line of battle. But at least the landscape looks like he may have actually visited the site; even the sunken road (right) is represented. And the spire from the church at Ramecroix can be seen on the horizon to the left. In the center distance rises smoke from the guns at the d'Eu redoubts, firing into the right flank of the British.</i></span><br />
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Whether this happened or not (and I doubt Voltaire, though there may have been some doffing of the hats), and whether either side could hear each other at 50 yards with all the banging of guns going off, the French fired first. Or, at least, a single musket went off, then a smattering of them, and then the whole French line opened up, all ranks emptying their muskets. According to the memoires of some who were there, most of these rounds sailed ineffectually over the heads of the British. This is not surprising since the British line was a little below the French and it would have been common for musket fire to be high.<br />
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Knowing that the French had shot their bolt, the British line now opened up with their famous, disciplined, platoon fire. The first "firing" (six of the eighteen platoons in each battalion) was supposedly so devastating that, according to one British officer, the entire front rank of all of the Gardes went down, almost 700 men. (I find this a little hard to believe, since it would mean that this one volley had an astounding 92% accuracy rate--assuming the British were still stacked six deep and only the first three ranks could fire). Also, since both lines were covered in smoke, it would have been difficult for the witness to have seen this in detail. Nevertheless, a whole lot of bullets found their mark.<br />
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Then the British, marched forward, closing the distance to 25 yards, and the second "firing"(the next six platoons in each battalion) leveled their Brown Bess muskets and fired.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Another rendering of the famous episode. In this one, at least, the French are in line. It is doubtful if either side could have heard at this distance and over the drumming and artillery fire. The salon painter, Felix Philippoteaux, who was obsessive in his attention to authenticity, has the 3 pounder battalion guns alongside the British line, before they were ordered pulled back when the formation became a square<span style="font-size: x-small;">. Painting by Felix Philippoteaux 1872, who, with his son, Paul, also painted the famous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_Cyclorama#/media/File:Paul_Philippoteaux_-_Gettysburg_Cyclorama.jpg" target="_blank">Gettysburg Cyclorama</a></span></i></span><br />
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The French Guards, still fumbling to reload their own muskets, didn't wait around but all turned and bolted for the shelter of the cavalry behind them, where, to their credit, they stopped and rallied. It is more realistic to me that, with the reported casualties of 637 for all six battalions of the Gardes in the entire battle, most of them were probably inflicted in both of these two, close range volleys, rather than the first.<br />
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Having chased off the cream of the French Army, Cumberland now led his line forward, occupying the ground on the reverse of the low ridge just vacated by the Gardes. His troops were still being slammed on both flanks from the redoubt on the right and on the left from the entrenchments on the north side of Fontenoy (occupied by the four battalions of Regt. du Roi). In response, surrounded on three sides as they were, Cumberland's second-in-command, Konigsegg, had the flanking regiments wheel back in both directions, forming a gigantic, hollow square (see map below). For some reason, all of the battalion guns were brought inside this square for safety, and where they were useless in its defense.<br />
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Saxe, for his part, and in spite of his illness (called "dropsy" back then, edema caused by congestive heart failure), rode all over the place, personally rallying shaken regiments, and pulling in reinforcements to shore up the line. It must have been excruciating for him. He even went over to double check the conditions on the south flank and was reassured that the Dutch were standing off, no longer a threat, and the two British battalions on that flank were huddled down behind the burned out buildings, held in check.<br />
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During this frenetic activity, an ally of Saxe's at the Court galloped up to tell the Marshal that the King, after the retreat of his Gardes, was being advised to abandon the field and save himself and the Dauphin. Several of the timorous sychophants had declared the battle lost (since they were expecting the British to beat them as they always had) and urging their sovereign to flee. Realizing this could spell disaster if the King was seen to abandon the field, Saxe galloped up to Louis on his hill and, throwing courtesy away, wanted to know "What *expletives deleted* advised that you flee?" The marshal glared around at his Court enemies, looking for that *expletive*. Louis, far less flapped than his entourage, looked his marshal in the eye and said, as much to calm him as his court, "I am sure the Marshal will do all he can. I will stay where I am." Saxe was calmed. Before he jerked his horse around to return to the battle, he said, "We must all conquer or die together." This great leader showed incredible courage not just in the face of shot and disaster, but in the face of his own monarch. I suspect that's why Louis liked him so much.<br />
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Galloping back to the center of the crisis where the massive, British juggernaut was grinding forward like a glacier, the Marshal gave heart to the second line of infantry under Gen. d'Estree (Regts. Couronne, Soissons, Royal, Hainault, Traisnel, Vaisseaux) who had, in true French <i>elan </i>fashion, already started to charge the British on his own. His troops were also met with the same withering fire and also thrown back with terrible losses. As they withdrew to reform, the first line of French cavalry now took it upon themselves to charge into the red line. This charge was doomed, of course, as cavalry could rarely break a solid line of bayonet armed infantry. These were also stopped dead in their tracks and forced to retire.<br />
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But even though Saxe had not ordered the cavalry counterattack, he had anticipated it. He knew his men and knew he couldn't restrain them from throwing themselves into heroic, suicidal charges. The French nobility really hadn't changed since <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2015/03/crecy-1346.html" target="_blank">Crecy </a>and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" target="_blank">Agincourt</a>. He also knew these charges would give him valuable time to bring up reinforcements. Early that morning, once he was certain that the Allies were all coming up the southern route via Vezon and Bourgeon, he had sent for his trusted Danish commander Lowendhal to bring his 6,000 infantry down from Tournai and for Richelieu to bring his 3,400 cavalry. He had also sent back to the fortified bridgehead around Colonne to send over their reserve artillery. Now he rode over to the left and called on the six battalions of the Irish brigade (Louis's "Wild Geese") under the Earl of Thomond, and the four battalions of the Normandie Regiment to swing south and attack the British square from that direction. Finally, he rode back again to the King to ask his permission to unleash the 34 squadrons (5,000) of the Maison du Roi. And the King nodded.<br />
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Saxe's management of the battle stood in stark contrast to young Cumberland's. Both men were dynamos of energy, but Saxe used his to gallop everywhere, assessing the entire situation, issuing quick orders to move troops and bring up reinforcements, but leaving the actual combat to the subcommanders. Cumberland thought his duty was to fight in the front ranks like a Spartan king, leaving the management of the wider battle to nobody.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">The crisis is contained.</span></span></h4>
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Though the charges by the second line of French infantry and the first line of cavalry had both been stopped, they had achieved their purpose; they halted the forward momentum of the Anglo-Hanoverian attack. This gave invaluable time to Saxe. Also, though the French troops had been thrown back, they had not been routed. They were regrouping behind the second line of cavalry and ready to have a go again. As soon as each battalion or squadron was reformed, it marched forward again on its own, eager to get back into it. Compare this to the Dutch, who made just two faint-hearted attacks and gave up.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>The Irish Regt. Clare in<br /></i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>French service.</i></span></i></span><br /><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Their red uniforms must have<br /> been very confusing <br />to the British.</i></span></i></span> <br /></i></span></i></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i> <br /></i></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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Cumberland, for his part, though he was still riding from regiment to regiment around the square, inspiring his men and exposing himself to danger (nobody said he wasn't brave), it was starting to dawn on him that even his unstoppable infantry were in fact being stopped. They weren't about to run, but they weren't making any more forward progress either. They were just holding on now. It seemed that no sooner had one French attack been thrown back, than another one would follow it. There was no end to the size of the French army. And now came yet another. And these weren't Frenchmen.<br />
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The Irish Brigade under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_O%27Brien,_6th_Viscount_Clare" target="_blank">Charles O'Brien, Earl of Thormon</a>d, hit Cumberland's right flank. They weren't stopped by musket fire but threw themselves into a rare, open field, stabbing-punching-biting donnybrook with the hated <i>Sassenach </i>redcoats (well, both sides were wearing red coats, so it must have been confusing). The Irish were eventually forced to fall back but they too didn't flee; they just regrouped out of musket range and got ready for another charge. They were succeeded in the meantime by the Normandie Regiment, then the Vaissaux, who also gave as good as they got, even though the British musket fire kept stopping them and pushing them back. Regiment Aubterre's tenacity was such that it was said you could see where they fought by the straight line of hundreds of white coated bodies.<br />
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But this lethal, British musket fire, as disciplined as it was, was starting to falter. Though the British were conserving their ammunition, their pouches were feeling lighter and they must have worried how much longer this fighting was going to last. These Frenchmen didn't seem to know when they were beaten.<br />
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More French cavalry charges thundered down on them, from both Herouville's 2nd line of cavalry and from the cream of the French Army, the Maison du Roi, they stopped each of these too in their tracks. Mostly. One squadron of the Noaille's Cavalerie did manage to ram through the 2nd Guards (Coldstream) and out into the middle of the square. These were savaged by the fresh Hanoverian reserves at the back of the formation and only 14 of the original 145 managed to fight their way out. Still, the fact that the square had been penetrated at all gave pause to everyone. French regiments that the British had thought they had already beaten once, then twice, were coming back for more. Even the Gardes, whom they had withered and driven off at the outset, were back, pouring fire into them. And all the while, the flanking rounds from the roundshot and canister from the Chambonas redoubt and Fontenoy's guns were still galling Cumberland's packed ranks.<br />
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The Duke sent back for Crawford, who had succeeded the dying Campbell as his cavalry commander, to come forward and deliver a charge himself, supporting the advance of the foot. It took awhile for the messenger to reach them before the British and Hanoverian horse began to move forward, but they had been positioned behind Vezon and were so hindered not only by the broken ground around that village, but also by the crowds of Dutch fugitives fleeing toward Ath. The horses' progress was slow. They never managed to get anywhere near the beleaguered infantry square.<br />
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On the French side at one point, a Capt. Isnard, an enterprising young company officer of the recently arrived Touraine Regiment (the long awaited Lowendhal had shown up with his fresh division about 1330), saw two batteries of artillery standing idly next to the road--were these the guns that de Saxe had called for from Calonne?--and ordered the battery commander to follow him. He directed the eight guns to be set up about 100 yards from the corner of the British square and unload round after round of canister into them. The King later bestowed the Cross of St. Louis on this brash young officer for his initiative.<br />
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These last salvos may have been the final straw to the British. It was shortly after this that Cumberland and Konigsegg looked at each other and both concluded that the jig was up. They had lost almost a third of their men and they weren't making any more forward progress. What was left of their 23 battalions were now surrounded on three sides by at least 30 battalions and 100 squadrons of furious French, Irish, and Swiss. While they had inflicted about 7,400 casualties on the French (or a little under 12% of the total engaged), they themselves had suffered 4,616 casualties in their assault column alone, or 27%. Though they had seemed to have broken all of the French regiments again and again, they just wouldn't stay broke. These were not the same Frenchmen they had beaten at Dettingen, and all through the wars of Marlborough. <br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>This panoramic painting by Louis Nicholas van Blarenberghe in 1779 shows the climax of the battle, as the beleaguered British square is attacked on all sides by the French. To the left can be seen the two redoubts at the end of the Bois de Barry, and the abatis of felled trees between them. Wave after wave of French cavalry assaults the red square, wearing it down. To the left the red-coated Irish brigade under Thormond assails the northern face. In the right foreground Louis XV (also in a red coat) and his son, the 16-year-old Dauphin, watch from the exaggerated height of the Notre Dame du Bois. The patriotic artist inaccurately depicts hundreds of red coated British fleeing in the distance, which was also an exaggeration. The British withdrawal was orderly.</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-x7qBFN44nEs/Wb4VNUxzwLI/AAAAAAAADDQ/kcFTyUb6URYh1bhsbF6a-vRGl9h6u9Q0QCLcBGAs/s1600/Battle_of_Fontenoy_Blarenberg.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1004" data-original-width="1600" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-x7qBFN44nEs/Wb4VNUxzwLI/AAAAAAAADDQ/kcFTyUb6URYh1bhsbF6a-vRGl9h6u9Q0QCLcBGAs/s1600/Battle_of_Fontenoy_Blarenberg.jpg" /></a> </i></span> <br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Cumberland concedes defeat</span></span></h4>
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About 1345 Cumberland regretfully ordered the giant square to begin its withdrawal. It was done nobly and with the same tremendous discipline that the advance had been achieved. Nobody broke ranks. They moved slowly backward, still delivering well-timed volleys by platoon as they had for the past two hours. Saxe noted this retrograde movement with great satisfaction and relief. His Rope-a-Dope strategy seemed to have worked, the British were leaving, and the unthinkable had happened; the French had beaten them in a standup battle.</div>
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Situation at the climax of the battle. Positions of the various French regiments are approximate as they were reforming and cycling back in for attack after attack as Blarenberghe's painting above shows. This map shows how isolated the main Anglo-Hanoverian wing had become.</i></span></div>
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As the Allied infantry slowly withdrew, they left the twenty or so cannon they had dragged with them to the enemy. The civilian contract teamsters who had delivered them to the battlefield had long since left. This was before the militarization of artillery transport, so it was not surprising. The gun crews spiked the tubes and abandoned them. Konigsegg was wounded in the retreat and taken to the rear. Cumberland stayed with his men, right up at the rear guard, supervising the withdrawal. He sent for Crawford to bring forward his cavalry to cover the retreat to and back through Vezon, which they did professionally. So much so that afterward, several infantry officers rose in toast to the cavalry at dinners back in Ath.</div>
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Reaching Vezon under the protection of Crawford's cavalry, the beaten but proud redcoats, British and Hanoverians, filed through the village on the 12 mile road back to Ath. Cumberland assigned Skelton's (32nd Foot) and Cholmondely's (34th) regiments, who had been among the least hurt, to take the rear guard. </div>
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Marshal Saxe in his wicker, horse-drawn wheelchair (which he<br /> only got back into after the battle was won). He also had an <br />exotic escort of African bodyguards, like Napoleon's Mamelukes<br /> 55 years later, perhaps where Bonaparte got the idea.</i></span></td></tr>
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Saxe allowed his army to see the British off, but he called off a pursuit as too risky. The Pragmatic Army was wounded but still dangerous. This was confirmed when, against orders, the Carabiniers and the Noailles Cavalry tried a last charge against the retreating British and were mowed down. The Marshal saw what Cumberland had not, that funneling a large mass through the narrow gap between Fontenoy and the Bois de Barry would turn his army (still much larger than Cumberland's) into an unruly mob. He was naturally criticized by his critics, people he referred to as "carpet generals", for not pursuing the enemy to utterly destroy them (much as Meade was criticized for the same reason after Gettysburg). But this was not a battle of annihilation. His thorough intelligence network told him that the Allies had only begun to amass their full strength (this was the beginning of the year's campaign, after all) and would regain it quickly. He didn't want to risk his King's main army in Flanders. Besides, though they suffered overall fewer proportionate casualties, the French army was still badly mauled and needed to recover.<br />
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The army was not the only one that needed to recover. Completely exhausted, Saxe's frail body, which he had held together through sheer adrenaline and will-power for the past two days, sensed the crisis was over and collapsed. His aides summoned his idiomatic, wicker, horse-drawn wheelchair and poured him into it, to carry him back up the Notre Dame hill to his sovereign. Louis expressed his profound gratitude and joy to his marshal, whom he encouraged to go take some well-deserved rest. Then the King rode with his teenage son, the Dauphin, over the battlefield, making him look at the mangled bodies and smell the death and reputedly said to him, "My son, meditate on this awful sight; learn not to sport with your subjects' lives, or pour out their blood in unjust wars." Of course, the Dauphin would be dead himself five years before his father, so wouldn't have an opportunity to apply this sage wisdom himself. </div>
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Aftermath</span></span></h4>
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Fontenoy was one of the bloodiest battles of the mid 18th century. The French lost between 7,000 and 7,500 of their force, almost 12% of the total engaged. The Pragmatics, though, lost 7,581, mostly on the Anglo-Hanoverian wing (the Dutch lost only about 1,500 and inflicted only about 300 casualties on the French on their wing). This was a casualty rate of about 18% on the total forces engaged, but as I said above, the Anglo-Hanoverian infantry suffered much higher percentage of their personnel, 27%.</div>
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To the French, in spite of the human cost, the victory was one of great strategic significance. Because Cumberland failed to relieve Tournai, that city surrendered 11 days later, on 23 May. Saxe was able to systematically capture town after town throughout western Flanders for the remainder of 1745, and the rest of the Austrian Netherlands by 1748, giving France a huge bargaining chip in its negotiations at the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.In gratitude, the King made Saxe a French subject, and promoted him to Marshal General, the highest rank in the kingdom, and bestowed on him the royal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chambord" target="_blank">chateau de Chambord</a> to live in for life. Saxe said thank you.</div>
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The results of Fontenoy also had some diplomatic victories for the French in the short term. Blaming each other for the defeat (the British on the Dutch for their lackluster performance on the left flank, and the Dutch on the British for their lack of support on both of the assaults they <i>did </i>make in the morning), the old national friendship was frayed to breaking. The Dutch States General, who had only reluctantly agreed to come in on a war from which they had nothing to gain and everything to lose, and had not formally declared war on France, decided to pull out. So Fontenoy knocked a major power out of its list of enemies.</div>
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And, finally, there was the patriotic and emotional benefit for the victory for the French. It was the first time the French had defeated their ancient enemy, the British, in open battle since the Hundred Years War. And it was a tremendous tonic for the nation and the French monarchy. Napoleon said he thought Fontenoy gave the monarchy another 30 years of life. </div>
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Armchair General Section</span></span></h4>
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There are number of lessons to be drawn from studying this battle. I'll only cover the three that I think are the most significant in terms of military history.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">A Contrast of Leadership</span></h3>
I love this battle because as an <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ha-uagjJQ9k" target="_blank">"old and busted"</a> character myself, it represents the triumph of age and experience over "new hotness". The Duke of Cumberland was unquestionably a brave and energetic young soldier. He showed how he could inspire men in the heat of battle and make quick, decisive decisions. His troops and his commanders evidently had great admiration for him and most of his officers wrote nothing but praise for his performance, even after he lost the battle. His father, George II, had high hopes for him. But he was no <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince" target="_blank">Black Prince</a>.<br />
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As a commander-in-chief he was a mess. He got easily distracted by small problems and took his eye off the big picture. His constantly dropping what he was doing to go over and micro-manage the fiasco with Ingoldsby and the Bois de Barry greatly delayed the main assault. While it was admirable that he personally led the big attack on the French center, in so doing he took himself out of the commander-in-chief role, letting other events happen on their own. He never once rode over to confer with his left wing commander, Prince Waldeck, and seemed to be completely disinterested in what the Dutch were doing. Consequently, there was no coordination between the wings and the Dutch were twice left hanging while they attacked the southern face of the French position, expecting the British attack to be simultaneous...as had been agreed at one of those councils of war.<br />
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Finally, at the most critical phase of the battle, Cumberland took himself completely out of overall command by personally leading the attack on the French center. Had he remained back in the center, between Vezon and Bourgeon, he would have been able to oversee the management of the whole battle. He would have been able to send in his cavalry when they were needed most for support, to drive away the French cavalry. He would have also been able to harangue and manage Waldeck to put in one more attack. He would have been able to reposition his artillery for maximum pressure on the right targets. But he didn't. He was too busy being <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince" target="_blank">The Black Prince</a> in the fore of the fighting. <br />
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In the rest of his career, in fact, Cumberland's only military success was the following year when he defeated a disorganized, Jacobite army of almost half his own army's size at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" target="_blank">Culloden</a>. And that fight was really won by the stalwart redcoats, standing fast and mowing down the howling Highlanders as they charged across a bog, wielding their quaint medieval weapons. After this solitary victory, he earned himself the title "Butcher" for the horrendous campaign of atrocity his troops waged against Scotland in punishment for their rebellion. So his legacy was not as great as his father had hoped.<br />
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By contrast, Maurice de Saxe, for all his age and infirmities, showed incredible stamina and energy. He was all over the battlefield for two days straight, almost without sleep. His management of all of his assets and his perspective of the overall situation was brilliant. He even knew how to take advantage of the inherent impulsivity of his sub-commanders, who he knew would likely impetuously go at the enemy in banzai-charge fashion. This informed his strategy of attrition. Since he knew he outnumbered his enemy, and that his own soldiers, though frequently repulsed would just as frequently rally to go in again, he could just wear Cumberland down. And he called no councils of war. He just gave orders.<br />
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Saxe, who had written one of the most widely read treatises on warfare, <i>Mes Reveries</i>, knew how to apply lessons of the past to this situation. He had identified the battlefield he wanted and cunningly drew his enemy to him there. A student of Peter the Great, he consciously sought to repeat the victory at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" target="_blank">Poltava </a>in 1709 in which the Russians pulled the aggressive Swedes past enfilading redoubts into a killing zone, where they wore them down and overwhelmed them. So, emulating Peter, he had his engineers build field fortifications to force the intimidating British infantry into his own killing zone. Fontenoy was the Poltava of the West.<br />
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Finally, Saxe knew how to win the confidence of his monarch, who, surrounded by armchair generals (or "carpet generals" as Saxe disparaged them), might have interfered or turned tail when things got tight. Much of this had to do with the personal relationship the old man had with the young King. Saxe frequently stopped by to reassure Louis and took him on a tour of his dispositions to take him into his confidence. Much credit should also go to Louis himself for trusting this foreigner, and for showing the physical courage he knew he needed to to get his army to stand, especially at the climax of the battle when his most elite regiment, the Gardes Francaises, retreated the first time. <br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Firepower</span></h3>
Even though the French won this battle, they never did overcome the British infantry with firepower. Though the largest nation in Europe and arguably the most formidable military power (on land, at least), the French were also one of the most conservative in terms of tactics. One reason the British infantry had been so successful for half-a-century was their tried and true platoon fire practice, which they had, ironically, learned from the Dutch. By 1745, the French, who had been writing about innovations for a decade, hadn't put any of these new ideas into practice. They were still using the same old fire-by-ranks method they had during the War of the Spanish Succession and the previous century (though they had reduced their ranks from six to four). They had also been the last to adopt the modern cadenced marching and firing that nearly every other army had by this time.<br />
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The platoon fire method used by the British allowed them to deliver a near constant volume of fire, while always keeping a third of the line locked and loaded at all times. In contrast, the French, once they had fired off their ranks, were left with an awkward minute for everyone to reload, during which time they could be hit with three unanswered volleys by the British. <br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>A
British 1745 battalion showing the sequence of firing by platoons, the
secret to British fire superiority in the 18th century. One third of the platoons would be firing, one third reloading, and one third loaded and ready. At all times a
third of the line would have been ready to fire. The result was a near continuous delivery of fire and no interval in which the battalion was vulnerable.</i></span><br />
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-20o_aLKQfX0/Wb3kLP6vDHI/AAAAAAAADCo/OghV07nrhQgbLhxUD78s0aGKgQu2BBJJACLcBGAs/s1600/Platoon%2BFire%2BDemo.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="217" data-original-width="1600" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-20o_aLKQfX0/Wb3kLP6vDHI/AAAAAAAADCo/OghV07nrhQgbLhxUD78s0aGKgQu2BBJJACLcBGAs/s1600/Platoon%2BFire%2BDemo.jpg" /></a><br />
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<br />
Artillery firepower, however, did give the French an advantage. With heavier guns, concentrated in covered fortifications, they were able to achieve a mass of weight and crossfire that probably killed more British than their musketry did. In their reports, Col. Lewis and others claim that they were able to silence the French batteries prior to the grand charge, but like Col. Alexander's conclusion of the same thing at Gettysburg when he informed Lee that the Union batteries were silenced, both turned out to be wrong. As soon as the Anglo-Allied line got within canister range of the French guns, they miraculously came back from the dead and opened up on their flanks, and kept it up for the next hour.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Intelligence</span></h3>
Pardon me, as an ex-intel officer myself, for making a plug for the strategic importance of intelligence, which encompasses not just surveillance and spying, but correct analysis and acting on that analysis.<br />
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One glaring difference between the two commanders was in their access and use of intelligence. Saxe, by far the more experienced soldier, had built up a comprehensive and wide network of agents and regular patrols throughout Flanders, both inside the enemy camp and across the countryside. This allowed him to track the enemy strength, movements, and intentions daily, almost hourly, in fact. He would know when, where, and with how many they would show up. And he'd even know how they'd deploy. <br />
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By contrast, Cumberland, young, new to his job, and having surrounded himself with amateurs for the most part, had a very weak and unreliable intelligence resource. This proved decisive. He underestimated Saxe's strength by more than two-thirds, believing that he had numerical advantage when the reverse was true. This may have been the source of his overconfidence, his slowness, and his surprise when the French just kept coming, with seemingly inexhaustible resources. To his credit, when it did dawn on him that perhaps he had miscalculated, he didn't panic but conducted a competent withdrawal, saving most of his army. <br />
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<h4>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Wargame Considerations </span></span></h4>
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Fontenoy has already been published as several wargames. And I know from other sites and blogs that it is a popular battle for miniatures gamers. Some of the issues I have talked about, such as relative firepower, have already been addressed, at least in the more sophisticated games. But there are others that I think should be modeled in algorithms.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">French Impetuosity</span></h3>
Going back as far as <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2015/03/crecy-1346.html" target="_blank">Crecy</a> in 1346, the French aristocracy has long been noted for its impetuosity. This preference to attack all out from the outset has been prevalent. Usually (as at Crecy and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" target="_blank">Agincourt </a>and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dettingen" target="_blank">Dettingen </a>and <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/11/blenheim-1704.html" target="_blank">Blenheim </a>and <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2016/09/ramillies-1706.html" target="_blank">Ramillies</a>) it has gotten them into trouble. And it very nearly did at Fontenoy, except that Saxe knew how to exploit it, even in a defensive battle. He knew that individual commanders would impulsively charge without orders, but he so orchestrated his feeding of reinforcements that he used this to his advantage, as an automatic trip-hammer on the Allies. As a result, the British were constantly being attacked, almost without lull.<br />
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In a wargame, this tendency of individual French commanders to attack without orders could be simulated by writing an algorithm, or rolling dice, to see if front line units would charge individually, before the player wants them to. This feature would also encourage the French player to work that into his own strategy, as Saxe did.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Tenacity and Morale</span></h3>
Obviously, the high morale and phlegmatic character of the British and Hanoverian units should be modeled, making them harder to rout.<br />
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The French side, on the other hand, being more volatile culturally, would retreat more easily. However, it was also true that their courage and unit morale were very high, making them likely to be rallied and called back into action again and again. So the French units should be rated as volatile but easy to rally.<br />
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The Dutch forces, on the other hand, have been greatly maligned for their lack of ardor in this fight. Morale should be rated as low. However, they were stolid, if unenthusiastic soldiers. And they had a two hundred year tradition of military discipline and toughness. One rule I might add to a set would be to have their morale raised if the British wing attacked simultaneously, or if Cumberland came over to add his influence on the left wing.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #e69138;">Artillery</span></span></h3>
In 1745 it was common practice for artillery to be pulled to the battlefield by civilian contractors, who would then vacate themselves to a safe distance (if not go home outright) and let the gunners and impressed infantrymen man-handle the pieces across the ground. This is why it took so long for the Allies to move their guns up to the front to answer the French batteries. This slower, immobile nature of artillery should be accounted for in any wargame of this period. Once in place, they had to be moved by hand and could not be limbered up and galloped away. Which was one reason Cumberland told his men to just leave the 3 pounders they had hauled with them when he gave the order to withdraw.<br />
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The French artillery, too, was of heavier caliber than the Allied guns. The lightest French pieces were 4 pounders to the little 3 pounders and even pound-and-half gallopers of the British. The heaviest Allied tubes were 6 pounders and howitzers, while the French fielded 8, 12 and even 16 pounder cannon. So the Allies were getting a lot more iron thrown at them than they were able to throw back.<br />
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Some OOBs I have read have allowed the French an additional 50 or so light, 4 pdr guns "a la suedoises" (apparently in honor of Gustavus Adolphus, who had introduced the concept of light close support guns during the Thirty Years War). These were very small, experimental guns, like the light 3 pdr "galloper" battalion guns of the British. However, the conservative French did not like these almost from the beginning; there were complaints that they were inadequate and prone to bursting. It seems that the entire army in Flanders in 1745 had only 10 of these pieces. I read that the Arquebusiers had two with them, but I could find no other narrative that described them being used even as battalion close support.<br />
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<h4>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Orders of Battle</span></span></h4><p>
Before you jump into this OOB to build your own armies for a wargame, know that I had a great deal of trouble finding any near an agreement in my various sources (see below) about the exact composition and strength of the armies. So the list below is a distillation of those sources. When there was wide variation, I tended to use contemporary sources when I could find them online, and where I couldn't, I defaulted to the source that cited a credible bibliography. <br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Caveats </b></span></span><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>and Key to the Table</b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span>
First Column<span style="background-color: black;"> <span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Command </b></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> </span>is the name of the command or regiment, colored in the primary uniform coat color for each regiment. Where I could find it, for the British forces, this includes the regimental number it would eventually be known by after 1751 (but not in 1745).<br /> </p><p>Second Column<span style="background-color: black;"> </span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Facing</b></span> </span> </span>is the command level and type, using standard military symbology. This column is color-coded in the “facing” color of the regiment, that is, the cuffs, lapels, and sometimes turnbacks of their coats. <br />
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Third Column<span style="background-color: black;"> <span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Flag </b></span> </span></span>is a miniature of the regimental flag, if known. If unknown, this cell is left blank.<br />
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Fourth Column<span style="background-color: black;"><b> <span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: #e69138;">Strength</span></span></b><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> </span></span>is the approximate strength of each unit. For this battle, I could find no source that listed individual regimental parade states. So, for unit strengths, I took the total reported strength of each army in the sourced OOBs and divided those by the number of battalions or squadrons, using that as the average. Then I corroborated this number with the regulation compliment of each type (from Kronoskaf) and see if it exceeded the average, adjusting downward if it was higher than regulation. The Allied army was not yet up to full strength --the campaigning season was so new-- that they had not yet received their replacements yet, so I adjusted down accordingly.<br />
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Fifth Column,<span style="color: #e69138;"><b> <span style="background-color: black;"> </span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;">Guns</span></span></b></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"> </span></span>is my assumption of the number of guns supporting each unit. The references I used in preparation of this article are also all over the place with exactly how many cannon and of what caliber were present. Some even arm the French with 6 pdrs (as if!). I have made a best estimate based on what sources seem to have the most cited credentials, as well as a very useful contemporary map of the battle (<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Plan_de_la_bataille_de_Fontenoy_remport%C3%A9e_le_11_mai_1745.jpg" target="_blank"><i>Plan de la Bataille de Fontenoy</i></a>) with the exact numbers and caliber of French batteries (at least) noted. Unable to find precise references on this, I have not assigned individual light guns (e.g. <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=French_Artillery_%C3%A0_la_Su%C3%A9doise" target="_blank">4 pdrs "a la suedoise"</a>) as these were widely disparaged by some contemporaties, not produced in nearly the numbers reported by my other sources at the battle (Kronoskaf gives only 10 for the entire army in Flanders), and discontinued for their general uselessness by 1748.<br />
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Seventh Column,<b> <span style="background-color: black;"> <span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: #e69138;">Ranks </span></span></span></b>is the doctrinal deployment depth for each army in 1745. While some of the sources I used claimed that the Dutch infantry deployed on the older 4-rank formation, since they were the ones who originally introduced the British to a 3-rank formation two generations before under William III, I can find no reference to when they might have reverted back to the old depth. So I have left them at 3-ranks.<br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDGVq3Z-S17NfE0KjC5zOBEMyzNVZRLtv_X3KS-b8cc5XdzHG_oSNvy-lV0CxGJ025-_5ls0-4mfbw7tyvQzu-rTrN9lOrE-zUg2lSO_L4mar4pqkYbGqVkBfMKoAelQrsV8ZxWdwEYcJ8nHJUCxrAKgTp4XDJFKn1GE1qMxCelQJY1-iqHljTzAk7yA/s6438/Fontenoy%20OOB%20French.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="6438" data-original-width="650" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDGVq3Z-S17NfE0KjC5zOBEMyzNVZRLtv_X3KS-b8cc5XdzHG_oSNvy-lV0CxGJ025-_5ls0-4mfbw7tyvQzu-rTrN9lOrE-zUg2lSO_L4mar4pqkYbGqVkBfMKoAelQrsV8ZxWdwEYcJ8nHJUCxrAKgTp4XDJFKn1GE1qMxCelQJY1-iqHljTzAk7yA/s16000/Fontenoy%20OOB%20French.jpg" /></a></div><br /><br /> <br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">References</span></span></h2><p>
The following are the sources I used in writing this article, building the OOB, and creating the maps. I have also created links to the book titles to my local bookstore (to support my home town), Powell's, the largest brick-and-mortar bookstore in the United States (and one of the deciding factors in my deciding to take that job in Portland way back then). Where Powell's does not seem to have a copy in stock, I have linked the title to Amazon. <br />
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Gandilhon, Denis, <a href="http://www.powells.com/book/fontenoy-1745-9782352500575/72-0" target="_blank"><u><b>Fontenoy: France dominating Europe</b></u></a>, 2008, Histoire & Collections, ISBN: 978-2-35250-057-5 <span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The syntax in the English version of this book is a little difficult to follow; not sure the translation from the French is all that. But I could not find an original French edition. It is interesting to read in that it is effusive of praise for the French side and dismissive of the Pragmatic side.</span></span><br />
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Grant, Charles, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Battle-Fontenoy-Background-wargamers-modellers/dp/0860020355/ref=sr_1_4?s=amazon-devices&ie=UTF8&qid=1504162982&sr=8-4&keywords=The+Battle+of+Fontenoy" target="_blank"><b><u>The Battle of Fontenoy</u></b></a>, 1975, William Luscombe, London, ISBN:0-86002-056-8<br />
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Funcken, Liliane & Fred, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Luniforme-soldats-guerre-dentelle-French/dp/2203143150/ref=sr_1_2?s=amazon-devices&ie=UTF8&qid=1504585531&sr=8-2&keywords=L%27Uniforme+et+les+Armes+des+Soldats+de+la+Guerre+en+Dentelle" target="_blank"><u><b>L'Uniforme et les Armes des Soldats de la Guerre en Dentelle</b></u></a>, Vols 1 & 2, 1975-76, Casterman, ISBN 2-203-14315-0 and ISBN 3-203-14316-9<br />
<br />
Lynn, John, "Ideals of Battle in an Age of Elegance" <u>MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military Histor</u>y, Winter 2003, Vol. 15, No. 2.</p><p>Manley, Stephen, <a href="https://www.onmilitarymatters.com/product/1-49853" target="_blank"><u>Uniforms of the Dutch Army-1740-1748: The War of the Austrian Succession: A Wargamers Guide, Part III</u></a>, 1995, On Military Matters, ISBN 1 900688 03 4<br />
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McNally, Michael,<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Fontenoy-1745-Cumberlands-bloody-Campaign/dp/1472816250/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1501871094&sr=8-1&keywords=Fontenoy+1745%3A+Cumberland%27s+bloody+defeat" target="_blank"><u><b> Fontenoy 1745: Cumberland's bloody defeat</b></u></a>, 2017, Osprey Publishing, ISBN: 978-1-4728-1625-2<br />
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Nosworthy, Brent, <b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Anatomy-Victory-Battle-Tactics-1689-1763/dp/0870520148/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1383984830&sr=1-1&keywords=The+Anatomy+of+Victory%3A+Battle+Tactics+1689-1763" target="_blank">The Anatomy of Victory: Battle Tactics
1689-1763</a></b>, 1990, Hippocrene Books, New York, ISBN: 0-87052-785-1
<br />
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Reid, Stuart, <a href="http://www.powells.com/book/king-georges-army-1740-93-3-9781855325654" target="_blank"><b>King George's Army: 1740-1793: (3)</b></a>, Men-at-Arms Series 292, 1996, Osprey Publishing, London, ISBN: 1-85532-565-9 for information on British cavalry.<br />
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Reid, Stuart,<b> <a href="http://www.powells.com/book/british-redcoat-1740%E2%80%9393-9781855325548" target="_blank"><u>British Redcoat: 1740-179</u></a><u>3</u></b>, Warrior Series 19, 1996, Osprey Publishing, London, ISBN: 1-85532-554-3<br />
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Snow, Peter & Dan, <a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0421157/?ref_=nv_sr_1" target="_blank">Battlefield Britain: Culloden</a>, video, 2004, BBC. <br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;">An excellent series on explaining how battles were fought at various periods in British history, down to the individual soldier's experience. The episode on Culloden, a battle fought by the Duke of Cumberland and many of the same British regiments who fought at Fontenoy the year before, gives a particularly good description of contemporary battle tactics in 1745, particularly the problem with loading and firing a Brown Bess musket.</span></span></span><br />
</p><h4>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Online References</span></span></h4><p>
Skrine, Francis Henry, <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7pRCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA120&lpg=PA120&dq=%22The+Advance+on+Tournai%22&source=bl&ots=2OMrT-ooNr&sig=gORHV_1GY1nRlKQIVzzCLvNa8-k&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjR-pC4kZzWAhVC62MKHR4sCJoQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22The%20Advance%20on%20Tournai%22&f=false" target="_blank"><b><u>Fontenoy and Great Britain's Share in the War of the Austrian Succession, 1741-48</u></b></a>, 1906, William Blackwood & Sons, London, <br />
<br />
<a href="http://johnsmilitaryhistory.com/Fontenoy.html">http://johnsmilitaryhistory.com/Fontenoy.html </a><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">This
is an excellent site to get a feel for the ground, with a wealth of
charts and wonderful panoramic views of the battlefield.</span></span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquebusiers_de_Grassin#Composition_des_troupes_.C3.A0_cheval">https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquebusiers_de_Grassin#Composition_des_troupes_.C3.A0_cheval </a><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
French Wikipedia has probably the best resources I've discovered for uniforms, flags,
and provenance of the various regiments of the French Army throughout
the XVIIIth century</span></span>. <span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="fr"><span style="color: black;"><i>Si vous lizez le francais</i>.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Main_Page" target="_blank">Kronoskaf</a></span>, <span style="color: black;">while it covers primarily the period of the Seven Years War, is probably the best vetted and most detailed online source for information about nearly all of the European forces of the age. Alas, since the Dutch didn't fight in the Seven Years War, their army is not covered</span>.</span></span> <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Main_Page">http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Main_Page</a></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_1360938763"><br /></a>
<a href="http://royalfig.free.fr/index.php?/category/2">http://royalfig.free.fr/index.php?/category/2</a>4 <span style="font-size: x-small;">Another good site for some information on the uniforms colors of the War of the Austrian Succession. Not as detailed as Kronoskaf is for SYW, but it does cover some of the Dutch uniform colors.</span><br />
<br />
h<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Battle_for_the_Battle_of_Fontenoy" target="_blank">ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Battle_for_the_Battle_of_Fontenoy </a><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The link to Wikipedia's OOB for Fontenoy, which is based on sources published at the turn of the previous century and a good cross-reference for the above paper book sources.</span><br />
</p><p><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_de_bataille_lors_de_la_bataille_de_Fontenoy">https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_de_bataille_lors_de_la_bataille_de_Fontenoy</a><br />An alternate order of battle from French Wikipedia, which also has links to details of specific regiments not covered in Kronoskaf<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: black;"><i>Copyright
2017, Jeffery P. Berry Trust, all rights reserved. No part of this post
may be used for republication or re-posting without documented
permission of the Jeffery P. Berry Trust. However, feel free to link to
this site as a resource from related sites. Original images are copy-protected by Digimarc embedded digital watermarks.</i></span></span><br /></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com35Fontenoy, 7643 Antoing, Belgium50.567749 3.473632100000031625.0457145 -37.834961899999968 76.0897835 44.782226100000031tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-82261776700178422012017-07-29T21:17:00.003-07:002022-10-24T14:26:14.673-07:00Lexington & Concord 1775<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">19 April 1775</span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: x-large;">American Revolution</span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #674ea7;"><b>Colonials</b></span>:</span> <span style="color: black;">around 500 militia mustering at Concord, rising to over 4,000 by the end of the day</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>British:</b></span> <span style="color: black;">under </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Smith_(British_Army_officer)" target="_blank">Lt.Col. Francis Smith</a> <span style="color: black;">(later</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Percy,_2nd_Duke_of_Northumberland" target="_blank">Gen. Hugh, Lord Percy</a>)<span style="color: black;">, initially around 848 rising to about 2,121 by the afternoon, with two 6 pdr guns.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Location: <span style="color: black;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@42.4691148,-71.3515686,768m/data=%213m1%211e3" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">42° 28’8” N, 71° 21’ 2” W</span></a> Concord, MA, United States</span></span> </span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="color: #b45f06;">Weather:</span> Mild temperatures. <span style="color: #b45f06;">Visibility: </span>clear. <span style="color: #b45f06;">Wind: </span>slight, out of the west. It was also black fly season, which can be very irritating to anyone who has experienced a New England spring.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">First Light:</span> </span> 04:31 <span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunrise: </span> 05:00 <span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunset: </span> </span>18:35 <span style="color: #b45f06;">End of Twilight: </span>19:04<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Moonrise:</span> 22:21 waning (83%) gibbous<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">All times UTC -5 (Romeo, Zulu -5, or EST)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(calculated from <a href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/RS_OneDay.php" target="_blank">U.S. Naval Observatory</a> from lat/long and date)</span><br />
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<h4>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Myth of the Embattled Farmer</span></span></h4>
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
The opening battle of the American Revolution has long been taught in American schools, and resides in this nation's imagination, as a ragtag bunch of farmers, reluctantly leaving their plows to take down their muskets from over the family fireplace, defending their farms from the imperialist Redcoats who had invaded their land to take away their freedoms (and their jobs!). The myth, <a href="http://www.nationalcenter.org/ConcordHymn.html" target="_blank">perpetuated by Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> in his poem of 1837, goes on to cast this "embattled farmer" as an amateur citizen-warrior fighting against the world's most professional and powerful army, and miraculously defeating it.<br />
<br />
But the opening battle of the American Revolution at Lexington and Concord wasn't a miracle. And as with so much else in an accepted historical and national narrative, it was slightly different than has been portrayed. As I hope to demonstrate in this article, most of the advantages of numbers, training, tactics, and combat effectiveness were on the side of those poor, embattled farmers, who, as they turned out, weren't so much yokels as well-drilled and seasoned combat veterans. Also the professional troops pitted against them were, for the most part, unseasoned, poorly trained, and led by ineffectual amateurs themselves. And, finally, that the events of that day weren't a spontaneous reaction to British aggression so much as a long-planned military operation carefully designed and provoked by American radicals with a political objective. As with some of my previous posts, the "obscure" part of this is in its departure from the popular story. <br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hEdT6lcOLvY/WXOxLUZUoeI/AAAAAAAAC1E/OIFH56_ELZs3-IRm0SzT_A2aYOldPTUawCLcBGAs/s1600/Lexington-Concord%2BBig%2BMap%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1236" data-original-width="1600" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hEdT6lcOLvY/WXOxLUZUoeI/AAAAAAAAC1E/OIFH56_ELZs3-IRm0SzT_A2aYOldPTUawCLcBGAs/s1600/Lexington-Concord%2BBig%2BMap%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" /></a></div>
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<h4>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">The First Shot was fired eleven years before</span></span></h4>
Lexington-Concord was no spontaneous thing. It started more than a decade before, in 1764, after Britain had "won" the Seven Years War and found itself in crippling debt. Parliament, under George III's sycophantic prime ministers (culminating in the thick-skulled <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" target="_blank">Lord North)</a>, had the brilliant idea of taxing the American colonists for their own colonization. The rationale was that since they were these colonials who had benefited most from kicking the French out of North America, (but also <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zmRUWai-bj0/XSDu9gLghpI/AAAAAAAAD_E/jsLBgxLmDaIPWd7s79CEhSKHpoqrDNWowCLcBGAs/s1600/800px-Nathaniel_Dance_Lord_North_cropped_cropped.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1078" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zmRUWai-bj0/XSDu9gLghpI/AAAAAAAAD_E/jsLBgxLmDaIPWd7s79CEhSKHpoqrDNWowCLcBGAs/s320/800px-Nathaniel_Dance_Lord_North_cropped_cropped.jpg" width="237" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Lord North</b><i><br />Who looks as out of touch as he was.</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
doing most of the fighting and dying in the French & Indian War, what they called the Seven Years War across the Atlantic), they should have no trouble paying for it. Actually, the party that benefited most from winning that war was the East India Company, which had Parliament on its payroll.<br />
<br />
Beginning with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Act" target="_blank">Sugar Act</a> (1764) ,then the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" target="_blank">Stamp Ac</a>t (1765), the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Acts" target="_blank">Townsend Acts</a> (1767) the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Act" target="_blank">Tea Act (1773)</a>, and finally the completely counter-productive and bone-headed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" target="_blank">Coercive Acts</a> (referred to by the Americans as "The Intolerable Acts"), Parliament started to impose not just crippling taxes on the Colonies, but did so without their consent, since no colonist could vote for Parliament or even stand for MP. These laws also began to take away even the local control of their own governments by dissolving colonial legislatures, firing locally elected officials and judges, denying Americans (at the time British subjects) basic rights, and, to add insult to injury, enforcing the monopoly on trade by the East India Company. It was the result of a bald-faced plutocracy. What is surprising is that the politicians in London were themselves so surprised by the rising resentment and open opposition to their benighted policies. Oppressors rarely have any empathy for those they are oppressing. <br />
<br />
By 1770 the opposition in America to Crown policies and appointed officials had become so violent that the Prime Minister Lord North decided to pour gasoline (or, in his day, whale oil) on this fire he had started by sending troops to occupy Boston, the hotbed of resistance. Bostonians were widely known to be obnoxious by people on both sides of the Atlantic. You know how Red Sox fans can be. But stern measures would teach 'em. Like those always work.<br />
<br />
To revolutionaries like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams" target="_blank">Samuel Adams</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hancock" target="_blank">John Hancock</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Warren" target="_blank">Joseph Warren</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" target="_blank">Paul Revere</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams" target="_blank">John Adams</a>, however, this stern lesson was a gift. On 5 March 1770, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre" target="_blank">an ugly riot</a> in Boston provoked seven of these hapless garrison troops (of the 14th and 29th Foot) to fire on and kill four patriots (or rabble, depending on which side you were standing on) who had been pelting them with rock-loaded snowballs. Instead of "teaching them," the military occupation only fueled the rebellion. When the seven soldiers who had been accused of murder were acquitted by a jury because they were only acting in self-defense (presided over by a Crown-appointed judge, but defended by John Adams, Sam's cousin), the resistance grew even stiffer. And Sam Adams grew happier. More acts of rebellion followed (e.g. the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" target="_blank">Boston Tea Party</a> in 1773) and the Sons of Liberty party gradually built up an infrastructure of a "shadow" self-government and military organization.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1W0stCuFRIE/WXPPAj1x6YI/AAAAAAAAC1Y/qhLS9X5BJDEinz0ttDviuTpfR9hLiGGXQCLcBGAs/s1600/Thomas_Gage_John_Singleton_Copley.jpeg.jpeg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1001" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1W0stCuFRIE/WXPPAj1x6YI/AAAAAAAAC1Y/qhLS9X5BJDEinz0ttDviuTpfR9hLiGGXQCLcBGAs/s320/Thomas_Gage_John_Singleton_Copley.jpeg.jpeg" width="255" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Thomas Gage</span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>painting by John Singleton Copley</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In 1774 Lord North, in George III's name, sent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gage" target="_blank">General Thomas Gage</a> with more troops to Boston to take charge of the increasingly deteriorating situation. Although Gage, an old North American hand (a longtime friend of George Washington's from their French & Indian War days and whose wife, Margaret, was an American), was supposed to know these people, his appointment, to the surprise of Lord North, didn't help. And his friends back home just made things far worse when Parliament, in its psychotic belief that if something doesn't work before, just keep trying it harder, passed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" target="_blank">Coercive Acts</a>.<br />
<br />
When this oppressive and reactionary legislation, among other things, completely shut down the port of Boston to all trade, Gage was left with a hopeless mess. Boston, for the British administration, became like the Green Zone in Baghdad after the 2003 Iraq War. It was full of resentful, unemployed merchants and longshoremen who hurled threats and insults at the occupying troops, who were, understandably, constantly on edge. Feeling the resentment around them, some Redcoats committed acts of violence on the Bostonians who taunted them or who they felt were cheating them (tarring and feathering was a popular torture technique employed by the British soldiers). And patriot Bostonians committed retaliatory acts on neighbors who showed sympathy for the British (disparaged as "Tories" in mistaken belief that this defunct political party was still running the much despised Parliament in London). It was not a vacation assignment to be stationed in Boston in 1774.<br />
<br />
When he got there, in an attempt to show who was in charge, Gage began sending out regular expeditions of regiments into the Massachusetts countryside, both to demonstrate power and to exercise the troops. These Redcoat field trips became a pretty regular sight to the Colonials in the year before April 1775. They also gave the Colonials practice in building up a warning system, consisting of a network of riders who would fan out across the countryside, from town to town, alerting the militia. These militia would fall out and frequently observe the marching Redcoats from conspicuous ridges, showing their own armed presence as defiance. The Colonials would also tear up the planks of bridges on the way to impede the British, who, frequently, would just turn around and march back to Boston the way they had come. It was increasingly tense. And increasingly tedious.<br />
<br />
<h4>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">The Minutemen</span></span></h4>
Besides the system of alert riders, the local Colonial government, the Provincial Congress, also established a Committee of Safety, who started to build up a professional military force in December of 1774. Militias had always been a part of colonial life since early in the 1600s. The institution had been imported from England where self-defense militias had existed for centuries. But starting at the end of 1774, a new type of self-defense establishment was created within the traditional militia, the Minutemen.<br />
<br />
While militias were composed of all able-bodied men in any given town, they had only engaged in sporadic drill, mostly just meeting once a year to share rum and stories. By act of the Provincial Congress at the end of '74, however, one third of the militia, designated Minutemen, were specifically required to meet three to five times per week for intense military training. Like modern volunteer firemen, they were required to fall in at a minute's notice, literally, on each town's common, armed and loaded with at least 36 rounds. Several Minuteman companies had acquired bayonets (that terror weapon of professional armies) and artillery. Spies (and every American was a spy during this period) would go into Boston to observe the Redcoats drilling on the Common, then bring back their notes to teach their own companies. Many civilians-turned-officers, like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Heath" target="_blank">William Heath</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Warren" target="_blank">Joseph Warren</a>, and bookseller <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Knox" target="_blank">Henry Knox</a>, steeped themselves in historical military literature and contemporary manuals and passed that knowledge on to their own companies. It has been noted by tradition that the officers of this first Colonial Army were amateurs. I have to point out, though, that in the age before Sandhurst and Westpoint, all officers on both sides were technically amateurs. British officers were usually the sons of wealthy aristocrats who bought their commissions, and only those who took an avid interest in their profession other than its social status would read up on it. As we'll see in this battle, that glaring amateurism would cost the British dearly.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-eLuujmGjW8E/WhD42CKhgjI/AAAAAAAADO0/_I3sb7_8LDcrcBeUUNlOaYOnGPJa-no0ACLcBGAs/s1600/minutemen-4.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="600" height="271" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-eLuujmGjW8E/WhD42CKhgjI/AAAAAAAADO0/_I3sb7_8LDcrcBeUUNlOaYOnGPJa-no0ACLcBGAs/s400/minutemen-4.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: small;"><i>Romanticized engraving of an alarm rider calling out the </i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: small;"><i>militia. The little girl and barking dog are a nice homey touch.</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Organization in the Minuteman units was democratic. Officers were elected by their men. Even so, the combat cohesion of these units was remarkably high, much higher, as it would turn out, than the British would expect, given their widespread contempt for "provincials". Each Minuteman company was supposed to have fifty men, and towns with larger populations would support more than one company. As in the British Army, ten companies would constitute a regiment, at least for administrative purposes. There were even some horse companies, who were trained not so much as cavalry but as dragoons, riding to the battle to dismount as light infantry, tying up their horses in safety behind them (or handing them over to a boy). In the field, there was no formal tactical organization of brigades or divisions. Companies would mass at a designated place and move out to engage the enemy as loose, light infantry (or as the British contemptuously described it, "Indian"fashion).<br />
<br />
The other aspect of the Minutemen that made them a formidable force was that a large percentage of their officers and personnel were combat veterans of the French and Indian War, which had ended just a dozen years before (put into context, just half the time between the First and Second World Wars). Not only did these men know how to fight, they were masters of the kind of self-reliant, light infantry tactics that had dominated that war. By contrast, almost none of the young rank-and-file and few of the officers in the British regiments in Boston had ever seen actual combat. Most, in fact, had been previously employed in Ireland to police that country, where, one can only imagine, they were just as hated. And all of the British privates were impressed into service against their will, poorly paid, beaten savagely for minor infractions, and didn't want to be in this alien city where everybody glared at them. Not the most highly motivated fighting force.<br />
<br />
Though the spring of 1775 came early, and plowing and sowing had started, from December to April, many of the Minutemen were not so encumbered by their farming duties during this season that they couldn't devote much of their time to training. They were all so motivated by the outrages of Parliamentary Acts and British oppression that they gladly met as often as possible to practice their combat skills.<br />
<br />
In the four months from the creation of the Minutemen in late '74 to the fateful march to Concord, the Colonials had created a highly effective army. Estimates by contemporaries and histories range from 14,000 to as many as 30,000 in Massachusetts alone. This against only a little more than 4,000 British troops holed up in Boston. <br />
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<h4>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Yet another "field trip"</span></span></h4>
From 7 April '75, General Gage had been getting some juicy intelligence from his spy in the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, Dr. Benjamin Church, that that assembly was meeting "illegally" in the temporary "capitol" of Concord and that they were in discord with each other. He also learned that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committees_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" target="_blank">Massachusetts Committee of Safety</a> had created a huge magazine of guns, ammunition, and military stores in Concord. So he decided it was time for another field trip for the troops to take a day hike. As with previous sallies, this one was supposed to be secret; military movement being confidential, of course.<br />
<br />
On 15 April Gage sent orders to each of his regiments to excuse their grenadier and flanker (light) companies from further duties for the next few days as he had a special mission in mind for them. Early on 18 April, he got detailed intelligence (from Church?) about exactly where in Concord all of the arms and military stores were hidden. It was time to act, he thought. So he ordered all the sequestered flanker and grenadier companies to assemble on Boston Common to embark on their special mission at 2100 that night, and to take no baggage and only 36 rounds each. They were going to need to move fast and light. And no fighting was anticipated (how often has that assumption come to rear its ugly head in history?).<br />
<br />
So that evening the 21 assigned companies started to assemble on the common. Boats had been run up on the shore of the Charles River to ferry them across to the Cambridge side (see map above). Nobody in the force except the commander, Lt Col. Francis Smith, knew where they were headed. There had been so many of these expeditions before. But, of course, virtually all of civilian Boston knew. Since the cryptic order to the flanker companies three days before, it was hard to keep a secret that something was up. Seven hundred soldiers were bound to blab their hunches and rumors. Also, the Sons of Liberty also had their own spies high up in Gage's administration. Joseph Warren was one. He was not only an old and valued friend of the Gages' (he had been their family's doctor for years), he was also known to be president of the illegal Provincial Committee of Safety. Even Gen. Gage knew this<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> as he kept having him over to the house for convivial sherry and conversation. But apparently Gage didn't see the risk. They were gentlemen, after all.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span> </span></span><br />
It is important to remember that, at this point, Britain and its Colonies were not yet at war. There wasn't even, at least on the British side, a rumor of war. All of the Colonists' military preparations in the countryside had, ironically, been dismissed, even though the purpose of the expedition was to seize military contraband. Gage was assuming this would just be another stroll in the countryside like all the rest, with some demonstrations by the provincials signifying nothing. So it wasn't as if, in having Warren over for dinner, Gage and his affable American wife, Margaret, were colluding with the "enemy". There was no enemy yet. Gage felt that sherry and dinner table diplomacy could go much further in damping down rebellion than military force. And he and Margaret very much enjoyed Dr. Warren's charming company.<br />
<br />
Nevertheless, at 2100, all of the Redcoats tallied off for the mission were lined up and ready to go at the embarkation point. But the expedition's commander, Lt. Col. Smith, had yet to show up. Since the Navy's boats were already lined up on the beach, the company commanders began to get their men into them. There they waited, sitting on the gunwales, until their leader showed up about 2230, an hour-and-a-half late, and gave the order to shove off.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately cracker-jack British staff work again showed its quality and there weren't enough boats to take all 700 across to the Cambridge shore at a time. So precious time was wasted in dropping off the first bunch, rowing back, and collecting the next installment. It wasn't until three hours after the "go order", sometime after midnight, that the whole expedition was deposited on the western shore. Or almost. By this time the tide had ebbed out and the men were standing around in the tidal muck, waiting for their supplies to be ferried over. They waited another two hours.<br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h4>
<span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #e69138;">The midnight ride of Paul Revere, and one other. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h4>
There were two ways out of Boston then. One was to be ferried over the water (as Gage and Smith chose)--"by sea". The other was to march down the "Neck", a causeway connecting Boston, which was otherwise an island, to the mainland--"by land". (See strategic map above.) Normally previous excursions took this land route since it didn't require the cooperation of the Royal Navy and it didn't depend on the tides. But it was the longer way around. Also, it was reasoned that the provincials would get wind of this route and dismantle the strategic bridge over the Charles River at Cambridge.<br />
<br />
Joseph Warren had told Paul Revere and William Dawes to be ready to cross over to Charlestown and start spreading the alert when it was known when and where the British expedition would start. Agents were positioned in the Old North Church in Boston to light one lantern if the march was to be down through the "Neck" (by land) and two if across the Charles (by sea). This would alert watchers on the Charlestown and Cambridge shores to get ready with fast horses for the alarm riders and to start tearing up the bridge at Cambridge. This system had been practiced several times before during similar Redcoat forays and the Colonials had it down. When Warren was convinced the British were about to embark on the longboats, he had the two lanterns lit and sent Revere out across the water to Charlestown. Revere had to sneak with bated breath and muffled oars right under the bowsprit of the man-of-war, HMS Somerset, to get to the Charlestown wharf, where he was met by friends with a fast horse. Fortunately, he left just before the moonrise so he was able to cross in darkness. Dawes took the "land route" past the "Neck". He brazenly joined a British patrol also heading out, convincing their officers he was off to visit a "mistress" in Roxbury (or something...anyway, they all had a big laugh and invited him along in the spirit of fellowship).<br />
<br />
Then began the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere%27s_Ride" target="_blank">Midnight Ride"</a> immortalized by Longfellow in 1860. Revere galloped through Medford and Menotomy, eluding British officers sent out to intercept any alarm riders, alerting the local Minuteman units along the way (word had spread that day so they were already on high alert). He galloped into Lexington about midnight, while Smith's grenadiers were standing around back in the tidal muck of Cambridge waiting for their packed lunches to arrive. As Revere passed, more riders radiated out and passed the word all up and down eastern Massachusetts. Dawes rode through Roxbury, Brookline and Cambridge and joined his friend Revere in Lexington. (See larger map above for reference.)<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--jyUnNAaGIc/WhD84CCWZxI/AAAAAAAADPA/Dt8f0_dKcWwiGQoMor3jFedBAG2Z3YQEQCLcBGAs/s1600/paul-reveres-midnight-ride.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="487" data-original-width="800" height="242" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--jyUnNAaGIc/WhD84CCWZxI/AAAAAAAADPA/Dt8f0_dKcWwiGQoMor3jFedBAG2Z3YQEQCLcBGAs/s400/paul-reveres-midnight-ride.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: small;"><i>Another romanticized engraving of Revere (or maybe it was <br />Dawes) rousing the countryside and, of course, the obligatory<br /> cute dog.</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Everyone assumed that the targets of this latest British expedition were the hotheads of the Provincial Congress, Sam Adams and John Hancock, who were staying at Hancock's relatives in Lexington (at John's grandfather's house, the Hancock-Clarke Parsonage), after having left the adjourned Congress in Concord the day before. Both men were getting ready to head down to Philadelphia to the Continental Congress. Revere woke them up and told them to pack up and get out quick as the Regulars were coming to arrest them. That made sense to everyone. Since the Colonials had had several days' warning about the target of the expedition being Concord, they had long since scattered and hidden all of the arsenal kept there. They weren't worried about that. But both Adams and Hancock knew they were probably the most wanted men in New England by then.<br />
<br />
So the two got out. Eventually. Not right then, evidently. Some time was spent retrieving all of Adam's papers, getting him a carriage (he hated riding a horse), and persuading Hancock, who was strapping on his expensive sword, not to stay and lead the charge. Revere and Dawes left them to it and continued west down the Concord road to wake up the militia there. They were joined by a Concord doctor, Samuel Prescott, who happened to be going home that way anyway after having a date with his girlfriend in Lexington and thought it was an exciting adventure.<br />
<br />
Halfway down the road to Concord, though, all three men were accosted by several mounted British officers whom Gage had sent out the day before to watch the roads and arrest any alarm riders. One of the officers seized Revere's reins, but Prescott and Dawes galloped off across the moonlit fields (Prescott knew this country well, since it was his own neighborhood) and the senior officer of the picket group, Major Edward Mitchell, was forced to let them get away. Revere was also later let go since he had, technically, broken no law--it wasn't illegal to take a midnight ride--and Mitchell didn't have a reason to hold him after the main column marched through Lexington. At this point, the British were still respecting the civil rights of the Colonists, who were, after all, still British subjects. Remember, there was no war yet.<br />
<br />
<h4>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Alrighty then. <i>Now </i>we've got ourselves a war!</span></span></h4>
Smith's column, once everybody got over from Boston to the left bank of the Charles, took awhile to get itself organized. This wasn't an integrated regiment, after all. It was a hodgepodge of companies from all the garrison regiments in Boston. They were not used to working together, and many had strange officers assigned to them. Smith insisted that they wait until supplies of food be ferried over. When these showed up, many of the men threw them aside thinking they would be back that evening anyway and didn't want to carry extra weight on the march.<br />
<br />
It wasn't until after 0200 that they all got underway to start schlurping out of the mucky tideland. They marched through Menotomy about 0300 (which a British soldier referred to as "Anatomy" in his letters home. I'm sure other wits called it "Monotony". The city fathers apparently grew tired of this derision and changed the name to Arlington in 1867). They all just started getting to the Lexington Common, a little under five miles further on, at about sunrise, or 0500. On the way Smith had been met by the agitated Maj. Mitchell, galloping in a tizzy back from Lexington. Mitchell breathlessly reported that Revere had bragged to him that the entire countryside was up in arms. Indeed, in the pre-dawn light the troops could see furtive figures running westward. Mitchell had also claimed that he and his patrol had "been forced to gallop for our lives" from Lexington. A lie, of course; Mitchell was a histrionic character. Without any solid intelligence (in both senses of that word) he told Smith that as many as 2,000 militia were waiting for them at Lexington <br />
<br />
Smith only had 700 men with him. The night before, as Gage handed over his carefully written orders to Smith, he told him he was only sending him out with a small force, something less than a brigade, because he wanted him to move fast, get the job done, and get back before sunset the next day. He was also explicit in how he was to respect the rights of the inhabitants and not inflame them, or their houses. But if he ran into resistance, he told Smith to not hesitate to send for help, that he would keep a full brigade on alert and ready to go. Alarmed by what the hysterical Mitchell was telling him, Smith concluded he <i>was</i> going to need help. So even before he got to Lexington, he sent a message back to Boston that, yes, he was going to need reinforcements. And for them to come quick.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EoyG-XA2JYY/WXVHK9ZP2HI/AAAAAAAAC2k/k-Re5_5UkbUTkQSwa1Gep-zewFJ4i0DcgCLcBGAs/s1600/Francis_Smith.jpeg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="557" data-original-width="450" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EoyG-XA2JYY/WXVHK9ZP2HI/AAAAAAAAC2k/k-Re5_5UkbUTkQSwa1Gep-zewFJ4i0DcgCLcBGAs/s320/Francis_Smith.jpeg" width="258" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Lt. Col. Francis Smith in his younger days, 1763</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Of course, rumors spread fast in the column, thanks to the excited Mitchell and his officers blabbing to everyone they passed. By the time the first two companies (light companies of the 4th and 10th Foot) marched into Lexington, they thought they saw in the dawn light what looked like thousands of militia waiting for them. Of course, they convinced themselves that they saw exactly what they expected. Modern psychology terms this "confirmation bias."<br />
<br />
What they actually saw were only 77 men of Capt. John Parker's Lexington Minuteman company, lined up in a line of two ranks on the far right side of the green, as far away from the Concord road as possible.<br />
<br />
Five hours earlier, when Revere and Dawes had galloped into town to wake up Adams and Hancock and the militia, Parker sent out riders to the surrounding farms for all the Minutemen to assemble on Lexington Common. About 0100, after taking the roll, Parker dismissed the men who showed up to wait at Buckman's Tavern (see map below), ready to fall in as soon as the Redcoats showed themselves down the Menotomy road. There they waited, some coming and going, for four hours. It was probably a tense night. Parker knew that the march from Cambridge to Lexington (about 9 miles) should at most have taken about three hours, and Revere's report said that the British were supposed to have crossed the Charles at 2100 the previous night (remember, they didn't end up starting the march until 0200). Parker kept sending out scouts, and, ominously, none returned. He paced outside of Buckman's all night, peering down the moonlit road toward Cambridge.<br />
<br />
At about 0430 one of Parker's scouts had finally galloped in breathlessly to report that the Regulars were only a half mile down the road. The captain had his teenage drummer, William Diamond, beat to quarters, calling everybody out of the tavern (and their adjoining homes) to fall in again. He first lined them up next to the Concord road on the south side of the green. But he had standing orders from the Committee of Safety not to interfere with the British and not to fire unless fired upon first. So he then prudently marched his company back across the green to line up on the north corner, showing themselves in defiance but not in obstruction. He reiterated his order for no one to fire. At this point this still resembled a modern civil protest confronting the cops. For the previous year the provincials had been used to these peaceful demonstrations of resolve, and they usually ended with the British backing away. So Parker assumed this would be the same thing.<br />
<br />
Major Mitchell, the one who had shrilly warned Smith of the countryside in arms, was riding with the leading companies of Regulars (4th and 10th Regiments of Foot). When he saw the line of Minutemen filing off to the right, he became instantly incensed and shouted, "Damn them! We will have them!" (the equivalent of dropping an "F" bomb in the 18th century). On his own authority, he took charge of those leading companies and led them around the right of the Meeting House to cut the rascals off. About seventy yards from Parker's company, who had halted to face them, Mitchell ordered the two Regular companies to deploy and "lock on" (get ready to fire). These Redcoats were also surrounded by his entourage of other freelance officers, all riding around shouting vulgar epithets at the militia., and contradictory orders at the Regulars. The British rank and file themselves, after having endured months of verbal abuse from these Colonials, were itching to give it back, in leaden form. Everybody was on edge.<br />
<br />
In a later deposition, Capt. Parker swore that he had already ordered his Minuteman company to disperse as soon as the Redcoats arrived at the Common. He also asserted that he had told them repeatedly and definitely not to fire. Many already had started to leave the ranks and walk off as ordered. He said that his original intent in lining up was to show resolve and not to challenge the British to battle, which, given the overwhelming disparity of numbers, would have been suicidal. Major Mitchell, for his part, said he believed the militia were heading for some stone walls to take cover and he was trying to stop them. This wild-eyed character probably did more than any other single person to get the whole war started.<br />
<br />
Major John Pitcairn, of the Marines, who, as Smith's second in command and had formal authority over all the flank companies in the van, was some way back in the column and had not anticipated that there would be any freelance adventuring off of the main line of march (the road to Concord). They weren't even supposed to stop in Lexington (contrary to what Revere had told Adams and Hancock about the British coming to arrest them).<br />
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<br />
<br />
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<br />
<br />
So when Pitcairn arrived on the scene, he rode to the left of the Meeting House (see model above) and saw his lead companies already deploying and going after the militia. He galloped over to see what was going on. A bunch of confusing orders were being shouted by the various mounted officers who had come along for the ride, none of whom knew the men. And the men didn't know them. Pitcairn himself yelled out conflicting orders to both his own men to surround and disarm the militia and keep them from dispersing, and at the militia to alternately drop their weapons, don't move, and disperse. ("Well, which is it you want us to do, young fella?") Everything was happening so fast and, consequently, there are no reliable accounts for exactly what came next. Some witnesses said they thought they heard the order to fire (from somebody)...or maybe it was "Don't FIRE!" Other witnesses swore that the British definitely started to fire first. Others claim that some drunk staggering out of Buckman's Tavern accidentally fired. Loyalists swore that it was Sam Adams who shouted "Fire!" from the sidelines to get the incident he needed (just as he was supposed to have done at the Boston Massacre five years before). But he also had an alibi as he had already left town at least an hour before. He did say, after the incident, "Oh, what a glorious morning!" He had, for years, been trying to start this war. But he wasn't at Lexington at sunrise.<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> <span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">I have an aside
here that is pertinent to this story of who may have fired first.
Several years ago I witnessed a standoff between an armed bank robbery
suspect and about a dozen police. I was watching from a second story
window to the street below where the suspect had crashed his car and was
now surrounded by the cops. Everyone had their guns out and everyone
was yelling. As with the hodgepodge of British flanker companies at
Lexington, the police were from a variety of departments whom the
robber had led on a wild goose chase through several municipalities until he
ran into a parked car on the street below my office. He got out of his car and stood behind the open door,
holding a gun to his own head, and threatened to kill himself if the
cops didn't back off and negotiate with him. All of the police and
sheriff's deputies were screaming at him to "Put the gun
down!", "Don't move!", "Get on the ground!", "Freeze!"...in other
words, uncoordinated, conflicting orders. <br /><br />After about a minute of all of
this yelling, one of the cops' guns went off. Instantly, in chain reaction, all the cops' guns went off.
The robber went down in a hail of bullets. He had never fired his gun or
even pointed it at anybody but his own head. On the news that evening, the official
police spokesman claimed that the suspect fired first (he didn't, in
fact he never even threatened the
police themselves) and that they, tragically, had to take him down. Which was
a lie. It was just one jumpy, scared human being, pumped with adrenaline, unintentionally squeezing a trigger. I and everyone in our office who had witnessed it were interviewed separately by Police Internal Affairs right after the incident and reported what we had seen, but to my knowledge, no action was taken and the truth was never reported in the media.<br /><br />As I was writing up this article, I remembered this personal incident in thinking about what
happened at Lexington that morning over two centuries before and how my
country got started. Like all history, the facts were curated to fit the
desired narrative.</span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
At any rate, whoever fired first on the Common that morning, once there was a pop, all of the leading British companies started firing independently and charging at the militia. Supposedly disciplined, professional soldiers became an enraged mob. One of the Minutemen standing next to Capt. Parker, Jonathan Harrington, remarked that the Redcoats must be firing
blanks to scare them. But men around him started getting hit and he
exclaimed in horror, "They're firing ball!" Parker's men, for their part, immediately started to break and run, getting off a shot or two themselves. As Harrington himself was running back toward his
house at the edge of the common, he was shot in the back. He crawled to his front door on the north side of the green, where he died
in his wife's arms.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Amos
Doolittle's contemporary engraving of the fight at Lexington,
illustrating the Colonists' story that the British fired unprovoked.</i></span><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-z7smMeqP1L8/WXkyYrUaqtI/AAAAAAAAC44/CiEfyt3_I8Yn0DHOP4zbwq13xwhgfVCTgCLcBGAs/s1600/Amos%2BDoolittle%2Bengraving%2Bof%2BLexington%2Bbig.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="948" data-original-width="1280" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-z7smMeqP1L8/WXkyYrUaqtI/AAAAAAAAC44/CiEfyt3_I8Yn0DHOP4zbwq13xwhgfVCTgCLcBGAs/s1600/Amos%2BDoolittle%2Bengraving%2Bof%2BLexington%2Bbig.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><br /></td></tr>
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<br />
The British soldiers now went berserk. They chased after the fleeing militia, bayoneting some and shooting others, like Jonathan Harrington, in the back. There was no attempt to arrest anyone or take prisoners. Wounded men were bayoneted multiple times to make sure they were dead, sometimes even after they were already dead. Other companies marching on to the Common also broke ranks and joined in the riot. Neither Mitchell, Pitcairn, nor any of the officers seemed to be able to stop the mayhem for several minutes. Pitcairn later testified that he had been frantically slashing his sword downward as a "cease fire" command but was unheeded. It wasn't until Col. Smith arrived on the scene and he had the presence of mind to grab a drummer to beat the recall that the rioting soldiers stopped and fell back into rank. <br />
<br />
The British killed eight militia and wounded ten, including one <a href="https://emergingcivilwar.com/2015/04/15/a-negro-man-prince-estabrook-of-lexington/" target="_blank">Prince Estabrook</a>,
the first African-American to become a casualty in the fight for
independence (if you don't count <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" target="_blank">Crispus Attucks</a> at the Boston Massacre five years before the war began). Estabrook was a slave, who had to have been given permission by
his "owner" to volunteer as a Minuteman.<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: #b45f06;">And yes, there were slaves in
Massachusetts then, as there were in all thirteen American Colonies. In
fact, at the time, almost one in four Americans were slaves.Which
prompted Samuel Johnson's cynical quip, "How is it we hear the loudest
yelps for liberty among the drivers of Negroes?" <br /><br />The story here has a
personal happy ending for Estabrook in that he recovered from his wound, went on to fight with
the Continental Army throughout the war, and died a free man, distinguished patriot, and honored veteran sixty years later, at the age
of ninety. Unfortunately his own sacrifice and service were not enough to win the liberty of 500,000 of his fellow slaves at the end of the war.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
Capt. Parker and his survivors managed to escape and rally just north of town. They were joined by others of the Lexington militia who had not been present and would later join in the fight that afternoon as Smith's column retreated that way again. This was now war and all civility was off.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OioihioDUqk/WXltI24HDRI/AAAAAAAAC5U/ijPnARWpBQwI6rs4N3XN5y695ACNnIe5gCLcBGAs/s1600/John%2BPitcairn.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="281" data-original-width="245" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OioihioDUqk/WXltI24HDRI/AAAAAAAAC5U/ijPnARWpBQwI6rs4N3XN5y695ACNnIe5gCLcBGAs/s1600/John%2BPitcairn.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>Maj. John Pitcairn</b> of the Marines</i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><br />Smith's second-in-command, who let his men</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>get out of control. He has been described by</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>many historians as a tough, combat-hardened, </i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>no-nonsense officer. But when I look at </i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>this portrait, I get a different impression. <br />Admittedly, this was probably painted when<br />he was much younger. He would have been<br />53 in 1775.</i></span></td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: right;">
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It took Smith and his officers some time to rally his companies and get them back in column to resume their march to Concord. No attempt was made at Lexington to either search for contraband or for Adams or Hancock (who had left anyway). Those weren't Smith's orders. Instead, he berated Pitcairn and the officers of the flanker companies for letting their men get out of control. They had not only disgraced the honor of the British Army, he said, but had seriously breached General Gage's orders "not to molest the inhabitants."<br />
<br />
While the militia suffered 18 casualties in this opening "battle", or almost a quarter of those present, the British got off relatively lightly, with one slightly wounded among the British (shot in the right shoulder from the direction of Buckman's Tavern), and Maj. Pitcairn's horse also slightly wounded (but evidently fit enough to carry him on to Concord and throw him later that day). But the real casualty was peace. Because of Pitcairn's and the other officers' incompetence, any chance for avoiding all out war this day was itself shot dead. For his part, Pitcairn, a Marine, blamed the infantry. Marines would never have been so undisciplined, he asserted. And apparently, the two Marine companies with the column did not participate in the massacre.<br />
<br />
<h4>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Onward to Concord</span></span></h4>
<br />
After Col. Smith regained control of his unruly troops and everybody had cooled down, he got them marching again toward the day's official objective, Concord, six miles further on.<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: #b45f06;">You've noticed I've stopped converting to metric by this time in the text. You can use a <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/measures-unit-converter/id287918318" target="_blank">handy app</a> on your smartphone to do that, or do it in your head-: 1 yd = 0.9144 meters. Nobody was using the metric system in 1775 anyway. Especially in British America. And many contemporaries were using "rods"--5.03 meters--to describe distances. I won't do that. Or use "leagues" (5,556 m) or "furlongs" (201.168 m) or "paces"(0.762 m).<br /> </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
They were running late. The original intention was to have arrived at Concord before dawn so they could catch the provincials before they had a chance to get rid of their military contraband. Not only had they gotten off to a start five hours late, the unfortunate incident in Lexington had delayed them for the better part of another hour.<br />
<br />
As the British marched, several companies of Minutemen from Concord were marching in the opposite direction, toward Lexington. A little out of town, these ran into survivors from Parker's men running toward Concord, and were told of the massacre on Lexington green. The Concord men stopped, waited for the head of the British column to come into view, then turned and marched ahead of it back to Concord, the two forces so close that their fifers and drummers joined in the same song (probably "Yankee Doodle Dandy" which the British played as derision and the Patriots picked up sarcastically). The militia kept on through town, first taking up an observation position on a ridge on the east side of the North Bridge, and then moving across the river to park themselves on a hill near John Buttrick's farm (see map below).<br />
<br />
Smith's column arrived in downtown Concord a little after 0800. The place was practically deserted, having long since been alerted to the coming of the Redcoats, with many of the townfolk having fled to the woods behind Buttrick's farm on the far side of the river. Smith sent seven of his light companies under Capt. Lawrence Parsons (10th Foot) north to secure the North Bridge over the Concord River and to search for hidden contraband across the river. Gage's intelligence had identified a cache of it at Barrett's farm there. He sent three more companies under Capt. Mundy Pole (also of the 10th, Smith's own regiment) to guard the South Bridge. The rest of his command, eleven companies of grenadiers, he had fan out over the town to scour for military stores.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Amos
Doolittle's engraving of the raid on Concord from the same series. Maj.
Pitcairn and Lt Col. Smith (not exact likenesses) are in the foreground
on Cemetery Hill, looking north toward the North Bridge. Doolittle was not a professionally trained artist, obviously.</i></span><br />
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The first thing the grenadiers did was chop down and burn the offensive "Liberty Pole" mounted on a hill above the town. This must have made them feel good, especially after all the insult they had endured in Boston for months. Then, not too systematically, they knocked on doors and asked permission of the residents who remained if they could search their houses and basements and barns for contraband. Several of these people simply said, "No" or "No we don't have any of that stuff. Go away." And the Redcoats obliged. The British officers and NCO's chastened and embarrassed by what the "light companies" had done in Lexington, were scrupulous in respecting property rights. In this sense, the "raid" was a farce. Some barrels of flour were found and dumped in the Concord Mill Pond, as well as some bullets and a couple of rusty gun barrels. The officers told the men to put the bullets in their pockets and drop them randomly on the way back to Boston so they couldn't be fished out of the Concord Mill Pond (they didn't, they just dumped them in the pond, too, where they <i>were</i> fished out by the Colonials). And a couple of gun carriages and some other "military stores" were piled up and set on fire on the town common and near the South Bridge. For the most part, the Concordians had done a good job of dispersing all the arsenal that had been kept there. And even the barrels of flour were retrieved later; interestingly, the water that seeped into the barrels turned the outer layer into paste, which acted a sealant and preserved most of the flour within.<br />
<br />
But to the British soldiers, who had not realized the dramatic change of events that they had initiated at Lexington that morning, there was still no war on. They respected property rights. They weren't breaking into the houses and barns. These were fellow Englishmen, after all. So they behaved as they would have in a little town in England. At one point, a spark from the burning military contraband on the village green blew over and lit the courthouse on fire. An old woman hurried over to the lounging grenadiers and urged them to put the fire out and after she berated them for their indolence, they meekly obeyed her and extinguished it. At another location, a group of officers were taking their ease, sitting on chairs in the front yard of one of the houses. They prevailed upon the good woman of the house to bring them some cider; they had been marching for hours and were hot and thirsty. And she obliged. They insisted that she accept payment, which she did, reluctantly, calling it "blood money", but she still took it. It was hardly a raid of Cossacks.<br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Meanwhile,
up on the north side of town, Capt. Parsons crossed the North Bridge with his seven companies and
noticed that the provincial militia had started to mass up on the hill to the northwest
of it (near Buttrick's farm). Col. James Barrett, of the Concord Regiment, as
soon as he got the word from Prescott of the object
of the British raid at 0200, had sent out the call for all Minutemen to assemble there
in full kit and with 36 rounds apiece. By 0800 he had ten companies (about 500
men) lined up. Some, such as the four companies from the neighboring town of
Acton, even had bayonets...a definite no-no where the British view of what was
permissible was concerned.</span></div>
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But they just stood (or sat) there, watching the Redcoats below them. Barrett
had made it clear (as had Parker in Lexington) that no one was to fire first.
They were there just to show force and nothing more. Behind them in the woods,
many of their families and neighbors had gathered to escape the British and were watching apprehensively. By
1000 rumor had spread to Barrett's men of the atrocity at Lexington at dawn that morning. Many had
asked that common question that morning, "Were they using ball?" Meaning, had they used live
ammunition?</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>View SSE of North Bridge from Barrett's position on the hill. Image from Googlemaps Street View.</i></span> </span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-O9TtI2C-T2c/WX5P-z0gGLI/AAAAAAAAC64/2cPNjnE6znQSA2f2qrk5hjsHOAJ6d8JBACLcBGAs/s1600/North%2BBridge%2Bfrom%2BPunkatasset%2BHIll.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="621" data-original-width="1600" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-O9TtI2C-T2c/WX5P-z0gGLI/AAAAAAAAC64/2cPNjnE6znQSA2f2qrk5hjsHOAJ6d8JBACLcBGAs/s1600/North%2BBridge%2Bfrom%2BPunkatasset%2BHIll.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Capt.
Parsons took four of his flanker companies of Regulars up the road toward Col.
Barrett's own farm (just off the map above) to look for forbidden military
goods. He took no notice of the growing force of militia on the hill. At this
point he and the other Regulars still had
contempt for any threat the provincials might pose, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">especially after what they had witnessed of the craven performance of
the Lexington militia that morning</span>. He left the light company of the 43rd Foot
under Capt. Walter Laurie on the western side of the bridge to guard it. He also left the previously
delinquent 4th and 10th light companies that had lost their heads that morning at Lexington
on a hill above the bridge between the militia and the bridge, but gave no overall
command to anyone in his absence. He reasoned that these three disconnected
units should be sufficient to hold the door. During this evolution,
though, Parsons kept sending back companies and then recalling them to come
with him. This irresolution was just another example of the lack of experience
among the British officer class in the mid-18th century. They were, as I've previously pointed out, mostly amateurs who
had purchased their commissions, like a bunch of modern trust fund babies. And
it was surely not good for the men's morale.</span></div>
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The Minutemen of Barrett's regiment, however, had quite a few actual combat
veterans among them, men who had served with the British Army during the
previous war and who knew what they were doing. They had also been diligently
drilling for months prior to this. They were ready.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">As
Col. Barrett observed the British cross the North Bridge and head up the road
toward his own farm, he left command of the regiment to his second, Maj. John
Buttrick (in front of whose farm they happened to be standing), and galloped
back home to make sure any military stores there were well hidden. He was gone for a little over an hour but managed, with some help from his family, to bury some
gun barrels and some considerable amount of bullets and powder before Parsons
got there with his search party, who found nothing but some empty gun
carriages, which they burned.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />Barrett sneaked back through the woods to rejoin his regiment about 1030. At
that point someone pointed out a disturbing sight. There was smoke rising from Concord to the south. Joseph Hosmer, a captain of one of the Minuteman companies loudly shouted to Barrett but for everyone to hear, "Will you let them burn the town down?" Everyone shouted "NO!" This was a democratic military culture, remember.</span></div>
<br />
<h4>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">The Fight at North Bridge</span></span></span></h4>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Barrett
knew he had to do something. It looked like the Redcoats were actually torching
Concord. He had no way of knowing that it was just the bonfires of contraband,
or that the British were actually being very careful <i>not </i>to destroy
private property. He had also heard the stories about the massacre early that
morning over in Lexington and expected the behavior of the Redcoats not to have
improved since then. It was time to act. He snapped his spyglass shut
dramatically (I have no way of knowing if he even had a spyglass, but I'm
imagining a decisive gesture of some sort) and ordered his regiment to right
face and march in column down to the bridgehead (see map above). As each
company filed by, he reminded the men not to fire unless fired on first. They
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The militia regiment marched rapidly in column down the flank of the hill and
followed a path between the river and some swampy ground to the west end of the
North Bridge. The two isolated companies observing Barrett, of the 4th and 10th, did not hang around to see what would happen. They scrambled down the hill and join Laurie in front of the
bridge. Watching this movement from his exposed position, Capt. Laurie thought it prudent, given the fact that he was
overwhelmingly outnumbered, to withdraw everybody over the bridge and defend it
from the other side, where, presumably, he would have the advantage of blocking a
defile. His idea was that he could stack the three companies in column and that
as each platoon fired, it could fall back to reload while the next platoon fired, and so on. It was a venerable fire system from an earlier age of wheel locks. He
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Two
problems with this tactic. 1) Laurie's other two companies (from the 10th and 4th) weren't
familiar with this technique. 2) This wasn't a street; it was an exposed
country lane that happened to have a bridge in front of it. So he wasn't really
defending a defile. His own flanks were fully exposed to flanking fire from the militia lining the opposite bank on both sides of the bridge, less than 70 yards away.</span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;">View
of the North Bridge from the British side. You can see how close the
opposite bank was and how vulnerable Laurie's men would
have been to aimed musketry lining that bank. <i>(panorama by Jeff Berry, all rights reserved. Image protected by Digimarc embedded watermark)</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /></span></span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">In
another post of mine, <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2016/01/arcola-1796.html"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Arcola 1796</span></a>, I described
how a similar wooden bridge was successfully defended against Bonaparte's
assaults for three days by Austrian Grenzer. In that case, the Austrians had set up
flanking fire and batteries on either side of the bridge and were able to rake
the opposite bank. So it was possible to defend a bridge. But Laurie didn't have artillery and he didn't think to set up
flanking positions.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
The 500 Minutemen, meanwhile, were rapidly spreading out across the opposite
bank of the river on either side of the bridgehead, taking up firing positions. Laurie later
commented that he was impressed with the sharpness of their military bearing and discipline, and how quickly they deployed into a line. He
also noted, with alarm, that some of the militia had bayonets, a weapon that
was supposed to be restricted only to Regulars.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
Laurie had just got his three companies over the bridge as the lead elements of
the militia regiment got to the western side. He had ordered his men to tear up
the planks, but they didn't have time, (or crowbars to pry up the nails). As
the three British companies stacked up in echelon (see the digital model
below), the lead Minuteman company, Isaac Davis' from Acton, were already
thundering across. Davis was a ferocious fighter. As a gunsmith he had
personally armed his company, including with bayonets. So it was natural for
him to lead the charge.</span></div>
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As at Lexington there was some dispute about who fired the first shot here.
Though with the Colonials running across the bridge with lowered bayonets, that
seems to be moot. The British were plenty scared. Maj. Buttrick, directing the
militia's charge, called out for the Redcoats struggling to stop trying to pry up the planks to leave
them alone. Laurie ordered his leading company, from the 4th Foot, to open fire. Both Capt. Davis and a man named Abner Hosmer were killed instantly and three others
wounded. On the west bank, Barrett heard Buttrick exclaim, "My God!
They're firing ball! Fire! For God's sake. Fire!" And all of the companies
lined on the bank on either side of the bridge opened up on the packed
Redcoats.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Below a model of the action at North Bridge. You can see by this how the flanks of the deep British formation were exposed to enfilading fire from the opposite bank of the river, 60-70 yards away. </i></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Kkxu286zs_k/WX-fvEAK87I/AAAAAAAAC7Y/hH6Y_muheDEBHjrUKV5cNSB7fqu-jkE8QCLcBGAs/s1600/North%2BBridge%2Bway%2B%2Bclose.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1115" data-original-width="1600" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Kkxu286zs_k/WX-fvEAK87I/AAAAAAAAC7Y/hH6Y_muheDEBHjrUKV5cNSB7fqu-jkE8QCLcBGAs/s1600/North%2BBridge%2Bway%2B%2Bclose.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
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<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">At a range of under 70 yards
the Colonial's musketry was devastating. In the space of a minute they
managed to hit eleven (four of the eight officers and eight enlisted men) killing two of them. The Minutemen's target practice over the preceding months
had paid off. They were firing individually, taking their aim and time. Later
the British would complain that they seemed to be deliberately targeting officers. They were
right. In fact, for the rest of the day, British officers took far more
casualties than the rank and file as a proportion to their numbers. This was also considered uncivilized in the polite manners of Enlightenment combat.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
Lt. William Sutherland, one of the freelance officers who had come along on the
expedition on his own (actually against Smith's advice), had joined Laurie's <i>ad
hoc</i> command. He saw that that captain's "street fighting" formation
was useless on this country lane and that the provincials lining the opposite bank were enfilading
both of the their flanks. On his own initiative he tried to get the rear
company (from the 43rd Foot) to follow him over a wall and return the flanking fire
from the provincials. Nobody knew who this officer was and only three or four
men followed him. All were immediately shot down, including Sutherland, who was
hit in the arm. He turned and ran, leaving behind the four brave men who had followed
him. So much for following orders from somebody you don't know.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">The light company of the 4th,
at the head of the "street fighting" column that Laurie had set up,
fired off their single volley and, according to plan, started to file back
right and left to either side of the column and reload in the rear, and to allow the
next company (from the 10th Foot) to step up next and deliver its volley. However, the 4th's opening volley, while taking down some provincials, apparently did nothing to stop their momentum across the bridge. And the hundreds of militia lining the opposite
bank, were hammering hundreds of rounds into the flanks of the Redcoats;
officers and men were falling at an alarming rate. The other two British
companies, mistaking the retrograde movement of the men of the 4th Foot for a
retreat, all broke and ran themselves, followed by the survivors among the eight
officers who could walk (including Lt. Sutherland). </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">The Minutemen, infuriated by
being fired on, swarmed across the bridge. As they did, a sociopathic teenager
named Ammi White happened across one of the poor Redcoats who had followed
Sutherland on his aborted flank adventure and been wounded for his efforts. White took out a
tomahawk and proceeded to hack into the man's skull. Reverend William Emerson (Ralph
Waldo's grandfather, living next door in the Old Manse) witnessed this
barbarity and it disturbed him for the rest of his life. Horribly and incredibly, White left
the mutilated soldier still alive. Emerson tried to do what he could but it
took the poor soldier, probably not much more than a teenager himself, over an hour
to die in agony. This incident was witnessed not only by Emerson, but by
the fleeing Redcoats, and by Capt. Parsons' four companies as they returned this way an hour later.
News of the atrocity took almost no time to spread through the British ranks,
going rapidly viral two-and-a-quarter centuries before Facebook. Their former feelings
of civility toward the provincials vanished. These people were no longer fellow
Englishmen; they were now the enemy. And a savage enemy. They passed on
the story as a "scalping", with all that that implied.</span><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i><span style="color: #b45f06;">View
southeast from the bridge. In the distance is the Old Manse, recently
built home of the Reverend Emerson (Ralph Waldo's grandfather). In the
foreground is the sad and lonely grave of the poor, unknown British
soldier who was hacked to death by the sociopath, Ammi White.</span></i><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /></span></span>
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<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Some minutes before,
when Capt. Laurie first saw the hordes of Colonials, armed with bayonets, filing down
the hill toward the bridge, he had sent a messenger back to Col. Smith to send up reinforcements.
Smith, watching from Cemetery Hill in Concord center, anticipated him and led three grenadier
companies from town up toward the bridge, meeting the fleeing light infantry
halfway. Laurie's retreating men rallied behind the grenadiers. Buttrick's men, seeing the fresh
line of Regulars (these in bearskins), stopped and fanned out up on the ridge
above the road, taking cover behind a stone wall. Col. Barrett told Buttrick to hold
this position and he led the half of his regiment that hadn't crossed back up
to the hill on the west bank to watch for the return of Parsons' Redcoats that
had raided his farm.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<h4>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Time to go.</span></span></span></h4>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /></span></span>
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<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">For the British, at least,
the immediate crisis seemed to be stabilized. Smith realized the odds against
him were mounting as more and more militia companies were arriving from all
quarters. He sent for Capt. Pole to pull his three companies back from the
South Bridge. But he hadn't heard yet from Parsons and his four companies, who
hadn't returned from their expedition to Barrett's farm. He couldn't leave them
behind. He was also looking anxiously eastward. He had sent his plea to Gage
for reinforcements over eight hours ago. They had had more than enough time to
march the sixteen miles to Concord. They should be arriving any minute. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">In the meantime, he ordered
all his remaining companies to finish what they were doing in the contraband
burning business and fall in for the march back to Boston. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Finally, about noon, Capt.
Parsons returned, crossing the North Bridge unmolested. He noticed the militia
up on the hill to his left, and as he crossed his men came across the British
dead and wounded, including the dying, anonymous young soldier who had been
"scalped" by White. But he moved down to town without any other incident.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
Shortly after this Col. Barrett had collected four more Minuteman
companies from Action and crossed the North Bridge to join Buttrick, still
hunkered down on the ridge behind a wall. More Minuteman companies from
Framingham and Sudbury had also arrived from the southwest. And several companies from
Bedford, Lincoln, Groton, and elsewhere were showing up east of town (see map below).
By noon the Colonials had surrounded Concord with over a thousand men and outnumbered Smith's 700. It
was time for the British to pack up.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
Smith's companies fell into route order, a column of threes. Deploying his light companies in skirmish formation on his right and
left flanks, Smith started to march back down the Concord-Lexington road.
Parsons' seven flanker companies walked along the steep ridge to the north of the
road. To their left they could see hundreds of militia paralleling their march,
racing them to the bridge at Merriam's corner.</span><br />
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">No other shots were fired in this first part of the retreat. But the militia, loping along the countryside on either side of them, were getting closer and closer. As the column neared the bridge over the little creek at Merriam's Corner, all of the British light companies flanking the column on the high ground funneled down to this choke point. Opposing them were several hundred more militia blocking the Bedford Road. So the traffic slowed as the companies tried, with increasing anxiety, to crowd across the bridge. </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">It was at this choke point that the militia who had accumulated there began taking shots at the packed Redcoats on the road. Crouching down and steadying their muskets across logs and stone walls, the provincials' experienced marksmanship started hitting several Redcoats. They were using the ambush tactics they had learned during the French and Indian War, and from generations of fighting Native American tribes, taking their time to aim carefully. After the lethal events at Lexington and the North Bridge, they were out to kill now. The British despised these skulking tactics as uncivilized and despicable, even though they had appreciated them when they required the Colonial militia to help them kick the French out of North America. Now that they were being used against <i>them</i>, it seemed unfair. Many officers complained that the rebels wouldn't stand up and fight like men.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">This reminds me of an old Bill Cosby bit (from when he was young and funny and hadn't yet become another toxic, old celebrity). He described the American Revolution as if it were a football game and the two sides got together for the pre-game coin toss. The American team wins the toss and the umpire announces, "The Americans say they get to hide, wear any color clothes they want to, and shoot from behind rocks and trees, while the British team has to wear red and march in a straight line."<br /><br />Sorry, I do get sidetracked.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
Eventually, after taking several more casualties, particularly among the officers, the British all finally got over the bridge and onto the road to Lexington, the Marines taking up the rear guard.<br />
<br />
But their ordeal had just begun. All along the next five miles, militia were lying in wait, harassing the increasingly disordered Redcoats. The British light companies spread out to the flanks once more where they could, but whenever they did, they seemed to take more casualties than they inflicted. Their job was to push the ambushing provincials away from the road and the main body, but this was getting increasingly difficult to do. No sooner than they chased one group away than another, fresh batch would be lying in wait behind the next wall, barn, or clump of trees. Stragglers from the British column were being killed (if they resisted) or rounded up. The grenadiers on the road itself were wasting their ammunition by just firing away at the smoke and woods, usually too high, as if the noise itself would scare away their tormentors.<br />
<br />
<h4>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Bloody Angle</span></span></h4>
Sometimes the terrain and a bend in the road would be particularly difficult to negotiate. At one spot, called, subsequently named The Bloody Angle at the National Park dedicated to this event, the road bent to the left for about 500 yards and then right, and the woods came right down to the edge on one side, with a steep slope to boggy ground on the other. Here several hundred militia and Minutemen, who had been racing ahead of the struggling column, had crowded right down to the edge of the woods and the British could not get on the flanks to protect the column, since they would get lost in the woods or trapped in the marsh. Fortunately, the British were somewhat protected here as a segment of the road was sunken and the troops could duck down as they hurried along it. But it was afterward named Bloody Angle for a reason other than British profanity.<br />
<br />
As the leading elements (the light companies of the 10th and 5th Foot) finally turned the corner at the top of this stretch and headed east again they looked back in relief that they seemed to have gotten past the worst part of the road. But unknown to them, 197 Minutemen from Woburn, under Maj. Loammi Baldwin, had been lying in wait behind the stone walls on both sides at this more open stretch. The provincials let the first company (the already disgraced light company of the 10th) trot by, and when the next company from the 5th came up, they let them have it from both sides. As before, they barbarously targeted the officers, hitting three of the four of that company. In the next minute of mad firing, they killed eight and wounded twenty in the two companies, or almost half. The British got none in return.<br />
<br />
<h4>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Parker's Revenge</span></span></h4><p>
Smith's men were only half-way to Lexington and the sniping seemed to be getting worse. Flanker companies fanned out to either side of the road where the ground permitted, but for much of it, they couldn't do this. This is where the dastardly colonials set up their ambushes. The British light companies, doing most of the fighting, jumping, and running, were also getting increasingly tired and running out of ammunition. Remember they had brought only 36 rounds with them that morning and Smith had declined any supply wagons so he could make good time.<br />
<br />
He wasn't making good enough time now. He knew he had to keep up the pace because whenever his men got bogged down in clearing an ambush ahead, the rear guard would start to feel the heat from the growing numbers of militia pursuing them. These interruptions would also give time for the provincials to run ahead and set themselves up again. By the passage of Bloody Angle, it's been estimated that there were now over 2,000 militia around the dwindling British.<br />
<br />
If a soldier was killed or too badly wounded to walk, his comrades just left him to the mercy of the "scalping" rebels. The story of the atrocity at North Bridge had not only spread but had been amplified to the point that the men were genuinely terrified. In reality, most of the British wounded were taken in by the local families to care for them. Those that were walking wounded hobbled along, helped by their mates, or put on horses by their officers.<br />
<br />
The grenadier companies marching along the road, in their panic, started to trot, not march, and began to outstrip their flankers, exposing themselves to nasty surprises. A little over a mile from Bloody Angle, they had one.<br />
<br />
About two miles out from Lexington Common, there was a wooded hill later called Parker's Revenge (appropriately enough). Its southern side hung steeply over the road and it was thickly covered in undergrowth to hide in. Capt. Parker, whose men had been so brutally abused on the Lexington Common eight hours before, had set an ambush with his rallied companies, reinforced to about a hundred men now, all itching for payback. This time he wasn't going to meet the British in a stand-up line, but in a concealed ambush. And he wasn't going to wait for them to fire first.<br />
<br />
His men could see and hear the approaching firing. Eventually, they saw the red and white of the column approaching. These had to cross a bridge before they got opposite Parker's ambush position, with the already badly shot-up 5th's, 23rd's, and 43rd's light companies in the lead. (in that order). Col. Smith was riding with them. They had no scouts ahead of them since the duty flanker companies had fallen behind in some skirmishes some way back.<br />
<br />
Parker let the ragged 5th's company pass right below him first, apparently relieved that this obvious ambush site was unoccupied. Then, at close range, Parker gave the order for his company to fire on the next two companies. The first volley hit several officers and men, including Col. Smith, a bullet in the thigh, falling off his horse. The Lexington men kept up a fast fire, knowing they wouldn't be able to hold this position long. In fact, Maj. Pitcairn rode up and took charge, directing some grenadier companies around to flank the Lexington men from the north and others to pour fire into the woods in front. Parker, realizing he was about to be overrun, managed to extricate his company after fifteen minutes, but by that time, one of his goals (aside from exacting vengeance on the men who had murdered his friends and relatives before) was to hold up the column in time for the colonials harassing the back of the column to run around and set up again in front. And he had.<br />
<br />
While Pitcairn was rallying the men, his own horse, which had sustained a wound that morning at Lexington, got hit again, threw him to the ground and galloped off northward across the fields. He'd had enough. As an anecdote, this horse miraculously not only survived his wound and the war, but was caught by some Lexington people, cared for, and auctioned off to help the families of those men who had been killed that morning. Pitcairn's expensive pistols, still attached to the saddle, were later presented to General Israel Putnam who fittingly faced Pitcairn at Bunker Hill three months later. Pitcairn was killed heroically at that battle, but probably not by his own pistols.<br />
<br />
Smith himself found another horse, but then turned it over to his protege, Ensign Lister, who had a worse wound. That young officer, in turn, gave the horse to an even more seriously wounded enlisted man, where it was later shot down. This was a bad day. Everybody, including Smith, limped on, sure that they were all going to die.<br />
<br />
Just a mile from Lexington, in fact, they ran into yet another big ambush at a place called Fiske Hill and sustained even more casualties. After this, all of the light companies just gave up trying to screen the column at all and joined the grenadiers in what had become a rout. Nearly all of their ammunition had been shot off. They'd been up and marching for 17 hours. And they were getting tired of being shot by people they couldn't see or fight back.<br />
<br />
When they finally started staggering into Lexington, the men were on the verge of completely breaking. Several had already fallen out and threw themselves on the mercy of the militia, who turned out to be unexpectedly gracious. The few officers who were not seriously wounded fixed bayonets on their own muskets and stood in front of the men on the Common to get them to stop and rally. But just then, as the officers faced down their men, everybody started to cheer at something behind them. They turned to see what they were so happy about and , there, about a thousand yards away, the hill on the east side of town was covered in lines of red and white. The familiar regimental flags of the 4th, 27th, and 43rd Foot as well as the Marines flapped in the sun. They were saved! The long awaited relief had finally shown up.</p><p><br />
</p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-ERmeiBlY2S4vJKqqHN0-SS7HrhLBp8gXCQFnyAnPqhwrYEBRcoXMMjWqUPemIMUjLPEwrm5_1jlxvh1Xf1fK5Z4s9RLqIkp0ZyzNhNeTrkLThz_Uh-HUHYyV3-UvCppH5L-S3qgjuj3VrimY_6rZXoXnZua535a_BTnkA0lTgSVw4feO_uSMLUPKAA/s700/First%20Brigade%20Colors.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="438" data-original-width="700" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-ERmeiBlY2S4vJKqqHN0-SS7HrhLBp8gXCQFnyAnPqhwrYEBRcoXMMjWqUPemIMUjLPEwrm5_1jlxvh1Xf1fK5Z4s9RLqIkp0ZyzNhNeTrkLThz_Uh-HUHYyV3-UvCppH5L-S3qgjuj3VrimY_6rZXoXnZua535a_BTnkA0lTgSVw4feO_uSMLUPKAA/s16000/First%20Brigade%20Colors.jpg" /></a>
<h4>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Percy to the Rescue</span></span></h4>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gsX6MzljfyY/WXvc6BG8l9I/AAAAAAAAC6U/YZte4c3foDE0ixsY7pfEkPJmDHobvJDzACLcBGAs/s1600/Percy.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="535" data-original-width="450" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gsX6MzljfyY/WXvc6BG8l9I/AAAAAAAAC6U/YZte4c3foDE0ixsY7pfEkPJmDHobvJDzACLcBGAs/s320/Percy.jpg" width="269" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>Hugh Lord Percy, Earl of Northumberland</b></i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>At just 32, <br />A rising star in the British Army until </i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>politics and discord with Gage's replacement, </i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>General Howe, forced him to quit in disgust.</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
General Gage, anticipating that Col. Smith was going to need reinforcements as he was writing and rewriting his orders the previous day, had already consulted with his favorite brigade commander, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Percy,_2nd_Duke_of_Northumberland" target="_blank">Hugh Lord Percy</a>, about getting ready to go out and support Smith's expedition the evening before. He had already told Percy to get his brigade on a war footing and be ready to march by 0400. Unfortunately, due to the slapdash staff work of the contemporary British Army, the order to Percy was delivered to the town residence of his adjutant, who was out partying and didn't notice it lying on the entryway table when he got home and crashed into bed. When Gage got Smith's urgent plea for help at 0500 the next morning, he wasn't surprised; he wrote up an order for Percy to get his brigade moving. Again, the highly efficient (sarcasm emoji here) staff took about an hour to find Percy, and since all of the officers of the brigade were scattered all over town and not with their regiments (as the first, unread order requested), it took more precious time to round up everybody and get the men out of bed and onto the Boston Common for muster. By 0730 everybody was mustered except one of the battalions, the Marines. They were still asleep in their barracks because the order to their battalion commander, Maj. Pitcairn, had been just left off at his apartment and the messenger didn't realize that he would not be at home that morning; he was out with Smith somewhere near Concord. So, after the SNAFU was realized, word got to the second-in-command of the Marines and by 0830, still putting on their packs, they shuffled into place. At 0900, everybody was finally ready to go, the two field pieces (brass six-pounders) were there, the supply wagons loaded up, and Percy gave the order to march--just two hours after the order had been written by Gage.<br />
<br />
The column moved this time down the Boston Neck through Roxbury and Brookline. They marched slowly because Percy didn't want to tire them out in case there was a battle at the end of the march. He also rejected the army's artillery chief, Col. Samuel Cleaveland's insistence that he take a caisson of 140 extra artillery rounds with him as a precaution. He told Cleaveland this would slow them up, which was odd, considering he didn't seem to be in that much of a hurry. He told the artillery chief that the 24 rounds each piece had in its side boxes should be enough since he didn't think he'd even need that against the rabble. This was to incense Cleaveland later when Percy whined in his after action report that he didn't have enough artillery ammunition. <br />
<br />
As Percy's column marched leisurely through Brookline, he sent his engineers forward to Cambridge to secure the bridge over the Charles there. The early worries that the provincials would destroy that bridge had convinced Gage to ferry Smith across the Charles the previous night. Those worries proved to be well-founded. The Cambridge militia had torn up all the planks of the bridge, but had obligingly stacked them neatly up next to it. By the time Percy's brigade got to the river, the bridge was well along in being fixed by his engineers and he was able to get his infantry across. He left the engineers to finish laying the bed on the bridge so the supply wagons could follow later.<br />
<br />
These wagons did follow in a couple of hours, long after the First Brigade had marched through Menotomy, but as they tried to catch up they were intercepted by a company of old men at that town and later used as a mobile depot to resupply the militia with ammunition. So British attention to detail once again left a British army in the field with only the 36 rounds each man had in his pouch. Brilliant.<br />
<br />
About 1430 Percy's column reached the outskirts of Lexington. He halted on a hill about a thousand yards from the Common and saw the first, sad elements of Smith's column staggering into the town from the opposite side. He also saw hundreds of militia firing at them from both sides. Setting up one of his guns on the hill, he had it fire a round in warning. The first cannonball went right through the front of the Meeting House and exploded dramatically out the back side. This, and sending a couple of more rounds at each side of the road at the militia, caused them to scamper away and let Smith's cheering men rush forward to meet him. He deployed three of his regiments along the ridge line, across the road, with the Marines held in reserve (see map below).<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-blhH1rfLhwA/Wz0y-RPnW5I/AAAAAAAADgE/53bXoynh94UfKdqoF_wdHApJjip0tZciACLcBGAs/s1600/Lexington%2Btactical.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1336" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-blhH1rfLhwA/Wz0y-RPnW5I/AAAAAAAADgE/53bXoynh94UfKdqoF_wdHApJjip0tZciACLcBGAs/s1600/Lexington%2Btactical.jpg" /></a></div>
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<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">Cowed only for a few minutes, the thousands of militia who had been harassing Smith's troops, soon came back, all the while joined by more and more companies marching in from all over eastern Massachusetts. They realized that while loud the gun (Percy moved one of his six-pounders further back down the road to a hill covering the road near his headquarters at Munroe's Tavern) was not firing very fast and that its rounds were not presenting any physical threat to the skirmishing Minutemen and militia. So they moved in again to pester the last of Smith's exhausted troops and to start sniping at the formed regiments on the hill from the cover of the swamps and stone walls. Percy sent independent companies down in counter-attacks, which would bat away the provincials. But these would only come back again when the British companies rejoined their lines.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jM7oyOVVK58/WXveXc_2yQI/AAAAAAAAC6c/uig4BnJyeUI5LG-Ih1u2hO9lXkEh-ra5ACLcBGAs/s1600/Heath_W.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="515" data-original-width="397" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jM7oyOVVK58/WXveXc_2yQI/AAAAAAAAC6c/uig4BnJyeUI5LG-Ih1u2hO9lXkEh-ra5ACLcBGAs/s320/Heath_W.jpg" width="244" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Gen. William Heath</i></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Love the shape of his head, it is no wonder</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>he was so loved and well-known among the </i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>militia rank and file.</i></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">The Colonial militia had, until now, been fighting under no overall command. Their action was like a swarm of ants protecting the colony, each company, indeed, each man taking it upon himself to keep up the fire, to kill as many of the British as possible, and to keep harrowing them all the way back to Boston. But as Percy took up his position on the outskirts of Lexington, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Heath" target="_blank">General William Heath</a>, one of the five designated general officers of the newly formed Provincial Army, showed up from his home in Brookline. He was accompanied by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Warren" target="_blank">Dr. Joseph Warren</a> (remember, who sent Paul Revere out that morning?), the President of the Committee of Safety and the leading civilian authority over the Army. While neither did much if anything in the way of the overall direction of the battle (if the British had incompetent staff, the Americans had no staff at all), they did become very active in riding all over, encouraging men and keeping them in the fight. They were also very courageous in exposing themselves to danger in front of the men. Warren and Heath, showing themselves in the front lines in this way, also gave legitimacy to the battle in the eyes of the militia. True, everyone had answered the call and run to the sound of the firing, as they had sworn, but having two very senior and well-known authority figures with them reassured the militia that this was now a <i>bona-fide</i> war for independence and not just another spontaneous protest. Warren's and Heath's presence both showed that the men had the authorization of their own elected government.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">Percy waited while the last of Smith's demoralized and exhausted men filtered through his lines and made their way back to collapse around Munroe's Tavern. He wanted to give them a half hour or so to collect themselves before he began the march back. He was concerned to get everyone back to Boston by nightfall (1900). He also noticed that many militia were sneaking in to the farm houses around his position and setting up sniper positions. So he ordered all the houses nearby to be set on <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wflBL8Sxnmo/WXveqKmotdI/AAAAAAAAC6g/4vxkvDCvuCM8vSALg00xoNylj6DOz35tgCEwYBhgL/s1600/JosephWarrenByCopley.jpeg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="707" data-original-width="568" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wflBL8Sxnmo/WXveqKmotdI/AAAAAAAAC6g/4vxkvDCvuCM8vSALg00xoNylj6DOz35tgCEwYBhgL/s320/JosephWarrenByCopley.jpeg" width="257" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="text-align: center;">
<i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Dr. Joseph Warren</b></span></i></div>
<i><span style="color: #b45f06;">President of the Committee of Safety and<br /> "chief commissar" of the Patriot Cause. <br />Though he was a civilian with no military <br />experience,he would later be bayoneted to death <br />at Bunker Hill in June, rousing the men <br />as he had done on 19 April. Painted by John<br />Singleton Copley, the same Boston artist<br />who did General Gage at the top of this article.<br />Copley painted anybody who was anybody in<br />Boston at this time.</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">fire. This was the first time that day that private property had been destroyed. To Percy, there was now a state of rebellion (if not outright war) with the colonials. Before this, being a fairly liberal Whig, he had had some sympathy for the American cause and hated the benighted policy of the King and Lord North's government toward them. But listening to the tales of atrocity (like the "scalping" incident at Concord) and the skulking, murderous behavior of the militia (whom he regarded as delinquent civilians and not legitimate soldiers), he developed an instant contempt for them. All bets were off, as far as he was concerned.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">So the handful of houses and barns on this side of Lexington were burned. Including that of the Mulliken family, where Dr. Prescott's girlfriend, Lydia Mulliken lived. (You remember Prescott, who the night before had joined Revere and Dawes in spreading the word of the British expedition on his way home from courting his love.) Percy gave Smith's men about thirty minutes to rest and then sequentially pulled his lines back to start the march home to Boston. He sent Smith's companies on ahead, thinking that all of the militia were already behind them, while he had his Marines take up the rear guard to hold back the hordes of rebels.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/--e7jqEKIgEE/WXwuy5NtAaI/AAAAAAAAC6s/y_v8DfH65TAtckSk9g6F9VlIutcBsYvZACLcBGAs/s1600/Amos%2BDoolittle%2BLexington%2B1500.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="429" data-original-width="550" height="499" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/--e7jqEKIgEE/WXwuy5NtAaI/AAAAAAAAC6s/y_v8DfH65TAtckSk9g6F9VlIutcBsYvZACLcBGAs/s640/Amos%2BDoolittle%2BLexington%2B1500.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Amos Doolittle's last engraving of the series, showing Percy's brigade retreating from the hills southeast of Lexington. He has shown the burning farm houses, the flanker companies sent out to chase off the militia snipers, and some militia hiding in ambush on the little wooded hill on the right. </i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">Unfortunately the way back was not clear as Percy had hoped. He noticed on his march up from Cambridge how quiet the countryside and deserted the houses seemed. He was assuming that it would be the same on the way back. What he didn't realize was what Smith's people already had, that the militia were running ahead and occupying woods, walls, barns, and houses in ambush. And even more companies were arriving from the coastal towns like Medford, Salem, Marblehead, Lynn, and towns to the south. By the end of the day, approximately 4,000 would have descended on the retreating Redcoats. And the troops who were going to get the worst of it were again Smith's long-suffering men at the head of the column. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">He was also wondering where in the hell his supply wagons were.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<h4>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Last Leg</span></span></h4>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">This realization that the battle was far from over came as Smith and his men started to march back through Menotomy. Militia and Minutemen were shooting from windows and from behind walls again. Percy sent flanker companies on either side of the town to sweep in and flush out the provincials. He also ordered the burning of buildings along the route behind them. And if any shots came from any windows, the troops were authorized to charge in and kill everyone inside. These enforcers also started to take the opportunity to loot the same houses. Soon, Redcoats were raiding the houses more for what they could plunder than just for security. Of course, this gave the Patriots even more propaganda ammunition.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">While, up to then, the casualty rate suffered by both sides was lopsided, with the British by far taking the worst of it, after Menotomy, the larger numbers of fresh troops of the First Brigade began to even the score. Militia would lie in wait behind a wall or in a barn only to be surprised from the rear by vengeful Redcoats, who were in no mood to take prisoners. Many were shot and then bayoneted multiple times to make sure they were dead. Others were flushed out of houses by setting fires and then shot while they tried to escape.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">Of course, instead of deterring the patriots, this only made them madder. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">After Menotomy Percy reasoned that going the way he had come, through Cambridge and back across the bridge over the Charles, would be foolhardy. He figured that if resistance were this stiff in Menotomy, it would be worse in Cambridge, and that the bridge itself would be more thoroughly destroyed than it had been that morning. And even if he were to seize the bridge and beat back the militia there, he would still have to fight his way back through Brookline and Roxbury to Boston Neck, at night. That would spell doom for the entire force, which was half of the British troops in all of New England. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">So he decided on an end run. At the fork between Cambridge and Charlestown, he saw a large formation of militia blocking the road south to Cambridge. He unlimbered his two guns and sent off a couple of rounds in their direction, scattering them. Then he took the left-hand road, toward Charlestown. Like Boston, that town was on an isthmus linked to the mainland by a narrow neck. The road there was through relatively flat, open country with no other dense villages to have to fight through. If he could make it there by night, he could set up a defensive position on Bunker's Hill facing the neck. He could then ferry his men back over to Boston safely that evening.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">As it turned out, this head fake worked perfectly. Most of the militia, being under no unified command, had assumed the British would go back the way they had come and had hurried down to Cambridge. By the time any of them realized Percy was heading east instead, he was far ahead of them. By 1900 the rear guard Marines had crossed the neck (see strategic map at the top of this article) and dug in on Bunker Hill, Percy's two six-pounders sweeping the neck from that position. This position also put him under the protection of the Royal Navy's guns in the harbor. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">Hearing about the devastation the British were wreaking further west, a delegation of selectmen came up the hill from Charlestown to promise that they would not interfere with Percy's troops if they would not burn the town. Percy, mad as a stomped-on cat by this time, assured the town elders he would do just that if so much as one person poked a gun out of a window. He also made them promise to take care of his wounded and to assist in ferrying them back to Boston.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">Smith's companies, who had been on their feet for almost twenty hours and under more or less continuous fire for nine, were ferried back to Boston first. Gage sent two fresh regiments under Gen. Pigot (10th and 64th Foot, center companies only) back over to Charlestown to reinforce Percy, along with ammunition and provisions. Percy's brigade stayed there for the next week, after which they were evacuated back to Boston.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">The militia, who had also been up and racing around eastern Massachusetts and fighting all day, also settled down for the night. But troops from all over New England, including from Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut, as well as the northeastern section of Massachusetts (later Maine) were marching to surround Boston. Within just two days the Patriot Army had grown to 20,000 besieging the city, defended by just 4,000 Regulars. The Provincial Congress voted to raise the army to 30,000, and appointed a number of general officers to organize and lead it, men like Heath, Israel Putnam, Artemis Ward, and John Thomas. But there was still no formal overall commander-in-chief of all Continental forces. That wouldn't come until the end of the year when the Continental Congress appointed George Washington to take command of all the forces besieging Boston.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<h4>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Aftermath</span></span></h4>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">What had started as one more routine expedition to seize military contraband, something that Gage's troops had done several times before, ended up in a severe military defeat for the Crown. It also sparked a full scale war, something that Parliament could ill afford, both politically and fiscally, since it was still up to its neck in debt from the Seven Years War a little over a decade before.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">In addition to the colossal political blunder to the Crown's interests, the ill-planned and worse-executed expedition also cost the small British garrison in Boston 273 casualties (including 73 confirmed dead), nearly 7% of its total strength of 4,000. In contrast, even with the increased ferocity on the part of the British at Menotomy, the Americans suffered only about 100 casualties (including 49 killed outright). From a statistical point of view, this disparity, 14% vs 2.5%, gave the "embattled farmers" an overwhelming tactical victory in this first battle.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">Of course, this was just the beginning, and it would not all be so lopsided in favor of the Americans. The next several months saw Boston besieged, reinforcements bringing the British (under three new generals, Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne) up to 11,000, a pyrrhic victory at Bunker Hill, the creation of a Continental Army under George Washington, and ultimately the evacuation of Boston by the British. Of course, too, the next few years saw defeat after defeat for the Americans. It was a dark time and the country was nearly still-born. It could so easily have gone the other way. The way of Canada, perhaps.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<h4>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Lexington-Concord: Post Mortem</span></span></h4>
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>1. Asymmetrical Warfare: Regular vs Irregular</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">As a set piece, and isolated from its political significance, the running battle that took place on 19 April 1775 was interesting in that it showed the superiority of the new light infantry tactics against the formalized linear warfare of 18th century Enlightenment. Of course, the American Revolution was not the first time these tactics had been used. The Austrians' Grenzer irregular troops used them for decades up to now in Europe. And in America, these had been used by the colonists (both French and British) alongside their Indian allies for over a century. Many of the Minutemen, in fact, had fought with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers%27_Rangers" target="_blank">Roger's Rangers</a> during the French and Indian War. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">The British line regiments had acknowledged the usefulness (and threat) of this new style of warfare by designating so-called light, flanker companies in each regiment, whose mission was to guard the flanks of the close-order battalion from harassment by enemy snipers. But they were, by the beginning of the American Revolution, rarely adequate in their training to do this; certainly not nearly to the degree the Americans were. This was the style of warfare that suited the Colonials. And Lexington-Concord was the first experiment pitting these two tactical doctrines. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">Lord Percy, though contemptuous of the rebels, nonetheless acknowledged their combat effectiveness in his reports. He warned his superiors and colleagues against the mistake of assuming that the Americans were an inconsequential military threat. He complimented the provincial's tactical skill and courage. In fact, this makes me think of similar warnings that many American officers gave the Pentagon about the Viet Cong in the 1960s, who were also, at first, also dismissed as inconsequential. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">In modern military theory this is called "asymmetrical warfare". But it is not a new thing. It happens whenever one side, coming from a position of conventional weakness, is forced to apply unconventional methods to first resist and then wear down its foe. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>2. Fighting Retreats</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b> </b></span>The other feature of Lexington-Concord that stands out is how similar it is to so many other fighting retreats in history. The narrative seems so familiar, like Xenophon's 10,000 retreating from Persia in his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabasis_(Xenophon)" target="_blank">Anabasis</a> of 370 BCE, or the <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2015/03/crecy-1346.html" target="_blank">Crecy campaign in 1346</a>, or Napoleon's retreat from Moscow in 1812, or even the destruction of Varian's Roman legions by the Germans in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" target="_blank">Teutoburg Forest </a>in 9 CE. In this latter, the Romans found themselves suddenly set upon by people they had assumed were their friends and allies. And, of course, of interest in this month, Dunkirk in 1940.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">Fighting retreats can often reveal the most heroic and best in human nature, demonstrating resolve and strength, as Xenophon's men and the BEF at Dunkirk revealed. But they can, as at Lexington-Concord, also show the worst in human nature. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>3. Appalling Leadership</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">One of the most distinguishing aspects of Lexington-Concord to me is how terrible leadership and lack of military professionalism can result in disaster. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">First there was the sloppy security exercised by Gage and his staff in the few days before Smith set off. It took almost no time for everyone in Boston, and then everyone in Massachusetts, to know what was coming and where the British were going. Everybody, ironically, except the men who had to go do it. If such a thing had happened today in a modern army, the whole operation would have been cancelled. As it was, though Gage himself was aware of the security breach (even in his own household) he just shrugged his shoulders and sent Smith off anyway.<br /><br />Then, as Smith's column got underway (four hours late) and made it to Lexington, all of the officers just allowed the men under their command to get out of hand and start a riot among themselves, going after the otherwise passive militia. Some of them, like Maj. Mitchell, were directly responsible for fomenting the riot. This lack of control of their own troops was to show itself again at the North Bridge, and all during the retreat back to Boston. While here and there a British officer would show conscientiousness and control, for the most part they might just as well have not been there.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">Add to this the ridiculously sloppy staff work on display. That orders were repeatedly delivered to the wrong address, without receipt confirmation, causing hours of delay, cost lives. Officers were also sent on missions with little guidance as to rules of engagement or mission. Many officers were also assigned to commands that were complete strangers to them. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">To anyone today who has been a part of a modern military, reading about the slapdash manner in which things were done, in which security was so lax, and in which leadership was entirely lacking, it is not hard to see how this disaster happened.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>4. Relative Combat Efficiency</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">Many stories that I grew up with as an American cast the Colonial militia that responded to British oppression on 19 April 1775 as gifted amateurs, standing up to the "most powerful military in the world." attaining victory only through the righteousness of their convictions. However, in looking more closely at this battle, it seems to me that it was the poor British soldier who was the amateur, facing a force of thousands of well-trained, highly motivated combat veterans who knew how to fight in broken country. Few of the rank and file of the British regiments had seen any combat, but neither had most of their officers, most of them had been shipped over from garrison duty in Ireland and had not participated in the Seven Years War. The opposite was the case with the Minutemen and their officers. While the Colonials may not have had much in the way of higher command, on the company and individual level, they completely dominated their redcoated adversaries.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">Also, while the British had been cooped up in Boston for years, going out occasionally for field trips to the countryside to stretch their legs, the better physical fitness of the militia allowed them to run and fight all day, easily keeping up with the retreating Regulars and running ahead to lay ambushes. And this after they themselves had marched many miles to the Battle Road. They were farmers, yes, but that life made them physically more fit. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">So, in the end, the Minutemen, and even the ordinary militia were better soldiers than those of "the most powerful military force in the world."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><i>5. Ad Hoc</i> Organization</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">It was common practice throughout the 18th century, and well into the Napoleonic Wars, for commanders to form <i>ad hoc </i>units from the flankers of their line regiments; the grenadier and light companies. The idea was that these elites were specially trained for independent action, so that a whole brigade of them would have a magnified effect. Napoleon tried this in creating a whole corps of "elites" stripped off of line regiments under Oudinot in 1805. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">It was also felt that, because these elites were trained to operate independently, they were more appropriate for special, independent missions. This was Gage's written opinion in calling out all of the flanker companies of all of his garrison regiments for Smith's special mission. He thought, somehow, that their independence would magically compel them to work together as a unit.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">While it may have been true that, on a company scale, these troops may have been trained for independent missions not far from their parent regiments, such as covering a flank, or chasing away snipers from the main battle line; they were not used to operating together. The <i>ad hoc</i> brigade that marched out to Concord with Col. Smith was not a cohesive command. All but two of the companies had no idea who Smith, or his second, Pitcairn, were. In many cases the men didn't even know the officers immediately over them, and many of the officers didn't know the men, or what their training had been. A glaring example of this is what happened at the North Bridge when Capt. Laurie tried to get the three light companies who happened to find themselves under him to try a complicated maneuver that, apparently, only his own regiment, the 43rd, had practiced. The result was panic.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">So, on paper, Gage may have thought that he was putting his "best men" on the job, in actuality he was prescribing disaster.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">6. A Swarm of Ants</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">While the Colonial side, at this opening stage of an eight year war (the longest in American history up until Afghanistan in 2002), had no effective command structure above the company level, its effect on the outcome of the battle was not significant. That's because everybody knew what the objective was: Kill and harry the enemy all the way back to Boston. This was all the direction they needed. This was what they had rehearsed. In a way, it was like the defense of an ant colony; a kid pokes a stick into it (Smith's column being the stick) and the ants come out in a swarm to attack. It's almost biological, but a highly effective defense.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">The only time higher command manifested itself among the Colonials was when Gen. Heath and Joseph Warren, representing the elected government, arrived to give personal encouragement to the flagging Minutemen, giving legitimacy to what they had been doing. Though they weren't redirecting troops, their contribution was invaluable for morale to keep up the swarming.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>7. Violence as politics</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">The events of 19 April gave both sides propaganda to lead them inevitably to a break. The single incident of the "scalping" by that teenage psychopath at North Bridge resonated and gave focus to British hatred of the Colonials as bloodthirsty savages. This even though, all along the nightmarish march, local families, whose men were fighting the British, graciously took in the wounded and cared for them. Heartwarming anecdotes don't have nearly the power of bloodcurdling ones.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">On the other side, the breakdown in discipline among the British soldiers, leading to the initial massacre at Lexington and the looting of houses and murdering of prisoners on the march back through Menotomy, gave ample propaganda to inflame all of the colonies up and down the Atlantic Coast toward a declaration of independence. These incidents, repeated and illustrated over and over in the hundreds of newspapers in the colonies, proved to be the Americans' strongest recruiting engine.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">Obviously,
the most significant outcome of this battle wasn't that the patriotic
farmers whipped the professional Redcoats, it was in starting the war.
Politicians like Sam Adams and John Hancock had been clamoring for an
open, violent break with Britain for eleven years. The utter
cluelessness of the North Government, the pugnacity of George III,
and the incompetence of Governor General Gage finally gave it to them.
They all played right into Adams' hands.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">Without that, Lexington-Concord would have been just a minor incident, a
truly obscure battle.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Wargame Considerations</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">As an encounter battle, Lexington-Concord doesn't seem to be that interesting a subject for wargaming. Its real interest is how it affected geopolitics. It was a spark, not an explosion. But, there are things one should consider if you are going to accurately game it.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>1. Combat Efficiency</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">As I've written above, the relative combat efficiency of the two sides should be taken into account. However, instead of rating British troops as being highly trained and militia as--well--militia, I would flip it. Militia, particularly those designated as Minutemen, should be given high combat efficiency ratings. As we have seen, they were the ones with stamina, marksmanship skills, combat experience, and up-to-the-minute training. While the British, even the grenadiers and light companies, had little combat experience, weak stamina, and sporadic training. Most of them had never seen war.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">2. Morale</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">For games that take into account relative morale or motivation of the units (and the ones I play always do) I would likewise give higher morale to the Americans. Not because I am an American--I also have British ancestry--but because the Colonials were incensed by years of pig-headed, arrogant, and arbitrary acts by a government they had no say in, which, as native Englishmen, they felt was--well--unEnglish. So by 1775 they were hopping mad. They were highly motivated.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">On the British side, what we have are technically professional soldiers, but led by aristocratic amateurs. The rank and file were usually impressed into service, thousands of miles from home, poorly paid (many tried to get work in the local economy just to live), beaten savagely for slight infractions, and sitting idly as occupation troops in a town full of people who hated them, just as they had for years in Ireland. They were not particularly motivated. And as we have seen, their discipline broke down almost at once. After the story of the "scalping" incident at North Bridge got circulated, about the only thing that was motivating them on their way home was terror of being captured by the "savages."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">3. Ammunition</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">Smith's column marched out with only the 36 rounds each man had with him. There was no resupply on the march. Likewise, Percy's brigade had only that personal allocation; he did have an ammunition wagon following but it was captured and used by the militia. For his artillery, he also eschewed any but the 24 rounds in the side-boxes of each of his six-pounders. So the entire British expedition was in danger of running out before they got home. In fact, Smith's people had all but emptied their cartridge boxes before they arrived back at Lexington.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">For the Colonial side, their ammunition supply was a little more varied. Each man was supposed to head out with 36 rounds too. And many shot all their pouchful and called it quits. But, being more resourceful, many of the militia were able to top off during the day as they came upon hidden magazines or secret supplies were got to them (as when they got to Menotomy). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">So for a wargame that tracks ammunition, this limit should be taken into consideration.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">4. Small unit action</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">The most salient characteristic of this battle, to me, was that all the innumerable small unit actions that took place seemed to resemble squad actions of the Second World War. From North Bridge, to the ambushes at Merriam's Corner, the Bloody Angle, Parker's Revenge, Fiske Hill and Menotomy, small numbers of men were able to pin down large formations for critical minutes. In a wargame, it might be appropriate to take rules associated with 20th century squad actions and apply them to black powder. Muskets instead of submachine guns.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">In fact, the only time during this entire battle when there were large, linear formations characteristic of Enlightenment warfare was when Percy's brigade showed up at Lexington and deployed on the hill. But no action, per se, took place here. The Colonials held back, creeping up where possible to snipe at the flanks of the British line until it got moving again. It was mostly a show of force rather than a tactical deployment.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Orders of Battle</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">In the following orders of battle, first column, titled <span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #e69138;">“Command</span>”<span style="color: black;">,</span></span>
is the name of the parent regiment, colored in the primary uniform coat
color. For Colonial Militia, there would not have been a uniform as
yet, so brown is used to represent every color.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">Second column <span style="color: #e69138;">“Facing”</span>
is the command level and type, using standard military symbology. This
column is color-coded in the “facing” color of the regiment (collars,
cuffs, turnbacks usually), but for British Regulars only. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">Third column <span style="color: #e69138;">“Flag”</span> is a miniature of the regimental flag, if known. If unknown, this cell is left blank.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: black;">Fourth column <span style="color: #e69138;">"Strength"</span>: The roll call reports for the British come from George Nafziger's invaluable collection of orders of battle. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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</div><span style="font-size: small;">While there was no formal command structure among the assembling militia on this first day of the war, William Heath, of Roxbury, eventually assumed overall <i>de facto</i> command as the battle developed. </span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />The various militia companies began to show up as the day wore on. They are listed here in their order of appearance. Some of the militia and Minuteman companies went home as they expended their ammunition, so that not all who had opened the battle in the morning were present at the end.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">The "Pine Tree Flag" shown here is symbolic of that generally adopted by the New England Colonies as far back as the 17th century. It existed in various designs from the late 1680s on, conforming to the standard layout of British military and naval units since the English Civil War. I do not know if any militia on 19 April carried any flags, or if this was one of them. But for representation, it looks appropriate.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtlP3C08GS9hGs9Ja57zZaGaejsJz2707FZcrd7MQ4bjhIyReyTKNVjRO2WPKk5nOJpiXWROP4uWZ8fylCSCNUph9IW8fOLXVFxuG3ssBuk7ddaGCSHbz9gEUI7gZGv9piyynJO9tg8FTZcfB7zAiNvlbdpjAbn51Ft8JFpnYHusi76Qh7iSmSuryI-w/s811/Lexington%20OOB%20Colonials.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="811" data-original-width="650" height="857" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtlP3C08GS9hGs9Ja57zZaGaejsJz2707FZcrd7MQ4bjhIyReyTKNVjRO2WPKk5nOJpiXWROP4uWZ8fylCSCNUph9IW8fOLXVFxuG3ssBuk7ddaGCSHbz9gEUI7gZGv9piyynJO9tg8FTZcfB7zAiNvlbdpjAbn51Ft8JFpnYHusi76Qh7iSmSuryI-w/w687-h857/Lexington%20OOB%20Colonials.jpg" width="687" /></a></div><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">References</span></span></h2>
<br />
Breen, T.H., <a href="http://www.powells.com/book/american-insurgents-american-patriots-the-revolution-of-the-people-9780809075881" target="_blank"><u><b>American Insurgents American Patriots: The Revolution of the People</b></u></a>, 2010, Hill & Wang, ISBN: 978-0-8090-7588-1<br />
<br />
Galvin, John, <a href="http://www.powells.com/book/minute-men-the-first-fight-myths-realities-of-the-american-revolution-9781597970709/61-0" target="_blank"><u><b>The Minute Men: The First Fight: Myths and Realities of the American Revolution</b></u></a>, 1989, Potomac Books, ISBN13: 978-1-59797-070-9<br />
<br />
Hibbert, Christopher, <u><b><a href="http://www.powells.com/book/redcoats-rebels-the-american-revolution-through-british-eyes-9780393322934/61-0" target="_blank">Redcoats and Rebels: The American Revolution Through British Eye</a>s</b></u>, 1990, Norton, ISBN: 0-393-02895-X<br />
<br />
Hoock, Holger,<a href="http://www.powells.com/book/scars-of-independence-americas-violent-birth-9780804137287/1-6" target="_blank"><u><b> Scars of Independence: America's Violent Birt</b>h</u></a>, 2017, Crown, ISBN: 978-0-8041-3728-7<br />
<br />
May, Robin, <a href="http://www.powells.com/book/british-army-in-north-america-1775-1783-9780850451955" target="_blank"><b><u>The British Army in North America: 1775-1783</u></b></a>, 1974, Osprey Men-at-Arms #39, ISBN: 0-85045-195-7 <br />
<br />
Morrissey, Brendan, <a href="http://www.powells.com/book/boston-1775-9781855323629/2-1" target="_blank"><u><b>Boston 1775: The Shot Heard Around the World</b></u></a>, 1993, Osprey Campaign Series 37, ISBN: 1-85532-362-1<br />
<br />
Nafziger, George, Orders of Battle Collection, 1994 <br />
<br />
Philbrick, Nathaniel, <a href="http://www.powells.com/book/bunker-hill-a-city-a-siege-a-revolution-9780670025442/1-17" target="_blank"><u><b>Bunker Hill: A City, A Siege, A Revolution</b></u></a>, 2013,Viking Penguin, ISBN: 978-0-14-312532-7<br />
<br />
Stephenson, Michael, <b><a href="http://www.powells.com/book/patriot-battles-how-the-war-of-independence-was-fought-9780060732622/1-1" target="_blank"><u>Patriot Battles: How the War of Independence Was Fought</u></a></b>, 2007, Harper Collins, ISBN: 978-0-06-073261-5<br />
<br />
Symonds, Craig L., <b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Battlefield-Atlas-American-Revolution/dp/0933852533/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1475268920&sr=8-1&keywords=0933852533" target="_blank">A Battlefield Atlas of the American Revolution</a></b>, 1986, Nautical & Aviation Publishing, ISBN: 0-933852-53-3<br />
<br />
Tourtellot, Arthur B., <a href="http://www.powells.com/book/lexington-concord-the-beginning-of-the-war-of-the-american-revolution-9780393001945/1-3" target="_blank"><u><b>William Diamond's Drum: Lexington and Concord, the Beginning of the War of the American Revolution</b></u></a>, 1959, Norton, ISBN: 9780393001945<br />
<br />
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<span style="color: #990000; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: black;"><i>Copyright
2017, Jeffery P. Berry Trust, all rights reserved. No part of this post
may be used for republication or re-posting without documented
permission of the Jeffery P. Berry Trust. However, feel free to link to
this site as a resource from related sites. Original images are copy-protected by Digimarc embedded digital watermarks.</i></span></span> <br />Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com29tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-88908600945356464032016-09-10T22:50:00.017-07:002021-03-13T15:46:15.365-08:00Ramillies 1706<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">23 May 1706</span></h2>
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">War of the Spanish Succession</span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: small;">Pro-Habsburg Forces under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" target="_blank">The Duke of Marlborough</a> approx. 69,000 with 120 guns</span><br />
<span style="color: #45818e; font-size: small;">Pro-Bourbon Forces under<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufville,_duc_de_Villeroy" target="_blank"> le Duc de Villeroi </a>& <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_II_Emanuel,_Elector_of_Bavaria" target="_blank">the Elector of Bavaria</a>, approx. 68,000 with 70 guns</span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><br />
</span><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Location:</span> </span><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@50.6370247,4.916574,706m/data=!3m1!1e3" target="_blank">50<span>°</span> 38’ 11” N <span> </span>4<span>° 54’ 55” </span><span> </span>E</a>. or search for Ramillies-Offus in modern Belgium on Google Maps. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Weather:</span> Low ground fog in the morning, burning off about 10:30. Otherwise temperate and clear. Because it had been raining hard the few days before, the streams were full and the adjacent low ground muddy.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">First Light:</span> </span> 0406 <span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunrise: </span> 0448 <span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunset: </span> </span>2044 <span style="color: #b45f06;">End of Twilight: </span>2127<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Moonrise:</span> 1858 waxing 84% gibbous All times Central European Time<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">(calculated from <a href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/RS_OneDay.php" target="_blank">U.S. Naval Observatory</a> from lat/long and date)</span><br />
<br /><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Amendement Note:</span> Since I first posted this article over four years ago, I have read further about this battle and the forces involved. So much so that I felt compelled to update the maps, orders of battle,formations, and uniform and flag details. March, 2021</i><br />
<span style="color: #45818e;"><span style="color: black;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">R</span></span></b>amillies is the second of Marlborough's four big victories (oops; spoiler), his first big battlefield victory after <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/11/blenheim-1704.html" target="_blank">Blenheim</a> two years before. And he very nearly got himself killed, the damn fool.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #45818e;"><span style="color: black;">In 1705 the war to determine whose relative was to be the King of Spain was going into its fourth year and no end seemed to be in sight. As decisive as Blenheim had seemed the year before, while it did stop a mortal blow aimed at the heart of the Austrian Empire, it was not so mortal a blow to Louis XIV or his designs on hegemony in Europe. Though the war was proving to be ruinously expensive to Louis' treasury and the French economy, the effect of that would not tell for several years. But it was also ruining the economies of the British, Dutch, and the Habsburg allies. This thing wasn't going to be over for a long time.</span></span><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-U-voDr9DQHc/V84YbBYc8II/AAAAAAAACi4/9nqkOTxYCFE-hl-FN-MNye6pTOL-vnTfACLcB/s1600/John_Churchill%252C_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-U-voDr9DQHc/V84YbBYc8II/AAAAAAAACi4/9nqkOTxYCFE-hl-FN-MNye6pTOL-vnTfACLcB/s320/John_Churchill%252C_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough.png" width="253" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough at 56<br />by Godfrey Kneller<br />Do you think somebody had a business of<br />renting those suits of armor for these paintings?</i></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: #45818e;"><span style="color: black;">Marlborough himself was hampered by a parochial ally in the United Provinces, whose political representatives with the army hovered over his every move--especially since he had given them the slip in the Blenheim campaign last year. They weren't going to let that happen again. As he saw it, the Dutch government was only interested in participating in this war as long as it protected their own country. Anything more strategic in the fight against the Sun King and his Pan-European domination was out of the question. Marlborough, as one of the great strategic thinkers of history, saw the war as a global contest and planned sweeping campaigns to Italy, Spain, Germany, and the New World. The Dutch only wanted to defend the Lowlands. </span></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
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<div style="text-align: right;">
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<span style="color: #45818e;"><span style="color: black;">On the French side, Louis himself was not interested in invading Holland, per se, but was interested in keeping Marlborough (or "Malbrouck", as the French pronounced it) bottled up in the Low Countries, and therefore unable to invade France through the more vulnerable Meuse valley corridor., the very thing the Duke was indeed planning to do as he wanted to bring the war to a final conclusion. And Louis, though chastened by the terrible defeat at Blenheim, still had more soldiers, more treasure, and more brilliant generals than all of his enemies combined. France was still the paramount superpower of the age. He also reasoned that the excellence of his troops, when led by one of those brilliant generals, could actually knock Marlborough out of the war. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #45818e;"><span style="color: black;">And then, for some reason, instead of one of those brilliant generals, Louis chose his childhood best friend, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufville,_duc_de_Villeroy" target="_blank">Francois de Neufville, le duc deVilleroi</a> to lead his army in the Lowlands. </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #45818e;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #45818e;"><span style="color: black;">Villeroi, the 62-year-old veteran of several of Louis' previous wars, was a brave soldier but not a particularly competent army commander. He had already lost two battles in Italy and had been taken prisoner by Prince Eugene in 1702. But Louis' confidence in him was unshaken. Marlborough had probably met him during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" target="_blank">Franco-Dutch War of 1672-78</a> when England and France were allied against Holland. And undoubtedly, since he was an astute scientist of character, the young John Churchill (as Marlborough was known then) had taken valuable note of all his future adversaries. Much as Robert E. Lee seemed to know what his own adversaries would do in the Civil War </span></span><span style="color: #45818e;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #45818e;"><span style="color: black;">(at least, until Grant took command) </span></span>because he had been their classmate at West Point, Marlborough, who was quite social all over Europe for decades, knew exactly how to play his own opponents. He had probably noted their strengths and weaknesses at parties and card games. </span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #45818e;"><span style="color: black;"><i>Narrative continues below the map.</i> </span></span><br />
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</xml><![endif]--> <span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>Situation Map at 14:30. </b>As with all of my other maps, the unit markers
represent the actual footprint of each battalion or squadron. This map was
created referencing a combination of contemporary maps and Google satellite
photography. Today, over three hundred years later, if you go to the Google
Earth reference site, you'll notice a large wood in the center of the
battlefield on the east side of the Petite Gheete (big enough to be tactically
significant) which no contemporary accounts mention or maps show. So I have
left it out. I have also, speculatively, reduced the size of the villages.
Ramillies today stretches much farther up the Petite Gheete, which I don't
think it did in 1706</i></span><br />
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<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-st01GXmPJZg/YE0xypmlCTI/AAAAAAAAFJo/uOasdW5qZ08xADK_b3gY_IbIEVPeLH-_wCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Ramillies%2Bmap%2B2021%2Brev%2B%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1727" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-st01GXmPJZg/YE0xypmlCTI/AAAAAAAAFJo/uOasdW5qZ08xADK_b3gY_IbIEVPeLH-_wCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Ramillies%2Bmap%2B2021%2Brev%2B%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" /></a></div><br />
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<span style="color: #45818e;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">The Disappointing 1705</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">At any rate, in order to demonstrate that Blenheim had no affect on him (a "flesh wound"), Louis started 1705 by reinforcing his armies in Italy, Spain, Germany, and Flanders. At the beginning of the year he had over a quarter of a million men in arms, more than France had ever fielded. This rapid resurgence was intended to utterly demoralize the allies, who thought they had defeated the aging French autocrat, and convince them that their resistance was hopeless.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Marlborough's plans this year were to consummate his victory of 1704 by invading France from the northeast, through its most vulnerable corridor, the lower Moselle Valley into Lorraine, and thereby force Louis to sue for peace on favorable terms. Opposing him was an army of about 40,000 under Marshal Villars and a smaller force under his former adversary at Blenheim, Marshal Marsin, with another 25,000. But Marlborough had on hand only about 30,000 English and Allied troops. He needed the cooperation of the Dutch and of the Imperialists under the Margrave of Baden. But the Dutch, distrustful of their Captain General after his escapade in 1704 by stealing away to fight a battle on the Danube, weren't going to cooperate this time; the upper Meuse was too far from their front yard. And the Margrave, who had been wounded at the Schellenburg the year before, was moving much too slowly to reinforce him (Marlborough's best friend for life, Prince Eugene, had been sent to Italy). One supposes, too, that Baden was still holding a grudge for being excluded from the glory of Blenheim, having been sent on a useless errand just prior to that battle (see my article on <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/11/blenheim-1704.html" target="_blank">Blenheim </a>for more of this). </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">So the Duke was forced, reluctantly, to give up this scheme. He even sent Villars a gracious letter and a gift basket of fine wines and cheeses, apologizing for not obliging him with better sport that season. Marlborough was nothing if not a charmer. Villars forwarded this letter to his king, who took it as a sign that M. Malbrouck was spent, and not to be taken seriously. Blenheim had been blind luck. Oh, and, of course, Tallard's bad generalship. And Clerambault's cowardice. But it was a fluke.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Marlborough gave up his designs on the Meuse and despondently moved west to Flanders to join up with Marshal Ouwerkerk and the Dutch army. He felt that he could force Villeroi to a battle there, defeat him as he had defeated Tallard, and invade France from the north instead. The French, meanwhile, had been besieging and reinforcing fortified towns in Flanders, building what was supposed to be a bulwark against Marlborough to the east; a seventy mile fortification between Antwerp and the Meuse River known as the Lines of Brabant. Like the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maginot_Line" target="_blank">Maginot Line</a> built by the French 230 years later, this impressive feat of human engineering was not supposed to so much as stop an invasion, but slow it down enough that Villeroi's spread-out army could mass at the point of rupture and destroy the enemy before he could regroup. It was sound strategic thinking. And it worked just as well in 1705 as it did in 1940.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">But getting Villeroi to meet him for a battle was <i>exactly </i>what Marlborough wanted. Employing a series of feints and bluffs, the Duke first got Villeroi to chase Ouwerkerk and all the Dutch troops south toward Namur while Marlborough made an attack on the north at <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@50.7771363,4.9939454,14102m/data=!3m1!1e3" target="_blank">Eliksem </a>with his British and German troops. Discovering an overlooked stone bridge over the Gheete that had not been destroyed by the French, he burst through the Lines of Brabant, even though he had less than a third of his army. Getting the word, Ouwerkerk managed to double back and join him. The whole Allied army now swarmed over the Gheete. Villeroi followed in confusion, realizing he'd been sucker punched. When he got near to the Allied army, now massed on the wrong side of the river, he exasperatedly told everybody to meet him farther west, across the Dyle River.</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7GsaA5MzLho/V8ur8iETnaI/AAAAAAAACg8/0pBhFg-NzP0iJb9Bb-gEb_BU83oc-MrhwCLcB/s1600/Brabant%2BTapestry.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="383" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7GsaA5MzLho/V8ur8iETnaI/AAAAAAAACg8/0pBhFg-NzP0iJb9Bb-gEb_BU83oc-MrhwCLcB/s400/Brabant%2BTapestry.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Detail of the Brabant Tapestry at Blenheim Palace, depicting the<br /> forcing of the Lines of Brabant at Eliksem. Aside from the image,<br />think that this beautiful work of art is rendered in thread, and<br />the thousands of hours and craft it took. Who would do that?<br />By Lambert de Hondt</i></span></td></tr>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">This little combat at Eliksem had one of many anecdotes of Marlborough's near misses. A Bavarian cavalryman, trotting up to him, took a clumsy sword swipe at the Duke's periwigged head. The Duke ducked and the Bavarian lost his balance, embarrassingly falling off his giant horse. Marlborough's trumpeter leaped down off of his horse and skewered the hapless cuirassier before he could get up. Poor man. As tragi-comic as the incident was, it was another example of how the Duke always led from the front, constantly putting himself in harm's way. It was no wonder his men adored him. And his wife was non-plussed. He never mentioned these incidents to Sarah (who found out anyway), knowing he'd catch hell for putting himself in danger.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Villeroi managed to start assembling his army farther to the west on the far banks of the Dyle River (eight miles north of Wavre, which would play a key part in another battle 110 years later) to await Marlborough in what he considered an advantageous position. Marlborough and Ouwerkerk did come up and start to deploy to attack before the French received their full strength in reinforcements. But before that assault could begin, they needed their artillery which was following in the rear. It was at this point that Dutch obstructionism flared up again as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Johan_van_Baer" target="_blank">Lord Slangenburg</a>, the chief representative of the States General in the field, blocked the artillery train from crossing a defile so his own personal baggage could go first. This delay postponed the entire battle for a day, by which time Marlborough saw that he had lost the advantage as Villeroi had time to assemble his entire army and dig in on the opposite side of the river. The Duke sent another nice note of courteous regret to the French marshal </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">(did his mother raise him right, or what?) </span>and withdrew. He also sent a scathing and not-so-nice diatribe to the States General that their incompetent and obstructionist representative Slangenburg had again interfered with an opportunity to end the war. Even the Dutch Government, who by now were facing increasing frustration with the cost and length of the war from their own constituents, saw that Slangenburg's action was unconscionable (and, because of his Catholicism, it </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">was suspected he was being bribed by the French)</span>. They fired him. With extreme prejudice.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Slangenburg, in his own defense, complained that Marlborough was secretive and wouldn't share his plans with his subordinates or have regular and customary councils of war so all the commanders could sit down to discuss the options. The Dutch general had a point. Marlborough <i>didn't</i> trust his allies (with good reason). He felt that councils of war were nothing more than delaying tactics on the part of obstructionists in his own ranks. And he suspected (rightly) that several Allied officers were blabbing to the enemy. We must remember that most of these aristocrats were old friends with each other across the lines, and had actually even fought on the same side in previous wars. So security was something Marlborough took very seriously. Slangenburg was right; he didn't take his subordinates into his confidence.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;">So </span><span style="font-size: small;">1705 ended in a stalemate again. The Allies indulged themselves in completing the destruction of most of the rest of the Lines of Brabant, as well as capturing a few fortresses. Villeroi, mistaking the Duke's reasons for avoiding battle, sent a triumphant letter to Louis proclaiming a major victory over the English general (in spite of his kicking in the so-called Lines of Brabant so easily) and Louis gratefully accepted that conclusion. All the overdressed sycophants at Versailles clucked and made duck-faces about the myth of Marlborough's military prowess. As everyone had always said, he had been just lucky at Blenheim. Oh, and at Eliksem. But that was all. His luck had run out.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The war would go on into a fifth year. </span><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">1706 starts miraculously, for the French.</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">At the end of the campaigning season in Flanders in 1705, Marlborough left what he considered the pointless sieges to his capable subordinates and went on a tour of the German capitals to drum up more material support for the next year. He has often been described by historians as one of the greatest military geniuses of history. But he was also a diplomatic genius, able to keep a frequently squabbling array of competing, unreliable princes in the fight. He spent the next few months traveling all over Europe cajoling more troops and more support. Everyone really loved him. Even his enemies. He was a phenomenon.</span><br />
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</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-P02x-jA7X0o/V8u5Cdw9iWI/AAAAAAAAChM/agd2RK2L4xcdFjXlQ8PtH94_1OAbFoVcgCEw/s1600/Louis_le_Grand%253B_Rigaud_Hyacinthe.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-P02x-jA7X0o/V8u5Cdw9iWI/AAAAAAAAChM/agd2RK2L4xcdFjXlQ8PtH94_1OAbFoVcgCEw/s400/Louis_le_Grand%253B_Rigaud_Hyacinthe.jpg" width="247" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Louis XIV in 1701 in his lounging-around<br />attire, not looking a day over 63. <br />By Hyacinth Rigaud</i></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Louis, for his part, took the end of the season to float some more peace overtures to the separate allied governments, trying to break them away from each other. He offered individual princes provinces but was unwavering on his insistence that, in exchange, he wanted recognition of his grandson Philip's claim to the Spanish Throne (remember the name of this war). Nobody took him up on these cynical offerings. The Protestant Powers (Great Britain, the Scandinavians, the Dutch, the Germans) and the Habsburgs didn't need to be reminded again of the reason for this war: stopping a trans-Pyreneean, Bourbon empire under Louis from forming. They had already seen what Europe's most powerful autocrat could do to Protestants when he started a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau" target="_blank">pogrom against Protestant Huguenots</a> 20 years before. Louis himself knew his offers would be rejected, but it was important for him politically to be seen as the sincere one, innocently desiring peace. One imagines him stroking a bald cat while doing it. Also his breath was terrible. </span><br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">As 1706 began, Marlborough had big plans. One was to double-down on his daring expedition of 1704 and march even farther, all the way to down to Italy, teaming up again with his other soul-mate, Prince Eugene, to destroy Vendome's army there and secure Savoy, Lombardy, and the whole of North Italy for the anti-Bourbon cause. Another was to reinforce the Margrave Baden in Bavaria to help him neutralize Villars along the Rhine frontier, exposing France itself to invasion (per his original 1705 plan). A third was to reinforce the recent defection of Portugal to the Allied side to march on Madrid from the west, combined with a simultaneous assault from the recently consolidated east coast of Spain, forcing Philip to flee back across the Pyrenees. And fourth was an amphibious invasion of France proper at Bordeaux with a combined Anglo-Huguenot force of 10,000. Unfortunately, hardly any of these plans were to happen.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">In the first place, while the States General agreed to let Marlborough send Eugene 10,000 reinforcements in Italy, it was on the condition that the Duke himself (and his British troops) stay in Flanders to command the "Home Army" in person. Disappointed, his devotion to the anti-Bourbon war effort was unshakeable, so reluctantly agreed. He had so looked forward to his next adventure, the Hannibalic crossing of the Alps, that he had already made logistic arrangements, issuing new hand-mills to the troops, for instance, so they could make their own flour on the way. But now, for the greater good, he agreed to let someone else go, and with much fewer forces.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">In the second place, </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">the King of Denmark, the </span>new King <i>in </i>Prussia (Frederick I), and the Elector of Hanover, were dragging their feet on sending Baden troops to launch his campaign against Vendome's 40,000 in the central theater. In what must have been a clerical oversight, it seems that none of them had yet been paid by the Dutch or the British. Also, Britain's ambassador to Berlin, the Earl of Strafford, was a complete jerk and had antagonized the Prussian court by undiplomatically sleeping with the Prussian prime minister's wife. Frederick formally asked the British Government to recall him in April...oh, and to pay what they promised. Marlborough was using all his personal charm to try and reclaim the situation.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-sEzY7MTIyv8/V9TkpzMVOjI/AAAAAAAACoY/M0K3zKq1O-UYqMrMzmbC_XiaQ0UtmFrIgCLcB/s1600/Calcinato.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="307" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-sEzY7MTIyv8/V9TkpzMVOjI/AAAAAAAACoY/M0K3zKq1O-UYqMrMzmbC_XiaQ0UtmFrIgCLcB/s400/Calcinato.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Battle of Calcinato, 19 April 1706, by Jean-Baptiste Martin<br />That's the lovely Lake Garda in the background, a<br />nice place to either fight a battle or honeymoon.</span></i></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /></span></i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;">And in the third place, the French acted first. Louis, still chaffing from the humiliation of Blenheim, from Eugene's victories in 1705 in Italy, and the defection of Portugal and Savoy from his cause, decided he now needed a massive show of force. He sent out orders to all of his commanders to hit everywhere, hit hard, and hit early. In Italy, at the beginning of April, before Eugene could rejoin his army still stretching from their long winter's nap around Lake Garda, Vendome unexpectedly attacked and inflicted a severe defeat on the Imperialists at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Calcinato" target="_blank">Calcinato</a> on 19 April. Eugene managed to arrive in time to rally his routed army up in the Alps, but Vendome now had the initiative. He commenced the long-planned siege of Turin to knock Savoy out of the war. Then, in Germany on the first of May, Marshals Villars and Marsin, with daily messages from Versailles whipping them, recaptured the fortress of Hagenau and caused Baden to pull his outnumbered and beaten army east of the Rhine. This gave Villars the flexibility to then lend Marsin's 25,000 to Villeroi in Flanders, so the latter could start his own aggressive campaign.</span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">Louis was delighted with the news of the victories in Italy and Germany. But Flanders was Louis' real bone. While he had congratulated his old friend Villeroi for the "victory" of avoiding a battle with Marlborough the previous year, he was still smarting from the English commander's easy destruction of his Lines of Brabant and wanted to get rid of this nemesis for good. Choosing to believe his toadies that Marlborough was a one-shot wonder, the king urged Villeroi, soon to be reinforced by Marsin, to take the battle to the enemy and force a showdown. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">This was a new strategy for the French in Flanders. For the first four years of the war, they were content to sit inside their dense network of Vauban-built fortresses in the Lowlands and just keep the Allies from doing anything rude. This strategy had, up to then, worked, mostly because of the well-known Dutch reluctance to let Marlborough seek battle. But Louis needed to end this expensive war and move on. Also, having the largest and most professional military force in the world, he saw no reason why he should fool around anymore with these lessor mortals. He told Villeroi to attack. And he kept on telling him, sending goading messages almost daily.</span><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">The battlefield by mutual consent.</span></span> </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Villeroi resented these pushy reminders from his king, taking them as expressions of lack of confidence. He <i>was </i>moving. And massing. He didn't need the king's nagging. He emptied most of the fortresses of their Spanish garrisons (which were mostly manned by local, Walloon troops in Spanish pay) to swell his infantry to 62 battalions and over 100 squadrons. Knowing that Louis had released Marsin, he sent urgent riders to that marshal to bring up his cavalry on the double, followed as soon after by some 20 battalions of his infantry. And the king had sent Villeroi his own personal bodyguard, the 2,700 strong <i>Maison du Roi</i>, the finest cavalry in Europe, Louis' own "Immortals". This would not only convince Marlborough that he meant to fight, but that he meant to fight to the death; a temptation Louis knew Marlborough could not resist.</span><br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-U4DOSWwyfbQ/V84cCXm_32I/AAAAAAAACjI/E7kFAa2Cb74DX_c_K8sBqjr1_rfP67s4gCLcB/s1600/Francois_de_Neufville%252C_duc_de_Villeroy_01.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-U4DOSWwyfbQ/V84cCXm_32I/AAAAAAAACjI/E7kFAa2Cb74DX_c_K8sBqjr1_rfP67s4gCLcB/s400/Francois_de_Neufville%252C_duc_de_Villeroy_01.jpg" width="295" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Francois de Neufville, duc de Villeroi at 62 years young<br />brandishing his fresh baguette</i></span></td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
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<span style="font-size: small;">Also Villeroi had picked out the most logical ground he figured the Duke would attack; on a little brook near a hamlet called Ramillies. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The French marshal had examined this ground before, many times. It was just west of the destroyed Lines of Brabant, behind the marshy stream of the Petite Gheete. The position was anchored by the villages of Autre-Eglise, Offus, and Ramillies, all composed of strong, stone buildings and high walls, easily turned into forts. To the south of Ramillies was an open plain a little over a mile wide (two kilometers), perfect for cavalry action. This plain was itself bounded on the south by the marshy banks of the Mehaigne River. Villeroi knew this avenue would be too tempting for Marlborough to resist. It was the most logical avenue into western Flanders. So he hurried his army there as fast as possible on the 22nd of May to seize the ground. (See deployment map above).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Marlborough had also been over this ground many times before during the previous four years. He had "put it in his pocket" as Wellington was to have later said of the field at Waterloo. He visited every hamlet, knew every sunken road, every dip in the ground, the condition of the streams and marshes, the concealed places, the fields of fire. The Duke was <i>hoping </i>Villeroi would meet him here, but not counting on it. He imagined that, given Villeroi's cautious nature, the French marshal would chose to wait behind the Dyle, farther west. Nevertheless, the unobstructed plain between Ramillies and Taviers was the ideal avenue to move west. But the Duke's plan was not subtle; it was to hunt Villeroi down, wherever he chose to stand, and annihilate him. Marlborough may have been a gentile, charming diplomat, but he was first a ruthless warrior, a regular Genghis Khan.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">So both commanders, almost by telepathic assent, had pre-selected this spot to meet each other.</span><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">The Bourbons prepare.</span></span> </span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">Villeroi got there first. Which would turn out to be fine with Marlborough. Arriving in the early morning of the 23rd, the Villeroi's army began to deploy from north to south behind the Petite Gheete. Anticipating that Marlborough would show up at any minute, the French commander had his men drop their packs and let the baggage pile up behind the villages of Ramillies and Offus, without setting up camp first. As a result, there was a mess left in the French rear as hundreds of wagons and mountains of baggage were stacked randomly. The marshal thought they'd have plenty of time to sort things out and set up camp after they had secured the position and defeated the Allies. This failure to clean up their room would later turn out to hinder the French later, as we'll see.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">With only 32 heavy guns, Villeroi had his artillery concentrated around the central position at Ramillies . This would allow it to cover both the crossing of the Petite Gheete and the plain to the south of Ramillies. His 38 small 4-pounder pieces (including an unknown number of freakish, three-barrelled curiosities) he had distributed evenly among his infantry battalions to act as close support weapons. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Villeroi was sensitive about his left (his northern flank). This was the closest avenue to his line of communication with Louvain. So he spent most of his attention reinforcing that wing behind the Petite Gheete, establishing his headquarters behind Autre-Eglise to closely supervise the defense. He figured that as the Allies got their boots stuck in the mud of the little stream, his own veteran infantry could decimate them. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Louis had warned Villeroi to mark carefully where Marlborough would station his English Redcoats, as this would indicate where his main attack would come. As the morning wore on and the Allied army marched up, he saw that the English were, indeed, massed on the north, just where he expected them to be. As the enemy deployment developed, he also noticed that Marlborough seemed to be setting up in the conventional manner, with strong cavalry on both flanks and infantry in the center. He thought this was foolish because he judged that the stream and its soggy banks would be uncrossable to cavalry. Nevertheless, he stationed Egmont's cavalry up on this flank too, just to make sure. In the north, where he anticipated the main blow would fall (since that's where the Redcoats were), he felt secure.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>1430--Detail of Northern Sector Deployment</b> </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">In the center Villeroi stationed his strongest infantry division, Surville's 7,200, with the Gardes Francaises and Gardes Suisses, covered in front by his big guns. In Ramillies, he saw that this farm village could act as a salient bastion, enfilading any attacks on the center and the right. The hamlet was ideal for defense, not only because of its stone, walled farms, but also for the natural berm that ran around its eastern and southern approaches, called <i>"le trou aux renards</i>", or "fox hole", by the locals. Into this defilade Villeroi sent d'Artagnan's division of French, Italian, and Irish veterans (the "Wild Geese"), including the Picardie Regiment, the oldest infantry regiment in the French Army. These were supported, in turn by Lede's Division and Maffei's Bavarian Guards.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;">Detail: Deployment on the Center</span> </span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">View
toward Allied army from center of the Bourbon position, Surville's
Division, approximately where the infantry of </span></span></i><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">les Gardes Francaises</span></span></b><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> were
initially deployed.</span> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Image taken from Google Earth "Street View")</span></span></i></span></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DJKTxtlQhm0/V9TNDn9iTrI/AAAAAAAACng/Onyr8mP93ukeeGp8qOEgpXdfx6tpJcjAACLcB/s1600/Gardes%2BFrancaises%2Bpostion.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DJKTxtlQhm0/V9TNDn9iTrI/AAAAAAAACng/Onyr8mP93ukeeGp8qOEgpXdfx6tpJcjAACLcB/s1600/Gardes%2BFrancaises%2Bpostion.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;">To the south of Ramillies, as mentioned above, was a mile-wide plain which might expose Villeroi's otherwise strong position to turning. It was his Achilles' heel. Therefore he stationed the bulk of his cavalry here, fronted by the Maison du Roi squadrons, the finest cavalry in the world (according to their record and popular opinion). In all, these included over 12,000 horse in five lines, with openings between the squadrons to allow for each succeeding line to filter through and support the next. Added to these were Biron's division of 10 infantry battalions for fire support (though two were posted north of here, just behind Ramillies to support d'Artagnan). Initially, the Bavarian Elector, Maximilian II Emanuel, was supposed to take over this vital wing, which would stop any flanking effort made by Marlborough. However, by mid-morning, the exiled prince was still on his way from Brussels where he had been observing Pentacostal solemnities the previous day. In the meantime, Villeroi gave command of the right wing to Lt. Gen. de Guiscard<i>.</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">Finally, at the very south of Villeroi's line, ran the Mehaigne River and the hamlet of Taviers. This was vital for the Bourbons to anchor their right wing and protect the flank of not just Guiscard's cavalry, but the entire army. You would have thought, as Tallard had done with Blenheim village two years before, that Villeroi would have secured this village and crossing with a substantial infantry force. The geography was almost the same. However, apparently he was more concerned with his left flank, convinced this is where Marlborough would attack since that sector was closer to his line of communications with Louvain. That's where <i>he </i>would have attacked himself, at any rate. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">So the marshal turned over command to the competent Guiscard to manage the right flank, confident that his huge advantage in cavalry and his strong force in Ramillies were sufficient to secure it. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">Guiscard dispatched only one battalion of infantry (3rd Battalion, Greder Suisse) under La Motte to guard Taviers. He also sent just four squadrons of dismounted dragoons (about 400 men, minus the ones not holding their horses, which had been left in the rear near the prehistoric barrow known as the Tomb of Ottomond). Col. La Motte, the on-scene commander, sent these horseless dragoons <span style="font-family: inherit;">forward to stake out in the fortified farm of</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--> </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Franquen</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">e</span>,</span> just east of Taviers. To Taviers itself, he sent just four companies of his Greder infantry, 3rd battalion. To the rest of that battalion he assigned the arduous task, for some reason, of dismantling a stone bridge over a minor rivulet that flowed into the Mehaigne behind Taviers (called the Vissoule). None of these isolated detachments had any artillery with them. Nor were they sure what they were doing there, other than to sound the alarm if any enemies came that way. Can you tell I'm foreshadowing here?</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">View from the south of Ramillies looking toward Taviers.</span> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">(image a mosaic from Google Earth "Street View")</span></i></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RBCCctjYqY4/V83of5SCzQI/AAAAAAAAChw/I6omKHJ08H4ZoforUGuzyAE2tOev2mtOACLcB/s1600/South%2Bof%2BRamillies.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RBCCctjYqY4/V83of5SCzQI/AAAAAAAAChw/I6omKHJ08H4ZoforUGuzyAE2tOev2mtOACLcB/s1600/South%2Bof%2BRamillies.jpg" /></a> </span><br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">1430--Detail of Deployment on the South</span><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></b></span></span></i><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2c6T-ZjdrnA/YE01vh22oFI/AAAAAAAAFKA/fUr-C9PGRPcqJSD93wrgLgBIaa_g3lrwQCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Ramillies%2B03.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1408" data-original-width="2048" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2c6T-ZjdrnA/YE01vh22oFI/AAAAAAAAFKA/fUr-C9PGRPcqJSD93wrgLgBIaa_g3lrwQCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Ramillies%2B03.jpg" /></a>
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">The Habsburg Faction shows up.</span></span></span></h3>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "inherit", "serif";">While Villeroi and his
subordinates were getting ready, Marlborough had rousted his army and had been
marching westward from Corswaren since 03:00 that morning. He had sent his trusty
quartermaster Cadogan ahead to spot out a likely campground for the night of
the 23rd. That officer, with a detachment of 600 dragoons, had reached the
Jandrenouille Plateau just east of the Petite Gheete a couple of hours after
sunrise (about 08:00). In the fog he noticed some shadowy figures on horseback.
These exchanged fire with his dragoons and galloped back into the murk. Cadogan
pulled up and sent a messenger to his boss that he'd better come up quick and
have a look. About 10:00, as the fog began to lift, Marlborough rode up with
Marshal Ouwerkerk and they and Cadogan reconnoitered the Ramillies position
together, noting all of the Bourbon troops from Autre-Eglise down to the plain
below Ramillies. Frankly, the Duke was pleasantly surprised that Villeroi had
obliged him by occupying this ground so far east. He had thought he would have
to goad him into battle from his habitual position west of the Dyle. But now
this meant he could have his battle that much sooner. It was exciting news. He
sent messengers back for his army to come up quick, especially to the Danish
contingent, who had not as yet joined the main army the day before.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "inherit", "serif";"><br />
For the rest of the morning, the British, Dutch, and Allied troops filed
through the village of Jandrenouille and also along the old Roman Road along
the Mehaigne River, shaking out into line and plopping down to fix their lunch.
Dragoons came forward with thousands of straw bundles (fascines) which they ran
forward to toss into the Petite Gheete for the men to cross. Engineers
supervised the throwing of bridges across the stream at Foulx (see map above).
Colonel Blood, who had led the entire army with his heavy siege guns, now began
to unlimber them into battery. Artillery was the arm that Marlborough had a
decisive advantage, particularly in heavy ordnance. He didn't want to make the
mistake he had made in the last campaign by having to wait for his guns,
blocked on the road behind him. This time, they were in the vanguard. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "inherit", "serif";"><br />
As this Allied deployment was unfolding, the States General's new
representative, Sicco van Goslinga, who, though a civilian, considered himself
an expert on all things militaria (don't we all know someone like this?),
started to offer his unsolicited advice to Marlborough. He noticed that the
Captain General seemed to be committing a fatal blunder by forming his army up
in the conventional manner, with the infantry in the center and the two wings
covered equally by cavalry. Since, in his expert opinion, the soggy ground
banking the Petite Gheete was unsuitable for infantry, much less cavalry, it
would be far better to amass all of the Allied cavalry on the left, since that
ground was dry and open. Marlborough, ever the diplomat, thanked Sicco for his
opinion and let the deployment continue as before. In his reports to the Dutch
Government and in his later memoirs, Goslinga criticized the incompetence of
Marlborough for doing this. But what he couldn't see was that Marlborough, by
making a strong demonstration on the right, opposite Autre-Eglise, was fixing
Villeroi there and causing him to start pulling troops away from his center,
exactly as Tallard had done at Blenheim. And the scheme worked beautifully.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "inherit", "serif";"><br />
Also, Marlborough wasn't all that convinced that the Petite Gheete <i>was </i>impassable.
His fire-eating infantry commander, Orkney, certainly didn't think it would be.
And if he could make headway there, so much the better. Marlborough played
chess aggressively. And he was ever open to opportunity.</span><br />
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Goslinga also reportedly expressed alarm that as the army shook itself out in
deployment (which was taking a few hours, naturally), that Villeroi, who was
already deployed, could a launch an attack across the stream and catch them
unorganized. Marlborough replied, smiling, that he thought Mr. Goslinga said the
Petite Gheete was impassable. And that if it was impassable for our side, wouldn't it be for the French as well? (Sicco evidently couldn't keep his mouth shut. And couldn't admit he was wrong.) Besides, Marlborough knew his enemy. Villeroi
had taken a defensive position, both physically and psychologically, and he was
not about to become the attacker. The Duke's biggest fear was that the marshal
would lose his nerve and withdraw before the Allies commenced their pinning
attack on the north. </span><br />
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The Dutch representative serves as comic relief for this narrative, something
like the know-it-all bureaucrat in action movies who tries to get in the hero's
way. However, to Marlborough he was more harmless than the more actively
obstructionist (and suspected double-agent) Slangenburg. And at least the new
Dutch representative was enthusiastic, and brave, and all for going on the
offense. This was a refreshing change. Even putting up with Gosslinga's naïve,
irritating kibbitzing, Marlborough would at last have his battle.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "inherit", "serif";"><br />
Meanwhile, on the southern flank, Ouwerkerk's 12,000 cavalry were lining up in
a solid wall of horses, arrayed in four lines, each two ranks deep. These Dutch
and German horsemen were eager to smash into the French, to show them what real
horsemen could do. Rather than being intimidated by the famous red cavalry of
the Maison du Roi, their morale was high. Ouwerkerk, who had fought with
Marlborough since they served under William III together, understood his
commander's intuition as if it were his own. He was not impetuous; he was
careful. But he acted when the time was right. He arranged his cavalry in
dense, boot-to-boot lines, <i>en muraille</i>, as the French called it, with no
gaps between the leading squadrons. This meant that when the time to charge
came, the Dutch cavalry would present a solid moving wall. The French cavalry
on the opposite side of the field, by contrast, were arranged in a traditional
checkerboard formation, with wide gaps between the squadrons to allow for
reinforcement and withdrawal. </span><br />
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Ouwerkerk moved his lines up close enough to the enemy so that he could pin
him. Marlborough didn't want Villeroi to slip away before he was ready, so by
having his cavalry posted within striking distance, any retreat would be disastrous.
However, the Allied horse were still far enough from the French batteries around
Ramillies that they were out of range until the time came.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "inherit", "serif";">Finally Prince Württemberg's Danish cavalry, 21 squadrons, over 4,000
troopers, had finally shown up about 1430 and were making their way down the
left flank along the Roman Road on the banks of the Mehaigne. They were ordered
to infiltrate along the enemy's flank and support the Dutch infantry in the
process of securing Taviers.</span><br />
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</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">14<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0</span>0</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">--</span> Fighting starts on the south side.</span></span> </span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "inherit", "serif";">Ouwerkerk and Marlborough agreed
that that before they could launch a cavalry charge against the Bourbon left,
those villages on the Mehaigne River, Taviers and Franquenée, had to be
secured. They weren't sure how strong the defenders were--or if there were any--but
Ouwerkerk couldn't risk an enfilade fire from there. So he borrowed Werdmüller's
Brigade of four Dutch foot battalions from Holstein-Beck's Division (Salisch,
Slangenburg, and Oranje-Friesland regiments, about 2,700 men--though Falkner,
in his book, says this was the three battalions of the "Dutch Guards",
which he evidently derived from Churchill's slapdash narrative) supported by
two 6-pdr guns (called sakers) to sweep them. Marching in column down the Roman
Road, Werdmüller's leading elements were met with staccato musketry from the
stone farmhouse at Franquenée. This was from the dismounted dragoons of the
Rohan and Pignatelli Regiments. The Dutch infantry quickly fanned out into line
and brought up their two guns, which commenced to blast point blank at the farm
buildings. Believing their mission was to act as a tripwire and not a garrison,
the French dragoons scrambled out of the farm and ran back toward Taviers,
dutifully spreading the alarm.</span><br />
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<![endif]--><i><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "inherit", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Werdmüller's view down the Roman Road toward the walled farm at
Franquenee. Note that the Ramillies battlefield, not far from Waterloo, was
dotted with walled farms that very much resembled La Haye Sainte and Hugomont a
century later</span></i><br />
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "inherit", "serif";">Werdmüller pushed his battalions
forward to Taviers, which was only being held by a couple of hundred Swiss of
the Greder Regiment and whatever dragoons stopped to rally with them. But
these couldn't hold but for about fifteen minutes against the 2,700 Dutch and
their two 6 pounders. After a token fight, they too scampered back through the village
to join the main battalion under Col. La Motte at the Vissoule Bridge. La Motte
managed to form up his men, at most 1,000 Swiss and dragoons. He sent gallopers
back to Guiscard for reinforcements and his men did their best to return the
overwhelming fire of the four Dutch battalions now coming out of Taviers.
However, outnumbered as they were, and using the old fire-by-ranks method
against the much more efficient platoon fire of the Dutch, they were fast
crumbling (for a description of how this worked, see my post on <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/11/blenheim-1704.html" target="_blank">Blenheim</a>).</span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">And this is the view of Taviers down the same road. The Greder Swiss and the Rohan Dragoons who stuck around would have been ensconced in the stone buildings and behind the walls and hedges. Assaulting the village would have very much resembled World War II house-to-house combat. </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />Image from Google Earth "Street View"</span></i></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5rRwnhWuSUY/V9M7p5Af1AI/AAAAAAAACnQ/sHieeDrIDEYpmLYmVRLneRTj8cpR1cxcACLcB/s1600/Taviers.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="272" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5rRwnhWuSUY/V9M7p5Af1AI/AAAAAAAACnQ/sHieeDrIDEYpmLYmVRLneRTj8cpR1cxcACLcB/s640/Taviers.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
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<br />
Guiscard got the urgent message and ordered his fifth line, the dragoon
division under Rohan-Chabot, to dismount and rush to La Motte's aid. In succession
he started detaching further infantry from his supports, first Nonan's Brigade
(Provence and Bassigny Regiments) and then the three battalions of German
infantry under Wolfskehl. Unfortunately, while all of these troops (more than 4,000)
might have overwhelmed the 2,700 Dutch had they all arrived in a mass, they
took various routes to the sound of the firing and got lost, getting there in separate
bunches. Two of the brigade commanders, in fact, (Wolfskehl and Nonan), going
forward to find the way over the swamp of the Vissoule, only managed to get
themselves captured by Württemberg's Danish cavalry, who had come up to support
Werdmüller. Rohan-Chabot himself, was shot down. And as each Bourbon battalion
came up separately, it was handily shot to pieces by the efficient Dutch
platoon fire. By about 15:00 the Danish cavalry rode into the flank of the two
French infantry regiments still in column formation (Provence and Bassigny) who
had, in their turn, stepped into the shredder. They who weren't hacked
down also fled.<br />
<br />
Col. de la Colonie (famous for his colorful memoires in later years), who succeeded
the captured Wolfskehl in commanding the Bavarian Guards brigade, later wrote
that the enemy had fourteen battalions; such was his belief since the fire was
so rapid and intense. (He repeated this number at least a half-dozen times in his
narrative, in case somebody should miss the point.) This would also explain, in
his eyes, why all of the French, German, and Swiss infantry, as well as the
dragoons, started to run away. In fact, his own brigade had not even been fired
at yet when the fleeing Swiss and French ran into them and started a general
stampede. He managed to rally a few hundred into four ad hoc battalions from
various regiments, but he kept them behind the Vissoulle for the rest of the
battle, and out of the fight. <br />
<br />
So after less than an hour of this firefight, Werdmüller, supported by Württemberg's
cavalry, was in firm control of Taviers and he had managed to eliminate some
5,000 of the enemy (killed, wounded, captured, or fled), losing only a handful
himself. It was an auspicious opening to the battle. And a phenomenal episode
for the Dutch and Danish regimental combat historians.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Orkney jumps the <span style="font-family: inherit;">creek.</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></h3>
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All while Werdmüller was securing the southern flank, Marlborough was
riding up and down the three-and-a-half miles of his line, supervising
the deployment. He had established his headquarters at one of those walled
farms immediately to the northeast of Ramillies (very much like Hougomont or La
Haye Sainte at Waterloo), but his real headquarters were on the hindquarters of
his horse. His artillery, particularly his heavy siege guns and howitzers, were
already firing an occasional ranging round at Ramillies and Offus, while the
French artillery fired back in a desultory manner. The Allied troops were, for
the most part, lying low in their thin lines, enjoying their midday meal, and
largely untouched by the occasional French cannonballs. <br />
<br />
At about 14:30, Lord Orkney, champing at the bit, got the nod from
Marlborough to storm across the Petite Gheete near Foulx and begin his attack.
His pioneers had been filling the ditch all morning with fascines, and,
according to the old-man memoir of one Thomas Kitcher, a soldier in Meredith's
Foot, the dead bodies of their comrades. (I have to look with skepticism at
this account since I know from personal experience that old men are prone to
embellish the stories of their military service. In the military this kind of
reminiscence is sarcastically termed a "war story", the veteran's
equivalent of a "fish story". One sign that it was a "war
story" was that Kitcher says one dead body that was tossed in suddenly
woke up and started cursing his fellow soldiers. Makes me think of <i>Monty
Python and the Holy Grail </i>again, "I'm not dead! In fact I'm feeling
much better!")<br />
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<![endif]--><br /> Where was I? Oh, yes. Orkney's Division's assault across the Petite Gheete. The creek, contrary to Sicco van Goslinga's assessment, was definitely not uncrossable. The Redcoat foot, and even Lumley's dragoons, crossed it quickly. Granted, they had to get their feet wet, and their shoes muddy, and had to splash across in single lines. And some were picked off by skirmishers sent forward by the French. But they crossed in short order, reformed on the opposite bank and started pushing up the shallow slope toward the main Bourbon positions in Autre-Eglise. So the creek was definitely not the formidable obstacle that Villeroi and his staff assumed it would be. Just as the Nebel Creek was not the obstacle that Tallard believed it would be at Blenheim. This was combat, not a ballroom floor where you'd be afraid to get your patent leather slippers wet. You'd think the French would have figured that out by now.<br />
<br />
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</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "inherit", "serif";"> The
Petite Gheete creek between Autre-Eglise and Foulx. Even allowing for modern
hydrological management, you can see that this was no Mississippi. The Bourbon
forces would have been deployed up on the ridge to the left, but not too steep
a ridge (it was no <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" target="_blank">Mount Suribachi</a>).</span></i><i><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "inherit", "serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></i><i><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "inherit", "serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;">(image from
Google Earth "Street View")</span></i><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hizXP2EtiOU/V9Bsa66yH5I/AAAAAAAACkA/r53hTjsIzl8KfEfup55hkKdm8I5cghP3ACLcB/s1600/Petite%2BGheete%2Bin%2Bvicinity%2Bof%2BFoulx.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="258" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hizXP2EtiOU/V9Bsa66yH5I/AAAAAAAACkA/r53hTjsIzl8KfEfup55hkKdm8I5cghP3ACLcB/s640/Petite%2BGheete%2Bin%2Bvicinity%2Bof%2BFoulx.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /></span></i>
<i><span style="color: #b45f06;">A Close up view of the Petite Gheete, showing how narrow and shallow it was. You might not be able to step across it given the steep banks, but it was hardly an obstacle to infantry. <span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo courtesy of Louis Kolkman. All rights reserved to him and it may not be used or republished without his permission.</span></span></i><br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZxT2TQuW2U8/WvuBDDlKslI/AAAAAAAADeE/XzB6ZhKgXqMSaL442XoAiix-y6OUyjxkgCLcBGAs/s1600/PetitGheteFromBridge.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="961" data-original-width="1600" height="384" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZxT2TQuW2U8/WvuBDDlKslI/AAAAAAAADeE/XzB6ZhKgXqMSaL442XoAiix-y6OUyjxkgCLcBGAs/s640/PetitGheteFromBridge.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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As Orkney's 17 battalions reformed on the far bank (putting their socks and shoes back on) and moved up toward Autre-Eglise and the next "formidable" ditch of the Fagneton. There they started to feel fire from the Bourbonist infantry. At about sixty yards, the British and Danish battalions, halted and started returning a devastating platoon fire, which was far more effective than the slow fire-by-ranks from the Bourbons in their five ranks. The Bourbonists started to waver and fall back. And the Allied infantry moved closer to Autre-Eglise.<br /> <br /> Villeroi was close behind this action and intensely distracted by it. His co-commander, the Elector Max II Emanuel, finally arrived on the scene, having traveled all night from Brussels, and took command of the cavalry on the left about midday. Both commanders saw that if Autre-Eglise fell, their whole line of retreat back to Louvain would be threatened. They were so close to it, in fact, that they failed to notice through the smoke and excitement all of the enemy cavalry moving south behind the Allied line. <br /> <br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">The main event commences.</span></span></span></h3>
With the southern flank now secure, Marlborough gave Ouwerkerk the go-ahead to start his main cavalry charge. At the same time, he ordered his younger brother, Charles Churchill, to commence the main infantry attack on Ramillies. All of the Allied guns now opened up and started pummeling the village and the French batteries surrounding them. The French answered in kind, but not with the same weight. <br /> <br /> Finally, the Duke started sending messengers to Orkney to pull back from his attack on Autre-Eglise. Orkney, who was actually making progress in that sector, ignored these messengers whom he considered interfering with what he considered his impending victory. But Marlborough was worried that if Orkney's foot were successful in breaking through Autre-Eglise, they would be completely at the mercy of the 45 squadrons of French and Bavarian cavalry stationed on the plain behind. And he didn't want to commit his own cavalry on the northern flank to rescue them. He had other plans for them.<br /> <br /> When the messengers kept coming back to tell the Duke that Orkney had refused to pull back, that His Grace didn't understand how close to victory they were, Marlborough sent his own quartermaster, Cadogan, to impress the order upon the Scotsman. Apparently they argued vehemently for several minutes, with bullets whizzing around them, but Cadogan was adamant and impressed upon the Earl that Marlborough's master plan called for him to pull back; he had already done his duty; pinning Villeroi's left. And Orkney reluctantly did (possibly slapping his own forehead). <br /> <br /> In the south, Ouwerkerk led his first line of cavalry forward, knee to knee, walking at first, then sequentially shifting into a trot, then a canter, then a gallop toward the line of the Finest Cavalry in Europe. Guiscard saw and felt the earth-shaking of the wall of horses coming toward him. He knew that he needed to start his own counter-charge back or be overthrown. So he led the Maison du Roi forward. It would have only taken the two lines about four minutes to close the mile distance between them. The French, this time, did not stop to deliver pistol fire as was their usual doctrine, but crashed into the Dutch with swords drawn, at full tilt. The collision must have been horrific.<br /> <br /> Because of the supporting cannonading by the Allied artillery to their north, as well as the simultaneous attack on Ramilllies by the infantry, Ouwerkerk's cavalry were largely spared the enfilade fire from that bastion. The French were too busy shooting at the Allied batteries and tidal wave of Allied infantry bearing down on them. So the Dutch squadrons crashed into the Maison du Roi squadrons in tight order.<br /> <br /> The first clash went on for several minutes. Though the French elite cavalry threw back the Dutch horse in their immediate front, the latter, in their<i> en muraille</i> formation, managed to filter through and swing around to hit the French squadrons, who had charged with gaps between them, from the flanks and rear. Both sides held their own for awhile in this melee. But eventually the French cavalry began to overcome the Dutch first line. The latter disengaged andfell back to its second line.<br /> <br /> The second Allied line of cavalry, under Hompesch, now came forward and executed their own charge, which threw the Maison du Roi back, and who were, in turn supported by their succeeding lines of horse under Chimay (the cavalry that Marsin had sent Villeroi days before). The charges went back and forth for over an hour, each side becoming exhausted. <br />
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "times new roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A fanciful painting of the
cavalry battle by Dutch artist Jan van Huchtenberg four years after the fact,
evidently in homage to Breugel. <span style="font-family: "times new roman", "serif";">While <span style="font-family: "times new roman", "serif";">there are many artistic licenses taken,</span></span> it is illustrative in that it is hard to
tell by the "uniforms" which side is which. Also, apparently the
battlefield was at the foot of an unidentified mountain range in Flanders. Which means it was
probably fought some time in the Jurassic period of earth's geological
past.</span></i></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-66w8IF6nqMo/V9JgOToQBBI/AAAAAAAACmk/-XXfjKKcT0wEUAR8l_PCeA-hyLHW6-cXQCLcB/s1600/1706-05-23-Slag_bij_Ramillies.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="483" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-66w8IF6nqMo/V9JgOToQBBI/AAAAAAAACmk/-XXfjKKcT0wEUAR8l_PCeA-hyLHW6-cXQCLcB/s640/1706-05-23-Slag_bij_Ramillies.jpg" width="640" /></a> </span><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><font size="4"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Marlborough nearly gets himself killed, again.</span></span></font> </span></h3>
Marlborough, not the kind of commander who observed from a hill in the rear, was up close in all of this combat, riding around encouraging his troopers to rally and leading charge after charge with Ouwerkerk. They were both soldiers first. At one point, caught up in one of the latest repulses by one of the French counter-charges, the Duke attempted to leap his horse over a ditch. The animal stopped at the edge suddenly, and Marlborough was thrown over its head. He immediately got up, looked for his hat, and saw a thundering herd of French cavalrymen galloping toward him, shooting at him with their pistols. They knew exactly who he was (probably the only soldier wearing a red coat and blue sash on that side of the enemy field) and meant to kill him. A little ways off, he saw a line of friendly infantry (probably Albermarles's Swiss) and started running toward it. Fortunately, Marlborough had this quirk: He hated to wear stiff, chafing, riding boots and preferred linen walking gaiters and comfortable shoes. This fashion idiom saved his life this time--not to mention altered the course of history--for he ran just fast enough and made a second-base slide under the bayonets of the infantry as the charging enemy horse came up on him. These were mowed down by the friendly volleys which ripped out just in the nick of time.<br /> <br /> His sole aide at the time, a Capt. Molesworth, who had miraculously survived not only a mauling by the French cavalry, but a volley of friendly fire by the Swiss who killed his assailants, lent the Duke his own horse. <br /> <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-S8yhvWkXsJY/V9IWYKn_uKI/AAAAAAAACmE/EGuY811ITdwXNevk8GXTG9YA6NnjcVpzwCLcB/s1600/170px-Decapitation_of_Colonel_Bringfield.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-S8yhvWkXsJY/V9IWYKn_uKI/AAAAAAAACmE/EGuY811ITdwXNevk8GXTG9YA6NnjcVpzwCLcB/w408-h640/170px-Decapitation_of_Colonel_Bringfield.jpg" width="408" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>A grisly playing card commemorating </i></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>the craniectomy <br />of poor Col. Bringfield</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Shortly after this, another aide, a Col. Bringfield, galloped up with a spare horse from the Duke's collection so Marlborough could return Molesworth's. As the colonel got off his own horse to help his general mount, Bringfield was messily decapitated by a bounding roundshot from the French batteries at Ramillies. A war story embellishes this incident by describing the shot as passing underneath Marlborough's leg as he threw it over the horse. But something moving that fast, how could anybody see this detail? They didn't exactly have instant, slow-motion replay back then. But it makes for a better story. At any rate, the incident shook the Duke and illustrates how hot the combat was. And how often Marlborough came close to buying it himself. <br /> <br /> It also illustrates in what excellent physical shape this 56-year-old man was. Here he had been up since o-dark-thirty, constantly in the saddle, in the middle of a cavalry battle, keeping track of everything on the four-mile-wide battlefield, surviving a fall from a horse, narrowly cheating death by sprinting a hundred yards and making a second base slide under the bayonets of friendly infantry, and cheating death again under murderous artillery bombardment. And he was only half done for the day. And he was suffering from one of his frequent migraine attacks. How many twenty-year-old hipsters today could keep up with that old man? (Don't get me started on ageism.)<br /> <br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Duke makes his move.</span></span><br /> </span></h3>
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<br />
In spite of all of these personal calamities, Marlborough kept his head and
retained control of the battle. He saw that the furious cavalry battle that had been see-sawing back and forth during the afternoon was almost decided, but not quite. Guiscard, who had committed
his last line of cavalry, was getting
really close to the edge. Both Ouwerkerk and Marlborough could feel it. Now was the time to pull draw from the right flank and keep the pressure on. Marlborough sent to Tilly to bring down his two cavalry brigades (Dompre and Oyen, 6,600 troopers) on the double.<br />
<br />
These two brigades, Dutch and Hanoverian, 39 fresh squadrons, used
the rolling landscape on the Jandrenouille Plain to conceal their movement as their columns galloped behind the Allied infantry. If anyone on the Bourbon side noticed this, there was no record of it from them. Realistically, given the distance, the smoke, and all the other combat going on around the Petite Gheete, it would have been hard for anyone to have detected it, rolling hills or no. Chandler mentions a "re-entrant" corridor, a kind of shallow gully, that the Allied cavalry used to sneak by. But an examination of the topography doesn't reveal any such feature. However, it seems that none would have been needed.<br />
<br />
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While Tilly was bringing his extra cavalry down from the north, Württemberg
realigned his Danish cavalry in Taviers and ambushed another French charge in
the flank and rear, causing them to retreat. It was just a matter of time
before the Bourbon cavalry caved completely. Though both sides fought
ferociously, it was going to be the side with the last, fresh reserves that won
this fight.<br />
<br />
None of the narrative I have read report Guiscard as sending for
reinforcements from the Elector and Villeroi. As I pointed out, they were
unaware of the grand-tactical shift of enemy cavalry from the right to the left
wing. And to them, though Orkney had withdrawn back across the Petite Gheete,
he still presented an immediate danger to the Bourbon left. Moreover, the
British artillery in this sector was still vigorously pounding Autre-Eglise and
Offus. So it doesn't seem as though Villeroi was concerned enough about his
right to dispatch any of his left-hand 51 squadrons to help Guiscard out. <br />
<br />
Guiscard himself, by this point, did not wait around for complete tactical
collapse. Many of his squadrons, including the Maison, were exhausted but still
intact, though much depleted. They had not been routed yet. But as he saw the
fresh enemy cavalry miraculously appearing on the field, he took the prudent
step of swinging back his line to face south, anchoring its left on the hinge
of Ramillies but its right pointing due west and in the air. Unfortunately the ground
on which he attempted this was the same ground that was cluttered with all the baggage
and wagons mentioned earlier. Nobody had taken charge of this mess; presumably somebody would get around to cleaning that up later,
after they'd won the battle. So the area was cluttered, not exactly great for
maneuvering squadrons.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, the action in the center of the battle was even hotter. As at
Blenheim, Marlborough saw that the most vulnerable sector of the enemy's position
was the center, between Ramillies and Offus. He had pinned and so neutralized Villeroi's
two wings, now was the time to administer the <i>coup de grace </i>and launch
an all-out infantry assault on the hinge of the Bourbon army.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Detail: Defense of Ramillies Village</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="color: #e69138;">View from the Allied infantry's approach from the northeast towards Ramillies.about 500 y<span style="font-family: inherit;">ards out. <span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;"><br />(image <span style="font-family: inherit;">mage from Google Earth "S<span style="font-family: inherit;">treet View")</span></span></span></span> </span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-U1sznYnoWTI/V9TRRZSDVuI/AAAAAAAACns/u0XB8LNgfaY0VBz2WT1nlxoJRURJL2lpQCLcB/s1600/Ramillies%2Bvillage%2Bfrom%2BAllied%2Bapproach.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-U1sznYnoWTI/V9TRRZSDVuI/AAAAAAAACns/u0XB8LNgfaY0VBz2WT1nlxoJRURJL2lpQCLcB/s640/Ramillies%2Bvillage%2Bfrom%2BAllied%2Bapproach.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
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Earlier in the afternoon, when the cavalry battle got underway in the south,
Marlborough's younger brother, Charles Churchill, commander of the infantry,
began a series of assaults with 62 battalions. As Marlborough had drawn off the
cavalry from his right wing to reinforce his left, he advised Churchill to help
himself to the third lines of infantry (McCartney, Ingoldsby, Spaar, Donop)
that had been supporting Orkney's "feint". All of these troops now
went in to assault Ramillies village, one wave after another. As one line faltered
under the devastating fire from the defenders and their artillery, it would
fall back and a fresh line would charge in, crouching in the sunken roads to
approach under cover. They weren't going in in serried, steady lines, but in
columns, rushing down the sunken approach roads and suddenly leaping out to
drive at the defenders with bayonets and close fire. It was very much like
World War II street combat. In the lulls between each successive charge, the Allied
artillery renewed its bombardment with intensity, its heavier siege guns
and howitzers turning the village to dust. This was a battle of attrition. And
as with the cavalry battle, the side with the last reserves would win. <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Ramillies Church, looking northeast toward the direction of the Allied attacks. Site of the last stand of the Picardie and Clare Regiments. During the battle the Allied artillery smashed its steeple almost from the beginning and pretty much turned the whole place to rubble by the end. <span style="font-size: xx-small;">Image made from GoogleMaps "Street View" </span></i></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YynU9_kLPzI/V9TrphoeisI/AAAAAAAACos/axOU6l4Gum0N718o4l5ku1mlEcATAfUhgCLcB/s1600/Ramillies%2BChurch.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="307" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YynU9_kLPzI/V9TrphoeisI/AAAAAAAACos/axOU6l4Gum0N718o4l5ku1mlEcATAfUhgCLcB/s640/Ramillies%2BChurch.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Allied infantry
was attacking this way from three sides of Ramillies simultaneously (north,
east, south). And each assault would be beaten back by the heroic defenders. The
brigadier, Charles O'Brian, Viscount Clare, and his "Wild Geese" of Irish
expats, were particularly ferocious. They were still seething for revenge on
this same Anglo-Dutch army for the massacre of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" target="_blank">Boy</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" target="_blank">ne</a>, thirteen years before. It must have
been very confusing in one sector of the street fighting because both sides
(the Clare Regiment and the Scots Borthwick Regiment) were wearing red with
yellow facings. One side had white Bourbon cockades in their hats and the other,
supposedly, sprigs of green leaves (for the Habsburg cause), but it is doubtful
these subtle distinctions could have been made out in the smoke and chaos. I
imagine there was quite a lot of friendly fire on both sides.</span><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">The End Comes Suddenly</span></span></span></h3><p>
<br />
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Eventually, at about 1900, the Allies seemed to call a halt to the onslaught.
The guns stopped to cool down. The Bourbon forces breathed a sign of relief and
reordered themselves, hoping that they'd fought the battle to a draw. Guiscard
used the time to dress his squadrons' new south-facing lines as best he could
in front of the traffic jam of wagons. He commandeered five battalions of Swiss
(Greder and Villars Regiments) standing behind Ramillies in support of
d'Artagnan, to face south and provide an anchor of infantry support for his
cavalry.<br />
<br />
But Villeroi, almost tharn<span style="color: #b45f06;">*</span>, did hardly anything
to redeploy troops himself. Though he had plenty of uncommitted infantry and
cavalry with him behind Autre-Eglise and Offus, he did nothing to feed them
into reinforcing Ramillies. That garrison, like the garrison at Blenheim two
years before, was forgotten and orphaned. No help came. But they didn't
surrender.</p><p><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">*<i>I love that word., "tharn." Comes from Richard
Adams's <u><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watership_Down" target="_blank">Watership Dow</a>n</u>. Means an animal paralyzed by terror. Another phrase
we use in the U.S. is "A deer in the headlights."</i></span></span><br />
<br />
Toward the end of the day, seeking to help the beleaguered infantry in
Ramilllies, Villeroi did send forward his finest infantry, Surville's Division
of the Gardes Francaises and the Guards Suisses (9 battalions), supported by
the three battalions of the elite Castellas Swiss regiment. These advanced and
drove back the Scots (Argyll's Brigade) attacking Ramillies from the north.
They then broke ranks themselves to chase those Scots across the Petite Gheete.
Fortunately for them, when they found themselves confronted by the main Allied
batteries and more brigades of fresh enemy troops, they had the discipline to
pull back and reform on the eastern bank of the brook. This was the only effort
Villeroi seemed to make to relieve his trapped troops in Ramillies. <br />
<br />
At one point, the Bavarian Guards Brigade under Maffei began a fighting withdrawal, wall-by-wall from the village, the brigadier noticed some grey-coated cavalry coming up from the south. Maffei, thinking the were friendlies since they were coming from the direction he knew Guiscard's cavalry were positioned, rode over to direct their officers in
support of his brigade. When got among them and started speaking in German and
French, they replied in Dutch and he was promptly surrounded and captured. With
the armies on both sides wearing predominantly grey or white coats, it was
difficult to tell friend from foe. The Allied troops supposedly stuck leaves in
their hats to distinguish them, but these could hardly be seen from more than a
few yards. And they frequently fell out. Imagine Maffei's embarrassment. This
same case of mistaken identify was probably why the brigadiers Nonant and Wolfskehl
had been captured by the Dutch at Taviers earlier when they went in search of
the defenders of Taviers. <br />
<br />
At about 19:00, after about a half-hour lull in the fighting, the Allies,
having moved in fresh brigades in the center, and reorganized their cavalry on
the left, started again. There was an even more furious attack all along the
line. This was to be the final push. Even Orkney slipped his leash and charged
back across the "impassable" Petite Gheete, supported by Lumley's
cavalry.<br />
<br />
The result was just carnage. The heroic French, Irish, Italian and German
troops holding onto Ramillies gave their lives dearly, but they eventually caved
and started saving themselves out the back door as the fresh British, Dutch, Hanoverian
and Danish infantry charged in with bayonets. Once that trickle of men who'd
had enough started to run, it quickly became a rout. Those that didn't
surrender or were shot down or bayonetted streamed out of Ramillies in spite of
their officers yelling and smacking them with swords. The Cologne Kurfust Regiment (part of the luckless Maffei's brigade) did manage to get back into the walled
farm at the south side of Ramillies (the Grande Cense), but with the whole
command disintegrating around them, they eventually surrendered this strongpoint as well.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i> The Grande Cense farm on the south side of Ramillies where the Kurfurst Regiment holed up. You can see how similar this looked to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Haye_Sainte#/media/File:Ferme_de_la_Haie_Sainte_01.JPG" target="_blank">La Haye Sainte,</a> typical of the fortified farms all over Flanders.</i></span><br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5qA3LGTJf-E/V9Tq1Kq8vNI/AAAAAAAACoo/ZBtDTLSp2GcjkPKKyD_OCwnyr-7UUX03wCLcB/s1600/Grande%2BCense%2BFarm.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="259" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5qA3LGTJf-E/V9Tq1Kq8vNI/AAAAAAAACoo/ZBtDTLSp2GcjkPKKyD_OCwnyr-7UUX03wCLcB/s640/Grande%2BCense%2BFarm.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
To the southwest, Guiscard's cavalry, though reformed, didn't even try to
counter-charge this time as Ouwerkerk's horse thundered down on them, seemingly
fresher and more numerous than ever. They'd had enough. They broke suddenly and
scattered in all directions, some fleeing southwest to try and cross the Mehaigne and Namur,
some filtering back through the jumbled baggage dump, many just surrendering. Württemberg's Danish troopers weren't taking prisoners,
though. They were hacking down men right and left like Viking <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berserker" target="_blank"><i>berzerkers</i></a>. Apparently, they
were infuriated by a rumor that French troops under Vendome had murdered Danish
troops after they had surrendered at the battle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Calcinato" target="_blank">Calcinato </a>in Italy the month before.<br />
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<i><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "times new roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Lumley's horse attacking
the Bavarian Electoral Guard Regiment at the end of the battle. Capturing the
kettle drums of a cavalry regiment was like seizing the flag of an infantry
regiment. It was also prestigious to have Africans as the kettle drummers in European
armies at the time. One account says that this particular drummer was killed
defending his drums. Another claims that he was merely wounded and, when he
recovered, joined the English dragoon regiment that had captured him.</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JC7ddI5aOJ8/V9ImSL-wmaI/AAAAAAAACmU/Uyuv93qGsmg4qqa1G7PruvY7-yCgRnnVgCLcB/s1600/King%2527s_Horse_at_Ramillies_1706.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JC7ddI5aOJ8/V9ImSL-wmaI/AAAAAAAACmU/Uyuv93qGsmg4qqa1G7PruvY7-yCgRnnVgCLcB/s640/King%2527s_Horse_at_Ramillies_1706.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">And on the no<span style="font-family: inherit;">rthern flank, Orkney<span style="font-family: inherit;">'s division and <span style="font-family: inherit;">Lumley's horse, drove into t<span style="font-family: inherit;">he French like Mongols<span style="font-family: inherit;">, <span style="font-family: inherit;">sending withering voll<span style="font-family: inherit;">eys, bayoneting<span style="font-family: inherit;">, sabering, riding down the <span style="font-family: inherit;">terrified <span style="font-family: inherit;">fugitives</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">. The veteran Regiment du Ro<span style="font-family: inherit;">i sen<span style="font-family: inherit;">sed t<span style="font-family: inherit;">he battle was over and wer<span style="font-family: inherit;">e in the process of retriev<span style="font-family: inherit;">ing their dropped <span style="font-family: inherit;">knapsacks in the rear when Lumley's dragoons surprised them, <span style="font-family: inherit;">virtually dest<span style="font-family: inherit;">roying <span style="font-family: inherit;">two of the <span style="font-family: inherit;">King's Own</span> battalions<span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Meanwhile, the Bourbon cavalry in this sector, sitting on their horses<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>without orders, <span style="font-family: inherit;">had done </span>nothi<span style="font-family: inherit;">ng to help up up to now. Whether Max Emanuel or Villeroi got any messages for help I don't know. But t<span style="font-family: inherit;">hese fifty-odd squadrons sat inert on their horses for the whole battle, unti<span style="font-family: inherit;">l the end. </span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">As <span style="font-family: inherit;">other horsemen </span>and <span style="font-family: inherit;">foot soldiers began to flee in greater numbers from the south, <span style="font-family: inherit;">past his intac<span style="font-family: inherit;">t troops<span style="font-family: inherit;">,</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">Villeroi sensed </span></span></span></span>that he had lost the battle e<span style="font-family: inherit;">lsewhere he could not see<span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">He </span>ordered a general retreat to save what was left of his army. And so the <span style="font-family: inherit;">still-intact squadrons and battalions on the left be<span style="font-family: inherit;">gan to withdraw in<span style="font-family: inherit;"> the direction of Louvain. <span style="font-family: inherit;">But many </span></span></span></span></span></span>of them broke ranks and joined the <span style="font-family: inherit;">general rout<span style="font-family: inherit;"> runni<span style="font-family: inherit;">ng past them from the right and <span style="font-family: inherit;">center<span style="font-family: inherit;">. Panic was, as always, conta<span style="font-family: inherit;">gious. <span style="font-family: inherit;">Many <span style="font-family: inherit;">dropped</span></span></span></span> their weapons and <span style="font-family: inherit;">bolted out of </span>their formations<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span> This was particula<span style="font-family: inherit;">rly the case with the Spanish-Walloon regime<span style="font-family: inherit;">nts<span style="font-family: inherit;">, who must have been wondering why they had been rousted out of their comfortable garrison duty to fight a stupid field battle in the first place<span style="font-family: inherit;">--</span>for <span style="font-family: inherit;">a</span> fore<span style="font-family: inherit;">ign mo<span style="font-family: inherit;">narch the<span style="font-family: inherit;">y</span> weren't too keen on <span style="font-family: inherit;">anyway</span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Marlborough's victory was specta<span style="font-family: inherit;">cular<span style="font-family: inherit;">. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Though it ha<span style="font-family: inherit;">d been in the saddle for fifteen hour<span style="font-family: inherit;">s, his cavalry kept up the pursuit until after midnight, hacking down any Frenchmen or Bourbonists they caught<span style="font-family: inherit;">, not lettin<span style="font-family: inherit;">g the enemy regrou<span style="font-family: inherit;">p. The Duke himself and O<span style="font-family: inherit;">uwerkerk kept up with th<span style="font-family: inherit;">is pu<span style="font-family: inherit;">rsuit until after midnight, when, after nearly twe<span style="font-family: inherit;">nty<span style="font-family: inherit;">-four hours<span style="font-family: inherit;"> awake, and dep<span style="font-family: inherit;">leted of adrenalin, the exhausted commander got off his horse and spread his cloak under a tree in a fi<span style="font-family: inherit;">eld<span style="font-family: inherit;">, which he graciously shared with the Dutch representative, van Goslinga, who had (in spite of his annoying advice) kept up with him all day. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The battle i<span style="font-family: inherit;">tself was bloody for both sides. <span style="font-family: inherit;">From t</span>he actual combat itself<span style="font-family: inherit;">, the Allies' roll call recorded 1,066 deaths (and <span style="font-family: inherit;">auspicious number for English history) and 2,597 wounded. No captured. Or 5% casualties. The<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Bourbons, <span style="font-family: inherit;">with more or less equal <span style="font-family: inherit;">forces going into the fight and putting up a stiff fig<span style="font-family: inherit;">ht all day, probably suffered an equ<span style="font-family: inherit;">ivalent in actual combat casualites. As with all decis<span style="font-family: inherit;">ive battles in which one side completely collapses, the bulk o<span style="font-family: inherit;">f the loser<span style="font-family: inherit;">'s </span>casualties happen in the massacre<span style="font-family: inherit;"> afterwards. <span style="font-family: inherit;">Since they were being cut down and killed all over the countryside in the dark after the battle, there is no defni<span style="font-family: inherit;">tive body-count for the Bour<span style="font-family: inherit;">bon<span style="font-family: inherit;"> forces. But estimates were reported that the<span style="font-family: inherit;">y lost around 12,000<span style="font-family: inherit;"> killed and wounded<span style="font-family: inherit;"> in and after the battle, and that between 9<span style="font-family: inherit;">,000 and 10,000 <span style="font-family: inherit;">unwo<span style="font-family: inherit;">unded were taken <span style="font-family: inherit;">prisoner.<span style="font-family: inherit;"> This meant that Villeroi had lost about one<span style="font-family: inherit;">-third of his army for good. By the time he and the El<span style="font-family: inherit;">ec<span style="font-family: inherit;">tor were able to m<span style="font-family: inherit;">uster what were left<span style="font-family: inherit;"> the next day<span style="font-family: inherit;">, <span style="font-family: inherit;">though, <span style="font-family: inherit;">his army only had 15,000 under command. The rest had just gone AWOL<span style="font-family: inherit;">, gone over to the Ha<span style="font-family: inherit;">b<span style="font-family: inherit;">sburgs, or would not show up for a few weeks. In addition, Villeroi lost 52 of his 70 guns (<span style="font-family: inherit;">though all were <span style="font-family: inherit;">abandoned on the field, an enterprising <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Bourbon loyal<span style="font-family: inherit;">ist </span></span>from Namur organized<span style="font-family: inherit;"> some teams and mana<span style="font-family: inherit;">ged to <span style="font-family: inherit;">haul 18 o<span style="font-family: inherit;">f the bigger guns off the fi<span style="font-family: inherit;">eld the next day). Marlb<span style="font-family: inherit;">orough's men<span style="font-family: inherit;"> a<span style="font-family: inherit;">lso captured eighty regimental <span style="font-family: inherit;">f<span style="font-family: inherit;">lags and almost all of the ammunition<span style="font-family: inherit;"> and stores the Bourb<span style="font-family: inherit;">onists had left on the field behind them </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">The Miraculous Year, for the Allies</span></b></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">Ramillies was every bit as complete a tactical victory as Blenheim had been, proving Marlborough's genius was real and not a fluke. But unlike Blenheim, which in its aftermath had really done nothing to change the strategic balance of the war, Ramillies reaped a cornucopia of prizes. Since it was fought at the beginning of the campaigning season (unlike Blenheim), it gave Marlborough the whole summer and fall to capitalize on it. And this time, his Dutch partners were completely enthusiastic in helping him.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Many towns in the Spanish Netherlands--Louvain, Brussels, Wavre, Oudenarde, Ghente, Bruge, and the strategic Channel port of Ostend--outright opened their gates to the Allies. One consequence of Villeroi's stripping the garrisons of those towns to strengthen his field army was that when he lost that army in the field, there was hardly anyone left to defend those places. So what would have taken Marlborough months or years to lay seige and capture, fell into his hands within days and weeks. </span><span style="font-size: small;">And those in the Spanish Netherlands who had been luke warm
in their support of Philip, the Bourbon claimant to the Spanish Crown,
now switched sides to support Charles, the Habsburg candidate. They had been, let's face it, intimidated into supporting Louis in the first place because he was the bully next door. And Marlborough gave assurances that the Habsburgs would reward them and treat them generously, respecting all of their ancient rights. That the Habsburgs didn't isn't Marlborough's fault and falls into one of those innumerable instances of missed opportunities thoughout history.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Villeroi, with a tiny fraction of his army left, was forced to completely evacuate the country and regroup in the line of Vauban forts that lined the French border. He sent a letter to Louis expressing optimism in his ability to reclaim the situation, and in thanking him for his continuing confidence in his command. In his mind, he had done everything right, obeying his sovereign in seeking out battle as soon as possible, in taking Louis' advice in paying attention to where Marlborough would commit his English troops, in laying out his position prudently. All true. But don't criticize your boss when he tells you to do something and it fails. Even though Villeroi, in his letter, expressed his confidence that Louis would retain him in command, the king "accepted" it as a letter of resignation. He didn't have to fire his old friend. He gave him a face-saving out by pretending he resigned on his own. The he sent for the victorious Vendome in Italy to come up and take command in Flanders. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">To his credit, Louis was not vindictive with Villeroi. A more modern dictator would have executed him with extreme prejudice. But the king embraced his old childhood friend when he returned to Versailles and said, "At our age, Marshal, we must no longer expect good fortune." A very gracious thing to say. And while Villeroi never again held military command, he did live on holding several lucrative ministerial titles, surviving his old friend Louis by fifteen years and dying in a comfortable state at 86.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Allies, however, took the gift of Ramillies and the "miraculous year" of 1706 and tossed it onto the pile with the others. Several times their golden boys, Marlborough and Eugene, had given them incredible victories and decisive campaigns, and each time they dug their negotiating heels in for something better. They never appreciated the stubborness of Louis. Used to winning his entire life, he wasn't about to give in. He wasn't the Sun King for nothing. He'd be willing to exchange a duchy or two, but unconditional surrender was not on the table. But the Allies, particularly the ones who had held back from the sacrifices at Ramillies, like Prussian, Austrian and other German princes, now wanted it all. They played their hand like greedy fools. And it backfired. As a consequence, like Blenheim, the miraculous victories of 1706 were thrown away at the bargaining table and the war went on and on, finally petering out eight years later with the Treaty of Utrecht, which accepted Louis' grandson, Philip Bourbon, as the rightful King of Spain. Except for Britain getting Gilbralter, Minorca, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, Louis got practically everything else he wanted. And died happy the next year.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Marlborough, for his part, went on to serve faithfully until 1711, serving up victory after victory and many opportunities for the Allies to end the war on favorable terms. But in 1711 he became the victim of domsetic political backstabbing by the Tories and his former, loyal friend, Queen Anne, and was curtly dismissed on some trumped-up charges (apparently somebody found out he had used a private e-mail server--no actually, it was because it had been "discovered" that he had been paid by the government for his service). The war went on for three more years, with the Allies constantly losing the last three years. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">This diplomatic fiasco so reminds me of how another set of Allies, two centuries later in 1918, also threw away a hope for a lasting peace in Europe by being vindictive and greedy, fueling the rise of Fascism and an even more destructive war two decades later. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Ramillies: Debrief</span></span></span></span></h2>
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">The Myth of the Interior Position</span></span></span></span></h3>
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Nearly all of the accounts I read in researching this article stressed the
grand tactical advantage that Marlborough had in his shorter line. It has been
pointed out that, because Villeroi's line described a concave arc from Taviers
to Autre-Eglise, and the Allied side was on the inside of this curve, they had
the advantage of the interior chord, being able to cut directly across the
curve instead of around the outside of it. This was supposed to mean that
Marlborough could shift troops from one flank to the other more quickly. This
kind of military analysis was almost axiomatic in the Age of Reason.<br />
<br />
But one of the useful things in taking the time to create a detailed map, in
which the actual footprints of the units are taken into account, is to test
this assumption. A casual glance at the main map at the beginning of the
article will show that both sides' lines were essentially the same width.
Marlborough's troops didn't have less distance to cover in shifting from right
to left. It wasn't a matter of geometry, it was a matter of psychology;
Villeroi was too fixed on his northern flank to do anything about the south
until it was too late. And unlike Marlborough, he was not the sort of commander
who would gallop all over, personally putting his life in danger to assess the
battle and lend direct leadership where needed. He stayed put.<br />
<br />
Of course, interior lines can be decisive on the strategic scale, as we saw at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2016/01/arcola-1796.html" target="_blank">Arcola </a>in 1796, or even in the grand
tactical context as at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/10/picketts-charge-1863.html" target="_blank">Gettysburg</a>. But at Ramillies the
distances involved were practically the same. True, Villeroi's line did bend a
little eastward at Autre-Eglise, but measure the distance from this point to
Taviers and do it for Marlborough's line and you'll see it was a difference of
about 500 yards, a couple of minutes in terms of cavalry trotting speed. And
for the French cavalry under Max Emanuel, they would have had even less
distance than the Allied right flank cavalry to reinforce Guiscard had they
been dispatched (1,300 yds vs 3,300 yds).<br />
<br />
When Orkney and his Redcoats started the battle by attacking in force in this
sector, this merely confirmed Villeroi in his conviction that the northern
sector was Marlborough's object. Even after Orkney reluctantly started
withdrawing back across the Petite Gheete later in the afternoon (under
blue-accented protest), Villeroi and his staff congratulated themselves on
having "won" the battle. Of course, he wasn't aware that most of the
Allied right flank cavalry and infantry had been shifted south in the meantime.
And he wasn't aware of the disaster that happened to his right flank until he
started to see thousands of cavalry and infantry fleeing past him from the
south.<br />
<br />
So, rather than math, it was psychology that defeated Villeroi. Marlborough was
just a better poker player.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Comparative Leadership</span></span></span></span></h3>
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Ramillies is a beautiful illustration of a perfect battle, inasmuch as there
can be such a thing. But it was made perfect for only one side because of the relative talents of
the two contending commanders. In analysis, both contemporary commenters and
historians have agreed that Villeroi did "everything right" in
setting up his defense. But to say that is to cheat his professional and heroic
soldiers from the credit of doing everything <i>they </i>could do. They fought extremely
hard, and expertly. The fact is, he ran his side of the battle like an amateur.
He failed to manage all of his assets. He failed to secure his right flank at
Taviers. He was content to stay put behind what he mistakenly believed to be his
most vulnerable flank at Autre-Eglise and so cut himself off from events happening
elsewhere. He failed to shift reinforcements to where they were needed. He was incompetent.<br />
<br />
By contrast, Marlborough, was active in the saddle all day. He galloped all
over the field, wearing out several horses, rallying troops, personally leading
charges, shifting forces, inspiring, leading, and never losing the big
pictrure. He was superhuman, going non-stop for over 21 hours, until after
midnight when he was persuaded to lay down and sleep a little. And, as if that weren't enough, all that day he had been suffering from one of his chronic migraine attacks. And while Louis
sympathetically gave Villeroi a pass for his age (he was 62), Marlborough was
nearly his same age (56) and it didn't seem to slow him down. Marlborough
seemed to be in better shape, both physically and mentally, than he ever had
been in his life. <br />
<br />
Both armies were roughly of the same size and roughly of the same level of
professionalism. Both sides gave as good as they got. While Marlborough
had more cannon, at this period artillery was not the decisive arm it would
become during the Napoleonic wars. And it was not artillery that decided the
key points of the battle. It was, as Civil War General Nathan Bedford Forrest was apocryphally to have said, he who "gets there the firstest with the mostest."<br />
<br />
Another quality that distinguished Marlborough from Villeroi was that the former, as has been pointed out, did not have "councils of war". He despised them. And while he heard unsolicited advice out politely, he always thanked the advice-giver and went on with his own plan. This is not to say that he didn't confide in trusted subordinates when he needed to, sometimes to solicit genuinely sought advice, or to get them onboard with his plan. He did. And combined with his natural charisma, he built of team of competent people who respected and anticipated him.<br />
<br />
Not so Villeroi. When in doubt--which was aways--he called a council of war to listen to everybody's opinion. He had the personality of a throw pillow; bearing the impression of the last person who sat on him (a description a copywriter, S Colombatto, I used to work with coined to describe our mutual boss at the time). Consequently, everybody, from the King and his ministers all the way down, gave him their opinions. And he tried to please all of them. The telling thing after the battle was that his self-defense revolved around having done everything that his King, his ministers, and the people around him had advised him to do. <br />
<br />
The most decisive factor of Ramillies, then, was that one side had a leader who led, and the other a leader who followed.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Staff Work</span></span></span></span></h3>
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I write this section as a former staff officer myself. But my impression was
that another key difference in the effectiveness of both sides was the efficiency
and diligence of the two staffs. Marlborough was served by some truly
remarkable and heroic staff officers. He was hard enough to keep up with,
rushing all over the field and into the hottest parts of the fight. But his
staff did it. Losing their heads doing it. Literally. Wherever he was, he was
able to quickly dispatch officers with messages. Orkney claims that he had a
dozen messages from Marlborough telling him to break off before Cadogen himself
(who was, in modern terms, Marlborough's Chief of Staff) came to him. What is
remarkable is not that Orkney ignored the first twelve messengers, it was that
Marlborough sent him twelve in the first place. That's staff work!<br />
<br />
We also see it in how he was able to get his staff to understand his intentions
and convey exactly what he was thinking to his subordinates, a couple of miles
away. And that his subordinates were so attuned to his wishes (except for Orkney)
that they could act instantly was also a mark of good staffwork.<br />
<br />
By contrast, though Villeroi obviously had a large staff, one wonders what
they were doing. Villeroi pretty much sat in one place throughout the battle,
like Xerxes observing Salamis from a hill. Was his staff feeding him
information? Were they carrying messages to his subordinates? Was he getting
messages from his far right flank? The fact that he seemed pretty surprised by
the catastrophe on the south side until he saw physical evidence streaming past
him is evidence that his staff wasn't doing its job. I don't know what they
thought their jobs were. To get him iced drinks?<br />
<br />
Of course, who's fault is this? It's the commander's fault. In an age before
a professional staff school (invented by the Prussians in the early 19th century),
it was up to each commander to train his own staff. In that regard both
Marlborough and Villeroi got the staffs they deserved. <br />
<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Fire Doctrine: Platoon vs Rank Firing</span></span></span></span></h3>
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<br />
At Ramillies, as at Blenheim, the two armies still employed contrasting fire
systems. In open, linear combat, the Allies, for the most part, fought in thinner
lines (3 vs 5 ranks) and used the platoon fire method that had been doctrine in
British and Dutch armies for decades. The
Bourbons were still employing the system of fire-by-ranks that had brought them
such success from the time of the Thirty Years War. For a detailed description
of how these fire systems worked, go to my article on <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/11/blenheim-1704.html" target="_blank">Blenhe</a><a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/11/blenheim-1704.html" target="_blank">im</a>.<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">I have read a lot of argument among wargamers about why one side (pick one) should be more effective than the other. And, indeed, there were arguments for years back when it was a fact of combat. The fact that it took so long for the French and their allies to evolve toward platoon firing speaks to the contemporary belief that fire-by-ranks was superior.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">On the surface, this would make sense. Each entire rank in a battalion firing in succession would seem to deliver more lead across the front of that battalion than one third of the platoons firing. However, this fails to take into account the actual math. With thinner formations, each platoon of a British, Dutch, etc. battalion would be firing three ranks at a time, which meant that, compared to a five-rank deep battalion, it would actually have put out 165% more lead per firing.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Also, with the method then employed to manage fire-by-ranks, after each successive rank had fired, it would have to lie down and wait for all the ranks to fire over it. Then after all the ranks had fired, everybody would have to stand up and reload before the sequence could start over again because the smoothbore flintlocks could not be loaded in a horizontal position. Add to this the time it took for the whole battalion to lie down and then get on their feet agin. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">With the platoon fire method, the 2/3 of platoons not firing were all standing and reloading simultaneously, so the rhythm of fire would be much faster. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Finally, each platoon officer, has far more discretion about the direction and timing of his own platoon's fire (about 30 men) than a battalion commander has over his entire line of 500 men. So the platoon fire method allows for aimed fire. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">There are several anecdotes of the relative effectiveness of the two methods. In all of them, it is stressed that more people get hit by platoon fire than the older method. This is perhaps based on the localized control that the platoon officers have in pointing and timing their volleys. It has also been pointed out that while the staccato ripple of an entire battalion firing may sound dramatic, the more continuous beat of platoon firing has a much greater psychological impact on the recipients. It just sounds like the enemy can fire a lot faster. And that's demoralizing when you're fumbling with your ramrod.</span><br />
<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">What about those three-barrelled guns?</span></span></h3>
Well, yes, the French seemed to have these weird, triple-barrelled guns. They were pretty small, probably each no bigger than a falconet (1 pdr) or minion (4 pdr). Leonardo da Vinci had designed a similar multi-barrelled piece centuries before and gun makers had been experimenting with them ever since. An amateur Venetian monk who dabbled in military technology seems to have invented them and Louis ordered only fifty to try out. He didn't repeat the order, so evidently there was no great clamor in the army for more.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QddPKNX-3iY/V9TgbnRdFnI/AAAAAAAACoM/zLAxyrQOzBYfrYW0MUSRUogR9sq1a-WKQCLcB/s1600/French%2BTriple%2BBarrelled%2Bgun.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="277" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QddPKNX-3iY/V9TgbnRdFnI/AAAAAAAACoM/zLAxyrQOzBYfrYW0MUSRUogR9sq1a-WKQCLcB/s320/French%2BTriple%2BBarrelled%2Bgun.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">How are you supposed to fire this thing?</span></i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Judging by this photograph of one of these guns (apparently captured at Malplaquet), it seemed to have a single ignition vent, so I'm not sure what the firing mechanism to communicate to the bottom two tubes was. Obviously each tube had to be muzzle-loaded in the conventional way. They were probably designed as big shot guns, loaded with canister for close support, or to be able to fire three roundshot at once. I also do not know what the range was. I'm not much help, I know.<br /> <br /> But my biggest puzzle with these freaks was, what was supposed to be their advantage? If they had to be loaded and fired separately, they must have taken three times as long to load. They must have been hell to aim. And probably as dangerous to operate as to be on the receiving end. The photograph shows a carriage (original?) that seems way too small for the mass of the metal it had to carry. So I don't understand why they were used. Perhaps they were simply one of countless experiments in every war (<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">the Shuvalov howitzer</a>, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">the Hunley submarine</a>, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">the German Windkanone</a>,<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#"> the Flying Wing</a>, the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/f-35-still-struggling-with-more-than-dozen-big-problems-2019-6" target="_blank">F-35</a>) that were just too advanced.for their time. Or just too stupid.<br /> <br /> If anything, I would have supposed that this weapon played no part one way or the other in the battle. I'll bet that the troops were not sorry to have lost them.<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Wargame Considerations</span></span></h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
Even though one side won so overwhelmingly, a wargame of Ramillies could be instructive. It could be a much closer contest than history delivered. The purpose of this section, then, is to propose rules and scenarios that could make it more fun for the Boubonist side.<br />
<br />
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<b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "times new roman", "serif"; font-size: 16pt;">1. Taviers Variant</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman", "serif"; font-size: 16pt;"></span></b></div>
</h3>
The biggest thing that historians have criticized Villeroi for was his failure to secure his right flank at Taviers. So this scenario would see what happened if he actually garrisoned Taviers and Franquenée adequately (and with artillery, thank you) to prevent them from falling into Allied hands. One could either let the Bourbon player make this deployment decision on his own, or have more troops stationed in those places in the first place. Then you could play to see if it would have made a difference in the outcome of the huge cavalry battle between Ramillies and the Mehaigne. <br /> <br /> Occupying Taviers in force, and with guns, would give the Bourbon player an enfilading advantage over any cavalry attack through that gap. Of course, as they did with the guns at Ramillies, the Allies could mask this advantage by an even larger combined arms assault on Taviers, like they did at Blenheim village. But it would make the game a closer contest.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: 16pt;">2. How Much of an Obstacle was
the Petite Gheete?</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"></span></h3>
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<![endif]-->The creek, probably the most dominant feature on the battlefield, was assumed to be impassable by Villeroi and his people, and, indeed by van Goslinga at Marlborough's side. It had been raining in the days before and the ditch was still pretty full, and the banks were soggy. But as Orkney proved early on, it was hardly an obstacle; at least to foot and horse crossing by thrown pontoons and over fascines. And at least to those real soldiers not worried about getting their feet a little muddy.<br /> <br /> One wargame rule could make the creek's passability a question. As in other games which allow for ford reconnaissance, you could throw a dice to determine how passable a particular point on a stream was. This would mean testing it at various points.<br /> <br /> Also, the fact that the Bourbon forces were back from the Petite Gheete itself (up on the ridge) suggests another variant: Would Orkney have been able to get over so easily and reform on the opposite side if the stream itself were defended up close? Of course some picquets were sent down to harass the crossing Redcoats, but what if the thing was defended by massed infantry?<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: 16pt;">3. Platoon Fire Simulation</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"></span></h3>
If you want to give an advantage to the Allied side for using platoon fire, there are two rules you could employ to simulate this. One is to, obviously, make the platoon fire 165% effective (or, for comparison and rounding, 3 dice vs 2). For those fire-by-ranks partisans, you could still give the Bourbon side equivalent firepower, but, because of the perceived continuous firing of the Allied side, give that side a greater impact on the morale of the target unit. That is, if you keep track of morale effects in your game. <br /> <span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
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</h3>
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: 16pt;">4. Dismounted Dragoons</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"></span></h3>
Dragoons during this period were still considered mostly to be mounted infantry. In battle they were frequently dismounted to act as foot. However, in a wargame, it is simply not a matter of taking them off their horses to form them up as infantry. You have to do something with the horses. In practice, a dragoon troop would tell off every fourth man to stay back and hold the horses--you know, to keep them from wandering off to graze as they pleased. This means that the actual combat strength of the dismounted dragoon unit would be 75% of its mounted strength. It also means that the two separate units (those dismounted and the held horses) need to be physically close for the men to remount. So if you've dismounted near the Tomb of Ottomond and then walked over (at foot pace) to Taviers, leaving your horse back, when you need to remount you either need to send to bring them up or walk back to the Tomb. So the one unit becomes split (dismounted and horse-holders) and treated separately in a wargame.<br /> <br /> But you knew that.<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">5. Leadership and the Fog of War</span></span></h3>
I hate games that assume each player acts as God and can see everything on the board. The fog of war is as an important part of any well-designed game as its rules for fire and movement. I equally hate games that force the player of the historic loser to fight as though he had a tire-boot clamped on his brain. So, in making a game of Ramillies both entertaining and useful, I would recommend that you give the Villeroi player the option of being as smart as you can be. But, to simulate the fog of war, I would recommend that information about what is happening on various parts of the board cannot be acted on until a messenger counter (or figure) is dispatched, and you can roll dice or draw a card or consult tea leaves or whatever to see whether or not you get the information to act on it.<br /> <br /> I'm sure that there are many game systems that simulate this. And my wargaming readers are all much more versed on the options than I am. <br /> <span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h2>
<span style="color: #45818e;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #674ea7;"><span style="color: #674ea7;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Orders of Battle</span></span></span></span> </span></span></h2>
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Before you get all excited at these "detailed" orders of battle, a huge caveat: They are based primarily on McNally's lists from his<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#"> Osprey book </a>(see References below). He does not cite where these came from. Some of the units I could not find in any other sources I have access to, so I don't know where he got those. I did find some other sources for corroboration (e.g. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">Nafziger </a>and the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">Spanish Succession</a> site), but there was not much that was helpful, or any more definitive.<br /> <br /> Unlike later wars, in which the record keeping by nation states was more meticulous, the WSS was a murkier period. Also, since various regiments were known at the time by their inhabers ("owners"), colonels, or regions (particularly in France) it is sometimes difficult to identify a particular unit. I also found that regiments would change their names over time. So this order of battle is the best that I could find. Always, if any of my readers have other accessible sources, I would be most appreciative.<br />
<span style="color: #45818e;"><span style="color: black;"><br />
<b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /><span style="color: #f57c00;"><span style="font-size: large;">Uniform Colors</span></span></span></b></span></span><br />
As with my other OOBs, I have color-coded the primary coat color for each unit (1st column color) as well as its facing (cuffs and lining, 2nd column). Where I couldn't find a reliable color source or any other reference to any particular regiment that McNally has listed, I have made a SWAG (Scientific Wild-Ass Guess) and marked that unit with an asterisk (*). I'm sure those of you who are military miniature devotees of the WSS have far greater resources than I have in my Fortress of Solitude in this extinct volcano. Rene Chartrand's thin Osprey Book, Louis XIV's Army, unhelpfully suggests we visit the Chateau de Vincennes and peruse les Archives de la Guerre, which--shame on me--I haven't had the time to pop over from Oregon and do for this blog. But Robert Hall's and company's excellent sources have been invaluable for filling in some of the more obscure uniform and flag details.<br /> <br /> One thing to keep in mind: During this period most of the uniform coats on each side were made of undyed wool, which was the cheapest and made most of the men clad in off-white or grey. Of course it would have been difficult to tell one side from the other, and during the battle there were anecdotes of mistaking each other for friendlies or enemies. But this is really no different from modern warfare, where most armies are clad in more-or-less similar camouflage. Flags would have helped. As well as the practice of the Habsburgian allies of sticking sprigs of leaves in their hats, a small detail that might not help at 100 yards through smoke.<br /><br /><div><span style="color: #f57c00;"><b>Unit Strengths </b></span><br /></div><div><br /></div><p>
Also, while McNally gives precise strength numbers for brigades and divisions, he doesn't break these down by regiment (nor does he cite where these strength returns came from). I have made an average for each brigade so the sum leads to his reported total strengths. I have also assumed, since the battle took place pretty early in the 1706 campaign that all of the units were deployed at near their authorized compliments, there not yet being time for casualties or normal attrition. But, as with the uniform colors, don't use this list as anything more than an estimate.<br />
<span style="color: #45818e;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #45818e;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #674ea7;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #674ea7;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Artillery</b></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></span>As to artillery, I have only listed the overall ordnance numbers and their calibers. I did not have access to exact battery assignments or detailed organization for this battle. For the lighter pieces (called "minions" at the time, three and four pounders), these would have been assigned individually to various foot battalions as close-support weapons. However, I will leave it to wargamers to do the apportioning.<br /> <br /> The French also had a peculiar type of small artillery piece with three barrels. I could not find how many of these weird weapons were at Ramillies (though Falkner says there were 12 in Ramillies village), though some were captured. Nor could I find what their range, performance, and caliber were. So just assume that some of the small "battalion guns" (minions) of the Bourbon forces were these three-barreled freaks.<br /> <br /> So my apologies for all the lacunae in my OOB. These should be close enough for amateur wargaming, but don't rely on them for any academic research. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<![endif]--><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "times new roman", "serif"; font-size: 18pt;">References</span></b></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">In writing this
post--and jumping to the ridiculous conclusions I did--I used the following
references, both physical books and online links. Some were for narrative, some
for orders of battle, some for research on tactics and formations, and some were for uniform and flag details. As
always I created the maps from scratch using as reference a combination of
Google Maps (satellite view) and contemporary maps and descriptions of the battlefield from
the following sources</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman", "serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div><p>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: 18pt;">Paper:</span></b></span><span style="color: black;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><br />
Barthorp, Michael & Mcbride, Angus, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Marlboroughs-Army-1702-11-Men-At-Arms-Series/dp/0850453461/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1383983303&sr=8-1&keywords=Marlborough%27s+Army+1702-11" target="_blank">Marlborough's Army 1702-11</a>,
Men-at-Arms #97, 1980, Osprey Press, London, ISBN: 0-85045-346-1</span><br />
<br />
Chandler, David, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Art-Warfare-Age-Marlborough/dp/0946771421/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1383984419&sr=1-1&keywords=The+Art+of+Warfare+in+the+Age+of+Marlborough" target="_blank">The Art of Warfare in the Age of
Marlborough</a>, 1994, Sarpedon, New York, ISBN: 1-885119-14-13 <br />
<br />
Chandler, David, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Marlborough-military-commander-David-Chandler/dp/0684133148/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1383984606&sr=1-1&keywords=marlborough+as+military+commander" target="_blank">Marlborough as Military Commander</a>,
1984, Spellmont, Staplehurst, Kent, UK, ISBN: 0-946771-12-X<br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;">Chartrand, Rene, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Louis-XIVs-Army-Men-At-Arms-Series/dp/0850458501/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1383983569&sr=8-1&keywords=Louis+XIV%27s+Army" target="_blank">Louis XIV's Army</a>, Men-at-Arms #203,
1988, Osprey Press, London, ISBN: 0-85045-850-1 </span><br />
<br />
Churchill, Sir Winston S., <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Marlborough-His-Life-Times-Book/dp/0226106357/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1383984056&sr=1-2&keywords=marlborough+his+life+and+times" target="_blank">Marlborough, His Life and Times, Vol 3</a>.,
1933, <span style="color: black;">University of Chicago Press, ISBN:</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 7.5pt;"> </span>0226106357 <br />
<br />
Falkner, James, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/JAMES-FALKNERS-GUIDE-MARLBOROUGHS-BATTLEFIELDS/dp/184415632X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1398201685&sr=8-1&keywords=Marlborough%27s+Battlefields" target="_blank">Marlborough's Battlefields</a>, 2008, Pen
& Sword Books ISBN: 978-1-84415-632-0<br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;">Grant, Charles Stewart, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/From-Pike-Shot-Battles-1685-1720/dp/0904417395/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1383983746&sr=8-1&keywords=From+Pike+to+Shot+1685+to+1720" target="_blank">From Pike to Shot, 1685-1720</a>, 1986,
Wargames Research Group, ISBN </span>0904417395<br />
<br />
Greiss, Thomas E., et. al., <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Modern-Warfare-Military-History-Series/dp/0895292637/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1383987000&sr=8-2&keywords=The+Dawn+of+Modern+Warfare" target="_blank">The Dawn of Modern Warfare</a>, The West
Point Military History Series, 1984, Avery Publishing, ISBN: 0-89529-263-7</p><p></p><p>Hall, Robert and Iain Stanford and Yves Roumegoux, <a href="https://onmilitarymatters.com/dfcatalog.php?period=1710" target="_blank"><u>Uniforms and Flags of the Dutch Army and the Army of Liege, 1685-1715</u></a>, 2013, Pike & Shot Society, <span class="a-list-item"><span>ISBN 1902768523, CD-ROM from <a href="https://onmilitarymatters.com/dfcatalog.php?period=1710" target="_blank">On Military Matters.</a></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;">Jorgensen, Christer, et.al., <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Fighting-Techniques-Early-Modern-World/dp/0312348193/ref=sr_1_fkmr0_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1383986424&sr=8-1-fkmr0&keywords=Fighting+Techniques+of+the+Early+Modern+World%2C+AD+155-+AD+1763" target="_blank">Fighting Techniques of the Early Modern
World, AD 155- AD 1763</a>. 2005, St Martin's Press, New York, ISBN:
0-312-34819-3 </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;">McNally, Michael, <a href="http://www.powells.com/book/campaignramillies-1706ramillies-1706-cam-275-9781782008224/62-0">Ramillies
1706</a>, 2014, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-78200-822-4 </span><br />
<br />
Nosworthy, Brent, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Anatomy-Victory-Battle-Tactics-1689-1763/dp/0870520148/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1383984830&sr=1-1&keywords=The+Anatomy+of+Victory%3A+Battle+Tactics+1689-1763" target="_blank">The Anatomy of Victory: Battle Tactics
1689-1763</a>, 1990, Hippocrene Books, New York, ISBN: 0-87052-785-1</p><p><br />
Wagner, Eduard, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/European-Weapons-Warfare-1618-1648-Eduard/dp/0988953250/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1471666393&sr=1-1&keywords=european+weapons+%26+warfare+1618-1648" target="_blank">European Weapons & Warfare 1618-1648</a>,
1979, Octopus Books, London, ISBN 0-7064-1072-6 While this book
covers a generation or two before Ramillies, it has a very informative section
on the types and use of artillery throughout the 17th century, which our
characters would have still employed in 1706. Military technology was not
moving as fast in the early modern period as it would in the late modern.<br />
<br />
</p><h3>
<font size="4"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Internet </span></span></font></h3><p>
<a href="https://archive.org/stream/chroniclesofoldc00lacouoft#page/302/mode/2up" target="_blank">de la Colonie's Memiors, The Battle of Ramillies</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.spanishsuccession.nl/ramillies.html" target="_blank">http://www.spanishsuccession.nl/ramillies.html </a> for OOB for Bourbon forces at Ramillies<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cgsc.edu/CARL/nafziger/706EAN.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.cgsc.edu/CARL/nafziger/706EAN.pdf </a> George Nafziger's OOB for the Anglo-Dutch forces at Ramillies.<br />
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<br />
<span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.thewaroffice.co.uk/Blenheim/Blenheim.htm">http://www.thewaroffice.co.uk/Blenheim/Blenheim.htm</a>
for uniform research</span><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_464389576"><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span></a><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://royalfig.free.fr/index.php?/category/42" target="_blank">http://royalfig.free.fr/index.php?/category/42</a>
for regimental flag references for the French Army</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;"><a href="http://royalfig.free.fr/index.php?/category/31" target="_blank">http://royalfig.free.fr/index.php?/category/31</a>
for uniform references, French Army</span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><br />
<a href="https://www.baccus6mm.com/index.php?content=howto/gnw_wss&detail=paintguide_gnw" target="_blank">https://www.baccus6mm.com/index.php?content=howto/gnw_wss&detail=paintguide_gnw</a>
Bacchus painting guide for uniform references</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.thewaroffice.co.uk/Blenheim/DanishUniforms1699-1720.pdf">http://www.thewaroffice.co.uk/Blenheim/DanishUniforms1699-1720.pdf</a>
for detailed information about the Danish forces during the WSS<br /><br /><a href="https://www.tacitus.nu/gnw/armies/denmark/infantry.htm">https://www.tacitus.nu/gnw/armies/denmark/infantry.htm</a> more detailed information on Danish regiments during the WSS from Orjan Martinsson</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.wfgamers.org.uk/resources/C18/prusorg.htm">http://www.wfgamers.org.uk/resources/C18/prusorg.htm</a>
for information about the Prussian forces during the WSS</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.miniatures.de/colour-18th-century-artillery.html" target="_blank">http://www.miniatures.de/colour-18th-century-artillery.html</a> for artillery carriage colors during the 18th century</span> </span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.warflag.com/flags/wss/wssselect.shtml" target="_blank">http://www.warflag.com/flags/wss/wssselect.shtml</a>
for details on regimental flags during the WSS </span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.johnsmilitaryhistory.com/Ramillies.html">http://www.johnsmilitaryhistory.com/Ramillies.html</a> John's Military History site has some truly excellent panoramic photography of this battlefield. </p><p><br />Snorrason, Tortstein, <a href="https://pdffox.com/danish-uniforms-1699-1712-pdf-free.html" target="_blank"><u>Danish Uniforms, 1699-1712</u></a>, 2008, downloadable PDF<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: black;"><i>Copyright
2016, Jeffery P. Berry Trust, all rights reserved. No part of this post
may be used for republication or re-posting without documented
permission of the Jeffery P. Berry Trust. However, feel free to link to
this site as a resource from related sites. Original images are copy-protected by Digimarc embedded digital watermarks.</i></span></span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com33tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-39225567975329287682016-05-31T00:51:00.003-07:002021-07-09T10:29:41.842-07:00Aspern-Essling 1809<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<h2>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">War of the Fifth Coalition</span></span></h2>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">21-22 May 1809</span></h3>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #0b5394;">French under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon" target="_blank">Napoleon</a>, 24,938 with 54 guns rising to approx. 75,000 and 150 guns by 2nd day</span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Austrians under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" target="_blank">Archduke Charles</a>, 109,000 with 258 guns</span></h3>
<br />
<b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Weather: </span></b> Hot, clear. River fog in the morning. Blowing dust about midday of the 21st.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Location:</span></b> <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Aspern-Essling&params=48_12_47_N_16_30_09_E_scale:50000_region:AT_type:event_source:dewiki" style="white-space: normal;"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°12′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">16°30′09″E</span></span></span></a> </span></span><br />
<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">6 miles (9.66 km) due east of downtown metropolitan Vienna, on the north side of the Danube.</span></span><br />
<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"></span></span><br />
<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="longitude"><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">First Light:</span> </span></b> 03:30<b><span style="color: #990000;"> <span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunrise: </span></span></b>04:09 <b><span style="color: #990000;"> <span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunset:</span></span></b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span>19:35 <span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>End of Twilight:</b> </span>20:13</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="longitude"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Moon Phase:</span> </b>Waxing Crescent <span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Moonrise:</b></span> 10:34 </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="longitude"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Moonset:</b></span> 00:22</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
(calculated for the location and date from <a href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/RS_OneDay.php" target="_blank">U.S. Naval Observatory</a> )<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">I</span></span></b>n my inadvertent sub-theme of studying Napoleonic river-crossing battles (<a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2016/01/arcola-1796.html" target="_blank">Arcola</a>, <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/12/gunzburg-1805_13.html" target="_blank">Gunzburg</a>, <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/12/elchingen-1805.html" target="_blank">Elchingen</a>), I submit my own analysis of what has been described as Napoleon's first personal defeat, Aspern-Essling, the first attempted bridge-crossing of the Danube in the 1809 campaign. Though over-shadowed by the gargantuan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" target="_blank">Battle of Wagram</a> on the same ground a couple of months later, Aspern-Essling was no skirmish. In terms of numbers of combatants engaged, it was bigger than Gettysburg, costing roughly the same number of human casualties (about 46,000), and lasting two days. As battles go, Aspern-Essling was a six hundred pound gorilla.<br />
It was also a study in how both weather and unconventional warfare can play such a critical role in the outcome of a battle. Aspern-Essling was a messy battle, in which neither side could get a grip on the rapidly evolving situation. In that and many ways, rather than Gettysburg, it could be compared to another Civil War battle, <a href="http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/antietam.html" target="_blank">Antietam</a>.<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Author's Caveat: </b> Of course, as has been pointed out on some of my other articles about specific battles, Aspern-Essling is not exactly "obscure" (at least to the wargaming community, though the average person wouldn't know it from Waterloo). To be honest, when I registered the name "Obscure Battles" I wasn't thinking I'd limit myself only to battles no one else had heard of. But what I <i>was</i> thinking of was to give my own <i>obscure </i>take on each battle, to be as iconoclastic as possible. So it is with this one. My interpretations of what was really going on at Aspern-Essling are mine. They are based on some degree of comparative research, as well as the fact that I've wargamed this battle a number of times over the years. So, take that for what you want. And just enjoy. Or get mad. Either reaction is entertaining, isn't it?</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">A little context is always nice.</span></span></h3>
As
with all battles, obscure or not, there is some background. In the case
of the War of the Fifth Coalition (like who's keeping count?) this happened largely because of political,
but also economic reasons. Austria had been humiliated in the War of the
Third Coalition (the 1805 campaign) by again having to cede much
territory, treasure, and national pride to the bully Napoleon. After
Austerlitz, Emperor Francis II, for instance, could no longer count
himself as Holy Roman Emperor but had to settle for the title of Emperor
of Austria; he even lost one of his Roman numerals and was demoted to
Francis I instead of II. Plus there was the increasingly onerous
economic burden that Napoleon's Continental System, in which all
signatories (including Austria) had to cut off trade with Great Britain,
who, thanks to the Royal Navy, had a virtual monopoly on world markets. Austria's economy was groaning under the burden of
Napoleon's feud with what he called "the British shopkeepers."<br />
The new
Austrian Empire had sat out the previous Coalition War (Number Four,
1806-07), but as Napoleon found himself increasingly bogged down in
Spain (an endless war which he started in 1808 to get Spain to stop its own
trade with Britain), the Austrians, itching for revenge,
as well as egged on and subsidized by Britain, saw this as their opportunity to
act. Under the Emperor's brother, Archduke Charles, they had been
aggressively reforming and building up their army to some 200,000, of a
size and caliber they felt equal to the heretofore invincible
French. They had also taken several lessons from the new French military
practice, including a <i>levee-en-masse</i> conscription system, reorganization of the army into integrated corps, and the new impulse, column tactics (<i>Battalionmasse </i>as they called it). With Napoleon bogged down in Spain at the beginning of 1809, they decided the time was right to strike.<br />
So the Austrians mobilized and started marching west into Bavaria and south into Northern Italy.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZH6_sz-Uc60/Vx-_tgPcheI/AAAAAAAACUU/VCDiYywVzucWgg3sKReW0PGgflbvoakJACLcB/s1600/Berthier.JPG" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZH6_sz-Uc60/Vx-_tgPcheI/AAAAAAAACUU/VCDiYywVzucWgg3sKReW0PGgflbvoakJACLcB/s320/Berthier.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Marshal Berthier, Napoleon's Chief of Staff</i></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Napoleon, irritated by his untrustworthy former enemies (if you can't trust a bullied enemy, who <i>can </i>you trust?) called for an accelerated conscription of the class of 1810 (teenagers) to fill out his stretched <i>Grande Arm<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">é</span>e</i> and instructed his chief of staff, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" target="_blank">Berthier</a>, to take over command of the troops back in France to deal with the upstart Austrians. He also called upon his new allies in the recently created Confederation of the Rhine, as well as the perennial French ally Bavaria, to mobilize and join the cause. Berthier, an extremely competent staff officer, was not so great as an independent field commander and immediately felt overwhelmed by his new promotion. With the forces assigned him, he had not only been unable to surround and defeat the advancing Austrians as his boss had done in 1805, he was not even able to slow their advance. He cried out for help.<br />
Napoleon (probably sighing, "Do I have to do everything myself?"), left Spain in the hands of his up-to-now trusty Marshal Soult, gathered his Guard--and whatever other troops he thought Soult could spare--and force-marched them northeast across the Pyrenees and France to Berthier's aid. It was quite a hike. Once on the scene in Bavaria he was able to stabilize the crisis and after two subsequent battles, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ratisbon" target="_blank">Ratisbon </a>and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" target="_blank">Eckmuhl </a>, as well as a lot of little clashes, made a sweep down the right bank of the Danube to Vienna, repeating the blitzkrieg he had performed four years earlier.<br />
On the outskirts of the Austrian capital there was an unfortunate incident in which some unruly Hungarian hussars hacked to death a French delegation sent forward under a flag of truce to negotiate the surrender of the city. Incensed at this war crime, Napoleon, in true Genghis Khan style, ordered an immediate bombardment of the city and sent a message (presumably by an Austrian prisoner this time) that he would burn the whole town to the ground and spare no one if it were not immediately surrendered. After the misunderstanding was cleared up and the Habsburg regime agreed to declare Vienna an open city, Napoleon marched into the capital without further incident. The retreating garrison, however, did think to destroy all the bridges across the Danube after them. This was something they had neglected to do in 1805. Didn't want to make that mistake again.<br />
Napoleon realized that merely capturing an enemy's capital city in no way gave him the upper hand in any war of national resistance. It had not in 1805, the first time he'd taken Vienna. Nor had it in 1806 when he took Berlin. Or in 1808 when he marched into Madrid. Parading through an enemy capital city may have served as good propaganda imagery back home (like the pulling down of Saddam Hussein's statue in Baghdad did for the Bush administration in 2003), but the war was hardly over until the main enemy army had been beaten and their government agreed to terms.<br />
Moreover, Napoleon strategically now found himself between a rock and a hard place. He couldn't just enjoy the opera in Vienna and wait out Charles, who might attempt to recross to the south bank of the Danube at another place westward to cut across the French lines of communications. Already Napoleon had had to spread out his corps under Bernadotte, Davout, Vandamme, and Lefebvre to guard the upper Danube and Tyrol. He knew he had to cross to the north bank of the river as quickly as possible if he was to defeat Charles' main army of over 100,000 and force a peace. But to do this he only had in the immediate vicinity the two corps of Massena and Lannes (IV and II), plus elements of the Guard and the Cavalry Reserve under Bessières, at most 82,000. He had ordered Davout to hurry eastward to join him, but he felt he had to seize a bridgehead as soon as possible.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Napoleon's Conundrum</span></span></h3>
But May was a bad time of year to try a pontoon-bridge crossing of the Danube. Melting Alpine snows and spring rains had swollen the river to a torrent, its level and current varying hourly, and it was churning with huge logs and other high-velocity debris. It would be almost a century before Austrian engineers would contain the river. In 1809 it was a risky project even without enemy opposition on the far bank. Still, Napoleon felt time was critical.<br />
Without any intelligence to back it up, Napoleon decided to leap to the best case scenario; he assumed that Charles had taken his army north into Moravia to <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Br</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">ü</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">nn</span> </span>(modern <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Brno,+Czech+Republic/@49.110652,16.4598594,10z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x4712943ac03f5111:0x400af0f6614b1b0" target="_blank">Brno </a>in the Czech Republic) as Kutuzov had done in 1805. Napoleon would cross the Danube as he had before, march up to <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Br</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">ü</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">nn</span> </span>and defeat the Austrians at a second Austerlitz, this time without their Russian allies. It was getting all so tedious. When would these people learn?<br />
Of course, the Austrians <i>had </i>learned. Charles hadn't
retreated into Moravia at all but had nestled into position just north
of Vienna, about six miles across the Marchfeld (see situation map below), camping behind the hills bordering the north of that plain to
hide their campfires. Charles had set up corps of observation guarding
the main crossing points up and down river from Vienna, which not only
prevented the French engineers from repairing the destroyed bridges, but
had also shielded his own position from any French cavalry
probes. Napoleon was unaware of how close the main Austrian army was. Operating under his best-case scenario mode, he just assumed that an campfires that were reported, and any Austrian cavalry activity was still just a rear guard.<br />
He might have been right; Charles <i>had </i>been getting a lot of push-back from his own staff and generals to...well...push back to the safety of Moravia. But like Napoleon, the Archduke wanted to end this quickly. Both were worried about logistics and, more important, about sustaining the morale of their troops.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Actual positions of the contending armies on the evening before Aspern-Essling. Unknown to Napoleon, the Austrian army was not 70 miles north in Moravia, but lying in wait just north of the Marchfeld. </i></span></span><br />
<br />
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The French first tried throwing a bridge across the Danube at Nussdorf, upstream of Vienna, the work beginning on 13 May. But Austrian artillery and Grenzer troops positioned on an intervening island in the Danube frustrated this, costing some 700 French casualties in the process. Likewise, the main peacetime crossing from Vienna at Florisdorf was blocked, the existing bridges having been burned by the retreating Austrian garrison and by strong opposition in the fortified bridgehead on the far bank. Napoleon's chief engineer, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Gatien_Bertrand" target="_blank">Bertrand</a>, said that this route was entirely impractical. And the Emperor must have been on his neck for it.<br />
It was during these days of interlude at Vienna that two small but ominous incidents occurred. The first happened on May 13, the evening after Napoleon had entered Vienna. Unpacking at his old favorite place to stay while in Vienna, <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace" target="_blank">Schönbrunn Palace</a>, Napoleon decided he'd like to enjoy a twilight ride with his old friend, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Lannes" target="_blank">Marshal Lannes</a>. While riding through the Vienna Woods, his horse suddenly became spooked and threw the Emperor heavily to the ground, bruising his hip. His pride more hurt than his body, Napoleon insisted on continuing the ride (with another horse, of course). But everyone in the escort was forbidden to speak of the incident. <br />
Later, while he and Lannes inspecting the progress on the upper pontoon bridge at Nussdorf, the marshal stumbled and fell into the churning river. Forgetting his exalted position as Emperor, Napoleon instinctively jumped in to rescue his friend (returning the favor Lannes had done in rescuing him from drowning at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2016/01/arcola-1796.html" target="_blank">Arcola </a>eleven years before). Aides frantically fished the soggy two out of the water. There was probably a lot of joking and teasing. This incident charmed me because it showed, that in spite of Napoleon's callous attitude toward spending the lives of hundreds of thousands to achieve his quest for power, when it came to an immediate emergency, he risked his own life to save that of a cherished friend. That was such a human and noble thing. At least to me.<br />
But Napoleon was a deeply superstitious man, who counted as his most important virtue his own luck. He felt that he had a lucky star and, when inquiring about the merits of promoting some general would always ask, "But is he lucky?" One has to wonder whether these two incidents, the bucking b, coming in quick succession as they did, gave him pause. When we go on to look at the events of 21-22 May, if you were Napoleon, what would be going on in the back of your mind? Did they foreshadow the fiasco he experienced on those days? Did he start to doubt his luck?<br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Murphy's Law rears its ugly head.</span></b></span> </h3>
<a href="http://www.murphys-laws.com/" target="_blank">Murphy's Law</a>, which states that if something can go wrong it will
go wrong, had not been discovered in 1809. But it would have still applied to Napoleon's belief that his own good luck would trump any lack of
diligent engineering or operational planning. As we'll see, way too much was to go wrong with the lucky monarch.<br />
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The next most likely crossing point that Napoleon's chief engineer, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Gatien_Bertrand" target="_blank">Henri Bertrand,</a> recommended was a little over four miles (6 km) below Vienna at Kaiser-Ebersdorf. The first leg of the bridge would have to span across two channels, the first span, 450 meters long, went to a little island called the Schneidergrund; the second crossed a 225 meter channel to another low island called Lobgrund, separated itself from the big, wooded island of Lobau by a narrow stream. Lobau was ideally positioned not only to shield the French engineers from any Austrian artillery and sniper fire from the north bank of the Danube, but it was a vast-enough staging area to establish a base for Napoleon's whole army. This big island itself was separated from the left bank by a deep, 125 meter branch of the river called the Stadler Arm, over which the third and last bridge would be floated when both banks were secured by French <i>voltigeurs</i>.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>Gen. Henri Bertrand</b></i></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Napoleon's Chief Engineer, </i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>who probably said "Merde!" <br />a lot during this battle, owing to</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>the number of times his bridges</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>were broken.</i></span></span></div>
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Normally it would have taken a week to establish these three pontoon bridges properly. Piles would have had to be driven into the riverbed upstream to stop bridge-smashing debris carried down by the flood. Then a flotilla of patrol boats would have to be organized to sweep the river of enemy activity before the main pontoon spans would be launched, lashed together, and anchored.<br />
Napoleon didn't have time for any of that. He scoffed at Bertrand's fastidiousness, ordered him to dispense with all the preliminaries, and just get on with building the bridges themselves. He needed to get as many men, guns, and supplies over the Danube as fast as possible. Surprise would be their security.<br />
<br />
But you can't surprise Mother Nature. It works the other way around. At this time of the year the Danube was in spate, which meant that at any time rains and melting snow upstream could cause the river to rise as much as six feet in an hour. And the famously blue river (which was probably brown then) was churning with huge, uprooted trees, each one several tons and traveling at ramming speed. Even without the Austrians floating fireboats down against the bridge, the river itself posed a mortal threat to the lifeline.<br />
But Bertrand and his engineers did as they were told, and starting the work on the 18th.<br />
As a diversion, Napoleon also ordered that work on the first bridge up at Nussdorf be started again. This probably irritated Bertrand who was already short of boats for the main pontoon bridge to Lobau. But the Emperor was one of those leaders we've all probably worked for who doesn't know the meaning of the world "impossble." Besides, he told Bertrand, he could use the boats he would have otherwise used to patrol the river upstream to lay the fake bridge across. <br />
Of course, the French fooled nobody with their diversion up at Nussdorf. The Austrians, watching the preparations on the southern crossing at Kaiser-Ebersdorf from their outposts on Lobau, could tell where the main crossing would happen. <i>Voltigeurs</i>, crossing in boats to Lobau on the 18th, cleared away any pickets they found. Massena then set up a battery of six guns on the north side of Lobau island to cover the final crossing point over the Stadler Arm. The Austrians weren't fooled any more than Mother Nature.<br />
<br />
That night of the 18th, Charles ordered his army to start moving closer to the Danube but still out of sight of the French. He had them bivouac behind the hills surrounding the Marchfeld, concealing their numbers. He told his commanders to let part of Napoleon's force over, and then try to break the bridge, after which he would defeat the isolated French in detail, with their backs to the river.<br />
Saturday night, the 20th, Lobau Island was secure. French <i>volitgeurs </i>rowed across the last obstacle to the north bank to a wooded area called the Muhlau and chased away any Austrian pickets. They then made their way up to the village of Aspern and secured that as the left flank of the bridgehead. Bertrand now threw two pontoon bridges across the 125 meter-wide Stadler Arm and Massena ordered his 3rd Division, under Molitor and his 4th, under Boudet, to run across it and fan out to Aspern and Essling. These were followed by Lasalle's light cavalry division who took up linking positions between the two villages and on the right flank. He was next supported by IV's Corps' cavalry division under Marulaz, who fanned out his light cavalry regiments between the gap between Aspern and Essling and the approach to the southwest of Aspern on an island called Gemende Au (see detailed map below). Massena's remaining two other infantry divisions, Legrand's and St. Cyr's were still crossing from Kaiser-Ebersdorf to Lobau, along with the Guard, Bessières' heavy cavalry divisions, and Lannes' II Corps, taking up the rear along the road from Vienna. A lot to keep track of, but suffice it to say that there was a lot of furious hustling that morning.<br />
About 17:00 on the late afternoon of the 20th, Murphy's Law applied
itself for the first time (and not the last over these next two days). A heavy barge launched by the Austrians upstream crashed into
the fragile, single span of the bridge between Kaiser-Ebersdorf and
Lobau Island, taking away part of it and halting the deployment. While the French engineers worked frantically at repair, Bertrand told Napoleon that the breach was so great it was going to take all night to fix.<br />
Meanwhile, Massena's half corps and Lassalle's light cavalry in Aspern and Essling (including Napoleon himself, who had
joined Massena) would be cut off in the darkness. By the time of this first bridge-breaking, Napoleon had just 12,106 infantry, 5,375 light cavalry, and 18 guns over on the north bank, a total of only about 17,000 holding a semicircular, unprepared perimeter about three kilometers across and two deep. Unknown to any of them, they were about to face over six times their number coming at them from all directions. I imagine it must have
felt like those unhappy spelunkers in horror movies when the cave entrance behind them collapses, leaving them alone in the
darkness with who-knows-what terror. <br />
As night fell at 20:00, the French could see some campfires several miles to the northwest on the Bissamberg (these would
have been from Reuss's V Corps and Hiller's VI Corps) but none,
apparently, along the northern and northeastern hills. These reports
confirmed Napoleon's assumption that it was just a rear guard he faced.
The French continued to believe that the main Austrian army was 70 miles
(113 km) to the north at <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Br</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">ü</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">nn</span></span>. Though Lasalle sent out some patrols to find out for sure, the Austrian hussar screen was so efficient that they were unable to penetrate it.<br />
There must have been some suspicious souls in the French army that night who had a bad feeling about this. Massena was one. But Napoleon, Lannes, Bessières, and everybody else on the staff snorted at his Chicken Littlism.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">A few words about the lovely battlefield </span></b></span></h3>
It's always good to imagine the ground a battle is about to be fought on.<br />
Though the two villages, Aspern and Essling, were composed mostly of masonry buildings and fairly solid, For some reason, neither Massena nor his infantry division commanders, nor his brigadiers, nor anybody, thought to order the men to fortify them. No loopholes were banged out in the buildings or the walls. No barricades were erected in the streets. There was a low dyke that linked the two villages, but it was not improved either. Perhaps they all thought there wasn't a need since they'd all be moving out in the morning as the rest of the army came over. And nobody noticed any enemy activity across the dark Marchfeld.<br />
At the western end of Aspern was a stone church, surrounded by a high
wall. The village itself was surrounded by ditches and sunken roads
which proved to be useful for defense in the early stages. To the
immediate south of Aspern was a boggy, woodsy island called the Gemende
Au, which would serve to absorb any outflanking movement the Austrians
might make. And as the battle unfolded, Massena's infantry and some of his light cavalry made use of its natural, obstructive qualities. It proved to be a good defensive anchor for the left of the line.<br />
The ground around the area between Aspern and Essling was cramped--only about 3 km wide and 2 deep--and not ideal for defense. Confined as it was, and prone to inundation, it crammed the French into a killing zone that could and would eventually be exploited by superior Austrian artillery in crossfire. <br />
By contrast, the Austrians had ample and open ground to maneuver on the wide Marchfeld, which, though relatively flat, had enough rolling swales and ridges to provide dead ground for troops to hide in. Coming at the French from a 9 mile (14 km) west-to-east arc (see map above), Charles could execute a concentric attack. Napoleon occupied the central position as he would be able to rush reinforcements from one sector to another. But his tenuous lifeline to reinforcements and supply on the south bank, meant he had only limited resources to shuttle around. And, as the first breaking of the bridge behind him the night of the 20th showed, this would become critical as the battle developed.<br />
Behind the arc of the French line, near the end of the bridge
from Lobau to Muhlau, work parties directed by the artillery, began to
erect fieldworks for battery positions to guard the bridgehead. These
would prove invaluable in the ending stages of the battle as the French
collapsed their perimeter in retreat (oops, I should have given a
spoiler alert!). <br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Who are all these people coming to visit?</b></span></span> </h3>
Finally, sometime after sunrise on Sunday, the 21st, the main bridge was repaired and open for business again. Troops once again began tramping across. The small but growing
force had a high proportion of cavalry since Napoleon expected his initial moves
would be to fan out, find, and pursue Charles. This was also probably
why nobody thought to fortify the villages of Aspern and Essling; they
didn't expect to be there for long.<br />
The morning hours saw the landscape near the river shrouded in mist. Late in the morning outlying French pickets reported hearing and feeling rumbling in the ground. No one was sure
from which direction--possibly because it was coming from all
directions, and they may also have thought they were sensing the movement of their own troops coming up behind them. David Chandler, in his landmark work, <i>The Campaigns of Napoleon</i>, mentions a dust storm rising up about midday from the north. This could have been a result of thousands of tramping feet and hooves, but it also seemed to conceal any movement on the part of the Austrians. At any rate, it must have been hair raising as hell.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The jury-rigged bridge from Kaiser-Ebersdorf (n the distance) <br />
breaking...for not the first time. Print by Felician Myrbach</td></tr>
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By noon d'Espagne's cuirassier division of Bessières' Corps had dismounted and carefully led their horses across the rickety bridges--which were actually partly underwater--and taken up position between the villages. Legrand's 1st Division of Massena's IV Corps had also made it across the Stadler Arm and was on its way up to reinforce Molitor around Aspern. Lannes' IV Corps was still on the far side of the Danube, marching from Vienna, but Lannes himself was now on the scene and Napoleon assigned him to take personal charge of the Boudet's division defending Essling, as well as the whole right wing of the enclave. On the north side of the Danube there were, by this time, 16,666 French infantry and 8,272 cavalry (24,938 total) and 54 guns (including the 8 guns of the Guard covering the right flank from the northeastern shore of Lobau--see map below).<br />
But at 13:00, the long bridge from Kaiser-Ebersdorf had broken again and the flow of reinforcements and supply stopped once more.<br />
It was also at this time that the isolated French first began to see the whole horizon from west to east covered by white-clad troops and hundreds of yellow, Austrian flags, all coming right at them. Charles's army, 100,000 strong, was converging on the small French enclave between Aspern and Essling. <br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Situation at the beginning of the battle on the first day about 14:45.</b> <span style="color: #b45f06;">Note about the maps: </span>It has been always frustrating for me to see battle maps where troop formations are represented as out-sized square blocks, far wider and deeper than the actual ground covered. As with all of my maps in this series, I have endeavored to represent the actual footprint sizes and formations of the troops engaged (both depth and frontage). Austrian facing colors are coded in the numbers for each regiment. For details about the regiments, see Orders of Battle at the end of the article.</span></i></span></span><br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">The battle starts</span></span></h3>
At 14:30 the first Austrians to hit the French position were the 2,000 Grenzers and Vienna Freiwilliger troops under Nordmann's <i>Avantgarde</i> (see Austrian Order of Battle below for details). These had made their way down the right bank of the Danube and attacked up toward Aspern from the southwest, across a woody island called Gemende Au. They were checked by a regiment of Marulaz's c<i>hasseurs-a-cheval </i>who held them up in the broken landscape. About fifteen minutes later, the first battalions of Hiller's VI Corps (led by the IR# 60 Gyulai) started to attack the walled church property on the western edge of Aspern village. This position was initially held by the detached <i>voltigeur </i>companies from Massena's corps, who fended off Hiller's first attacks from behind the cemetery walls and the sunken roads around the village. The Austrians, suffering pretty stiff casualties, fell back a little, but renewed their assault with fresh battalions.<br />
Meanwhile, Massena threw in both regiments of Viviez's brigade (three battalions each of the 37th and 67th) to reinforce the <i>voltigeurs</i>. The fighting raged--as they say--for a couple of hours, with both sides suffering horrific casualties and the village soon turned into an inferno as fires spread.<br />
Napoleon, seeing that Charles' entire army seemed to be coming
for him over the Marchfeld, ordered that all available artillery (46
guns, not including the 8 Guard guns covering the right from Lobau) be
massed in the center to hold off the enemy. Ever the gunner, he believed that nothing could withstand a massed battery. These moved up onto the dyke, unlimbered and began
bombarding the oncoming columns in crossfire.<br />
While this was going on, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" target="_blank">Bessières </a>was
ordered to take all of his available cavalry--which, at this stage,
amounted only to d'Espagne's single curiassier division, and parts of Marulaz's
and Lassalle's light cavalry divisions--and make a charge against Hohenzollern's II
Korps and Leichtenstein's Kavalleriekorps. This they did, dispersing
Leichtenstein's squadrons and riding right up to the packed <i>battalionsmasse </i>of
Hohenzollern's infanty. A French cuirassier officer was sent forward
under a white flag to demand the surrender of the Austrian squares, only
to be answered by an insolent volley (When were the French going to
learn that white flags don't work?). That did it! D'Espagne's
cuirassiers made charge after charge on the squares, to no effect. I
can't help but think of a similar scene six years later when French
cavalry also made a series of unsupported cavalry charges on the
Anglo-Dutch squares at Waterloo, only to be slaughtered. Finally,
Liechtenstein's squadrons rallied and he had called back several more
that had been ordered detached uselessly to the various corps. With these he
launched a counter-attack on the disordered French cavalry swirling
impotently around the packed Austrian columns. These went galloping
back. When they did, they unmasked their own guns again, who were, in
turn, able to unleash hell on the pursuing Austrian cavalry.<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><b>Dimensions and layout of the new Battalionmasse formation in the Austrian army.</b> The flexibility of this formation allowed it to open up to move rapidly like a French column, but to close up quickly into a solid phalanx when threatened by cavalry, very much like the old Spanish tercio of the 15th century. The right and left three files would turn outward and the 1 meter space of each company's serrefile would be plugged by the NCOs racing out to the edges. The two main advantages of this formation were that it was much quicker to form than the traditional hollow square and that it was also easier for lesser trained troops to execute. The two main disadvantages were that firepower was reduced by as much as 60% since the inner companies were unable to bear their weapons and the formation was even more vulnerable to artillery fire. </i></span></span></li>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Romantic painting (by B.B. Kraft) dramatizing the <br />moment when Charles seized a flag and led his infantry <br />into Aspern one more time on the 21st. The burning church <br />can be seen in the background. </i></span></span></span></div>
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Over on the French left, three of Charles' Corps (Hiller's, Bellegarde's, and Hohenzollern's), 66,000 men, had been making concentric attack after attack on Aspern village, taking it and losing it several times. Massena's two divisions (Molitor's and Legrand's), outnumbered 1:6, held on all afternoon and into the evening, throwing back the uncoordinated attacks of the Austrians, who seemed to get in each others' way in the confined, smoke-choked village. At 17:00, sensing his offensive was losing momentum, Charles himself seized a battalion flag and led a charge into the town. It was amazing that he wasn't killed. But his personal bravery seemed to reinspire his men, who ejected the French one more time.<br />
At about this time, too, the French engineers managed to complete repairs on the broken bridge once again and the flow of reinforcements continued. Massena had fed both Molitor's and Legrand's divisions into flaming Aspern to throw out the Austrians. But these two had suffered almost 50% casualties by this stage. Now Massena's last division, St. Cyr's 2nd, ran across the bridges and were put in as fresh troops into Aspern, allowing Molitor and Legrand to pull out their exhausted men and rest them. St Cyr led the 4th and 46th Ligne, 4,765 men, into the town and evicted the latest incursion of Austrians. His 24th Legere and von Nagel's Hesse Darmstadt Brigade (4,883 men), Massena put over onto the Gemende Au south of Aspern to plug up any attempts by the Austrians to work their way around the French left flank through those woods.<br />
After St Cyr's division went over to the north bank, Bessières' remaining cavalry, composed of St. Sulpice and Nansouty's Divisions, started to follow. In spite of the urgency, they didn't gallop over the rocking spans (actually underwater in some places) but dismounted and gingerly lead their horses over. Then, at 18:30 the bridge broke again, for the third time, either from a huge submerged log or a another floating ram sent by the Austrians. When it broke it took with it several cuirassiers of Doumerc's brigade (Nansouty's Division). Once more, the flow of reinforcements stopped.<br />
I'm sure General Bertrand, the bridge builder, turned the muddy Danube blue with his swearing.<br />
<br />
But about 18:00 there were enough French cavalry in the center to begin to attack and try to crumble Liechtenstein's cavalry corps. Lannes, in spite of the fact that none of his own II Corps were yet over the river, had been given operational command of the French center and right by Napoleon. This put him in direct command of Boudet's infantry division in Essling (formally part of Massena's IV Corps) and fellow-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" target="_blank">Marshal Bessières'</a> entire Cavalry Corps. Apparently Bessières wasn't informed of this arrangement by Napoleon personally (or chose to willfully misunderstand it) and had had a personal feud with Lannes for years, which stemmed from Bessières interfering with Lannes' courtship of Napoleon's sister, Caroline. So when Lannes sent an aide over to Bessières to <i>order </i>him to put all his divisions in and charge home the Austrian center, Bessières took it as a "suggestion" rather than an order. The first aide had apparently tried to be as diplomatic as possible with Bessières and the marshal snubbed him. According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Antoine_Marcellin_de_Marbot" target="_blank">Marbot </a>(one of Lannes' aides) it took three messengers to get Bessières to move off of his butt; the last (Marbot himself) ordered to directly quote Lannes' insulting language to Bessières, word-for-word. Bessières wanted to have Marbot court-martialed for speaking to a Marshal of France that way, and to challenge Lannes to a duel.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Jp0Xt4obeE8/V0TAhJlS9JI/AAAAAAAACXA/Md7S2H8EwJMjanH_p3hEfpUlW-uKqV36QCLcB/s1600/Horace_Vernet-Charge_of_the_cuirassiers.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="295" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Jp0Xt4obeE8/V0TAhJlS9JI/AAAAAAAACXA/Md7S2H8EwJMjanH_p3hEfpUlW-uKqV36QCLcB/s400/Horace_Vernet-Charge_of_the_cuirassiers.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>French cuirassiers at Aspern-Essling. <br />That poor horse looks pretty tired.</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>(Horace Vernet)</i></span></span></td></tr>
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Nevertheless, Bessières sulkily ordered d'Espagne and St. Sulpice's divisions and the part of Nansouty's division that had made it across before the last bridge break, to charge. And they did so furiously. The troopers didn't want to get into the personal soap-opera spat between the petulant marshals; they were just itching to fight. The cuirassiers threw back Liechtenstein's first line of cavalry, then were checked by the Austrian artillery and infantry battalionsmasse as d'Espagne's troopers had been earlier. Liechtenstein now counter-charged with fresh squadrons, throwing the French cuirassiers back. Then Marulaz's and Pire's hussars and chasseurs rescued the cuirassiers, only to be chewed up by the Austrian guns and infantry themselves. The cavalry fight went back and forth like this for an hour or so, with charges, counter-charges, counter-counter-charges. General d'Espagne was sabered to death in one of the melees. The French cavalry finally retreated behind their own massed batteries on the dyke, which did the same thing to the pursuing Austrian cavalry that had been done to the French a few minutes before, poured canister into them.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Bessières and Lannes</i><br />
<i>How they hated each other. Something Napoleon evidently</i><i> delighted in<br />when he mischievously told Lannes he was in charge of </i><i><i>Bessières </i><br />but didn't inform the latter in person.</i></td></tr>
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The bloody cavalry battle had been a stalemate. But it did stop any further threat on the French center for the rest of that day.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: small;">18:00, Now Essling </span></h3>
As the assault on Aspern on the French left escalated, Charles' envelopment of the French right, at Essling, was delayed. Rosenberg's IV Korps, as well as Klenau's <i>Avantgarde</i>, had the longest to march and didn't get to attacking the French right until about 18:00, while the cavalry battle in the center was happening. Rosenberg's command was split in two. One, composed of... (well, see map above) ...marched on Essling from the northeast. The other had to loop around to the southeast to Gross-Enzerdorf and didn't get in position to attack Essling from that direction until 20:00, after sunset.<br />
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While Essling hadn't been prepared for defense any better than Aspern, it did have four strong points. On the north was a walled, municipal garden, called the "Great Garden," defended by the 96th Ligne. Next to it was the Granary, a massive structure three storeys tall with three-foot thick stone walls and narrow window casements; perfect as a fort. This was occupied by the nine detached grenadier and carabinier companies of Boudet's regiments (elite companies). On the east side of town was a walled cemetery that the 56th Ligne got ready in, which also occupied the walled gardens of the village. And on the south side was another walled wood, called the "Long Garden," that the 3rd Legere dug into. South of that Lassalle had posted half of his light cavalry ( Bruyere's brigade of 13th and 24th Chasseurs-a-Chevals and the <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Württemburg</span> Chevaulegers) to guard the extreme right flank. These were themselves supported by two batteries of the Guard artillery (four 12-pdrs and four 6 pdrs) who swept the approaches in enfilade from an island in the Stadler Arm. Boudet and Lassalle then had only 6,911 men (infantry and cavalry) to defend the right flank. <br />
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<i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Situation at the end of the first day. </b>Intense fighting is happening at both ends of the French line in the two villages. And both side have massed their cavalry in the center.</span> </i><br />
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Now Rosenberg and Klenau's 18,215 men started attacking the north side of Essling. Like Aspern, the initial assault as uncoordinated, launched by each regiment and brigade as they happened to come up. There was some initial success by the Austrians, with Klenau's troops capturing the cemetery and pushing the 56th Ligne back through the village. But no impression was made on the north walled garden or the Granary. Also like Aspern, Essling was turned into an inferno by the concentrated Austrian artillery raining into it. Since all of the available French artillery (but the eight guns of the Guard on Lobau) had been massed to cover the center, west of Essling, the grossly outnumbered French didn't have anything but their muskets to reply with. Lannes helped Boudet rally the defenders and they retook the village, with the exception of the cemetery.<br />
This fighting went on in spurts for a couple of hours, tapering off about sunset.<br />
But now, around 20:00, Rosenberg's detached column, the wide ranging divisions under Hohenlohe (about 12,000 infantry and cavalry), finally managed to array itself in front of Gross-Enzerdorf to the southeast of Essling and start a twilight attack toward the French backdoor. In the failing light, the distances were deceiving and these attacks were thrown back by charges from Lasalle's cavalry (he now had Pire's 1,200 hussars and chasseurs back from their action in the center earlier), and the musketry from the 3rd Legere behind the walls of the Long Garden. To support Hohenlohe, Rosenberg's northern column also renewed its attack on Essling. The 93rd and 56th Ligne and the grenadiers in the Granary stopped these latest attacks from the north, and though the 3rd Legere were temporarily pushed back from the eastern wall of the Long Garden on the south side of Essling, they rallied and retook this position, sending the Austrians back toward Gross-Ebersdorf.. Then another wave of Austrians would come on again, out of the dark.<br />
This see-saw action went on until about 21:00 when the large, multi-battalion sized assaults from Rosenberg and Hohenlohe finally stopped. There was some isolated fighting by skirmishers off and on until about 23:00, but even that pretty much died down by midnight. The French defenders were probably jittery all night, though.<br />
Likewise, fighting over in Aspern also dwindled down to small unit house-fighting as the troops on both sides collapsed in exhaustion in the smoldering ruins, sometimes just yards from each other. Occasionally men would pop up to take a pot shot or to let the enemy know they were still there. But both sides still occupied part of what was left of the village. They'd pick up where they left off they left off in the morning.<br />
Napoleon had had a near run thing that day. But his 24,000 men (by the end of the day) had managed to hold off over four times their number after more than seven hours of heavy, almost non-stop fighting. Even though he now knew that he was facing all of Charles' army of 100,000, and even though the Austrians had fought more ferociously and tenaciously than he'd ever seen, he had been in tight spots before--at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2016/01/arcola-1796.html" target="_blank">Arcola</a>, at Marengo, at Austerlitz, at Eylau--where he had snatched victory from defeat. And at all of those battles he had also been outnumbered at first. If he could just get that damned bridge opened again and bring over the rest of his army...<br />
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<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Napoleon's luck seems to change.</span></span></h3>
That night a little bit of Napoleon's luck came back as the single, tenuous bridge behind him managed to be repaired by 22:00 and stay open long enough for a significant number of reinforcements to cross. This allowed the rest of his cavalry, three divisions of Lanne's II Corps and his Guard to come over and take up position between Aspern and Essling, raising his force to about 75,000 (somewhat less, actually, owing to the horrific casualties sustained by Massena's Corps the day before--Molitor and Legrand's divisions had taken 50% casualties. He had also sent orders a few days before for Davout to bring two divisions of his corps over to reinforce the main thrust. In which case, if he could hold on, he'd be able to bring his force up to parity with Charles', and with fresher troops.<br />
Napoleon was one of those freaks who can get by on almost no sleep. In fact, he had a gift of being able to instantly go to sleep at will at any time, do some REM for ten or twenty minutes, and pop up completely refreshed. It must have made working on his staff a grueling duty. Needless to say, he did that this night. With the arrival of his new troops, he decided to rearrange his deployment a bit.<br />
He let Massena continue to take responsibility for holding Aspern and keeping the Austrians out of the Gemende Au on the left. The Duc de Rivoli was expected to do this with his three exhausted divisions, Molitor's, Legrand's and St. Cyr's (the former two down to almost half their original strength). On the right, still under Lannes' command, Boudet's division was still in charge of holding Essling. But they would be reinforced by the eight battalions of the Young Guard (Tirailleur Grenadiers, Tirailleur Chasseurs, Fusilier Grenadiers, and Fusilier Chasseurs) who guarded the southern approach to the village from Gross-Ebersdorf. <br />
So far, this plan was pretty much what it had been the day before. But in the center, with the arrival of the whole Cavalry Corps (minus one of Nansouty's brigades) and three of Lannes' II Corps divisions (Tharreau's, Claparede's, and St. Hilaire's), a combined force of about 31,000, Napoleon intended to launch a major assault on the perceived weak junction between Hohenzollern's II Armeekorps and Liechtenstein's cavalry. <br />
Napoleon's plan was that Davout's III Corps, now arrived in the vicinity of Kaiser-Ebersdorf on the far side of the Danube, would come over and supply the <i>coup-de-grace</i> on Charles' army once Lannes' II Corps and the cavalry had achieved the breakthrough.<br />
As usual, the Emperor kept his Guard (except for the Young Guard division above mentioned) in reserve with him behind the eastern brick works (see deployment map for the morning of the 22nd below).<br />
Once more during the night, the bridge was broken again by more flaming missiles sent down by the Austrians ("Of course, it was," was probably Napoleon's reaction), and the reinforcements once more stopped. This latest rupture caused the loss of several hundred men and horses on the sections that were swept away and for a few more hours held up the crossing of the rest of the cavalry and Lannes' last division, Demont's. It wasn't until after sunrise that the latest break was repaired. This made it four times in 24 hours. <br />
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</h3>
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">But what is Charles thinking? </span></h3>
On the other side, Charles was feeling pretty good about the first day's events. True, while he hadn't managed to secure either of the two endpoints of the French position at Aspern and Essling, his men had made a strong showing. And they retained partial control of both villages after nightfall. Making his way around the campfires of his tired troops that night, he sensed that they were pretty proud of themselves, as well, and were ready to have at it again in the morning. They had tasted French blood and they were thirsty for more. Their new training and battalionmasse tactics had not just resisted repeated attacks from the up-to-now irresistible French cavalry, they had, in skillful combined operations with their artillery and cavalry, mauled the French badly, forcing them to retreat behind the central dyke.<br />
That night, too, Charles found out about how successful the ongoing sabotage of the bridges had been. During the day he figured he was fighting the entire French army, but now he realized that Napoleon had only been able to bring over part of his force, and that the lifeline was in constant danger, not just for reinforcement and resupply, but in the event of retreat. This conformed exactly with Charles' original plan to defeat Napoleon in detail, half-across the Danube. He had his nemesis right where he wanted him.<br />
It was true that the Austrians had also suffered horrific casualties the previous day, as had the French, but their commands were all still intact (albeit many at reduced strength), their morale was high, and their ammunition boxes were refilled. Also Charles had yet to commit his own reserve, the two grenadier divisions, 11,299 of his elite infantry. These he brought forward to back up the center. <br />
Everybody was positioned to strike at first light, from all sides at once.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">The battle starts up again early.</span></h3>
As the light started breaking a little before 04:00 on the 22nd, the fighting in the villages started up again, taking up where it had left off the evening before. Hiller ordered a bombardment of the east side of Aspern village with fire bombs from his howitzers to drive the French out entirely and support his renewed push to take the town. While horrific, the men of St Cyr's battalions just kept fighting amid the burning buildings.<br />
Around 08:00, after an initial but short bombardment by the massed French artillery batteries arrayed long the dyke, Lannes' three divisions (left-to-right Tharreau's, Claparede's, and St. Hilaire's) clambered over the berm in echelon and swung left toward Bellegarde's and Hohenzollern's corps. These were supported by the five cavalry divisions of Marulaz, Lasalle, Arrighi (assigned to command the dead d'Espagne's cuirassier division), St. Sulpice, and Nansouty. As the 20,000 French infantry marched forward in column-of-attack formation, some of the Austrian battalions showed signs of wavering. Charles rode along the line rallying them and the light cavalry fanned out behind to act as "battle police" and shore up the line.<br />
As the huge French attack came slowly forward, the massed Austrian batteries opened up on them, tearing several holes through the ranks. While the French divisions had taken some of their direct-support artillery with them, they were now completely outgunned by Austrians. The massed French batteries on the dyke behind them were now masked by their own troops and couldn't reply to the Austrian cannonade. The French infantry, two-thirds of them young recruits in depot battalions, started to waiver.<br />
At this point Lannes ordered Bessières to take his five cavalry divisions and take care of the enemy guns. Eleven thousand horsemen filtered through the gaps in the infantry columns and charged the Austrian batteries. On the left, the light divisions of Marulaz and Lasalle managed to overrun the Austrian guns and infiltrate the double line of Hohenzollern's and Bellegarde's infantry columns. But the battalionmasse formation once again proved its worth and the swirling French chasseurs and hussars could not break them. Rather, Austrian light cavalry swept in itself from the rear and drove the French off.<br />
On the right, Bessières' cuirassiers managed to make more headway against Liechtenstein's cavalry, temporarily driving them back. Their thundering big horses also managed to scare some Austrian infantry enough that they broke and ran. It was at this point, however, that Charles was supposed to have seized another flag of a wavering battalion (Zach #15) and rallied it (as he had done the day before). He had also ordered up his reserve corps of grenadiers who shot down the cuirassiers and held up the crumbling line. The French cuirassiers were now disordered and taking heavy fire from the Austrian infantry. At this point, too, the several squadrons of Liechtenstein's cavalry had rallied and come back to chase away the milling French cuirassiers.<br />
Lannes' attack was faltering. While the veteran regiments of St Hilaire's division (including the undaunted "Terrible" 57th) were still moving forward, his left-hand divisions--composed of the 4th depot battalions of parent regiments serving in Spain--had stopped and would go no further. Lannes sent back to Napoleon for reinforcements. Now was the time for Davout's veterans to come to sustain the attack, and strike the killing blow.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Now's the time. </span></h3>
Unfortunately now was also the time for--yes, you knew it was coming--that damn bridge to break again. The fifth time. For the past two days some enterprising Austrians had been preparing an abandoned, floating mill on one of the islands upstream, slathering it with pitch to turn it into, in effect, a huge fireship. They unmoored it early in the morning and guided it down along the southern channel of the Danube. When in sight of the long-suffering bridge, they tossed on torches and let it go. The horrified French engineers, seeing this mountain of fire heading right for them, frantically sent men upstream in boats to try and pole it to the shore. Many of these courageous men were burned alive in their attempt. But the burning house just kept coming until it blasted right through the middle of the southern span, this time taking a whole lot of Bertrand's heroic engineers with it. Davout's III Corps was not going to be able to come across. At least not that day. Bertrand reported to Napoleon that the section of the bridge taken out this time was so great that it would take two days to replace it.<br />
Meanwhile, the arrival of Charles' the two, fresh, grenadier divisions (d'Aspre's and Prochaszka's) in the Austrian center helped shore up that impending breach caused by Lannes' attack and stabilized Hohenzollern's men. This and the last bridge break was probably the moment that Napoleon lost the battle. Lannes' call for reinforcements and ammunition evidenty convinced the Emperor that his plan had failed. The cascade of bad news was too much, even for his vaunted belief in his own luck. He sent a message for Lannes to pull back.<br />
The advancing Austrian grenadiers gradually followed the slowly retreating French back toward the dyke. And as news of the latest broken bridge percolated through the ranks,, the stalled movement threatened at any second to turn into a rout. More and more troops, especially in the teenaged battalions of Tharreau's and Claparede's divisons, started volunteering to help escort their wounded comrades back to the rear. It was reported that as many as a dozen perfectly healthy soldiers were selflessly helping one wounded one.<br />
Just as these trickling pebbles were about to start an avalanche, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Nicolas_Fririon" target="_blank">Francois Fririon</a>, an enterprising brigadier under Boudet in Essling, took it upon himself to lead forward his two battalions of the 3rd Legere out of the village onto the Marchfeld and pour a few controlled volleys into the flanks of the oncoming Austrian grenadiers. This nasty surprise caused the Austrians to retreat themselves and gave Lannes' men a chance to manage a controlled withdrawal back behind the protection of the dyke. Even <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Vincent-Joseph_Le_Blond_de_Saint-Hilaire" target="_blank">St Hilaire</a>'s veterans had been on the verge of rout when their beloved general had his foot ripped off by a roundshot (he died two weeks later of gangrene after his leg had been amputated). Lannes himself took control of this last division, the last off the field, to lead it to safety. Once the troops were over the bump of the dyke, the unmasked French guns on top of it opened up with a vengeance on the pursuing Austrians (who still outnumbered the French) and made them fall back out of range.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">It's going to be a long day.</span></h3>
Disaster was barely averted. But Napoleon's army was now cut off from reinforcement, resupply, and retreat. And his plan of a strategic victory washed down the river with the bridge. He was not going to be able to wrest victory from the jaws of defeat as he had at Marengo and Eylau. Unlike those battles, nobody was going to show up at the last minute to save his bacon.<br />
It was also only 09:00 and the day had just begun. The Austrians were far from spent and, because they had miraculously seemed to cause the French to retreat, could smell victory. The French, unable to withdraw back over to the safety of Lobau island in daylight, were going to have to hold on all day until they could start to recross the Stadler Arm. At least those bridges were intact.<br />
Charles ordered renewed attacks on the two villages, this time with his sixteen grenadier battalions on Essling. He also ordered the bulk of his artillery into one, gigantic mega-battery in the center (about 200 guns) to overwhelm the French batteries on the dyke and the packed troops behind them.<br />
The French batteries themselves, perched on top of the dyke, were, curiously, in the best position to be able to return fire and not take casualties themselves...at least from Austrian guns. With the crude aiming capabilities of the day, it would have taken a lucky shot to exactly hit the top of that dyke. Rather, most of the cannonballs and shell fired by the Austrians sailed over the heads of the French gunners, plunging randomly (but unfortunately) into the packed ranks of cavalry and infantry behind the dyke. I assume that many of the infantry got down and clung to the far slope of the dyke, but those farther behind and the cavalry, would have suffered from hundreds of random shots.The French guns, on the other hand, were able to keep the Austrian guns at long range...at least too far for the use of canister.<br />
In order to buck up the morale of his troops, Napoleon ordered General Dorsenne to deploy the Old Guard infantry into line and march them forward for the men to rally behind. These grognards started taking casualties from the plunging Austrian roundshot, but they just closed up ranks and stood silent, like a rock. The line formation would have minimized casualties, but they still took some during the long day.<br />
Charles, seeking to press home the advantage after having watched the mass French withdrawal from the center, started Liechtenstein's and Hohenzollern's Korps, as well as the reserve grenadiers, forward again. Lannes, seeing this new threat coming toward them, passed the word along the line for the Guard and the artillery to hold their fire until the enemy were within close musket range. When the first Austrian squadrons got to with a hundred yards Lannes gave the order for the closest battery to him to open fire, and then each battery followed in a ripple all the way up the line. The shock tore huge holes in the enemy horse, which halted and then, upon controlled volleys from the Guard infantry, broke and ran to the rear. Charles called off his attack to rally his center. <br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"> Street Fightin' Men</span></h3>
For the time being, Napoleon's center was stable. His plan of destroying Charles' army was put on hold, but at least he had avoided a collapse. Now he just needed to hold on to his narrow perimeter until night, when he could conduct an orderly retreat back over to Lobau Island.<br />
But now there was a renewed threat to his flanks as Charles, not wanting to risk a frontal attack on the strong French center, turned his attention again to the villages of Aspern and Essling. For a time, both had been completely cleared by St. Cyr and Boudet. But Charles ordered renewed, even stronger attacks against both at once. Napoleon had to hold these anchors at all costs. <br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><i> An instructive illustration by Myrbach (a century later) of an 1809 Austrian battalion charging the village of Aspern in battalionmasse formation. Though the new infantry uniform regulations introduced the double-peaked shako in 1806, many regiments continued to wear the old helmet through 1809.</i></span></span></span><br />
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The Aspern church fell again to renewed onslaught from the Hungarian regiments Splenyi #51 and Benjowsky #31, who retook the church. Bellegarde had his howitzers bombard the town with incendiary shells in advance of the Austrian infantry attack, driving back St. Cyr's exhausted men back almost to the eastern edge of town. Nordmann to the south of Aspern, rallied his Grenzers and Vienna militia to another assault on the wooded Gemende Au, held weakly by Molitor's spent troops (they had been fighting almost continuously since the day before). Massena had only one body of fresh troops left, von Nagel's Hessians.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DegY7XYdGFE/V0y3WLBG3yI/AAAAAAAACYk/fRUXvTvs8_0wOZIfGDbGLkveFlWd8i_wQCKgB/s1600/aspern.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="484" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DegY7XYdGFE/V0y3WLBG3yI/AAAAAAAACYk/fRUXvTvs8_0wOZIfGDbGLkveFlWd8i_wQCKgB/s640/aspern.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Aspern Church ablaze with yet other attack by an Austrian regiment. </i></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>The one represented would have been a "German" regiment since it</i></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i> had white pants. Though Benjowsky #31 (a Hungarian, or rather, Transyvanian regiment) <a href="http://napolun.com/mirror/web2.airmail.net/napoleon/Austrian_infantry.htm" target="_blank">also had</a></i></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><a href="http://napolun.com/mirror/web2.airmail.net/napoleon/Austrian_infantry.htm" target="_blank"> white pants</a>, it had yellow facings, unlike the one depicted here. For you uniform nerds. <br />It may be that the engraver was mistaken.</i></span></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><br /></i></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p><br /></p><p> </p><p>As the Austrian bombardment lifted and their infantry began to move through the burning streets, the Hessians charged in furiously and threw them back to the "fort" that the churchyard had become. Then Charles threw even more Austrian infantry in, supported by more howitzers, which pushed the Hessians back. The see-saw fighting went on until about 11:00 when the French and Hessians, now out of ammunition, were reduced to throwing bricks and hand-to-hand fighting with bayonets and teeth. By 13:00, the numerical superiority of the Austrians finally told and the last of the French defenders had been ejected from the town. Massena's men were spent. The village was finally lost.<br />
On the other side of the battlefield the village of Essling was also being fought over with renewed fury. Charles sent back in Rosenberg's IV Korps from both the north and the east again, and added four grenadier battalions from the Reservekorps. Boudet's tired division (93rd and 53rd Ligne and 3rd Legere), having fought off attacks since the day before, held on for a couple of hours, until they too were out of ammunition and reduced to throwing bricks and clawing eyes. By 15:00 the fresher Austrian and Hungarian grenadiers threw all of them out of town, except for Boudet himself and some grenadier companies wedged into the strong granary building on the north side of Essling. The Austrian grenadiers tried again and again to break into the buildling, with its extra-thick stone walls and iron-reinforced doors, but were mowed down relentlessly by the French defenders. The building proved to be impregnable, even to artillery.<br />
</p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PvQe-uL2BlI/V0zNGKank5I/AAAAAAAACZA/lmHRKa58W1Iylc54Vf4mAK5jcW5Lmmz6gCLcB/s1600/Grenadiers%2Bstorming%2BGranary%2Bby%2BMyrbach.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PvQe-uL2BlI/V0zNGKank5I/AAAAAAAACZA/lmHRKa58W1Iylc54Vf4mAK5jcW5Lmmz6gCLcB/s400/Grenadiers%2Bstorming%2BGranary%2Bby%2BMyrbach.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>An Austrian (German) grenadier battalion storming the <br />granary without success. (Myrbach)</i></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
After Boudet's divison had been ejected from Essling, Napoleon ordered his staff officer, General Mouton, to take five of the eight battalions from the Young Guard Division and retake Essling. The Austrian grenadiers, having spent so much blood to own the town, were not about to give it up again so easily. So the elites of the two armies spent another hour in intense house-to-house fighting. The Austrian artillery, trying to help, began bombarding the village again. But they only succeeded in causing a lot of friendly fire casualties on their own men. Finally, Charles, not wanting to waste any more of his men's lives, ordered the survivors out of Essling. The Austrian grenadiers suffered terribly. One battalion, Kirchenbetter's Hungarians, which went in with 613 men, came out with only 46 (93% casualties).<br />
While the fighting over the two villages was going on, it seemed as though Charles was massing for another assault on the center. To forestall this, Napoleon ordered Bessières in for another cavalry charge. Though the horses were themselves foaming and could not get up to much more than a slow trot, the tired cuirassiers of St Sulpice's and Nansouty's divisions went over the dyke and once more charged the battalionmasses of the Austrian infantry. They successed in drivng off the equally tired Austrian cavalry, but were unable to shake the solid Austrian infantry columns. For their efforts they did manage to intimidate Charles enough to put off his own attack, but they suffered terribly from the combined fire from the infantry and artillery.<br />
It was a long, long afternoon. And it never seemed to end.<br />
At one point during the combat, Marshal Lannes was near the front supervising the defense of the center. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Antoine_Marcellin_de_Marbot" target="_blank">Marbot </a>reports that Lannes was talking to his old friend and mentor, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_Pouzet" target="_blank">General Pouzet</a>, who, years before, had taken Lannes under his wing when he was a young sergeant in the Royal Army. They had stayed close for two decades, having been through much together. Though now his boss, Lannes always went back to Pouzet for advice and counsel. Suddenly, in mid-conversation, the old friend had his head pulverized by a bounding cannonball, spattering Lannes with his blood and brains. Lannes, physically and mentally near his own breaking point after 48 hours without sleep and in constant duress, was traumatized. In spite of all of the carnage and loss of friends he had witnessed, this one seemed to have gotten to him more than all the others...or it was the last straw. At any rate, Lannes, shaken to the core, got down off of his horse to say goodbye to his friend's headless body and the walked a hundred yards to the rear to compose himself. He sat heavily down on the edge of a ditch, his head in his hands. This proved to be dangerous as cannon shot started landing close to him. So he moved a ways off to another ditch and sat down again, crossing his legs and looking up at the sky. Marbot, his young aide who reported all of this in his memoires, had followed him from a distance to be there for him.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FTbtmZOtW9Q/V0zgAQtAhLI/AAAAAAAACZg/egLWy3TXu18ut1TkvXPeF9nqfsLOlFkIgCLcB/s1600/Wounding%2Bof%2BLannes.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="488" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FTbtmZOtW9Q/V0zgAQtAhLI/AAAAAAAACZg/egLWy3TXu18ut1TkvXPeF9nqfsLOlFkIgCLcB/s640/Wounding%2Bof%2BLannes.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Wounding of Lannes behind the lines. Notice the Grenadiers of the Guard in line in the background <br />(Fernand Cormon, 1893)</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Then another cannonball, seemingly spent, bounced by and happened to smack into both of Lannes' knees right where they crossed. At first, because the shot hadn't seemed to have had much energy left, Lannes said it was nothing and asked Marbot to help him stand up. But as the aide tried to lift him, Lannes collapsed and the young man could see that one of Lannes' knees was completely crushed. Some soldiers happened to be shuffling by with a covered dead body on a stretcher and Marbot ordered them instead to drop the dead man and put the wounded marshal on the stretcher. But when they rolled the body off the stretcher, Lannes recognized the headless corpse of his friend, Pouzet, and freaked, wailing that he was being haunted. He refused the stretcher and the soldiers went on their way with Pouzet's remains while Marbot organized another group who tied together a travois of branches to lay Lannes on and drag him to the rear. <br />
When they got him back to the main field hospital near the bridgehead, the surgeons (including Napoleon's chief physician, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Jean_Larrey" target="_blank">Dominque Larrey</a>) all had an argument about whether to ampuate both, one, or neither of his legs. Lannes, who was probably in shock, must have been so comforted by this professional debate going on over him. Finally, Larrey pulled rank and announced a compromise: one leg must go (hopefully the most wounded one). So that's what he did. Though Larrey was one of the leading battlefield surgeons of the age, and a master of efficient field amputations, the experience for Lannes was undoubtedly extremely painful in an age before general anesthetic. There was laudanum, an opium-based analgesic, which was used only in rare cases (as it was rare and expensive). It may have been used for Lannes, a patient of some importance. But most common amputations depended on brandy for the patient and on quickness to get the pain over with as soon as possible. It is also likely that Larrey wanted to take advantage of the natural anesthetic from the shock Lannes was experiencing to do the deed as fast as possible. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AII_41OJPSs/V0zaBl4BLjI/AAAAAAAACZQ/6CosWPYjaMkUQTq57g6h90MPaY3Y6_y9wCLcB/s1600/Napoleon-Rendant-Visite-aux-Blesses-c.-1890-Paul-Emile-Boutigny.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="476" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AII_41OJPSs/V0zaBl4BLjI/AAAAAAAACZQ/6CosWPYjaMkUQTq57g6h90MPaY3Y6_y9wCLcB/s640/Napoleon-Rendant-Visite-aux-Blesses-c.-1890-Paul-Emile-Boutigny.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Napoleon comforts Lannes at the field hospital, post amputation. <br />Though a touching painting, the actual scene was more likely not in a <br />stone courtyard but under a canvas. (Painted by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-%C3%89mile_Boutigny" target="_blank">Paul Boutigny</a> in 1890).</i></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Meanwhile, hearing of his old friend's wounding, Napoleon came galloping up and, leaping down from his horse, knelt by Lannes to comfort and assure him that he would have the best care, and that he was sure he would recover. The Emperor too, in spite of all of the carnage he had not only witnessed but been responsible for, was visibly shaken by Lannes' wounding. He had come to depend on Lannes not only as one of his best commanders, but as a cherished friend. It hadn't been a week before that Napoleon had jumped into the raging Danube to save him from drowning. The two were close.<br />
Unfortunately, Lannes did not recover. While at first he seemed to be getting along nicely, and had even sent for a famed Viennese artificial limb craftsman, after a few days he began to get delirious and feverish. After nine days he was dead (31 May, the very date on which I'm writing this, in fact). Doctors claimed it was the heat and--probably glaring at Larrey--and reiterated that the amputation should never have been done during hot weather (ah, pre-modern medical wisdom!). They also should have applied mustard plasters and bled him more. But undoubtedly Lannes died of sepsis. In an age before antiseptic practice (which wouldn't come until after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_Semmelweis" target="_blank">Ignaz Semmelweis</a>' discovery in mid-century), this was the fate of the overwhelming majority of battlefield wounded, privates or generals, simple blood infection.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Where was I?</span></h3>
Oh, yes. The battle. By 16:00 the actual fighting had died down to a dull roar. Aspern was in Austrian hands and the French hadn't the strength to take it back. Massena's troops, though, did have enough left in them to keep the Austrians from coming out. Essling, while still French, was a ruin but was not to be attacked again by Charles that day. The battle had settled down to an artillery duel in the center. Though still numerically superior, the Austrian army was also pretty well spent itself. And Charles thought he should probably rest and resupply it to attack the next day, should Napoleon still be on this side of the Danube. He pulled all of his infantry and cavalry out of artillery range, where they collapsed on the ground to sleep and cook. Charles wanted them rested and fed in case there was a third day.<br />
But there wasn't going to be a third day. Napoleon had recognized that the battle was lost. He had lost battles before, but had always been able to cover them over with propaganda. The scale of the disaster of Aspern-Essling, however, was such that it couldn't be concealed. He'd have time to recover politically. And in six weeks he'd be able to cover over this "minor" loss with a big victory at Wagram. But that was to come.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UqXF1HMJa3M/V00AStAGR8I/AAAAAAAACZ0/Hd3KkcHy9jkmkhyLFvmQUzLgHe5sIZMvwCKgB/s1600/Napoleon%2Bretreating%2Bfrom%2BAspern-Essling.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="308" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UqXF1HMJa3M/V00AStAGR8I/AAAAAAAACZ0/Hd3KkcHy9jkmkhyLFvmQUzLgHe5sIZMvwCKgB/s400/Napoleon%2Bretreating%2Bfrom%2BAspern-Essling.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Napoleon takes one of the water taxis back across the Danube, <br />graciously giving a ride to a wounded Austrian officer. <br />I think the sailor in the front is asking him to please sit down...<br />you know, for his own safety.</i></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Shaken by the loss of his best friend, Lannes, and the repeated bridge collapse behind him, he now concentrated on getting what was left of his force back to safety on Lobau. The Austrian bombardment of the close space in which his army huddled continued, and he didn't think his troops (particularly the immature 4th battalions) would hold themselves together another night under the relentless crossfire. So, as the Austrians seemed to be numbed themselves, the French army conducted a well-organized withdrawal, collapsing into an every dwindling perimeter. It was well that Napoleon had had the foresight to have constructed fieldworks around the bridgehead from Lobau. At about 01:00 that night, seeing that everything seemed to be well in hand, he took a boat back to the south bank of the Danube, giving a lift to a wounded Austrian officer. He wasn't a complete monster.<br />
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Unable to repair the bridge that night, Bertrand could not provide a resupply of the French as they sank down to sleep on Lobau. The only food the troops had was butchered horseflesh (there was plenty of that), <br />
cooked in cuirasses and seasoned with gunpowder--at least according to Marbot's memoire (though seasoning something with gunpowder over an open flame sounds a little unsafe to me). To add insult to injury, it decided to rain that night, all night. Napoleon did manage, however, to organize a boat ferry to take the wounded back to Kaiser-Ebersdorf and Vienna. And some supplies came back that way too. Massena's men, the last to withdraw, were left to guard the bridgehead on the Muhlau.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">What happened next?</span></h3>
Nothing happened for six weeks really.<br />
Charles, not obtaining the strategic victory he had hoped for, pulled back up to Wagram to regroup and receive reinforcements. His incompetent brother, John, was supposed to have brought his own army up from Italy to join him, but only managed to get himself hammered again and again by Marmont and Eugene, losing most of his army in the process. At the battle of Wagram, at the beginning of July, John had not been able to join his brother but Eugene and Marmont, chasing him, <i>had </i>managed to join Napoleon. Not a lot of love lost within the Habsburg family that summer.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-o_KGDBAvoY0/V00-SlDvncI/AAAAAAAACac/kO_f9BFwkPIYq_kz-isyzR9ZJ8jYaRi_QCLcB/s1600/felicien-baron-de-myrbach-rheinfeld-building-the-bridge-at-the-island-of-lobau.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="258" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-o_KGDBAvoY0/V00-SlDvncI/AAAAAAAACac/kO_f9BFwkPIYq_kz-isyzR9ZJ8jYaRi_QCLcB/s400/felicien-baron-de-myrbach-rheinfeld-building-the-bridge-at-the-island-of-lobau.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>NOW Napoleon is interested how to do it right.<br />(Felician Myrbach)</i></span></span></td></tr>
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Following Aspern-Essing, Napoleon soberly decided to listen to the advice of his chief engineer, Bertrand, and build a proper bridge next time, one that wouldn't get knocked over with every passing clump of yard debris. He took two weeks to do it, supervising every detail. The new bridge (or bridges) involved three parallel spans, plus several from the eastern side of Lobau to Gross-Enzerdorf, covered by lots of emplacements and artillery. The new crossing also included strong piers sunk into the riverbed upstream to catch debris and any more flaming houses.<br />
By the beginning of July, Napoleon had called in the bulk of his army and staged them on Lobau Island, which had become a huge, pre-invasion base. On the 5th of July, as he began his final assault, he had 188,965 men and 617 guns to face Charles with 137,063 and 452 guns. The victory of Wagram, the largest land battle fought to date on the European continent, would not only wipe out the embarrassment of Aspern-Essling, it would end the war (at least the 5th Coalition one), force Austria to be an ally (for a four years anyway), and obtain Napoleon a nubile, young, Habsburg wife (so he could divorce the past-her-childbearing-years Josephine). It would also be one of the most unimaginative victories Napoleon had up to then achieved, signalling what many historians have called the decline of his genius. A bloody, frontal attack slug-fest. But that's another post.<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Aspern-Essling: A Debrief</span></span></h2>
<br />
There is some debate--at least as far as I'm concerned--as to whether this was Napoleon's first defeat (see my previous post on <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2016/01/arcola-1796.html" target="_blank">Arcola</a>). It was certainly an object lesson in strategic overreach and operational blundering. But here are the things my ex-intelligence officer's brain thinks are important for a command debrief:<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Napoleon's impetuosity lays a trap for himself.</span></h3>
Napoleon's first mistake, it seems to me, was his unsubstantiated feeling that he had to get across the river as soon as possible to take Charles out. Rather than use his up-to-then highy efficient intelligence services, or his cavalry reconnaissance to find out where Charles was and what he was doing, Napoleon just leapt to the conclusion that he was skulking up north at <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Br</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">ü</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">nn</span> </span>(like Kutusov had done in the 1805 campaign) and that he should jump over the Danube and rush up there to snuff him out before Charles had time to outflank him and recross the Danube upstream. This impatience also compelled him to ignore operational prudence in A) getting his forces in hand and B) taking time to build a solid bridge. This led to another mistake:<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">This was the wrong time of year for a river crossing.</span></h3>
It was clearly a bad time of year to attempt a hasty crossing of the Danube. It was late spring and the river was in spate, rising as much as six feet above normal from all the melting snows from the Alps. As every river does every spring--at least the ones that flow through woodsy country--it also carried with it tons of lethal debris in the form of logs and clumbs of uprooted vegetation. That's just what rivers do. To ignore this natural state of the river, and the prudent advice of his engineers, was crazy.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Relying on luck as a strategic advantage</span></h3>
Napoleon, as I've pointed out, believed in his own lucky star. He may have been clever, a brilliant strategist, an astute tactician, but all of this was overshadowed by his greatest weakness, his quaint superstition. He believed that the real reason he had won the battles and wars he had thus far was primarily due to his own destiny. Fate had chosen him. So when presented with practical impediments like...oh...a flooded river, he thought that his guiding star would trump those. But anybody who has ever had a winning streak in dice, for instance, knows (or should know) that sooner or later your streak ends. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy%27s_law" target="_blank">Murphy's law</a> hadn't been stated yet, but common sense should have told Napoleon (as it evidently did Bertrand the Bridge-Builder) that while audacity has its rewards, it's better to stack the cards in your favor; and plan for the worst.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Charles was at his best today.</span></h3>
Throughout the battle Archduke Charles had never been a more magnificent leader. He tirelessly galloped all over the field, directing attacks, moving reinforcements, and rallying troops. He even personally risked his life leading faltering battalions back into the volcano. Part of the reason, I think, his army did so well, was his charismatic presence. While Napoleon held back, wisely but cooly directing the battle, or trusting his subordinates like Massena and Lannes from a central, but rearward headquarters, Charles' headquarters was in the saddle. It was in this battle that the Austrian commander showed his true mettle. He was never intimidated by Napoleon, and Napoleon, for the first time (once the bridges started breaking), seemed to have lost his confidence.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Irregular warfare makes a difference.</span></h3>
The Austrians certainly took advantage of the flooding Danube. Not just relying on nature's log jams to break up the French bridge, the men of Reuss' V Korps upstream sent lots of fireboats and extra logs downstream to crash into the single span. This culminated in their greatest project, the firebomb of the floating mill, which had spectacular success. There certainly must have been great cheering from them. Of course, to the French, it probably felt underhanded and like dirty warfare--irregular war always does. But from the Austrian persepctive this activity, while underhanded, was also the most effective tactic and the cheapest in terms of blood and treasure (that is, if you don't count the loss to the family who owned the floating mill--I certainly hoped they were recompensed by the state for their sacrifice).<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">This was like modern, urban warfare.</span></h3>
Another distinctive feature of Aspern-Essling was how much the parts of it resembed modern, urban combat. As contrasted with the linear, shoulder-to-shoulder tactics of horse-and-musket warfare of the period, the fighting in the burning little towns on the two wings of the battlefield were hand-to-hand; vicious, and personal, involving small units and going on for hours at a time without advantage going either way. Small groups would have to break into each house and usually kill the defenders up close, taking terrible casualties themselves. So in those ends of the battle, the battle resembled World War II in Europe or even Falluja in Iraq.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><i>Another Myrbach illustration of the Young Guard infantry fighting in the streets of Essling. Though imagined almost a century after the event, Myrbach has probably captured the gritty nature of street fighting accurately. While the two villages had not been prepared for defense, the troops on both sides used the ruined, burned-out buildings as street-fighters of World War II would have. They would have also undoubtedly dragged out furniture to make barricades.</i></span></span></span> <br />
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<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">The Central Position has its limits.</span></h3>
The doctrine of the Central Position states that, all things being equal, the side that occupies interior lines has a decided advantage over the side which surrounds him. This prinicple was certainly in play at Aspern-Essling in that Charles had trouble coordinating the timing of all of his concentric attacks on the French, in their central position.<br />
But all things in this battle weren't equal. As we've seen, Napoleon may have enjoyed interior lines, but his lines were cut off frequently at the water's edge. Without reinforcements or resupply he was doomed. Also, when an enemy has overwhelming numerical superiority, as Charles did, the central positon can be overcome by sheer force.<br />
That Napoleon, with his inferior force, was able to hold off the Austrian onslaught as long as he did, and was able to safely pull back his army intact (minus his horrendous casualties; see below), was probably due to his central position. But that didn't allow him to win the battle.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">The Austrians were a different class of soldiers this time.</span></h3>
Thanks to the previous four years of complete reorganization and rethinking of tactical doctrine in the Austrian army, the army that faced Napoleon in 1809 was not the same as he had faced in 1805, or 1800, or 1796. In terms of professionalism and even elan, it was on a par with the French. And the new reliance on columnar formations, including the flexible battalionmasse which could be turned into an effective square in seconds, meant the Austrian infantry was safe against the massed French cavalry charges. Ironically, these new tactics were a throwback to the Spanish tercio of two centuries before, or even to the Macadonian phalanx. But they worked.<br />
Another thing that stood out in this battle was that the Austrian soldier was far more motivated than he ever had been before. While some of the older officers were holdouts to ancien regime culture, the French Revolution and the new spirit of nationalism it invoked had spread to France's enemies. They were fighting to throw out the invader, to defend their homeland, and not to preserve a despotic aristocracy.<br />
It was probably this new spirit, combined with the training that had given the troops confidence, that most motivated the Austrians to fight as long and as hard as they did at Aspern-Essling. That and the fact that the quality of many of Napoleon's troops was not what it was.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Horrendous casualties</span></h3>
Aspern-Essling, as I said at the beginning of this article, was a huge battle. In terms of combatants, it was larger than Gettysburg or any other Civil War battle. It was as big as the biggest of the Napoleonic Wars thus far and in the same league as any of the big European land battle in the previous century. It was also one of the longest, lasting two days. It was not a skirmish.<br />
It was also one of the bloodiest. The Austrians precisely calibrated their losses at 23,340. The French, whose figures were probably purposely left vague for propaganda reasons, were estimated to have suffered 23,000 casualties. This makes, for the Austrian side, a loss rate of 22% and for the French 31%. All told, some 46,000 people were killed or wounded (and since the rate of death from wounds was much higher than today, owing to the primitive nature of battlefied care, we can assume the majority of those died shortly thereafter). This ranks Aspern-Essling up there with Gettysburg and Antietam and Waterloo in terms of the scale of lethality.<br />
As military historian Gwyn Dyer once put it about another battle, imagine a fully loaded jumbo jet crashing onto the same field every six minutes, one after another for straight 19 hours, and that should give you a feel for the scale of the human disaster that was a battle like Aspern-Essling. <br />
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<h2>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Wargame Considerations</span></span></h2>
Aspern-Essling has been wargamed a lot. Probably every Napoleonic wargame club has done it. And when you Google images for the battle, more than half are photos of wargames of it. That being said, there are some things I'd like to address as ideas in staging your own wargame. As usual on this blog, I don't recommend one game system over another. Pick the one you like the best. But these are considerations I'd like to suggest to adjust the the game as a realistic simulation.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">The Bridge Cuts</span></h3>
Let's face it, the fact that the single, rickety, watersoaked bridge behind him kept breaking throughout the battle probably had more to do with Napoleon losing this one than any other factor. A wargame could easily account for this with three optional rules:<br />
<br />
<ol>
<li><b>Reinforcement appearances.</b> Since the French player would start off with only three of Massena's divisions and three cavalry divisions (d'Espagne's, Lasalle's and Marulaz's), he should have a schedule on the game track for the arrival of reinforcements (see main narrative above for sequence of arrival). This could even be adjusted by making it depend on luck (rolling to see if a scheduled formation arrives over the bridge that turn, for instance), and adding to the nail-biting fun.</li>
<li><b>Bridge Down / Bridge Up</b>. One could roll a 10-sided die or activate some other randomizing test for each game turn to see if the bridge was down, interrupting the arrival of new reinforcements. Another randomizing test could then be used for each subsequent turn to see if the bridge is repaired. French troops scheduled to arrive on the southern side of the board could not do so unless the bridge is open.</li>
<li><b>Build a better bridge.</b> For strategic level games, one could face Napoleon's dilemma and decide to take the time to build a stronger, proper bridge. Let's say that while a slapdash bridge takes only a day, a proper, secure bridge takes a week in game time. As Napoleon feared, the risk of taking this long would be that the Austrian player, though hidden movement, could cross the Danube at some western point and cut the French player's LOC, or even attack his outlying forces in detail. Both of these options should be available in a strategic game.</li>
</ol>
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Relative Combat Efficiency</span></h3>
When setting the power ratings of various units, I'd give the average Austrian unit the Combat Efficiency equivalent of the average French unit. This would effect not just their combat power, but the speed at which they could change formations. When face-to-face, both sides in 1809 stood up to each other without much flinching, so I'd make them equal.<br />
There are exceptions. Since the majority of the French troops filling out the divisions of Tharreau, Claparede, and Demont (in II Corps) were teenaged conscripts, called up a year early to fill the needs of the national emergency, I'd rate them somewhat lower in CE than the average French infantry. Likewise, I'd also rate the many Austrian militia regiments (e.g. the Vienna Freiwilliger and the Landwehr) as lower in CE than the average Austrian infantry.<br />
Also during this battle we saw how the Austrian cavalry could give as well it could take against the French, so I'd make them equal in CE as well.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Battalionmasse: Not Quite a Square</span></h3>
The new Austrian formation, the battalionmasse (illustrated above) proved its concept in this battle. The idea of it--to be able to maneuver the relatively big Austrian battalions quickly with little training--worked fine. And the speed with which it could be converted into a cavalry-resistant formation, with all sides facing out, saved many a regiment. However, it was not quite as strong as a formal, hollow square. For one thing, up to half of the personnel within the battalion were unable to face outward with their muskets because they were cooped up in the center. This meant that the facing firepower of a battalionmasse would have been roughly half that of a hollow square.<br />
The other disadvantage of a closed-up battalionmasse was that, without open space in the center, there was no safe place to pull the wounded into. Getting reinforcements and ammunition to a threatened side of the square was also more difficult without that open, internal area. And the officers would have difficulty moving from one side to the other to rally or direct fire. So confusion would reign. To simulate this in a wargame rule, I'd make it more difficult to rally a disordered battaionmasse than a traditional square.<br />
Because crowds tend to give a sense of security, however, I'd give an morale bonus to any unit formed up in battalionmasse, just as they would have in column.<br />
Of course, such formations would be even more vulnerable to artillery than a square would. A bounding roundshot hitting the face of a hollow square would only have twice the effect as hitting a single line (since the ball would hit the front face and then the rear face--a total of six files). But a ball bouncing through a battalionmasse would plow through as many as eighteen files perpendicular to the front and upwards of 50 or 60 files perpendicular to the flank. So battalionmasse should suffer the same as columns of companies when fired on by artillery.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Urban Combat</span></h3>
As a feature I mentioned above, one characteristic of Aspern-Essling was the intense, house-to-house, hand-to-hand fighting that took place in the two villages. As I pointed out, this tended to resemble modern urban combat (minus the flamethrowers, hand grenades, and machine guns). It might even be fun to stage company-level wargames around the details of each village to simulate this. So any rules that are designed for these types of squad-level, modern-era games would, with modification to take into account muskets and bayonets, be appropriate.<br />
To that end, I've attached two detailed plans of both villages to model a game board around (or minature diorama). These are without troop deployments. They are based on a combination of tactical maps (as in Bowden/Tarbox and others) and interpolation of modern satellite photography from the presentday of Aspern and Essling (minus the car factories and other modern additions).<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><span style="font-size: small;">Plan of Aspern.</span> </b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Note that this image is protected by a Digimarc watermark and is under copyright of the Jeffery P. Berry Trust, so it is only available for personal reference, not licensed for reproduction either digitally or for print. If you would like to license it for commercial use or republication, please contact me at jeff@peoplesbranding.com </span></span></i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><span style="font-size: small;">Plan of Essling.</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Note that this image is
protected by a Digimarc watermark and is under copyright of the Jeffery
P. Berry Trust, so it is only available for personal reference, not
licensed for reproduction either digitally or for print. If you would
like to license it for commercial use or republication, please contact
me </span></span></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">at jeff@peoplesbranding.com </span></span></i></span>
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<h2>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Orders of Battle</span></span></h2>
For these OOBs I used the tables in Scott Bowden's and Charlie Tarbox's incomparable "<i>Armies on the Danube 1809</i>", which were sourced from official French and Austrian archives. They are based on roll call reports (parade states) made on 18 and 19 May. Ian Castle, in his otherwise excellent Osprey title (see my reference list at the end of the article), varies in detail in his OOB from Bowden/Tarbox but he does not cite his sources. So I defer to the scholars that do. Sorry, I may be in error, but that's my old intelligence officer prejudice; trust the sources with credentials.<br />
Command organizations were flexible and changed during the course of this battle, with Corps regularly swapping, detaching, and acquiring units as Napoleon or Charles needed. But these lists are based on the state of command at the beginning of the two day battle.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">References </span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">I used all of the following books and links in my research for this article. It is always instructive to read several sources on the same event as it illuminates how imprecise the reporting of history can be. You find yourself believing one source over another because of your experience with that author, or because they conform to your preconceived ideas. And I am no exception. I do tend to rely on Bowden and Chandler when it comes to things Napoleonic, though I look for corroboration in other sources, like Osprey Books, Digby Smith. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">As a courtesy to the authors and retailers, I have linked each title to <a href="http://www.powells.com/" target="_blank">Powell's Books</a> in Portland, Oregon (my local retailer of choice but with an <a href="http://www.powells.com/" target="_blank">online store</a>), or, failing Powell's in-stock inventory, to Amazon. The ISBN number is also included should you like to support your own, local book seller or public library.</span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Armies-Danube-1809-Napoleonic-Research/dp/0913037087/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1453321204&sr=8-1&keywords=armies+on+the+danube+1809" target="_blank"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Bowden, Scott & Tarbox, Charles, "Armies on the Danube 1809", Empire Games Press, 1980, ISBN </span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Armies-Danube-1809-Napoleonic-Research/dp/0913037087/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1453321204&sr=8-1&keywords=armies+on+the+danube+1809" target="_blank"><span class="a-size-base a-color-base">978-0913037089</span></a><span class="a-size-base a-color-base"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.powells.com/book/aspern-wagram-1809-9781855323667/61-1" target="_blank"><span class="a-size-base a-color-base">Castle, Ian, "Aspern & Wagram 1809", Osprey Campaign Series, 1994, ISBN 978-1-85532-366-7 </span></a> </span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Campaigns-Napoleon-Historys-Greatest-Soldier-ebook/dp/B002YPOS4S/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1453320389&sr=8-2&keywords=the+campaigns+of+napoleon+david+chandler" target="_blank"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Chandler, David, "The Campaigns of Napoleon", MacMillan, 1966, ISBN </span></span></span></span></a><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Campaigns-Napoleon-Historys-Greatest-Soldier-ebook/dp/B002YPOS4S/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1453320389&sr=8-2&keywords=the+campaigns+of+napoleon+david+chandler" target="_blank"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" target="_blank">0025236601</a> </span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.powells.com/book/dictionary-of-the-napoleonic-wars-9781840222036/1-4" target="_blank">Chandler, David, "Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars", MacMillan, 1979, ISBN 0-02-523670-9</a></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Military-History-Atlas-Napoleonic-Wars/dp/1853673463/ref=pd_sim_14_6?ie=UTF8&dpID=515WRA7SNXL&dpSrc=sims&preST=_AC_UL160_SR160%2C160_&refRID=186BSJWA0BYH9DVK7GQN" target="_blank">Elting,
John & Esposito, Vincent, "A Military History and Atlas of the
Napoleonic Wars", Greenhill Books, 1999, ISBN 1-85367-346-3</a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Historical-Maps-Napoleonic-Simon-Forty/dp/1856487334/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1451713730&sr=1-1&keywords=1856487334" target="_blank">Forty, Simon & Swift, Michael, "Historical Maps of the Napoleonic Wars", PRC, 2003, ISBN 1-85648-733-4</a> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://ospreypublishing.com/austrian-army-of-the-napoleonic-wars-1" target="_blank">Haythornthwaite, Philip, "Austrian Army of the Napoleonic Wars (1): Infantry", Osprey 176, 1986, ISBN 0-85045-689-4</a> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://ospreypublishing.com/austrian-army-of-the-napoleonic-wars-2" target="_blank">Haythornthwaite, Philip, "Austrian Army of the Napoleonic Wars (2): Cavalry", Osprey 181, 1986, ISBN 0-85045-726-2 </a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.powells.com/book/exploits-of-baron-de-marbot-9780786708017/1-8" target="_blank">Marbot, Jean-Baptiste de, "The Exploits of Baron de Marbot", Caroll & Graf, 2000, ISBN 0-7867-0801-8 </a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">This memoir is highly useful for understanding the relationship and personalities of the various leaders in the French army. And, though he may be self-serving, Marbot was actually present at Aspern-Essling as a junior staff officer, so his comments on the weather and the ground I take as primary testimony.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.powells.com/book/imperial-bayonets-tactics-of-the-napoleo-9781853672507/1-0" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Nafziger, George, "Imperial Bayonets" , Greenhill Books, 1995, ISBN 1-85367-250-5</span></span></a></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Musket-Cannon-Sword-Tactics-Napoleon/dp/1885119275/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1455913955&sr=8-1&keywords=With+Musket+Cannon+and+Sword" target="_blank">Nosworthy, Brent, "With Musket, Cannon and Sword: Battle Tactics of Napoleon and His Enemies", Sarpedon, 1996, ISBN 1-885119-27-5</a> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.powells.com/book/the-battle-9780802138101/17-1" target="_blank">Rambaud, Patrick, "The Battle", Grove Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8021-3810-1 </a><br />
Though a work of fiction, this historical novel is extremely well-researched and gives a<span style="font-size: small;"> useful</span> feel for the battle. It may be the translation, but some terms in it are inaccurate, which is distracting to those familiar with things Napoleonic. And it sometimes feels exaggerated as the author is obsessed with grisly aspects like decapitations, disembowelings, amputations, necrophilia, and gore. But it is still worth reading for atmosphere.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Napoleons-Great-Adversaries-Archduke-1792-1814/dp/0253339693/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1455916201&sr=8-1&keywords=Napoleon%27s+Great+Adversaries" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Rothenburg, Gunther, "Napoleon's Great Adversaries: The Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army 1792-1814", Indiana University Press, 1982, ISBN: 0-253-33969-3</span></span></span></span></span></a> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Napoleon-Bonaparte-Life-Alan-Schom/dp/0060929588/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1455919842&sr=8-1&keywords=Alan+Schom" target="_blank">Schom, Alan, "Napoleon Bonaparte" Harper Collins, 1998, ISBN 0-06-092958-8</a><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Online References:</span></span></h3><p>
<br />
On the Erzherzog Karl Legion <a href="http://greatestbattles.iblogger.org/GB/Wagram/Archduke_Charles_Legion.htm?ckattempt=1">http://greatestbattles.iblogger.org/GB/Wagram/Archduke_Charles_Legion.htm?ckattempt=1</a><br />
<a href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/organization/Austria/ArmyStudy/c_AustrianArmyGrenadiers.html" target="_blank"><br /></a>
<a href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/organization/Austria/ArmyStudy/c_AustrianArmyGrenadiers.html" target="_blank">Acerbi, Enrico, </a><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="IT"><a href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/organization/Austria/ArmyStudy/c_AustrianArmyGrenadiers.html" target="_blank">"The Austrian Imperial-Royal Army (Kaiserliche-Königliche Heer) 1805 – 1809: The Infantry: The Elite Troops"</a>--regarding the detailed composition of the grenadier battalions.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="IT">For details on the Austrian army, this site is informative and detailed:<a href="http://napolun.com/mirror/web2.airmail.net/napoleon/Austrian_infantry.htm" target="_blank"> http://napolun.com/mirror/web2.airmail.net/napoleon/Austrian_infantry.htm</a></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i>©
</i></span></span>Copyright 2016, Jeffery
P. Berry Trust, all rights reserved. No part of this post, except those illustrations which are already in the public domain, may be used
for re-publication or re-posting without documented permission from the
Jeffery P. Berry Trust, which may be obtained by e-mailing <a href="mailto:jeffery.p.berry@comast.net">jeffery.p.berry@comast.net</a>. However, feel free to link to this site as a
resource from related sites.</i></span></span></p><br /><br /><br />Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com38tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-13303175841817685892016-01-02T01:06:00.003-08:002019-05-30T00:38:30.523-07:00Arcola 1796<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<h2>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">War of the First Coalition</span></span></h2>
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 15-17 November 1796</span></span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">French under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon" target="_blank">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, approx. 14,000 rising to 19,000, 19 guns</span></span><span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Austrians under <span style="color: #b45f06;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Alvinczi" target="_blank">Baron Joszef Alvintz<span style="color: #b45f06;">y</span></a>, approx. 22,000, 48 guns</span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Weather:</b> </span><span style="color: black;">Cold, gloomy, damp. It had been raining and hailing for the previous days. Soggy grou</span><span style="color: black;">nd.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span> <b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Location: </span><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@45.3572222,11.2755891,731m/data=!3m1!1e3" target="_blank">45<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">°</span> 21’ 26” N, 11<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">°</span> 16’ 40” E </a> </b>about <span style="font-size: small;">19 miles (30 km)</span><span style="font-size: small;"> southeast of Verona, northern Italy</span><br />
<br />
<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="longitude"><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">First Light:</span> </span></b> 06:45 <b><span style="color: #990000;"> <span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunrise: </span></span></b>07:17 <b><span style="color: #990000;"> <span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunset:</span></span></b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span>16:46 <span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>End of Twilight:</b> </span>17:18</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="longitude"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Moon Phase:</span> </b> Full <span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Moonrise:</b></span> 17:34</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
(calculated for the location and date from <a href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/RS_OneDay.php" target="_blank">U.S. Naval Observatory</a>)<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-50cjH4INyk4/VljrTVGlzgI/AAAAAAAACJw/MMbZMZtEdRs/s1600/1801_Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_on_the_Bridge_at_Arcole.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-50cjH4INyk4/VljrTVGlzgI/AAAAAAAACJw/MMbZMZtEdRs/s320/1801_Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_on_the_Bridge_at_Arcole.jpg" width="226" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Bonaparte at the Pont-d'Arcole</span></i></b><br />
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">by Antoine-Jean Gros</span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">A crock of bull.</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">A</span></span>rcola is a curious battle. It has been used as an example of Napoleon's early military genius, held up as the epitome<b> </b>of his much-studied First Italian Campaign. Many contemporary propaganda works were painted showing Bonaparte seizing the Tricolor to heroically lead the charge across the wooden bridge over the Alpone River into the heavily defended Italian town. Arcola was a watchword in his political momentum to seize ultimate power. He was the man of the hour, with clear eye and selfless courage, just what the flailing young Republic needed. And there is even a bridge over the Seine in Paris also called Pont d'Arcole in commemoration of that glorious triumph of French Republican virtue over <i>Ancien Régime</i> villainy. (Curiously, this latter bridge was itself the scene, ironically, of another battle fought against the restored <i>Ancien Régime</i> during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolution" target="_blank">Revolution of 1830</a>) So Arcola is important in the origin myth of the French Republic. It is also an important symbol for Napoleoniacs.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately for truth in history, it was a complete fiasco. Tactically, Bonaparte actually lost the battle. But he ultimately won the war, and won his way to dictatorship. Naturally, once he was on his way up, he completely rewrote the narrative of Arcola to turn it into a glorious victory, thanks, naturally, to his personal bravery and brilliant strategic insight. And his political allies at the time were more than ready to use it to their own ends.<br />
<br />
So this article will be from another point of view, a more obscure one. And is my wont, a more iconoclastic one.<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><i><b><span style="color: #990000;">Arcola vs Arcole</span>.</b> A note on matter of the spelling. While consistency isn't one of my many virtues, I have already received complaints from some purists that the correct spelling of the town and battle is Arcole not Arcola. While that is certainly the Italian name of the town, and while the French call it "Arcole" (and "Verona" "Verone," I might point out), David Chandler and nearly all English-speaking historians have traditionally spelled it "Arcola." Since we English-speakers also call it "Rome" vs "Roma," and "Germany" vs"Deutschland" and "Myanmar" "Burma," and even the very country in which this battle took place "Italy" vs "Italia," and since we (like all cultures) like to mangle the place names of other people's countries, I've decided to settle with the majority of anglophone historians and spell it "Arcola." Just so you know I'm doing it as a considered, editorial decision and not out of ignorance. So there.</i></li>
</ul>
<br />
Before we get to the mayhem, I should explain the situation prior to the battle. It's a little complicated but, in order to appreciate what each side was trying to do, it's important. I'll try to make it as quick and simple as possible.This situation map should clear everything up.<br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-oedMI8YpK-I/VoscCLYAtyI/AAAAAAAACQo/uKq0SeVlPE4/s1600/Arcola%2Bcampaign%2Bmap%2B9-15%2BSept.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-oedMI8YpK-I/VoscCLYAtyI/AAAAAAAACQo/uKq0SeVlPE4/s1600/Arcola%2Bcampaign%2Bmap%2B9-15%2BSept.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"> Okay, is that clear?</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> Maybe just a little more elaboration, then.</span><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Situation</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"> When Napoleon</span><span style="font-size: small;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">―</span>I mean Bonaparte, since he wasn't called by his dynastic first name yet</span><span style="font-size: small;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">―</span>took command of the Army of Italy at the beginning of 1796, Revolutionary France was on its heels. It was losing the war on all fronts: Germany, Holland, and Italy. But after the twenty-six-year-old tyro slapped his veteran commanders and raggedy troops into line, and he began to give them a series of lightning fast victories, things started to change. By the fall of that year he had knocked out a combatant power, the Duchy of Piedmont, and all but driven the Austrians out of Northern Italy. By late summer, two Austrian rescue armies had been driven successively into the fortress city of Mantua and all Bonaparte had to do was take that city and he'd have handed the new French Republic its first strategic victory, the conquest of Italy...or northern Italy anyway.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> In fact, he was the only general giving the Directory any victories at all. And the Revolutionary politicians in Paris were a little ambivalent. On the one hand they were delighted that they were winning somewhere at least, and delighted with all the loot Bonaparte was sending back from Italy. But they were also a little worried that they were riding on the back of a tiger. The first and last thing revolutionary regimes want is a successful military commander. He could (and, in fact, did) turn out to be another Oliver Cromwell or Julius Caesar.</span>
<span style="font-size: small;">The Army of Italy was rather proud of itself and confident in the judgement of its new, young commander. However, that army was, after over a year of hard fighting and marching, wearing pretty thin. By the beginning of November it was down to about 41,000 men, of which an estimated 14,000 (according to David Chandler) were in the hospital. And the strategic situation had compelled Bonaparte to break up the rest into small detachments to cover Mantua and all the possible avenues of attack from Austria. So the young commander-in-chief was getting worried.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> In spite of Bonaparte's strident pleas, desperately needed reinforcements were not coming from France. All that came from Paris were orders for more and more looted art treasures and taxes on the increasingly infuriated Italians, who, while originally happy to be liberated from Austrian oppression, were now even more unhappy with French oppression. Taxation under the Hapsburg's had been relatively light compared to the French, and at least the Austrians hadn't been packing up Italian artworks and treasure and shipping them back to Vienna. The French Directory's hated commmissars, <i>les </i></span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><i>représentants en mission</i></i>, tasked with looting Italy in the wake of French victories, had made the French actively loathed. Much of Bonaparte's army, in fact, had been dissipated in putting down local resistance and protecting the hated tax collectors. So his available force was even thinner than the raw numbers on paper would suggest.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> Now it was about to get worse. Intelligence had alerted Bonaparte to the advent of yet a third rescue mission by the Austrians. With the unhelpful French armies in Germany in retreat, the Austrians were freed to dispatch new forces to the south to relieve their army bottled up inside Mantua and finally destroy the French in Italy. The new expedition was being led by <i>Freheirr Feldzuegmeister</i> (I do love Austrian ranks) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Alvinczi" target="_blank">Joszef Alvintzy</a> who had split his command into two wings, one of some 18,400 under <i>Feldmarschall-Leutnant<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Davidovich" target="_blank"> </a></i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Davidovich" target="_blank">Paul von Davidovich</a> to come down from the Tyrol via the Adige valley, and </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">28,700</span> under his own direct command to advance from the northeast (see strategic map above.)</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sjrefqRx7cY/VpQzZ4NBOnI/AAAAAAAACQ4/fSHOes8cF5o/s1600/alvinczy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sjrefqRx7cY/VpQzZ4NBOnI/AAAAAAAACQ4/fSHOes8cF5o/s320/alvinczy.jpg" width="258" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Joszef Alvintzy</b><br />I'm sure he was more affable in person.</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>The Austrian Plan</b> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> The Austrian plan was to make a wide pincer movement. Descending into Italy from the northeast, Alvintzy's larger force was to crash across the Po plain, seize Vicenza, then Verona, and then head down to Mantua to relieve the 24,000 bottled up there. From the Tyrol, Davidovitch would pinch from the other direction, pushing down the Adige valleyf rom Bolzano through the Dolomite Mountains, distracting Bonaparte from that direction, and threatening his base at Verona from the back door. Alvintzy reasoned that Bonaparte, from his central but scattered position, could not simultaneously watch both doors and keep the 24,000 Austrians bottled up in Mantua at the same time. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> Of course, mediocre military planners seem to love elaborate pincer movements--the double envelopment maneuver. They are so grand in the planning and in the imagination, as armies appear just in the nick of time from two different directions, throwing the enemy into despair. It all looks easy leaning over a map and moving little game pieces. It is always so much more problematic on the actual ground.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> There are two main problems with the pincer strategy: unless each jaw of the pliers has overwhelming force against the target in the center, it puts the "pinched" enemy in the advantageous position of defeating each of the enveloping armies in detail. The other problem, even bigger during an age when the only communication was by courier on a foamy horse, was that the two wings can't coordinate their maneuvers in a timely manner. The enemy in the center</span><span style="font-size: small;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">―</span>a position Bonaparte enjoyed</span><span style="font-size: small;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">―</span>had far less distance to communicate to all of his parts and move them to the most threatened fronts. The envelopers meanwhile had to go clear around the circumference of the enemy's position (and in this case, through the snowy mountain passes) just to talk to each other.This strategic central position was the one thing that Bonaparte was already a master of. And he was about to take the Austrians to school. </span><br />
<br />
So on 2 November Bonaparte sent his two most trusted generals, Augereau and Massena, to meet and slow the advance of Alvintzy's 28,700 marching from the east. They managed to do this for awhile with only 11,000 men between them. And for a couple of days on 5 and 6 November, they succeeded in holding up the Austrians' crossing of the Brenta River at Bassano and Fontaniva. These battles were quite bloody for both sides. The Austrians, who were supposed to be mostly raw, surly conscripts from Poland, gave a much better account of themselves than the French expected. Outnumbered as they were, the French had to fall back, losing about 3,500 men to the Austrians' own 2,823 casualties.<br />
<br />
Both Augereau and Massena withdrew, first to Vicenza, and, when it was apparent that that city was not a good defensive position, to Verona. Alvintzy continued to advance (see map above), establishing Vicenza as his supply depot and moving further southwestward to cross the Alpone River at Villa Nova and then, inexorably, toward Verona. At the village of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_%281796%29" target="_blank">Caldiero</a>, about eight miles east of Verona, Bonaparte came out with Augereau's and Massena's divisions again to stop Alvintzy. But after spending most of the day of the 12th in a blinding rain and hail storm, during which their muskets wouldn't fire, the French fell back again, having lost another 1,800 men to the Austrians' lesser 1,300.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">This is not looking good.</span></span></h3>
Bonaparte was in a pretty pickle now. This third Austrian juggernaut apparently couldn't be stopped. His earlier confidence that Alvintzy's Polish draftees would be easily dealt with was dissolving. Draftees and Polish they may have been, but they were showing considerable grit against the veterans of the Army of Italy. Depressed, Bonaparte seriously considered abandoning northeast Italy altogether and falling back on Milan, raising the siege of Mantua. After having fought for the better part of the year against one Austrian army after another, it was beginning to look like there was never to be an end to it. Even if they defeated this newest army, the Austrians, freed up by their victories in Germany, would probably just send yet another, and another. Meanwhile, the French government was not sending any reinforcements or supplies, expecting their troops to keep living off the increasingly depleted Italians. It was not looking good.<br />
<br />
And things happening behind Bonaparte's back, to the northwest, weren't helping. Vauban, with his 10,500 men, was supposed to stop Davidovitch from coming down the Adige Valley and taking Verona from the northwest. But Davidovitch turned out to have far more men (18,400) than Bonaparte estimated and was constantly pushing and outflanking Vauban, forcing the French back and back until they were digging in at Rivoli, just 19 miles (30 km) from Verona. While Augereau and Massena were having no luck on the eastern front holding back Alvintzy, Bonaparte had had to gallop personally north on the 7 November to have a "come-to-Jesus" meeting with Vauban. He also had some harsh and vulgar words with Vauban's infantry for having retreated in the face of the contemptible Austrians. A couple of days earlier he had called for Joubert, guarding the southern crossing of the Adige at Legnago, to bring most of his division of 6,000 up to support Vauban. His orders to the latter were simple and clear: Don't let Davidivitch any closer to Verona. That being said, he unhelpfully stripped Vauban of some troops and took them with him back to Verona. One can only imagine the conversation in Vauban's headquarters as the young Bonaparte galloped off.<br />
<br />
Fortunately for the French, Davidovitch wasn't exactly on a blitzkrieg. Having pushed Vauban south to Rivoli, he decided to rest his men up around Trento for a few days and await word from his co-pincer, Alvintzy. This gave Bonaparte the respite and chance he needed. <br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bonaparte pulls a fast one </span></span></h3>
By the 14th, Alvintzy had pushed his army practically to the gates of Verona. Having driven this far in two weeks and winning two battles to boot, he had much to pat himself on the back for. Taking the opportunity to rest his troops and wait for some of his slower units (Mittrowsky's column) and his siege train to come up, he planned to assault the city sometime late on the 15th.<br />
<br />
But Bonaparte wasn't going to sit around and wait for that. His situation was desperate, and so was his plan, so typical of him. His life story showed him at his best when all other lights go out. The way he saw it, Alvintzy had left himself open to a strategic trap. He had stretched his line of communication so thin that it was vulnerable, specifically at the single bridge over the Alpone River at Villa Nova on the Verona-Vicenza highway. Bonaparte thought he could, in one night, march his army down the south side of the Adige River, cross it where the Alpone joined it, and quickly march up and seize the bridge at Villa Nova, completely cutting off Alvintzy and force him either to surrender or fight a battle at a disadvantage. He would later name this strategy his famous <i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">maneuvre sur les derrières</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">―</span>though he was certainly not the first nor the last to attempt this kind of end run in warfare.<br />
<br />
On the 14th Bonaparte had sent his chief engineer, Andreossy, with some grenadiers and pontoon equipment down the Adige to Ronco, near where the Alpone flowed into it, with orders to throw a bridge over the larger river.Though why at Ronco and not Albaredo , on the other side of where the Alpone flows into the Adige, is puzzling (see map below); even as his troops crossed the Adige, they would still have to cross another river, the Alpone, to get to their target. But we'll see.<br />
<br />
That night Bonaparte crept out of Verona through the south gate with Massena's and Auereau's divisions. He had been reinforced as well with a brigade under Guieu, purloined from Vauban's command, and about a thousand cavalry he had earlier ordered up from the force covering Mantua. He left General Macquard inside Verona with 2,500 to make as much noise as possible so that Avintzy would think the place was fully manned. Meanwhile, quiet as mice, Bonaparte and his 14,000 tip-toed down the right bank of the river under cover of darkness to arrive at the bridgehead at Ronco early in the morning <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">―</span>enough to get a few winks of sleep. They must have all been too excited to sleep. This was just the kind of maneuver Bonaparte's men loved him for; pulling fast ones on the enemy was their specialty.<br />
<br />
At dawn on the 15th, Augereau's men clomped across Andreossy's pontoon bridge at Ronco and started hurrying northeastward along the dyke to the bridge over the Alpone at Arcola (see map below) Massena's division crossed next and began to march along the other dyke to the west, making their way up toward Belfiore di Porcile to secure that avenue into Alvintzy's flank and protect Augereau's operation from a counter attack from the west.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Painting of the crossing of the Adige by Bonaparte's army by Louis Bacler d'Albe, who has given the scene a rather pastoral, springlike look (undoubtedly more from Enlightenment aesthetic rather than documentary reasons). Though he was present during the battle, he painted this from memory and sketches a couple of years later. This view is from some imaginary elevated position on the Ronco (south) side of the Adige, looking northeast toward Arcola (smoke in the distance). He has shown the soggy ground on the other side accurately and the narrow, looping causeway to Arcola to which Augereau's troops were confined . Bonaparte is shown on a prancing white horse (naturally) in the right foreground, though most eyewitness accounts put him up at the front with Augereau on the first day. In the left foreground can be seen a crowd of Grenzer POWs being generously cared for by their kind French captors.</i></span> <br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Below, the same view today across the Adige from the crossing point at Ronco, taken about the same time of year (note the lack of foliage in the trees). Bacler d'Albe would have had to be much higher--perhaps in one of Montgolfier's balloons--to get the view he painted above. (But there is no evidence that he had one.) My own hunch is that he was using artistic license. Back then there had been a long convention of painting battle scenes from an imagined elevated perspective, which, you have to admit, is more explanatory.</i></span><br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kr-2TAIKigs/Vnus9XaE1GI/AAAAAAAACL0/MXpcro_XDXg/s1600/View%2Bfrom%2BRonco%2Bacross%2BAdige%2BNE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kr-2TAIKigs/Vnus9XaE1GI/AAAAAAAACL0/MXpcro_XDXg/s640/View%2Bfrom%2BRonco%2Bacross%2BAdige%2BNE.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Meanwhile, back in the Austrian camp</span></span></h3>
Between the 12th and this particular morning, Alvintzy had been dawdling. Enjoying his victory at Caldiero, he took his own sweet time in getting all of his divisions forward, waiting for Mittrowsky's column which was still some distance east of Villa Nova by the morning of the 15th. He was also waiting to hear from Davidovitch about his progress in pushing against Verona from the other direction. Alvintzy's plan was to start his attack on Verona sometime later that day.<br />
<br />
But then, as all the staff officers were enjoying their breakfast, some breathless messengers began to gallop in with stories to the effect that Bonaparte had somehow crossed the Adige behind them and was even now on his way to cut off their retreat. Alvintzy didn't believe it at first, thinking that this was a ruse Bonaparte was creating to get him to call off his proposed assault on Verona. But to play it safe he ordered Provera and his 3,700 to hustle southeast to the French bridgehead at Ronco to plug up the leak. He sent Mittrowsky orders to divert his march south toward Arcola to secure that crossing over the Alpone. And he sent <i>Oberst </i>Brigido and three battalions of Grenz down to Arcola to guard the bridge there, apparently the only bridge over the Alpone south of San Bonifacio (apparently, see note below about a second bridge, under "An Evaluation"). He kept his main striking force, that of Hohenzollern, in position outside of Verona, still ready to assault the city. He also expected to hear from Davidovitch any minute that he had started his own attack on Verona from the west. <br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">A note about the ground.</span></span></h3>
Before we get to the fun, a few comments about the ground around Arcola. In the first place, it was, back then, a miserable swamp. Today it looks nice and cultivated and crisscrossed with dykes, keeping it relatively dry. But in 1796 it was soggy as hell. And the fact that it had been raining off and on for the previous several days would have made the modern term "wetlands" an understatement; it was a boot-sucking quagmire. Movement overland in this corner of the two rivers was out of the question, not just for artillery and horse, but for infantry as well. Crossing this swamp there were really only two, narrow, elevated causeways, one heading northwest through the Bionde farm to Belfiore di Porcile and the other looping around east and north along the Alpone toward Arcola. The latter route was, for most of its length, completely exposed to Austrian fire from the Grenzers along the opposite bank.<br />
<br />
As I've already said, why on earth Bonaparte thought this was a good place to cross the Adige is a mystery. Having been all over this part of Italy for weeks, he knew the countryside well. In fact, during this very operation, he had part of his force (that under Guieu) cross downstream at Albaredo and head up the more dry east bank toward Arcola. Why he didn't throw his bridge over the river there in the first place and move his entire army up that way doesn't make sense to me. It was only a half-hour's march more. Maybe there was something that I'm missing in the narratives. As a consequence, crossing at Ronco, he bottled his force up on two narrow causeways, without the ability to maneuver across country or even use his superior numbers or his artillery, nullifying the advantage of his central position. Of course, I'm just an armchair general, and wasn't there. Also, I'm not a bridge engineer and there may have been something about the nature of the Adige opposite Albaredo that made it unsuitable to throw a pontoon bridge over.<br />
<br />
From the Austrian point of view, the position occupied by Brigido and his three Grenzer battalions at Arcola was an ideal defensive one. Not only were they able to take advantage of the natural fortifications of the dyke on the east side of the Alpone, but their six battalion guns were pre-sited to sweep the approach up the causeway on the opposite bank, the only way open to the French. With almost no tree cover coming up that way, Augereau's men were completely exposed and forced to march in column, effectively in enfilade. And the only way over the Alpone was across a narrow, wooden bridge at Arcola, itself lethally covered by dug-in infantry and guns. (Though I wonder about this. See my remarks about the possible existence of another bridge lower down on the Alpone under "An Evaluation: There <i>Was </i>Another Bridge" below.)<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, on the western side of the swamp, Provera's division could bottle up Massena's from trying to deploy as it filed out of the causeway to Belfiore. As on the eastern causeway, Massena's troops would have been sitting ducks (waddling ducks, I guess, is the more apt metaphor) as their bunched columns trudged up the exposed dyke. So the nature of Bonaparte's chosen battlefield, from the beginning, gave away his surprise and initial local superiority.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Positions around midday on the 15th. The yellowish area between the Adige and Alpone rivers was swamp and all but impassable at this time of year, particularly under all the rain that had been falling. Movement across this ground would have been only possible via the few, narrow and exposed causeways, restricting troops to column attacks not much more than a dozen or so men wide. </i></span><br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">A Frustrating First Day </span></span></h3>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> By mid-morning, the divisions of Massena and Augereau were tramping up their respective causeways toward their targets. As the elevated roads were only eleven yards across, <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">m</span>arching on these dyke<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">s</span> restricted the
French to <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">narrow, c<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">rowded </span></span>columns. They were
also almost completely exposed to the defending Austrians as there were very
few trees to mask their approach, so they would have been in range of enfilad<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">ing</span> artillery
fire when still five hundred yards from their targets, cannonballs bounding down the length of the packed columns and taking dozens of men with each shot.</span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span>On the other front, <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">covering the</span> approach<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">es to</span></span> Belfiore di Porcile,
Provera, with his three battalions of regular infantry (two of Jellacic IR #53 and one of Colloredo IR #57) and their <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">attached </span>guns set up a number of defensive positions (see map above), taking advantage of the constricted avenues of <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">advance</span>.
Massena's infantry ran headlong into the first of these positions around the
farm of Bionde and gradually pushed them back. By mid-afternoon his veterans,
in spite of considerable casualties, managed to force Provera completely out of
Belfiore, but went no further, hunkering down in the village to block a counter-attack. By late in the day, Alvintzy had sent Hohenzollern's 6,000 to <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">reinforce</span> Provera from Caldiero. So that <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Massena's </span>attack had ground to a halt.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span>Meanwhile, over at
Arcola, as Augereau's troops marched up the west bank dyke in full view of the Croatian defenders, they found themselves suddenly taken under raking fire several
hundred yards from the bridge. Brigido's three battalions of Grenzer (Szluiner
#63 and Walachen #75) and their six three-pounder guns started a devastating
flanking fire from the cover of the east bank dyke, only thirty yards away.
The French were driven down into defilade behind the opposite dyke and had to
creep in defilade along its low, muddy shoulder up to the bridgehead, poking their heads up to return fire the whole way. It was slow, wet going.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Below, looking north along the dyke road along the Alpone on which
Augereau's columns were stacked. You can see in this photo how little cover
there was on the crown of the dyke. Arcola is still about 1,400 yards away in this shot. Moving guns and cavalry up this road would have been unthinkable.
The ground to the left, while currently cultivated by modern
drainage, would have been far more swampy.</span></i></span></div>
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HCHD5xuwgbM/VoMPLmtmJ_I/AAAAAAAACMw/gpsg5n2jOxg/s1600/Dyke%2Broad%2Btoward%2BArcola.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="252" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HCHD5xuwgbM/VoMPLmtmJ_I/AAAAAAAACMw/gpsg5n2jOxg/s640/Dyke%2Broad%2Btoward%2BArcola.jpg" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: x-small;">
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">View northwest from Augereau's approach, closer to the town. Arcola church's distinctive campanile
can be seen about 500 yards away in the fog (though this one, as far as I can find on the Internet, was reconstructed in 1957; not sure what it looked like before. Would appreciate any new information on this from my readers.). The contested bridge (also in its modern form) is to the left. The Grenzer
sharpshooters lined the dyke on the opposite bank of the Alpone, point blank musket range from the exposed flank of the French on the road. The weather when this Google shot was taken (Dec 2011) would have been similarly gloomy on the three days of the battle.</span></i></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oAxQBXQJsPo/VoH4pDHzZjI/AAAAAAAACMg/ErqU4NkjKNY/s1600/Looking%2BNE%2Btoward%2BArcola%2Bacross%2Bthe%2BAlpone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oAxQBXQJsPo/VoH4pDHzZjI/AAAAAAAACMg/ErqU4NkjKNY/s640/Looking%2BNE%2Btoward%2BArcola%2Bacross%2Bthe%2BAlpone.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />
<span style="color: black;"> About midday, Augereau's leading demi-brigade (the
4th, under future Marshal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Lannes" target="_blank">Jean Lannes</a>, recovering from wounds he had received at
Bassano just seven days before) had crawled under the lee of the dyke to within
about 200 yards of the bridgehead. It was now time to launch a desperate dash down the rest of the road and across the open bridge into the town opposite. Augereau himself seized the lead
battalion's flag and began to run the remaining distance ahead of his wildly yelling
grenadiers. But so many of his assault column were cut down by the devastating fire from the opposite bank that nobody reached the western head of the bridge
itself before the attack faltered and the survivors dove for cover again. Augereau
himself, miraculously, was unscathed in the attempt.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;"> Bonaparte came up to see what was holding things
up. He also personally seized a flag (not the famous tricolor of the many propaganda
paintings but probably the 4th's regimental flag) and repeated Augereau's brave
but foolhardy attempt to personally lead the men across the bridge. Like
Augereau, he never made it closer than 50 yards to the bridgehead itself.
Men were falling all around him and it was only by the heroic sacrifice of some
of his staff officers (including Lannes, who himself was wounded again...this thing's never going to heal!) that
Bonaparte was dragged out of harm's way and fell waist-deep into the muck of
the swamp behind the dyke. He had already earned the affection of his troops, and even though they admired demonstrations of personal bravery by him, they were alarmed that they might lose the only hope they had of winning this war. The young commander-in-chief was severely scolded by his <i>grognards </i>for attempting such a foolish thing.</span><br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;">Another fanciful depiction of Bonaparte charging across the bridge at Arcola by Horace Vernet (1825). Brave as he was, neither Bonaparte nor anybody else actually managed to set foot on the planks of the bridge that first day (or the next, for that matter). Also Vernet was evidently confused about the nature of the flag used, which was not this later 1804 model as he's painted here..</span></span></i><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gAU53jyZbkE/VodZAm1HiGI/AAAAAAAACPI/xnSIOwJ3RIY/s1600/LargeNapoleononArcolaBridgebyHVernet%2Bsmaller.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gAU53jyZbkE/VodZAm1HiGI/AAAAAAAACPI/xnSIOwJ3RIY/s1600/LargeNapoleononArcolaBridgebyHVernet%2Bsmaller.jpg" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">So which flag </span><u><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">did </span></u><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bonaparte grab at Arcola if he didn't carry the
Tricolor or the 1804 flag above? Below are all of the flags of the demi-brigades at Arcola. Since it was Lannes' brigade that led the
first assault on the bridge on the 15th, in all likelihood it was one of the
battalion flags of either the 4th or 51st. What I could not find was any
reference of what flags the legere demi-brigades carried in
1796. The earliest models I could find were designs that were not issued to them until 1802.</span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hmBfcQyjt2I/VodgWlKqbkI/AAAAAAAACPY/vAZdOEumKsA/s1600/French%2BFlags%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hmBfcQyjt2I/VodgWlKqbkI/AAAAAAAACPY/vAZdOEumKsA/s1600/French%2BFlags%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> <span style="font-size: small;"> A few more rushes were attempted
with the same bloody result, until nobody would move from behind the dykes. Bonaparte
realized he was not going to take Arcola this way. It was not to be another <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lodi" target="_blank">Lodi</a>. So he galloped back to Ronco and
found General Guieu having just arrived from Vauban's command with his 12th
Provisional <span style="font-family: inherit;">D</span>emi-brigade. He ordered Guieu to go down to cross the Adige
downstream at Albaredo, finding what boats he could to manage a crossing, and head up
the east bank of the Alpone to take Arcola in the rear. It probably took
Guieu's men only about half-an-hour to get down to the <span style="font-family: inherit;">crossing point</span> opposite Albaredo
(see map), but considerably more time to collect what boats they could and <span style="font-family: inherit;">organize a</span>
crossing for the 2,000 men. They probably set up a
rope-ferry. The opposite bank itself was only defended by a hundred or
so
Austrian uhlans (Mezzaro's) who were not so much in a position to
contest the
crossing as to observe it and report back to headquarters. It was not
until the evening (military twilight ended at 17:18) that Guieu's men
were all across and started to pick their
way in the dark up the left bank of the Alpone to Arcola. At about 19:00 they found themselves on
the
outskirts of the village and heard no further firing. Guieu had already
decided, unsupported as he was and unaware of what was happening on the
far
side, to retrace his steps and recross the Adige. On his way back he
received
orders from Bonaparte to do just that anyway. Good thing for his career.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "inherit" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "inherit" , "serif";"> </span>By the end of a frustrating day,
Bonaparte, realizing none of his objectives were going to happen that evening,
ordered everybody back across the Adige to Ronco for the night. He left one of
Massena's demi-brigades (the 18<span style="font-family: "inherit" , "serif";">th</span> Legere) on the north side of the bridgehead to defend the
crossing. Why he didn't leave Guieu in possession of Albaredo and that crossing
is a<span style="font-family: "inherit" , "serif";">nother</span> mystery. But that night everybody but the lone picket unit on the north side of the Adige were building campfires around Ronco, resting up for the next day.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span>Meanwhile, Alvintzy was
fully awakened to the danger of his position and began a general evacuation of
the lines in front of Verona, ordering his trains back to Vicenza. Mittrowsky had, by this time,
finally showed up with his 9,000 and marched down to Arcola to shore up the defenses
along the Alpone. Provera retook
the <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">ground lost <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">on </span></span>the 15th and moved his troops back to their original defensive
positions in depth behind Bionde. Hohenzollern formally pack<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">ed up and </span>moved out of his camp <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">in front of<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span></span>Verona and back toward Caldiero. And the supply trains were well on their way back <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">to </span>Vicenza.<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span>At this stage,
Bonaparte's coup--his famous <i>maneuvre sur les derrieres</i>--had completely
failed. The enemy knew what he was up to and was escaping.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Second Verse, Same as the First</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Some military historians
have criticized Bonaparte for simply trying the same tactic on the second day, like he'd run out of ideas.
Others (like David Chandler and John Elting) have contended that he was
brilliantly wearing down Alvintzy in a battle of attrition, forcing the
Austrian decisively away from any hope of relieving Mantua. I have to admit,
I'm with the former camp. My hunch is that Bonaparte, having realized he'd made a huge mistake on the 15th, did like a lot of executives do (I've worked for people like this), doubled down the next day. It's called "reinforcing failure" in management jargon.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span>So, reinforcing the failure of the first day, on the morning of the
second day Bonaparte ordered Augereau and Massena to the same objectives, Arcola and Belfiore. However, on their way back up their respective causeways, they each ran headlong into Austrian attacks coming down the other way, with the object of destroying the bridgehead at Ronco. Both French wings managed to push these attacks back (Provera back through Belfiore and Mittrowsky back across the bridge at Arcola). But, as on the previous day, neither Massena nor Augereau got any further and the day was spent making costly and futile attempts to rush that exasperating bridge over the Alpone. The rest of the afternoon <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">wore on</span> with each side taking occasional <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">pot</span> shots at each other from behind their dykes. The French suffered horrendous casualties again, more than the Austrians.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span>After two days of fighting, Alvintzy still had had no word from Davidovitch<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span>and was beginning to think he should pull back and regroup. Hohenzollern was <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">already moving past</span> Caldiero and beginning to recross the Alpone at Villa Nova. Provera, in front of Belfiore, was
now acting as a rearguard for the army. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span>So the second day of the battle was pretty non-eventful. More men died, of course. But that didn't concern Bonaparte, whose entire subsequent career illustrated his callous attitude toward human suffering; soldiers were merely capital one spends to reap political returns. Okay, so that may be a little harsh and cynical<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> o<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">n my part. But it's <i>my </i>blog.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;"> <span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Third Day: Finally, Some Results</span></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The evening of the 16th,
Bonaparte again had everybody <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">tramp </span>back over <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">to the right bank of the </span>Adige to camp out around
Ronco. <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">As on the previous evening, the </span>Austrians again followed them to harass the duty demi-brigade
guarding the bridgehead. <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Bonaparte</span> realized he had to try something different the next day.F<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">or the past two days</span> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">h</span>e had bottled himself up in the swamps on the wrong side of the Alpone, and it was looking hopeless that he'd ever get up to Villa Nova that way. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span>The day before, Bonaparte's chief engineer, Andreossy, had reconnoitered the ground on the nor<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">the<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">rn </span></span>banks of the confluence of the Adige and Alpone and started his men preparing a passage across the swamp and a bridge across the mouth of the smaller river. The night of the 16/17 the French engineers banged together a wooden trestle bridge over the Alpone while Guieu's men sneaked back across the Adidge to Albaredo to keep them from being harassed from the eastern bank. Remarkably, Mittrowsky hadn't thought to occupy Albaredo in force or watch this lower part of the Alpone. All of his 11,000 men were up north, concentrated around Arcola. It proved to be a gross oversight. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span>That night, too, Bonaparte received some welcome reinforcements in the form of two demi-brigades from Kilmaine, <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">having the left the siege lines around </span>Mantua, 24 miles away. He also sent General Vial down to Legnago (10 miles) to bring up the single battalion guarding the bridge over the Adige there. By morning his strength would be up to almost 20,000, giving him rough parity with Alvintizy overall and superiority against the 11,000 that Mittrowsky had defending Arcola.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Th<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">e same</span> morning, however, a minor snafu occurred. One of the boats that was holding up the pontoon bridge at Ronco broke loose and the bridge became unusable for several hours while it was repaired. In the meantime, both Mittrowsky and Provera had moved down again to attack the bridgehead and the lone demi-brigade isolated on the north side spent a couple of anxious hours holding them off. Fortunately the narrow causeways proved just as inconvenient for the Austrians to use as assault corridors as they had for the French, so they could not overwhelm the outnumbered <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">18th <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Legere's <i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">chass<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">eurs</span></span></i></span></span>. For the first time in the battle, too, Bonaparte's artillery had something useful to do as they supported the 18th, and bombarded Mittrowsky's and Provera's attacking columns from the south bank.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Tpej9QDqkxw/Vxqkh5p1LqI/AAAAAAAACTc/t2FN59QE_dskxzKjmb_XY1poOapbG1YrQCLcB/s1600/Arcola%2B1796--17%2BNov.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Tpej9QDqkxw/Vxqkh5p1LqI/AAAAAAAACTc/t2FN59QE_dskxzKjmb_XY1poOapbG1YrQCLcB/s1600/Arcola%2B1796--17%2BNov.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> By 9:00 the Adige bridge had been repaired and Massena again started his troops across. One demi-brigade, the 18th Ligne (not the heroic 18th Legere <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">m<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">entioned abo<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">ve...<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">it did get <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">confusing. See Orders of Battle below.)</span></span></span></span></span>, moved left and pushed Provera back again toward Bionde and Belfiore. The newly arrived 75th Demi-brigade under General Robert pushed Mittrowsky's Grenzers back up to the bridge at Arcola. And a third, the 32nd, hid in ambush amid a stand of willows flanking the Ronco-Arcola causeway (see map above). After these movements, Augereau moved his own reinforced division over the Adige and down the north bank to the newly built bridge at the mouth of the Alpone. While Andreossy's pioneers had built makeshift plank paths across the swamp, it was slow going for Augereau's 12,000 infantry. Bonaparte had also sent, besides Guieu, some of Augereau's troops down to the ferry at Albaredo to cross there. As mentioned above, there were no Austrians here or at the new bridge over the Alpone to defend the passage.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span>As Massena's lead demi-brigade neared the bridge at Arcola, Mittrowsky impetuously left his impregnible defenses on the opposite bank and launched a counter-attack over the bridge and down the causeway. The French turned and ran</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span>About this time, too, Augereau had got about half of his men over his own new bridge, but he found himself facing a strong line of four Austrian battalions and their guns just to the north of that crossing. He was having trouble getting his own attack columns formed in the marshy ground. Bonaparte, his brilliance under pressure having returned, had an idea. He sent his personal bodyguard of about two-dozen chasseurs (the Guides, who would eventually become the Chasseurs de la Garde) down to cross the Adige at the Albaredo ferry and circle around behind the Austrian line. There they were to make a racket, blowing several bugles as if they were an entire cavalry division descending on the rear of the enemy. It was psychological warfare, or PsyOps in modern jargon. The trick worked beautifully and the Austrian line, thinking they were surrounded, bolted.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span>Alvinitzy's men rallied on a makeshift new line of battle stretching southwest from Arcola. But by 15:00 Augereau was moving in force up the eastern bank of the Alpone, joined by the garrison troops from Legnano. And Massena's division was now swarming through the town from the west, across the now undefended bridge. Alvintzy called a general retreat and fell back to a line between San Bonifacio and San Stefano, about two-and-a-half miles northwest. The French formed up themselves in a parallel line of battle north of Arcola. But the sun was setting and both sides were exhausted, so both sides sat down and started cooking dinner. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span>The three day battle was finally over.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">To <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">L</span>ie <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">L</span>ike a <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">B</span>ulletin</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Neither side had accomplished their objectives in this three day battle. Alvintzy was prevented from taking Verona, linking up with Davidovitch, and relieving the siege of Mantua. But Bonaparte, who had envisioned trapping Alvintzy between Verona and the Alpone, cutting him off from his base and forcing a surrender, failed in his object too. Alvintzy managed to escape with all of his train and the bulk of his army. Bonaparte, however, in his dispatches to the Directory (and as was reported even in the <a href="http://www.jeanlannes.com/arcola" target="_blank">London Times</a>) described the battle as a great victory, beginning a tradition of mendacity that sparked the later cynical phrase under the Empire, "To lie like a bulletin."<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span>The cost of Arcola was steep for both sides. While the Austrians lost some 2,200 in casualties and approximately 4,000 captured, as well as a dozen guns, the French, for their "victory" paid with 3,500 killed and wounded and about 1,300 captured. They lost no guns because, frankly, they hadn't been able to get <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">any</span> over the river and through the swamp.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span>Alvintzy's was by no means a spent force. In fact, within a month, rallying at Vicenza and with more reinforcements coming from Germany, he was able to build his army back up to some 43,000. <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Wi<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">thin a few weeks</span></span></span></span> he launched a second assault, this time through the northern Dolomite approaches, culminating in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" target="_blank">Battle of Rivoli</a>, which did prove to be the decisive victory that had eluded Bonaparte for the entire Italian campaign.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">An Evaluation: The Obscure Part of This Post</span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"> Arcola has been held up by military historians for two centuries as both the </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">q<span style="font-family: inherit;">u<span style="font-family: inherit;">in</span>tessence</span></span> and embryo of Napoleon's military genius and system. It is supposed to be an object lesson in his</span> </span></span><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">maneuvre sur les derrières</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, or rear attack method<i>, </i>which somehow we are supposed to believe he invented. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Well, this is where the "obscure" part of this post comes in, because, for me, Arcola merely represents <span style="font-family: inherit;">an </span>example of military blundering. I know, I'm going against conventional wisdom on this, but those of you who have read my blog should not be surprised<span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">T</span>hat's who I am, an iconoclast.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>Though Arcola was declared a major victory by Bonaparte and the French Directory for political purposes, it was hardly that. From the Austrian point of view it might even have been considered a draw; indeed, the Hapsburg troops gave quite a good account of themselves over the course of this campaign, including this very battle, inflicting as many as 12,700 casualties on the smaller French army within two weeks (including the battles at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_%281796%29" target="_blank">Caldiero</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" target="_blank">Bassano</a> and in actions in the upper Adige Valley). These were casualties Bonaparte could scarce afford. It is true that Arcola helped Bonaparte dodge a fatal bullet in that it prevented Alvintzy from capturing Verona, linking up with Davidovitch, and proceeding down to Mantua to relieve the 23,000 Austrian troops bottled up there. But it only gave the young French general a respite. As mentioned above, within a month, Alvintzy's army was back up to 43,000, refitted and ready to make another attempt. If it hadn't been for the French victory at Rivoli two months later, Bonaparte would not have been able to secure his conquests in Italy or move north to invade the Tyrol, forcing the Austrians to sue for peace. So, in that sense, Arcola could be considered a stepping stone to victory<span style="font-family: inherit;">, but hardly a victory in itsel<span style="font-family: inherit;">f.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">The lives of a few soldiers are of no consequence</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>One aspect in which I do think this battle is the epitome of the Napoleonic style is in his callous disregard of human life. This is in glaring evidence on the second day when, after having fruitlessly attempted to break out of his bogged down position on the first day, he ordered more of the same, without any new ideas. This is the same stubborn and unimaginative Napoleon we would later see at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" target="_blank">Eylau</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" target="_blank">Aspern-Esslin</a>g, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" target="_blank">Wagram,</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" target="_blank">Borodino,</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo" target="_blank">Waterloo</a>, when he kept ordering one frontal attack after another, just like the equally witless and callous generals on the Western Front during WWI. His original idea for Arcola might have been a flanking move, and a brilliant victory. That Arcola <span style="font-family: inherit;">cost him</span> 20% of his own men (vs 10% of his opponent's) is not exactly <span style="font-family: inherit;">the </span>mark of a decisive victory. Bonaparte <span style="font-family: inherit;">showed a<span style="font-family: inherit;">n indifference to</span></span> sacrificing the lives of his soldiers, even when his original idea for the battle, his </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">maneuvre sur les derrières, </span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">stopped being that and just became a stubborn series of frontal attacks up narrow defiles across <span style="font-family: inherit;">imposs<span style="font-family: inherit;">ible </span></span>ground. </span></span><br />
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<![endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "inherit" , "serif";"><span style="font-family: "inherit" , "serif";"> </span>Both
David Chandler's and John Elting's explanations for this bloody and relentless
fiasco was that Bonaparte, sensing the indecision of his opponent, brilliantly
pressed a battle of attrition to get Alvintzy to withdraw. You could see this
as analogous to Robert E. Lee's equally relentless, bloody attacks on George McClellan during
the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" target="_blank">Seven
Days Battles</a> in 1862, in which Lee lost battle after battle and 20,000 men,
but got the timorous McClellan to evacuate the Peninsula, thus securing a
strategic victory (temporarily) for the Confederacy. To me, Bonaparte was just
out of ideas when his initial plan failed. And when Alvintzy withdrew, he did so in good order, his army
largely intact, and ready to take up the offensive again in two months.</span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Why did Bonaparte cross the Adige at Ronco?</span></span></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Researching this ba<span style="font-family: inherit;">ttle, this of decision of Bonaparte's </span>really bothered m<span style="font-family: inherit;">e</span>. The northern bank of the river here was an impassable swamp f<span style="font-family: inherit;">or miles</span>, made even worse by the miserable weather they had been experiencing th<span style="font-family: inherit;">at November</span>. With only two narrow and exposed causeways across, there were no opportunities for maneuver. Neither cavalry nor artillery could be moved there in support (both arms pretty much sat out the battle in Ronco). If Bonaparte's idea was to sweep around and cut off Alvintzy at Villa Nova, why did he try to do it here? There was another, more logical place to float a pontoon bridge at Albaredo, just a mile-and-a-half downstream. And the ground on the opposite bank there was dry and offered a direct shot up to Villa Nova. Even today there is no bridge at Ronco while there is one at Albaredo, over the very stream bed that Guieu set up his rope ferry. So modern engineers have seen this as a better crossing point.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>Surely an experienced engineer like Andreossy would have recognized this in 1796. And Bonaparte must have been over all of the ground in the weeks before the battle. But for three days, he just kept throwing his men over into the swamp and telling them to try harder. It reminds me of somebody trying to push the wrong way on one of those revolving doors.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Chandler theorizes that Bonaparte chose to cross over into the swamp
because the impassable ground gave him an advantage against the
numerically superior Austrians. I fail to see how this
would have worked to the French tactical advantage since they themselves were
constricted in their attacks up the causeways, were enfiladed by guns
and musketry from the opposite bank of the Alpone, and had only a narrow
front through which to try to force their way on either end (at
Belfiore and the Arcola bridge). It would seem that Bonaparte's numerical
disadvantage (slight as it was) was actually made worse by the ground he chose to
fight on.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Since I first posted this article in 2016, Dr. Martin Boycott-Brown, author of <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Road-Rivoli-Napoleons-First-Campaign/dp/0304362093/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1524007093&sr=8-1&keywords=martin+boycott-brown" target="_blank">The Road to Rivoli</a>, who was kind enough to send me an email to illuminate this decision, pointed out that Bonaparte had earlier crossed the Adige at this very spot (on the 9th, going in the opposite direction) and had ordered the pontoon bridge taken up behind him and stowed in Ronco should he need it again. So, a week later, it would have made sense to just pull the boats and planks out and throw them across at the same point. Dr. Brown also pointed out that Napoleon had been an avid reader of </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">the <i>Campaigns de Maillebois</i> (published in 1775) who in particular recommended Ronco as an ideal location to cross the Adige. However, I still have to wonder if, by Ronco, Maillebois (writing a half-century earlier about his exploits in his youth) might have meant the <i>environs </i>of Ronco, which would have included the bend in the river opposite Albaredo, a little over a mile downstream from Ronco.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"> All that being taken into account, had I been Bonaparte's intelligence officer, I would have been professionally bound to point out that the crossing at Albaredo would have put him on firmer ground to deploy and utilize his artillery and cavalry. And it would have put him behind Alvintzy's flank and on the east side of the Alpone, where he needed to be to get up to Villa Nova in time to block the Austrian retreat. He did send troops down to Albaredo during the course of the battle to cross via boat. So even he saw it was feasible. </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"> I think, once Bonaparte became fixed on forcing the Austrians via the swamps, though, he felt he was committed. Perhaps his earlier victory over the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lodi" target="_blank"> bridge at Lodi</a> taught him the wrong lesson. Bridges were to prove to be a <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2016/05/aspern-essling-1809.html" target="_blank">tragic theme</a> in Bonaparte's military career.<br /><br /> But, as Dr. Brown has admonished me, Bonaparte probably had his good reasons for the Ronco crossing. And it is not for us, two centuries on, to question them.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bonaparte's maxims nullified by their author</span></span></span></span></span></h3>
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Napoleon later expounded on his maxims of warfare (codified by his </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">protégé</span>, Antoine Jomini) and included in them the principles of the central position, concentration of force on an enemy's weak point, and maneuver against the enemy's rear. Looking at the map, these three principles were obviously on his mind at Arcola. However, even though he enjoyed the central position, giving him theoretically interior lines of communication, the terrible ground and exposed causeways he chose to fight on nullified this advantage. Alvintzy, even operating on exterior lines, was able to quickly plug the two <span style="font-family: inherit;">exits from</span> the swamp. </span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>Bonaparte's attempt at concentrating against an enemy's weakest point was also nullified here. Because of the nature of the attacks up the causeways, he could not bring his temporarily superior force to bear. At Arcola bridge, the Croatian Grenz found themselves in a similar position to the 300 Spartans at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" target="_blank">Thermopylae</a>, mauling each attempt at a French rush on the narrow bridge with superior musketry and artillery. In fact, weakening his concentration even further, Bonaparte was not able to bring up his own artillery or cavalry over the exposed causeways, which went against another of his maxims; use of combined arms. From the French point of view, Arcola was entirely an<span style="font-family: inherit;"> infantry fight. </span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>Finally, while he was able to steal a march on Alvintzy the night of 14/15, Bonaparte threw away this surprise in not being able to reach Villa Nova (the key to the Austrian rear position) for the entire three days. This gave Alvintzy plenty of time to get all of his trains and troops back over the bridge and out of harm's way. Bonaparte tip-toed around to Alvintzy's back door but then spent so much time loudly jiggling with the lock that he blew the whole <span style="font-family: inherit;">thing</span>. In fact, Bonaparte never did achieve Villa Nova, at least before the entire Austrian army had escaped intact. </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">There <i>was </i>another bridge.</span></span></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Poring over all of the battle maps I used in researching this article, I noticed another bridge over the Alpone, the <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@45.3401294,11.2717455,1201m/data=!3m1!1e3" target="_blank">Ponte Zerpone</a>, located about halfway up to Arcola. I wonder why no one tried to cross here. The historical maps don't show any Austrians defending this bridge (until the third day). I'm assuming that, had there indeed been a bridge there, it may have been burned or dismantled. However, if this were the case, you have to wonder why, when Bonaparte finally ordered a second bridge over the Alpone be built down at the mouth of it on the night of the 16/17, he didn't simply repair the bridge at Zerpone? </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>It also made me wonder if, when describing the building of the bridge near the "mouth" of the Alpone, what was really meant was rebuilding this ruined bridge about a mile north. The approaches and abutments would have already been in place. And there would have been no need for Augereau's men to slog across wet ground. <span style="font-family: inherit;">Nineteenth century </span>maps (e.g. the one below, created in 1848 and one by Rousseau in 1853) show both bridges. So could the battle reports, as vague as they were, have confused later map makers? <span style="font-family: inherit;">Bonaparte himself, in his own dis<span style="font-family: inherit;">patches, merely mentions having "bridges thrown over the canals and marshes<span style="font-family: inherit;">," on the night of the 16/17, which indicates that more than one were constructed.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>Of course, I wasn't there. There may have been some other reason why the Zerpone bridge was not used or repaired and a whole new one built over the Alpone lower down. Possibly it was not there <span style="font-family: inherit;">in 1796.</span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Detail from a<span style="font-family: inherit;">n antique </span>map of the battle by A.K. Johnson <span style="font-family: inherit;">published in 1848</span> in the British Government Archives.. Note the intact bridge over the Alpone at Ponte Zerpone. This detail is also on contemporary French maps as well, and on every one I was able to find. When you read the narrative of the battle, you have to wonder why it was not a factor.</i></span></span></span></span><br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Real Heroes of Arcola</span></span></span></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>Regardless of the leadership performance of Bonaparte, I have to acknowledge that the true heroes of this battle had to have been the engineers and foot soldiers of the Army of Italy. Considering the herculean work of the engineers, even given that French military engineering was regarded as the best in Europe at the time, the feats they performed were remarkable, and <span style="font-family: inherit;">under</span> such awful conditions. First throwing a pontoon bridge over the swollen Adige (even in a dumb spot, which I'm going to blame Bonaparte for picking) in a single, cold, and rainy night, was something few other armies could have done. Then, collecting boats for a ferry, and building a second bridge from scratch (assuming they weren't just repairing the one at Zerpone--see above), across swollen rivers, over <span style="font-family: inherit;">flooded<span style="font-family: inherit;"> ground</span></span>, and in the rain, was a gigantic achievement and stands out as the <span style="font-family: inherit;">truly distinct </span>feature of Arcola.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>Add to this the ferocious and dauntless performance of the French infantry. For three days, with neither cavalry nor artillery support, and with wet muskets, they slogged though mud, making one hopeless and suicidal charge after another, only to give each day's gains up in the night to start over again in the morning. These people were <span style="font-family: inherit;">monsters o<span style="font-family: inherit;">f tenacity.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>Granted, Bonaparte himself proved to be an inspiring leader, and did not hang back from leading his men from the front. And, as Chandler has pointed out, he knew his men well enough that the only way to keep them going was to keep them on the <span style="font-family: inherit;">attack</span>. He sensed that if he had given up and pulled back to Verona, the morale of his army <span style="font-family: inherit;">might have collapsed</span>. So probably one reason he kept banging their heads against a hopeless object for three days was, ironically, to keep their spirits up.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A Note About the Maps</span></span></span></span></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>In creating the maps for this post I used a combination of Google E<span style="font-family: inherit;">art<span style="font-family: inherit;">h satellite imagey and <span style="font-family: inherit;">two</span> historical maps from the mid-nineteenth century (Johnson's 1848 and Rousseau's 1853). I also used <span style="font-family: inherit;">Esp<span style="font-family: inherit;">osito's maps from his West Point <span style="font-family: inherit;">atlas of the Napoleonic Wars, and C<span style="font-family: inherit;">handler<span style="font-family: inherit;">'s from his <i><span style="font-family: inherit;">Campaigns of Napoleon.</span></i><span style="font-family: inherit;"> The result is a synt<span style="font-family: inherit;">hesis of<span style="font-family: inherit;"> all of these sources. When <span style="font-family: inherit;">there was a conflict, I usually defaulted to the satellite imagery as a template; you can't argue<span style="font-family: inherit;"> with Mother <span style="font-family: inherit;">Nature. Fortunately the flow of the Adige <span style="font-family: inherit;">or the Alpone does not seem to ha<span style="font-family: inherit;">ve changed in two hund<span style="font-family: inherit;">red years<span style="font-family: inherit;">. And t<span style="font-family: inherit;">owns<span style="font-family: inherit;"> are exactly where they were.What has been interpolated is the extent of the swamp, which has been managed in the intervening centuries<span style="font-family: inherit;">, and the e<span style="font-family: inherit;">xtent of woods<span style="font-family: inherit;">, which are no longer where the nineteenth century maps put them.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>Positions of troops on the <span style="font-family: inherit;">maps are also a synt<span style="font-family: inherit;">hesis of several sources, which, unfortunately, don't agree. Like my analysis of the orders of battle, I ap<span style="font-family: inherit;">plied the most logical locations or took the average of graphic opin<span style="font-family: inherit;">ion.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> As I am doing this for my own amusement and not for a doctoral <span style="font-family: inherit;">the<span style="font-family: inherit;">sis, I beg <span style="font-family: inherit;">m<span style="font-family: inherit;">ilitary scholars' </span></span>forgiv<span style="font-family: inherit;">eness for my assumptions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Wargame Considerations</span></span></span></span></h2>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Arcola makes <span style="font-family: inherit;">an </span>absorbing subject for a wargame, both strategically and tactically. So many things were in the balance for both sides. My comments here will be not so much on game mechanics (players may pick their own game systems they're most comfortable with) as on the stakes to test<span style="font-family: inherit;"> and the factors to take into account. </span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>I have <span style="font-family: inherit;">run a wargame of </span>A<span style="font-family: inherit;">rcola myself using my own computer al<span style="font-family: inherit;">go<span style="font-family: inherit;">rit<span style="font-family: inherit;">hms (not for sale<span style="font-family: inherit;">, he said selfishly) and know that it is winnable <span style="font-family: inherit;">by <span style="font-family: inherit;">either </span>side<span style="font-family: inherit;">, with opportunities for many w<span style="font-family: inherit;">hat-if variants. But my own gaming of the battle as man<span style="font-family: inherit;">aged by Bonaparte </span>has also <span style="font-family: inherit;">confirmed my <span style="font-family: inherit;">theory that it was not winnable for the French going up the causeways<span style="font-family: inherit;"> on the west side of the Alpone. As in <span style="font-family: inherit;">the actual battle, my French forces <span style="font-family: inherit;">were severely savaged on those dykes<span style="font-family: inherit;">, and couldn't get closer than 100 yar<span style="font-family: inherit;">ds to the bridgehead itself. I tried even mov<span style="font-family: inherit;">ing up French artillery in support, but all of the guns were picked off by the Austrian<span style="font-family: inherit;">s'</span> before they <span style="font-family: inherit;">could unlimber<span style="font-family: inherit;"> (this using actual weapons<span style="font-family: inherit;"> effe<span style="font-family: inherit;">cts data for Austrian 3-pounders and assuming that the Austrian gunners had pre<span style="font-family: inherit;">-sited their <span style="font-family: inherit;">targets<span style="font-family: inherit;">). No amount of luck or <span style="font-family: inherit;">agres<span style="font-family: inherit;">siveness by the French </span></span>seems to have mattered, at least in the laboratory of a game.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Strategic Game</span></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"> The object of any strategic game should be the relief of the siege of Mantua. This was the key to the whole operation in northeast Italy in 1796. The Austrian player, pushing aside the French player's pieces and releasing the 23,000 troops corked up in this city, can win the game. </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>For the French player in a strategic game, keeping the three Austrian armies (Alvintzy, Davidovitch and Wurmser in Mantua) from uniting should be the key criterion in victory. He or she, playing from the central position, should have the advantage in doing this. </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>Logistics were a decisive factor. Control of bases (Verona for the French, Vicenza and Trento for the Austrians) and unrestricted access to those bases <span style="font-family: inherit;">were </span>vital for warfare of this period. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">Alvintzy's vulnerable LOC (lines of communication to you non-military gamers)</span></span></span> was the whole purpose of Bonaparte's attack at Arcola<span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span> A strategic game that doesn't account for the dull reality of logistics is not a strategic game or a useful learning exercise. Just my opinion, of course. </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Tactical Game: Relative Combat Efficiency</span></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"> The Battle of Arcola, as well as all of the battles up to Rivoli, demonstrated that the Austrian troops could fight every bit as tenaciously as the French. In fact, measured just by casualties inflicted, the Austrians gave as good as they got throughout this war. Though Bonaparte regarded the drafted recruits of the Austrian line regiments as inferior, they fought well. <span style="font-family: inherit;">Bonaparte </span>described them as being "routed" on every day of the Arcola battle, and yet, every day, these same<span style="font-family: inherit;">, supposedly<span style="font-family: inherit;">-</span>routed </span>regiments came back to fight and even take that fight to the enemy.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>Even more effective at fighting than the line troops were Alvintzy's Croats. These were true light infantry, probably the most <span style="font-family: inherit;">experienced </span>at that kind of fighting in all European armies. Growing up in the mountains of the Balkans, they were crack shots, expert at concealment, and tenacious in defense; in short, tough ba<span style="font-family: inherit;">stards</span>. These troops were, in fact, responsible for holding the crossing at Arcola for three days. It was only when Mittrowsky rashly decided to lead a counter-attack out of their defensive positions that he exposed the town to Massena. In fact, after Napoleon came to power and had defeated Austria enough times, he still enlisted thousands of these Croatian veterans into his own </span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">Grande Armé<span style="font-family: inherit;">e, reco<span style="font-family: inherit;">gnizing their m<span style="font-family: inherit;">ilitary value.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>In a tactical game of Arcola, I believe the troops of both sides should be rated equally in terms of combat efficiency. The French were very good; veteran level. But the Austrians were also good at their jobs<span style="font-family: inherit;">, even the non-Croatian line regiments. And the Austrian artillery was quite professional.</span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Movement</span></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"> The ground played the most important factor in this battle. Movement across that triangle of swamp between the lower Alpone and Adige rivers was simply terrible for infantry and impossible for artillery and cavalry. Across this area of a game map, only causeways can be used for movement. And because of the narrow width, stacking of units should be restricted<span style="font-family: inherit;">, meaning you don't get an advantage <span style="font-family: inherit;">for numbers while on a caus<span style="font-family: inherit;">eway.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"> No outflanking maneuvers<span style="font-family: inherit;">, sorry.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Cover</span></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Causeways did serve as ad hoc fortifications for troops of both sides. While they could not move across country over the swamp, troops could hunker down behind the berm of the dykes and use them as cover, <span style="font-family: inherit;">as long as the dyke <span style="font-family: inherit;">was perpendicular to the defensive fire</span></span>. Dykes ran along both sides of the Alpone, so this cover should be available to both armies. And <span style="font-family: inherit;">troops could slowly creep along the defilade banks, but more slowly than marching<span style="font-family: inherit;"> along th<span style="font-family: inherit;">e road itself. <span style="font-family: inherit;">In a game<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>I would</span> halve<span style="font-family: inherit;"> the<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> normal</span> movement rate when cr<span style="font-family: inherit;">eeping up the side of a dyke under cover. A<span style="font-family: inherit;">rtillery and <span style="font-family: inherit;">cavalry<span style="font-family: inherit;">, however, could not move this way but must <span style="font-family: inherit;">stay on the top an<span style="font-family: inherit;">d in full view<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;">Causeways and Artillery Fire</span></span></span></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Moving along the tops of the dykes exposed the troops to fire<span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">In</span> the approach to both Arcola and Belfiore, defending artillery could, in effect, apply enfilade fire down the length of the dykes. As they came up the causeways, the French troops were packed in long, deep columns, which meant that artillery rounds could plow into the len<span style="font-family: inherit;">g<span style="font-family: inherit;">th</span> of </span>them with terrible effect. This is undoubtedly what caused most of the horrendous casualties in the French army during the battle.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>Conversely, the French player may attempt to bring guns up the causeways to support the infantry, but they would be exposed as well to enfilade fire before they could unlimber. And they would be firing from no cove<span style="font-family: inherit;">r. If your game <span style="font-family: inherit;">system is sophis<span style="font-family: inherit;">ticated enough, how<span style="font-family: inherit;">ever, there could be some disadvantage to fir<span style="font-family: inherit;">ing <span style="font-family: inherit;">roundshot at a target on top of a dyke from the side, since <span style="font-family: inherit;">th<span style="font-family: inherit;">ere would be no ricochet effect; each round would have to be placed precisely on target (something not easy to do with the <span style="font-family: inherit;">technology <span style="font-family: inherit;">at the time)</span></span>.<span style="font-family: inherit;"> This <span style="font-family: inherit;">siting problem, however, would not apply to any artillery firing down the length of the dy<span style="font-family: inherit;">ke or using canister<span style="font-family: inherit;"> rounds.</span> F<span style="font-family: inherit;">iring down the length of a causeway, w</span>hether you<span style="font-family: inherit;">r rounds are long or short, they will bound<span style="font-family: inherit;"> through the <span style="font-family: inherit;">deep </span>French columns<span style="font-family: inherit;"> lengthwise.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Weather Vari<span style="font-family: inherit;">ant</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> It had been raining (and even hailing) a lot during the two weeks prior to Arcola. The rivers were swollen and the <span style="font-family: inherit;">marshland und<span style="font-family: inherit;">oubtedly turned to s<span style="font-family: inherit;">hallow lakes. This wet weather had directly affected the F<span style="font-family: inherit;">rench at Caldie<span style="font-family: inherit;">ro days before when many of the French could <span style="font-family: inherit;">not get their <span style="font-family: inherit;">flint<span style="font-family: inherit;">locks to work. I myself have <span style="font-family: inherit;">visited this part of Italy during this time of year and <span style="font-family: inherit;">the rain was relentless<span style="font-family: inherit;"> (it was nonetheless a roma<span style="font-family: inherit;">ntic vacation<span style="font-family: inherit;">; my honeymoon<span style="font-family: inherit;">, in fact<span style="font-family: inherit;">, and my br<span style="font-family: inherit;">ide was still <span style="font-family: inherit;">enough in </span>love with me to the point that <span style="font-family: inherit;">she co<span style="font-family: inherit;">nsented</span></span> able to take a side trip to a Napoleonic battlefie<span style="font-family: inherit;">ld; Mare<span style="font-family: inherit;">ngo actually)</span></span></span></span>. S<span style="font-family: inherit;">o, without the romance, I can readily imagine how crummy the weather <span style="font-family: inherit;">would have been<span style="font-family: inherit;"> at A<span style="font-family: inherit;">rcola <span style="font-family: inherit;">in November 1796.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>But what if it was<span style="font-family: inherit;">n't raining? W<span style="font-family: inherit;">eather is weather<span style="font-family: inherit;">, after all. I<span style="font-family: inherit;">n that case, a wargame could have a weather vari<span style="font-family: inherit;">ant (a roll of di<span style="font-family: inherit;">ce) that could determine whether the marshland in question was passable or not, and how s<span style="font-family: inherit;">wollen the rivers were, and how fordable. Things might have been very different if the F<span style="font-family: inherit;">rench had been able to maneuver more freely.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Orders of Battle</span></span></h2>
Researching these orders of battle was vexing, to say the least. In all of my sources I could find no OOBs that even remotely agreed. As far as French units participating in the actual battle, I ended up settling on Geissman's list from his article in <i>Napoleon </i>magazine (see References below). Digby Smith's OOB in his otherwise comprehensive <i>Napoleonic Wars Data Book</i>, does not even come close to agreeing with Geissman or even Voykowitsch in his equally comprehensive <i>Castiglione 1796</i> (from which I had hoped to at least extrapolate OOBs from the earlier part of the campaign).<br />
<br />
The French at this stage had not yet organized their army on the Corps standard we see during the Empire eight years later. Like other 18th century armies, their divisions and brigades seemed to have been ad hoc arrangements. During the Italian campaign, Bonaparte transferred units constantly, so that any demi-brigade might find itself attached to Massena, Joubert, Augereau,Vauban, or any general depending on the needs of the moment. Even during the three days of Arcola, Bonaparte reassigned units several times.<br />
<br />
If any of my loyal readers, however, have a more substantial source for the OOB for Arcola, I would be grateful. (Please don't reference published wargames, however, unless they are sourced from something other than Wikipedia. Too many online sites purporting to have definitive OOBs merely copy and paste the exact same one from Wikipedia, which does not list individual units, merely commanders.)<br />
<br />
The following lists, then, are derived from Geissman for the French forces and Digby Smith for the Austrian. I have also corroborated the French lists from Bonaparte's own dispatches. For strengths I assigned individual units a proportionate value such that the sum would equal each army's reported total (on which nearly all sources, at least, seem to agree). These were also given values according to organizations for each type given in the Osprey books. Finally, I have "flavored" each with a randomizing factor, varying between 90-110%, to give a little variety to wargamers. Do not use these as certified numbers; they are only approximations.<br />
With all of those qualifications, then, use these lists at your peril.<br />
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<h2>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">References</span></span></h2>
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.powells.com/book/rise-of-napoleon-bonaparte-9780465048816/1-13" target="_blank">Asprey, Robert, "The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte", Basic Books, 2000, ISBN 0-465-04879-X</a> </span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Campaigns-Napoleon-David-G-Chandler/dp/0025236601/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&qid=1524012085&sr=8-3&keywords=david+chandler" target="_blank"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Chandler, David, "The Campaigns of Napoleon", MacMillan, 1966, ISBN </span></span></span></span></a><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Campaigns-Napoleon-David-G-Chandler/dp/0025236601/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&qid=1524012085&sr=8-3&keywords=david+chandler" target="_blank"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" target="_blank">0025236601</a> </span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.powells.com/book/dictionary-of-the-napoleonic-wars-9781840222036/1-4" target="_blank">Chandler, David, "Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars", MacMillan, 1979, ISBN 0-02-523670-9</a></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Military-History-Atlas-Napoleonic-Wars/dp/1853673463/ref=pd_sim_14_6?ie=UTF8&dpID=515WRA7SNXL&dpSrc=sims&preST=_AC_UL160_SR160%2C160_&refRID=186BSJWA0BYH9DVK7GQN" target="_blank">Elting, John & Esposito, Vincent, "A Military History and Atlas of the Napoleonic Wars", Greenhill Books, 1999, ISBN 1-85367-346-3</a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Historical-Maps-Napoleonic-Simon-Forty/dp/1856487334/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1451713730&sr=1-1&keywords=1856487334" target="_blank">Forty, Simon & Swift, Michael, "Historical Maps of the Napoleonic Wars", PRC, 2003, ISBN 1-85648-733-4</a> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://ospreypublishing.com/austrian-army-of-the-napoleonic-wars-1" target="_blank">Haythornthwaite, Philip, "Austrian Army of the Napoleonic Wars (1): Infantry", Osprey 176, 1986, ISBN 0-85045-689-4</a> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://ospreypublishing.com/austrian-army-of-the-napoleonic-wars-2" target="_blank">Haythornthwaite, Philip, "Austrian Army of the Napoleonic Wars (2): Cavalry", Osprey 181, 1986, ISBN 0-85045-726-2 </a><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Giessmann, John, "Instrument of Victory: General Bonaparte's Army of Italy in the 1796-97 Campaign" Napoleon Magazine #9, Sept 1997</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/French-Infantry-Flags-First-Empire/dp/2352501121/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1449301080&sr=1-1&keywords=french+infantry+flags" target="_blank">Letrun, Ludovic, "French Infantry Flags: From 1786 to the End of the First Empire", Histoire & Collections, 2009, ISBN 978-2-35250-112-1</a></span> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<a href="http://www.powells.com/book/napoleon-a-biography-9781559706704/1-9" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: small;">McLynn, Frank, "Napoleon: A Biography", Arcade, 1997, ISBN 1-55970-631-7</span></a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.powells.com/book/imperial-bayonets-tactics-of-the-napoleo-9781853672507/1-0" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Nafziger, George, "Imperial Bayonets" , Greenhill Books, 1995, ISBN 1-85367-250-5</span></span></a></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Greenhill-Napoleonic-Wars-Data-Book/dp/1853672769/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1449210524&sr=1-1&keywords=The+Greenhill+Napoleonic+Wars+Data+Book" target="_blank">Smith, Digby, "Napoleonic Wars Data Book", Greenhill Books, 1998, ISBN 1-85367-276-9</a> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn3lnn;view=1up;seq=118" target="_blank">Thiers, Adolphe, "Thier's History of the French Revolution: The Campaign of Arcola", Rivington's, London, 1873</a> </span></span></span></span> </span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Castiglione-1796-Napoleon-Repulses-Wurmsers/dp/3901923004/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1449211036&sr=1-1&keywords=Castiglione+1796" target="_blank">Voykowitsch, Bernhard, "Castiglione 1796", Helmet, Feldzug #1, 1998, ISBN 3-901923-00-4</a><br />
This source was useful in researching the state of both Austrian and French forces in the 1796 campaign. <br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Other reading:</span></span></b><br />
<br />
Boycott-Brown, Martin, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Road-Rivoli-Napoleons-First-Campaign/dp/0304362093/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1524009906&sr=8-1&keywords=the+Road+to+Rivoli" target="_blank">"The Road to Rivoli: Napoleon's First Campaign"</a>, 2001, Cassell, ISBN: 9780304362097<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Online References:</span></span></h3>
For an interesting flavor of what Bonaparte was saying himself about this battle (as translated by the London Times at the time):<br />
<a href="http://www.jeanlannes.com/arcola">http://www.jeanlannes.com/arcola</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.antiquaprintgallery.com/battle-of-arcole-15th-16th-and-17th-november-1796---sheet-1-italy1848-map-152015-p.asp">http://www.antiquaprintgallery.com/battle-of-arcole-15th-16th-and-17th-november-1796---sheet-1-italy1848-map-152015-p.asp</a><br />
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i>©
</i></span></span>Copyright 2016, Jeffery
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resource from related sites. For that the trustees and author give pre-thanks.</i></span></span> Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com25tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-64872353647308581542015-11-10T21:28:00.001-08:002023-04-16T15:23:15.386-07:00Omdurman 1898<span style="color: #660000; font-size: x-large;">Mahdist War</span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: #660000; font-size: large;">2 September 1898</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Ansar under</span> <span style="color: #38761d;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallahi_ibn_Muhammad" target="_blank">Abdullah al-Taashi</a> approx. 52,000, 5 guns</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Anglo-Egyptians under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" target="_blank">Sir Herbert Kitchener</a>, 25,544, 115 guns</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Weather:</b> </span><span style="color: black;">Clear, hot</span></span><br />
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<![endif]--><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Location: </span></b>15<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">°</span> 46’ 12” N, 32<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">°</span> 32’ 48” E, the site of the battlefield, now largely covered by the town of Al Jarafa and an airfield on the left bank of the Nile River, is about 7 miles north of the Khartoum suburb of Omdurman in Sudan. <br />
<br />
<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="longitude"><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">First Light:</span> </span></b> 06:15 <b><span style="color: #990000;"> <span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunrise: </span></span></b>06:37 <b><span style="color: #990000;"> <span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunset:</span></span></b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span>19:02 <span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>End of Twilight:</b> </span>19:23</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="longitude"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Moon Phase:</span> </b>95% Full <span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Moonrise:</b></span> 20:23</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
(calculated for the location and date from <a href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/RS_OneDay.php" target="_blank">U.S. Naval Observatory</a>)<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">O</span></span>mdurman and the whole history of the Mahdist war from 1881 to 1899 is, to me, evidence that the current chaos brought on by Muslim extremist movements like Al Qaeda, the Taliban, and ISIS in the Middle East, and Al Shabaab and Boko Haram in Africa, is not a new thing. In fact, if you read history, you'll see the current wars as part of a broader, recurring pattern in Islamic history, which is punctuated by fundamentalist movements. These are frequently initially sparked by religious revival but given momentum by anti-imperial, anti-infidel, or sectarian anger--to the detriment of ordinary people, sadly, mostly to ordinary Muslim people. Of course, to be fair, this is also a pattern in Christian history and probably the histories of other religions. So I don't want to beat up on Islam. But religious wars are a factor in human history. This particular battle, however, was lop-sided, both in terms of the cause of each side (one religious, the other imperialist) and in terms of technology (one swords and spears, the other machine guns and high-explosive artillery).<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Map of initial positions of the Anglo-Egyptian Army and the opening attacks by the Ansar just before dawn. Narrative continues below the map.</i></span></span> <br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">A little background first. </span></span></h3>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-So0JllU63y0/ViLWOyRYCrI/AAAAAAAACAo/tjHhxwITv7g/s1600/Muhammad_Ahmad_al-Mahdi_1.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-So0JllU63y0/ViLWOyRYCrI/AAAAAAAACAo/tjHhxwITv7g/s1600/Muhammad_Ahmad_al-Mahdi_1.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Mohammed Ahmed "The Mahdi"</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The origins of the Mahdist War in particular started with an insurrection in 1881 when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" target="_blank">Mohammed Ahmed</a>, a local<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervish" target="_blank"> </a>boat builder's apprentice in the Sudan, noticed he had the same first name as the Prophet (what are the odds of that?) and so came to the conclusion that he must be the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" target="_blank">Mahdi</a>, the military leader who had been predicted by Sunni tradition to come and lead the Islamic world in ridding itself of evil and impurity. The particular impurity that Ahmed was concerned with was the corrupt and (to fundamentalist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervish" target="_blank">Dervish </a>eyes) apostate rule by the Egyptian government over the Sudan. While Egypt was technically part of the Ottoman Empire, it was, for practical purposes, a client state of the British Empire, who had financial and strategic interests in the Suez Canal and East Africa, both linking it to its empire in the Indian Ocean littoral (India, Burma, Malaysia, Australia, Kenya). But the British had been, up to then, only lightly involved in the government of Egypt. The incompetence and oppression that the Sudanese had been experiencing was all the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma'il_Pasha" target="_blank">Khedive of Egypt</a>'s responsibility.<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Of
course, the religious fundamentalism that fueled the Sudanese revolt
was only part of the general discontent with the maladministration of
the corrupt and incompetent Egyptian government. But Ahmed and the "end-times" religious fervor he preached gave
focus to the movement. From 1881-1885 this revolt led to a largely successful
military campaign by the Dervish Ansar (an Arabic word meaning "helpers") that ended with the fall of the Sudanese provincial
capital at Khartoum and establishment of a "caliphate" in Sudan. </span></span></span><br />
<br /><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span><span><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Prime Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" target="_blank">Gladstone's </a>government
in London, at first reluctant to get involved in internal troubles in
Egypt, was then forced to in order to protect its vital strategic
interest in the continuing operation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal" target="_blank">Suez Canal</a>,
which British banks had been the primary investors in. It first had to
send an army to put down a coup d-etat by the Egyptian Army over the
Ottoman colonial regime (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_el-Kebir" target="_blank">Battle of Tel-El-Kebir,</a>
1882), then reorganize the Egyptian government, and finally reform the
same Egyptian Army it had defeated. From that point on, British
diplomats and officers took on Ottoman titles and assumed the executive
and administrative roles in the Egyptian government and armed forces, a role that was to
continue for the next 70 years, until another Army revolt in 1952. And so on...</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span><br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
</div>
While
Britain was busy imposing its imperial will on Cairo, the Mahdist revolt in
the Sudan was taking advantage of the chaos up north and sweeping across
Sudan. In 1883 the new puppet government in Egypt sent a hastily-trained,
ill-equipped, dispirited force of conscripts (mostly former mutineers and some
Sudanese irregulars) under a few British officers south to deal with the disturbances. This force was predictably massacred by the Ansar in the
desert at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_El_Obeid" target="_blank">E</a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" target="_blank">l Obeid</a> in late 1883.
After this embarrassment, Gladstone, under pressure at home, reluctantly sent local hero Colonel <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon" target="_blank">Charles George Gordon</a> down the Nile to Khartoum in early 1884 with express orders to evacuate the Europeans
and Egyptians there. That was all he was licensed to do. Instead, Gordon, who had had prior experience in the Sudan in a campaign to wipe out slavery in the province, thought he could count on the loyalty of the grateful Sudanese tribes to whip the Mahdi<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">. <span style="font-size: small;">So</span></span></span>, in violation of direct orders from Her Majesty's Government, he fortified the city. After a long siege and ineffectual rescue expedition, Khartoum fell to the Mahdi's
forces in January 1885. And with it, Gladtone's limp government.<br />
<br />
But Gordon became a martyr in the cause of British Imperialism, to be later played by the scenery-chewing Charlton Heston in the 1966 MGM blockbuster, <a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060588/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1" target="_blank"><i>Khartoum. </i></a><br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-r69QN2xf4lc/VjQtx_hxoDI/AAAAAAAACBA/MkEzPR6bu48/s1600/375px-Mahdist_in_the_Khalifa%2527s_house%252C_Omdurman%252C_Sudan.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-r69QN2xf4lc/VjQtx_hxoDI/AAAAAAAACBA/MkEzPR6bu48/s320/375px-Mahdist_in_the_Khalifa%2527s_house%252C_Omdurman%252C_Sudan.png" width="253" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Sudanese veteran in the "patched" jibbah</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>of a Dervish jihadi. The design of this </i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>uniform was to supposed to symbolize the</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>vow of poverty that the devout Dervish</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>took.</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The shame and outrage generated by his brave stand and martyrdom was to
influence the direction of British policy in the Sudan from then on. But they were,
at the moment, not in a position to conduct any expeditions, at least
until they'd reorganized the Egyptian government and retrained the Egyptian Army.<br />
<br />
For the next thirteen years the Mahdists, also known as Dervishes, consolidated their theocracy in Sudan. They ruled over the Sudanese with <span style="font-size: small;">brutal </span>severity, comparable to the severe regime of the Islamic State in parts of Syria and Iraq today, or the Taliban in Afghanistan. It was also shortly after the conquest of Khartoum that Mohammed Ahmed was called to paradise by Allah (1885) and his lieutenant, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallahi_ibn_Muhammad" target="_blank">Abdulla al-Taashi, </a> assumed the office of Khalifa as his successor.<br />
<br />
During this period, the Khalifa did not do very much in the way of building an effective government in the Sudan to replace the ousted Egyptians. For the most part he spent the decade putting down rebellious tribes in Darfur and Kordofan, fighting off an Abyssinian (modern day Ethiopia) invasion, and remotely attempting a half-hearted foray into southern Egypt. Mohammed Ahmed's original goal had been to lead a jihad across the world. But that conquering sweep lost momentum with his death. The Khalifa wasn't a leading type. Instead. he decided to prepare for what he calculated would inevitably come, an attempt at reconquest by the Egyptians and British. And that finally started in 1896.<br />
<br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yFwJyZwpWxw/VkLLsUV96zI/AAAAAAAACHU/gXE-x3MKl_g/s1600/Sudan%2BCampaign.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yFwJyZwpWxw/VkLLsUV96zI/AAAAAAAACHU/gXE-x3MKl_g/s1600/Sudan%2BCampaign.jpg" /></a></div>
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<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">The campaign to retake Sudan finally gets going.</span></span></h3>
Beginning in 1896 the new Tory government in Britain under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" target="_blank">Lord Salisbury</a> felt it had the political mandate and economic wherewithal to methodically take back the Sudan, and once-and-for-all end the threat of the Dervish jihad sweeping up into Egypt or down into its colonies in East Africa. It was also feeling pressure from other European colonial powers, like the Italians, the French, and the Belgians, who were making inroads into Sub-Saharan Africa. Salisbury's aim was to make the entire Nile British, from Alexandria to Uganda and Kenya. By this time, too, the British felt that their retrained Egyptian Army was ready to take on the Ansar.<br />
<br />
Giving the overall command of the campaign to Sir Herbert Kitchener, a rising hot-shot in the Army who had been given the office of Sirdar (Commander-in-Chief) of the Egyptian Army, the British allowed him more-or-less free reign in his strategy. Rather than attempting an overland invasion of Sudan from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suakin" target="_blank">Suakin </a>on the Red Sea coast, which faced the problem of water, Kitchener decided to move up the Nile in a series of stages. This would not only allow him to insure sufficient water for his army (always the most strategic consideration in desert warfare), but would allow him to use the Egyptian Navy's gunboats to support his operations.<br />
<br />
In early 1896, with his regular British troops still on their way, Kitchener began to attack the Dervish forces in north Sudan with only his Egyptian and Sudanese regulars. These proved to be more than equal to the task, overwhelming the strong, entrenched Dervish garrison at Firket (see strategic map above) on 7 June and winning another hot battle at Dongola on 23 September, securing the Nile up to and including the 3rd Cataract.<br />
<br />
These native troops were to prove to be Kitchener's strongest asset. And the repeated victories they won--particularly the Sudanese regiments--reinforced their morale. These were not the timorous troops that had let themselves be slaughtered by the Mahdi's <i>jihadis </i>thirteen years before. In fact, after each early victory in this campaign, captured Sudanese from the Ansar enthusiastically enlisted in Kitchener's victorious regiments, with their smart uniforms, modern weapons, plentiful food, and regular pay. Word had got around who the winning side was going to be.<br />
<br />
Kitchener spent the remainder of 1896 building up his forces and stocking his magazines. At the beginning of the next year he started a railroad from Wadi-Hafa directly across the desert to Abu Hamed, above the 4th Cataract of the Nile. At first, the Dervish forces defending Abu Hamed raided the construction crews, but the main force, moving up the north bank of the river, physically hauling the gunboats with them, sent out another commando of trusty Sudanese, who took Abu Hamed and slaughtered or recruited the enemy there. By October, the railroad was up and running all the way to Berber, just a couple of hundred miles north of Omdurman. He had also managed to bring nine gunboats past the 4th cataract, each armed with new fast firing modern guns (12 pdrs and 5" howitzers) and the new Maxim machine guns, making them powerful floating support batteries as the army marched close to the river.<br />
<br />
The Khalifa, alarmed at the inexorable advance of Kitchener, early in the next year sent two of his most aggressive emirs, Mahmud Ahmed and Osman Digna, with 15,000 men up to the Atbara River to stop the Anglo-Egyptians. Actually, this move had been Mahmud's idea, which he'd been pressing on the Khalifa for months.<br />
<br />
But as Mahmud marched north he veered farther to the east to attempt to outflank Kitchener at Berber. Losing his nerve, he eventually took up a position on the north bank of the mostly dry Atbara River at the hamlet of Nakheila, digging in to await the Anglo-Egyptian attack. A big mistake.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vSGaIoZevZw/VjgghBbgOxI/AAAAAAAACBU/FIoGhySg8JY/s1600/Emir%2BMahmud%2Bcaptured.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="258" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vSGaIoZevZw/VjgghBbgOxI/AAAAAAAACBU/FIoGhySg8JY/s400/Emir%2BMahmud%2Bcaptured.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Emir Mahmud after Atbara with his captors, soldiers of the</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>either the 9th or 10th Sudanese Regiment..</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In April, Kitchener, reinforced by the British division under Gatacre (Cameron and Seaforth Highlanders, Linconshire and Warwickshire regiments), as well as his now veteran Sudanese and Egyptian regiments under Hunter--12,000 men all told--moved down from Berber to attack Mahmud, who passively waited on the Atbara behind his <i>zariba </i>(thorn bush barricades). The resulting battle was one-sided and quick, lasting about 45 minutes. Mahmud himself was captured by the 9th and 10th Sudanese and paraded like a Roman captive behind Kitchener's horse through Berber. More than 2,000 Dervishes were killed and thousands more wounded and captured, with several of those again opting to join the victorious Sudanese regiments. The total Anglo-Egyptian casualties amounted to 559, including 80 killed. Osman Digna managed to escape with about 4,000 of his Baggara (Arab) cavalry back to Omdurman.<br />
<br />
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</div>
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Final march to Omdurman</span></span></h3>
Kitchener, after sitting out the hottest part of the summer sipping gin and tonics in Berber, awaiting resupply and the arrival of the rest of his British troops (Grenadier Guards, 2nd Rifle Regiment, Northumberland and Lancashires, as well as the 21st Lancers and the rest of his artillery), set out on the west bank of the Nile on 23 August for the final push toward Omdurman.<br />
<br />
The troops mostly marched at night to avoid the heat. On their left, they were supported by the river fleet, nine of the latest gunboats, each armed with the new quick-firing 12 pounders and howitzers and Maxim machine guns. On their right, the useful Camel Corps and the cavalry covered the desert flank. All of the brigades assumed a formation which allowed them to quickly form square in the event of a Mahdist attack. MacDonald's Sudanese brigade marched ahead, setting up a zariba-protected camp for the army at the end of each march. Along the east bank, a growing force of irregular locals tribes, each with a grudge against the Mahdists, and led by a courageous Major Whortley (courageous because the tribes' loyalty could flip again at any second), made their way down toward Khartoum.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NtZBOOmTOm0/WshMH6zJymI/AAAAAAAADcw/i4-PHXxrrK8QJSj_VLldc-xmxucDmHrVQCLcBGAs/s1600/Ansari%2Bjibba.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="492" data-original-width="736" height="213" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NtZBOOmTOm0/WshMH6zJymI/AAAAAAAADcw/i4-PHXxrrK8QJSj_VLldc-xmxucDmHrVQCLcBGAs/s320/Ansari%2Bjibba.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Ansari</i> jibbah<i> with its emblematic patches. These would<br />have been a wide variety of colors.</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
During the weeklong advance, however, the Khalifa made no effort to attack or even hinder the infidel army. So Kitchener's security precautions, while prudent, were untested. Evidently Abdullah was like a deer in the headlights as the Anglo-Egyptians came on. Every attempt to stop them, from Firket two years before to the disastrous massacre at Atbara that spring had failed. So until now he holed up with his main army of 60,000 men inside Omdurman (reduced by about eight thousand deserters who had sneaked away by the time of the battle). <br />
<br />
On 1 September, Kitchener's army had arrived at the village of El Egeiga, about five miles from Omdurman and within site of the domed Mahdi's tomb there. There they set up their usual semi-circular camp. However, the scrub was not as dense around the camp and there were only enough thorn bushes to slap together a zariba on the south side, where the British brigades held the line. On the north side the Sudanese and Egyptian regiments dug shallow trenches instead, which, it would turn out, were far better protection.<br />
<br />
Kitchener wanted the Khalifa to come out and attack him, where he was confident his superior firepower would annihilate the Ansar. What he didn't want was a prolonged siege of Omdurman, with costly house-to-house fighting. While he was well supplied and confident of victory, he wanted it over with after two years.<br />
<br />
To provoke Abdullah to come out, he sent his gunboat fleet upstream to bombard Omdurman, like kicking over an ant's nest to bring out the swarm. The navy did a thorough job of this; first knocking out all five of the forts that protected the approach to Omdurman along the Nile, then breaching the wall of the city in several places, and finally demolishing the sacred dome of the Mahdi's tomb. This sacrilege was designed to enrage the Dervishes and make them come out onto open ground. It was not a nice thing to do.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-q5UYp4mt0nk/Vj6ySlTew4I/AAAAAAAACDg/kgHTIs7AhZM/s1600/Mahdi%2527s%2Btomb.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-q5UYp4mt0nk/Vj6ySlTew4I/AAAAAAAACDg/kgHTIs7AhZM/w437-h247/Mahdi%2527s%2Btomb.jpg" width="437" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Mahdi's Tomb, after the bombardment on the 1st.</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Meanwhile, over on the eastern shore, Whortley's irregulars overwhelmed the Dervish positions opposite Omdurman and the ruins of Khartoum at the confluence of the Blue and White Niles. They were not nice in the way they did it, either. Because of this the navy was also able to land a battery of howitzers on the right bank to bombard the city and persuade the Khalifa that it would not protect him. What defensive artillery the Ansar had was not very effective since it was manned by captured Egyptians from the fall of Khartoum thirteen years before who, according to Winston Churchill's report, had been chained to their guns so they wouldn't run away. So their hearts couldn't have been in it. These were all quickly put out of action by accurate naval gunfire.<br />
<br />
But the Khalifa was not in Omdurman after all. Persuaded by his emirs that a defensive position had not worked in any battles of this war so far, he concluded that an all-out attack by his entire army was the best course. This aggressiveness had been what had brought the Mahdist victories against the Egyptians, Gordon, the Italians, and the Abyssinians. With God's help and with the Mahdi's inspiration he would present the unbelievers with another massacre on the scale of El Obeid and Khartoum years before.<br />
<br />
Cavalry had been sent out from the Anglo-Egyptian army to look for the enemy and alert Kitchener when they came out of Omdurman. Patrols from the 21st Lancers (with Churchill tagging along as a freelance journalist) and Broadwood's Egyptian cavalry discovered that the open country beyond the Jebel Surgham and the Kerreri Hills was already seething with tens of thousands of Dervishes, all marching north (see map at top). The Khalifa's entire army was coming.<br />
<br />
The cavalry patrols watched the Ansar army all night, ready to alert of a night attack. The moon was nearly full and on the desert it was a bright night. The British fully expected that the Khalifa would take advantage of this to neutralize the firepower advantage of the Anglo-Egyptians. But the Khalifa did not order a night attack. Electric searchlights from the gunboats, which had returned from their bombardment expedition at Omdurman, continuously panned across the Mahdist positions, looking for any sign of movement. This new bit of Western technology may have unnerved the emirs enough to think that it was not worth the risk of confusion a night assault would bring. As it turned out, Adbullah's plan for the attack was complex enough without having to try and pull it off in the dark, even under a full moon. He probably felt that his greatest chance of success was to launch an all-out attack at dawn after a restless and sleepless night for the terrified (he assumed) infidels.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Comes the dawn.</span></span></h3>
<br />
As the eastern horizon began to grow purple, the 52,000 men of the Dervish force began to more. Sunrise wasn't until 06:37 but at 05:50 it was light enough for the thousands of men to make their prayers, gather around their banners, and start their assault. The British, Egyptian and Sudanese regiments had been up since 04:30 and were in position behind their z<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">a</span></span>riba and in their trenches with full ammo pouches and bayonets clicked in. Broadwood's Egyptian cavalry and Camel Corps were dismounted and in position among the rocks of the Kerreri hills to the northwest of the main camp, watching for a move from that direction. They also had with them four 6 cm Krupp guns of the Egyptian horse artillery.<br />
<br />
As I said, the Khalifa's battle plan was complex. It was to happen in two phases. The first attack was to be in the center. Osman Sheikh ed-Din's 27,000 men were to race headlong across the plain into the center and right of the infidel camp. It was to be a run of about 3000 yards. The sheer fury of the charge was to make the ground rumble and so demoralize the enemy that they'd flee in the face of it. This tactic had always worked before against the Egyptians.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, a smaller force of 5,000 under the emir Ali wad Helu, which had made its way to the northwest behind the Kerreri Hills during the nigh,t was to make a surprise attack from that direction.<br />
<br />
The Khalifa and his bodyguard, with a second army under his brother Yaqub, about 17,000, would be in position behind the Surgham Hill ready to support ed-Din's main attack if it succeeded and make a second charge if it was checked.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CzoK0Pv42dY/Vj_XOumtoiI/AAAAAAAACD0/WCuPeQS0LM8/s1600/Battle_of_Omdurman-1.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CzoK0Pv42dY/Vj_XOumtoiI/AAAAAAAACD0/WCuPeQS0LM8/s640/Battle_of_Omdurman-1.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>I don't know about you, but this sight certainly scares the willies out of me</i>.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
To the south, hidden in a wadi (a dry streambed also known locally as a <i>khor</i>) a force of about 3,700 Dervish under the trusty Osman Digna were ready to launch a surprise attack from that flank. It was to be an envelopment from three sides, trapping the hapless Egyptians and their British allies against the Nile with nowhere to run. Everyone was expecting it to be the same sort of massacre that had destroyed the Egyptian army under another British general (William Hicks) at El Obeid fifteen years before. And these warriors were the same veterans who had done that and captured Khartoum from Gordon. Frenzied and terrifying charges inspired by God were their secret weapon.<br />
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<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Battles never go as you plan them.</span></span></h3>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_HFHFMMuhW4/Vj_akgt_NtI/AAAAAAAACD8/Siw9lMW29Uo/s1600/OmdurmanTheFourFeathers2-1004x823.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="473" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_HFHFMMuhW4/Vj_akgt_NtI/AAAAAAAACD8/Siw9lMW29Uo/s640/OmdurmanTheFourFeathers2-1004x823.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>A sweeping still from the 1939 Zoltan Korda movie "The Four Feathers" of the Battle of Omdurman, filmed at the actual site in the Sudan. The Jebel Surgham hill can be seen on the horizon in the upper right.</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
As Osman ed-Din's 27,000 men started their pre-dawn movement they immediately started to feel the fire of the Anglo-Egyptian artillery. The 52 quick firing guns and howitzers on the gunboats and batteries around the enemy's camp had already been pre-sited and began lobbing high-explosive lyddite shells right into the dense masses of the Ansar at around 3,000 yards. To counter these, the Ansar only had three, old, captured pieces manned by Egyptian POWs (chained, as mentioned before, to their guns to prevent escape). Not only were the Dervish guns ill-served, but their ammunition had been sabotaged by the Egyptian and European POW labor forced to manufacture it. So the artillery duel was asymmetrical in the extreme.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FQu5TNP85S0/VkLIaG7BpZI/AAAAAAAACHA/oiucTz3idRU/s1600/12th%2BSudanese%2Bat%2BOmdurman.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FQu5TNP85S0/VkLIaG7BpZI/AAAAAAAACHA/oiucTz3idRU/s400/12th%2BSudanese%2Bat%2BOmdurman.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: small;"><i>12th Sudanese in their trench at Omdurman. The Kerreri Hills, <br />can be seen on the horizon, from where Osman Sheikh al-Din's <br />attack would swarm.</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
As the Dervish force closed the range over the open ground, the rising sun in their eyes, the allied infantry opened up with their modern rifles (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Enfield" target="_blank">Lee-Enfields</a> with the British regiments and older <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martini%E2%80%93Henry" target="_blank">Martini-Henrys</a> with the Egyptians) and their 48 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_gun" target="_blank">Maxim machine guns</a> (14 with the infantry and 34 on the gunboats). All of these weapons were sited out to between 1,700 and 3,000 yards and capable of unprecedented rates of fire. Indeed, with the exception of the Martini_Henrys, they were pretty much the same armament with which the British went into World War I with sixteen years later. About a third of the Ansar were also armed with rifles, but these were largely old <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Rolling_Block_rifle" target="_blank">Remingtons</a> captured from the Khartoum arsenal thirteen years before. As with the artillery ammunition, too, the ammunition for the Dervish rifles had been sabotaged by the impressed POW manufacturers in Omdurman. So again, it was an uneven match.<br />
<br />
To his left, Osman ed-Din noticed that the black rocks of the Kerreri hills were covered in Egyptian troops and artillery (Broadwood's cavalry and Camel Corps). His men were already taking fire from the flank. He knew he couldn't leave his flank and rear open to Egyptian cavalry. So he split his force in two, taking some 15,000 men north to take care of this force. He left 12,000 under the fire-eating Osman Azraq to continue the frontal charge against the infidel zariba.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Another regiment of Sudanese infantry awaiting the Ansari attack in their shallow trench.</i></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-82vSJ9LJcjY/WshMi4zvywI/AAAAAAAADc0/qo2WJs5CGLQ116vi1tRmf49VGifxa4N2gCLcBGAs/s1600/Sudanese-troops-at-Omdurman.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="368" data-original-width="800" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-82vSJ9LJcjY/WshMi4zvywI/AAAAAAAADc0/qo2WJs5CGLQ116vi1tRmf49VGifxa4N2gCLcBGAs/s1600/Sudanese-troops-at-Omdurman.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Unfortunately, after less than half-an-hour, Azraq's force, including himself, had been all but annihilated by the withering fire. No man got closer than 800 yards on the British side and 500 yards on the Egyptian/Sudanese side of the zariba. Hundreds of colored flags, covered with Koranic text, had fallen, been picked up again, fallen again for good. Thousands lay dead or quivering on the sand. And the survivors found shallow cover in the many khors that crossed the plain, content to take potshots at the enemy. Nobody ran. Those that retreated did so haughtily and slowly, walking upright to the rear. Several on the British side testified to the undeniable bravery of the "Fuzzy-Wuzzies" as they derisively called them (on account of some of their hairdos).<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Broadwood makes himself the bait.</span></span></h3>
<br />
Meanwhile, as Osman ed-Din charged northeast after the Egyptian cavalry and Camel Corps on the Kerreri Hills, their commander, Broadwood, realized his 1,700 men could neither stop this tidal wave nor use their mounted mobility to out-maneuver them. The rocky slopes were not great for mounted action and were even worse on camel feet. He had received a heliographed order from Kitchener to withdraw back into the zariba, but he decided on a more strategic ploy. Realizing his Camel Corps could not outpace the onrushing Dervishes on foot in the rocks, he ordered them to mount up and make for the northeast corner of the zariba by the Nile as fast as their cranky beasts could carry them. He then ordered his nine Egyptian cavalry squadrons to mount up and make a fighting withdrawal to the north, drawing off the Dervishes from the main army. This they did in a series of bounds; riding a few hundred yards, dismounting to fire some volleys, and remounting to ride on, repeating this a number of times. Ed-Din took the bait and led his men in a wild chase after the elusive cavalry. Some of them went after the Camel Corps, picking their way down hill toward the zariba, trying to cut them off.<br />
<br />
Two of the gunboat commanders in the fleet (gunboats <i>Melik </i>and <i>Abu Klea</i>), able to see what was happening to the north, took it upon themselves to steam downstream and take up firing positions close to the shore of the northeast corner of the zariba. Here they unleashed hell on the pursuing Dervishes, covering the safe withdrawal of the camelmen into the safety of the allied redoubt. The jihadis, seeing they would be cut down to a man by the massed firepower of the gunboats' artillery and machine guns, as well as those of Lewis's brigade behind the northernmost line, halted their pursuit and took up sniper positions in the rocks on the Kerreri ridge.<br />
<br />
The bulk of ed-Din's force, however kept trying to catch Broadwood, who led them miles north of the battlefield at a critical time. After a couple of hours Broadwood looped around and led his regiment along the banks of the Nile back into the zariba. Many of the Dervishes tried to cut them off but in turn were cut down and driven back by the protective pair of gunboats.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">A Glorious Charge</span></span></h3>
<br />
After this initial charge by the Khalifa's Ansar had been halted, and ed-Din's force seemed to have gone far off in pursuit of Broadwood, Kitchener ordered his men to take time to refresh themselves, restock with ammunition and clean their rifles. He was concerned that the surviving Ansar would attempt to retreat back into Omdurman to fortify it. So he ordered Col. Martin and his<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Lancers" target="_blank"> 21st Lancers</a> south to reconnoitre and cut off any disorganized Dervishes from getting into the city.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-R6jJyd4PQ9k/WdsHdDEYtgI/AAAAAAAADLs/c6_nX_iuaWc8Pj-1B8OmAWrACOfUSpTPQCLcBGAs/s1600/young-churchill-l.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="306" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-R6jJyd4PQ9k/WdsHdDEYtgI/AAAAAAAADLs/c6_nX_iuaWc8Pj-1B8OmAWrACOfUSpTPQCLcBGAs/s400/young-churchill-l.jpg" width="268" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Twenty-four-year-old Winston Churchill<br />in his brand new khaki kit</i></span>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The 21st had been in existence for forty years and was the only cavalry regiment in the British Army that had never been in combat. So they were anxious to get bloodied and add some battle honors to their virgin flag. With them as an unofficial war correspondent was a young <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" target="_blank">Winston Churchill</a>, on leave from the 4th Hussars. Anxious to get in on the action in this latest war, he had his mother, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Randolph_Churchill" target="_blank">Lady Randolf Churchill</a>, pull strings with the Prince of Wales (her lover and future Edward VII) to get him assigned to Kitchener's staff. The Sirdar and his staff didn't much like young Churchill and, since he was a cavalry officer, pawned him off of Col. Martin, who grudgingly let him ride along. The vivid account of this campaign and in particular the 21st Lancers we owe to Churchill's eyewitness and direct participation.<br />
<span id="goog_138100467"></span><span id="goog_138100468"></span><br />
Making their way south towards Omdurman, the four squadrons of the 21st noticed about a hundred Dervishes shooting at them from the cover of a khor (a gully, remember). They formed up in line of three squadrons abreast (one in reserve) and made ready to charge. In textbook fashion they increased their pace from a walk to a trot to a canter and finally to a gallop. As they neared the edge of the khor, however, the officers in advance saw that it was filled not with a hundred snipers, but thousands of tightly packed warriors, all armed with very sharp pokey things.<br />
<br />
Unknown to the British, the khor was early occupied by about a thousand Haddendoa's of Osman Digna's east Sudan tribe. As the initial attack on the Anglo-Egyptian center collapsed, the Khalifa dispatched another 2,500 men under Osman al Sharif (called the Kara Army) to reinforce Digna. So by the time the 400 troopers of the 21st discovered them there were over 3,500 fanatical Dervishes packed 12 deep awaiting them. But it was too late to stop the charge, which was now at full gallop with lances leveled.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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It is rare in military history that we see an ordered and tightly packed body of cavalry crash headlong into an ordered and tightly packed body of infantry. Either the cavalry swerve to the side or the infantry run in panic to be run down by the cavalry--usually. But where there is a head-on collision between two hundred tons of horseflesh and two-hundred-fifty tons of manflesh (as is often erroneous depicted in movies) it is very rare. But it happened here. The 21st crashed right into and through the Dervishes, skewering, shooting, and hacking down hundreds. And, as they galloped through, the Muslim soldiers hacked, shot, and pulled down scores of English cavalrymen off of their horses. Three British troopers earned Victoria Crosses by stopping to help their dismounted and wounded comrades up onto riderless horses. The charge careered on, right out the far side of the Kara Army's rear and came to a halt about two hundred yards beyond it to reform. The Dervishes also started to reform their ranks. Both sides were stunned with what had just happened.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7rZTA1hv2Sw/VkAB0f4RwCI/AAAAAAAACEg/dUe_XCJtxUs/s1600/Charge%2Bof%2B21st%2BWm%2BBarnes%2BWollen%2B1898.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7rZTA1hv2Sw/VkAB0f4RwCI/AAAAAAAACEg/dUe_XCJtxUs/s1600/Charge%2Bof%2B21st%2BWm%2BBarnes%2BWollen%2B1898.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>The Charge of the 21st Lancers at Omdurman by William Barnes Wollen, 1899</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The 21st, in this their debut of combat in war, lost 70 men and 119 horses killed and wounded, out of their original 400. Churchill estimated that the Arabs had suffered about 200 casualties, though I'm sure he didn't go back to ask. But he was there in the thick of it, so we can't discount his estimate.<br />
<br />
Instead of charging back through, which would have been suicidal, Col. Martin prudently had his regiment turn by fours to the right and trot over about two hundred yards to the eastern flank of the Dervish force in the khor and there dismount to begin pouring an enfilade fire into its flank. At this point the Kara Army and the Haddendoah had had enough and retreated back up the gully toward the Jebel Surgham.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Kx7qQ2EJPxg/WdlENXNTImI/AAAAAAAADLY/GnjDIOUxAYMLZv2LJTBk95IcOmINoIgqQCLcBGAs/s1600/RCWoodvilleJr_21Lancers_Omdurman.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="593" data-original-width="944" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Kx7qQ2EJPxg/WdlENXNTImI/AAAAAAAADLY/GnjDIOUxAYMLZv2LJTBk95IcOmINoIgqQCLcBGAs/s1600/RCWoodvilleJr_21Lancers_Omdurman.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Not to be outdone, Caton Woodville's salon painting portrays the chauvinism of imperialist sang-froid. The cringing Dervish<br />warrior in the lower right foreground is a particular Kiplingesque touch, as is the cool British officer on the right pointing the <br />way forward, pistol safely in its holster, of course. No sense getting carried away. I'm surprised he's not pointing with an<br /> umbrella.</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Where do you think you're going? The battle is far from over.</span></span></h3>
<br />
As I have pointed out, Kitchener was anxious that the fleeing Ansar not retreat into Omdurman. He did not want this battle to end in a costly house-to-house fight. So besides dispatching the 21st to cut them off, he also ordered his entire line out into the plain to the south and west to interpose his army between what was left of the Mahdist army and Omdurman. This meant that the army was supposed to form up in echelon south. He also ordered Collinson's Egyptian brigade, which had been held in reserve that morning, to make a route march along the river bank to follow the 21st into the city (see map below). As we'll soon see, this was kind of a reckless move on the Sirdar's part, exposing, as it did, his individual units' flanks as they spread out.<br />
<br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dKxys5HvosE/VkLMNlhZpLI/AAAAAAAACHY/aacLmd6Aofs/s1600/Omdurman%2B0940.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dKxys5HvosE/VkLMNlhZpLI/AAAAAAAACHY/aacLmd6Aofs/s1600/Omdurman%2B0940.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
But the Khalifa was not retreating back into Omdurman. As you'll
recall, he had a Plan B should his initial attack fail. And he was
executing it now. Seeing that the enemy had left the shelter of their
trenches and zariba and had spread out on the plain, he rubbed his hands together and concluded that the
time was right for his nasty surprise; a second massive attack with a
completely fresh army. Supporting this attack he sent a few thousand of
his own rifle-armed Sudanese up onto the rocks of Jebel Surgham to pick off
the exposed British. And he also sent frantic messengers up to find Ali
wad Helu and Osman Sheikh ed-Din beyond the Kerreri Hills to join this last all-of-nothing charge
from the north.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bSWkaAYqimU/VkLGMU7UAJI/AAAAAAAACG4/UHcxnm_5bno/s1600/Surgham%2BMt%2B20065987.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bSWkaAYqimU/VkLGMU7UAJI/AAAAAAAACG4/UHcxnm_5bno/s320/Surgham%2BMt%2B20065987.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Jebel Surgam</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The second attack, consisting of the 16,000 warriors of Yaqub's Army and the Khalifa's bodyguard commenced at about 9:40, while the five Anglo-Egyptian brigades were spread out. At first, the two British brigades, facing south, were not immediately threatened; the brunt of the attack falling on the widely separated brigades of Lewis and McDonald. Kitchener quickly pulled Wauchope's brigade (Lincolnshires, Camerons, Seaforths and Warwickshires) out of the line and sent them north at the double to shore up the hole between MacDonald and Lewis. Lyttleton's brigade (Grenadier Guards, Northumberlands, Lancashires and the 2nd Rifles) and Maxwell's brigade (8th Egyptian, 12th, 13th and 14th Sudanese) were sent straight up Jebel Surgham to sweep away the Dervish riflemen and bring enfilade fire down on the Khalifa's attack.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_ql2V2Z9NF0/VkAne9AmG_I/AAAAAAAACFA/QS5bbIBPW78/s1600/Omdurman_CoolRifles.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="388" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_ql2V2Z9NF0/VkAne9AmG_I/AAAAAAAACFA/QS5bbIBPW78/s640/Omdurman_CoolRifles.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Newspaper illustration of the firing line at Omdurman (either Seaforth or<br />Cameron Highlanders) demonstrating how the reserve companies would <br />replace ammunition and over-heated rifles for the six forward companies.</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Lewis's Egyptian brigade was holding its own, pumping round after round from their old Martini-Henrys, chewing up the oncoming swarm. Kitchener had also ordered up his artillery and more machine guns to support them. At one point, the Egyptian infantry began to waiver in the center and Lewis, quickly thinking, deployed the reserve 15th Egyptian with fixed bayonets behind them to stiffen their resolve. <br />
<br />
To their right and isolated by several hundred yards, MacDonald's brigade (the elite 9th, 10th, and 11th Sudanese and the 2nd Egyptian) held their own against the attack from the west. After about twenty minutes, this attack seemed to be losing its momentum. But at the worst possible moment, a new army of Dervishes began to swarm from the north over the Kerreri Hills. It was the 5,000 of Ali wad Helu and the wayward 15,000 of Osman Sheikh ed-Din. Attacked on two sides by a total of 36,000, MacDonald's 3,600 Sudanese and Egyptians nearly emptied their cartridge pouches. As the attack from the west seemed to be waning and the one from the north came closer, MacDonald deftly shifted his left-hand battalions to the right, forming an "L". It was getting desperate. Then, just as his men were down to their last two or three cartridges and the brave Sudanese (and the 2nd Egyptian) fixed their bayonets to counter-charge the mass of Dervishes rushing toward them, Wauchope's Highlanders finally showed up and began to deploy to the right of MacDonald's brigade. More gun batteries and Maxims also came up and unlimbered, pouring it into the Dervishes. Collinson's Egyptian brigade, recalled from its march south, and Broadwood's Egyptian cavalry and the Camel Corps also showed up on MacDonald's right to help beat back ed-Din's attack. And within about ten more minutes, the Dervishes had come to a halt (either dead or retreating) less than 100 yards from MacDonald's line. But it was a close thing.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
The Khalifa's second surprise attack had also failed. Now he had no reserves left. And since his double envelopment plan was delivered out of sync, the Anglo-Egypto-Sudanese, exhausted though they all were, were able to stop it cold.<br />
<br />
<i>Now </i>it was over. Kitchener's brigadiers rallied their battalions and the whole army resumed its march south to capture the capital. Broadwood's cavalry and the 21st Lancers were sent to the west to interpose themselves between the fleeing Dervishes and the city, and prevent them from rallying. For the most part, however, these Mahdists were no longer Mahdists. They were spent and were more interested in getting themselves and their families back to their home villages. They'd had enough of the caliphate and war.<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<h3>
<b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></b></h3>
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>They welcomed us as liberators.</b></span></span></h3>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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The Khalifa first made it to the illusory safety of his palace with what was left of his bodyguard, intending to defend it to the last. However, Sudanese and British troops began to make their way into the city through the breaches in the walls made by the gunboats the day before. So Abdullah took his followers and bolted out of the southern gate, planning to recruit a new army of believers and renew the holy war. The Egyptian cavalry were ordered to pursue and capture him.<br />
<br />
There were a few last-standers in the mud houses of Omdurman and two lone martyrs defending the ruin of the Mahdi's Tomb, but these were quickly killed or captured. The mood of the civilians of the city was fairly jubilant at being liberated from Mahdist tyranny by their countrymen, the heroic Sudanese regiments. Kitchener was politically astute in leading these regiments first into the Sudanese capital. But hundreds of civilians, including women and children, had died horribly in the naval bombardment the previous day and their bodies were decomposing rapidly in the heat.A number of correspondents remarked on sickening smell.<br />
<br />
Kitchener also had the pleasure of personally liberating some 30 shackled European prisoners from the Khalifa's prison. There was much weeping since most of these had been there for well over a decade. But I'm sure they smelled in their own way, too.<br />
<br />
Then, on the 4th, taking an escort of his trusty Sudanese infantry on a gunboat across the Nile, the Sirdar also visited the ruins of the governor's palace in Khartoum where Gordon had been killed thirteen years before and presided under the raising the Union Jack and the Turkish...I mean Egyptian...flag.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-09HP2mI_lFU/VkAxHbYlNwI/AAAAAAAACFQ/ExTfi3uiCho/s1600/Raising%2Bof%2BUnion%2BJack%2Bat%2BKhartoum.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="331" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-09HP2mI_lFU/VkAxHbYlNwI/AAAAAAAACFQ/ExTfi3uiCho/s400/Raising%2Bof%2BUnion%2BJack%2Bat%2BKhartoum.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>The raising of the Turkish (okay, Egyptian) flag and the<br />Union Jack over the ruins of Gordon's palace in <br />Khartoum.</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
It was during this aftermath, though, that lurid stories were being filed by some of the attached correspondents of atrocities by the British and Egyptian victors. Reportedly Kitchener had ordered (or condoned) the murder of thousands of Dervish wounded on the battlefield. At best he may have just forbidden medical attention to them, leaving them to a painful, slow, and awful death, many being fed on by vultures as they still lived. Kitchener also reportedly had the body of the Mahdi taken from its tomb, dismembered, and thrown into the Nile. One report said he'd had the skull set aside to bring back to England as a grisly trophy. Even Churchill, in his first edition of his book about the Sudan campaign, <i>The River War</i>, published the following year, corroborated these atrocities and sacrilege. However, such was the jubilation back in London over the successful outcome to the two year war, and the new hero worship of Kitchener, that these reports were vehemently attacked back home as libel. And Churchill himself, mindful of his own political ambitions and of English libel laws, edited them out of his second edition in 1902. The Kipling-reading British public, enamored of its patriotic image as the scions of genteel Victorian civilization, could not stomach a contrary view; that their heroes were also capable of barbaric savagery. This was the era of <i>Downton Abbey</i> after all.<br />
<br />
The body count of Omdurman was equally lopsided. One rough estimate is that the Mahdists lost 28,000 killed, wounded, or captured. There were undoubtedly many thousand dead on the vulture-peppered battlefield. Of the allied casualties, the official toll was 291 KWM, including 45 dead (Featherstone) or, according to Barthorp, 482 total casualties. At any rate, it was comparatively light considering the force had been attacked by an army of 52,000. Of all of these, 71 casualties were from the 21st Lancers alone, due to their heroic but foolish charge into the beehive of the Kara Army hiding in ambush. There were four Victoria Crosses awarded for Omdurman, three in the 21st Lancers alone. Not bad for their first battle.<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="color: #b45f06;">For Churchill, his lucky participation in this charge brought him tremendous political capital back home, allowing him to start his fast rise to power. It uncannily matched Teddy Roosevelt's charge with the Rough Riders up <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_Hill" target="_blank">San Juan Hill</a> exactly two months before. Both men used their heroic military feats in cavalry charges (albeit on foot for TR) to great political advantage.<br /></span></span></li>
<span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="color: #b45f06;">
</span></span>
<li><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="color: #b45f06;"> And as another side note, thirty years later, Churchill's American mother, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Randolph_Churchill" target="_blank">Lady Randolph</a>, who had got him the gig with the 21st Lancers (using, ahem, influence on the Prince of Wales, her lover), died as an eventual result of a freak fashion accident while trying to negotiate the stairs in her stately home with a new pair of high heels. She fell and twisted her ankle, which became infected and gangrenous to the point that her leg had to be amputated. The bad luck (and, I would maintain, medical malpractice) continued; in spite of her wealth and influence, she never recovered from this surgery. She died in great pain a few weeks later. Though I'm reasonably certain she wasn't eaten by vultures. A cautionary safety lesson about wearing high heels in stately homes. </span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
Where were we?<br />
<br />
Oh yes, the Khalifa, meanwhile (wearing much safer flats) made his way south to his homeland in Kordofan with what was left of his loyal followers. Kitchener sent a force of Sudanese infantry after him and he was run to earth at Um Dibaykarat in the southern Sudan in November 1899. Apparently <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-V_MVB-yCsyI/WdvfbdCHEJI/AAAAAAAADNs/i79BBRAwRDAp2FOQdhokOL1zIx6QPvvMwCLcBGAs/s1600/Body-of-the-Khalifa.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="606" data-original-width="900" height="215" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-V_MVB-yCsyI/WdvfbdCHEJI/AAAAAAAADNs/i79BBRAwRDAp2FOQdhokOL1zIx6QPvvMwCLcBGAs/s320/Body-of-the-Khalifa.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>The bodies of the Khalifa and his bodyguard at Um Dibaykarat.<br />Sudanese soldiers, who ran him to earth, are in the background.</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Abdullah died bravely with what was left of his emirs riddled by bullets as they made their last prayers (except Osman Digna, who was captured later and lived until 1926 to the comfortable age of 86, a favorite of traveling correspondents).<br />
<br />
Almost right after the battle, having done with his British troops, Kitchener sent them home to parades and honors, leaving the mopping up of hold-out Mahdist forces in Sudan to his Egyptian and Sudanese troops. All of this was finished by the end of the century (i.e. New Years 1900). Having had enough of Africa himself for the moment, Kitchener went home before all of this was done to receive his lordship from a grateful Queen Victoria, a cash prize of <span face=""avenir lt std 35 light" , "sans-serif"">£</span>30,000 (worth about Ten Billion Bucks today...actually $45 million as of today's exchange rate), lots of wining and dining all over Britain. He was the hero of the century. Or at least of the year.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">An Assessment</span></span></h3>
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<![endif]-->In retrospect, what mistakes were made at Omdurman? Granted, the military power of the contestants was pretty lopsided. The Mahdists had a two-to-one advantage in numbers, but they were completely out-gunned and out-organized in every other conceivable category of military power. You can't get more asymmetrical than the Omdurman campaign. However, it was not a foregone conclusion. The Khalifa might have won. And Kitchener could very well have suffered the fate of Gordon.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Firepower</span></span></h3>
Firepower was clearly in the allied camp. The Anglo-Egyptian army was equipped with the latest in artillery, small arms, and ammunition. Some historians have armed the British infantry in the Sudan with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Metford" target="_blank">Lee-Metford</a> magazine-fed, bolt-action rifle. While this was still a black-powder weapon (meaning it would have enshrouded a firing line in choking smoke), it had a max range of 1,800 yards, a ten round magazine, adjustable sites and was capable of laying down an incredible amount of fire on a distant mass target like 17,000 Dervishes. My own research has indicated that most of the crack infantry (in which I'd count the regiments present at Omdurman, like the Grenadier Guards) were already being given the smokeless-powder version of this rifle, the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Enfield" target="_blank"> Lee-Enfield</a>, which was to become the standard British infantry weapon until the 1950s.<br />
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The Egyptian and Sudanese troops were armed with the older <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martini%E2%80%93Henry" target="_blank">Martini-Henry</a> (the infamous rifle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Isandlwana" target="_blank">Isandhalwana </a>legend), a single shot breechloader using black powder ammunition (which would have obscured the target from a firing line after just a few rounds). However, by 1898 the Martini was a rugged, reliable weapon with a max range comparable to the Lee-Metford and a rate of fire of 12 rpm. While the Dervishes were able to get closer to the Egyptians and Sudanese regiments than they were to the British, they were still stopped dead at several hundred yards. One lone, old man carrying a flag was said to have staggered to within potato-chucking distance of MacDonald's brigade, only to have been shot down clutching his flag, bless his heart.<br />
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Then we have to consider the dozens of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_gun" target="_blank">Maxim machine guns</a> on the allied side. The Maxim was a breakthrough in machine gun design, which had, from the Gatling to the <i>mitrailleuse</i>, been prone to jamming at the worst possible time, and whose barrels tended to quickly overheat. But the Maxim, water-cooled and belt-fed with a single barrel, was far more reliable. It put out a rate of fire of 550 rpm, so that a couple of men manning one could be worth a whole company in terms of firepower. These guns, and other water-cooled versions based on its original design, would also be widely used during the First World War by all sides, and were still in wide use during the Second World War. They were responsible for the slaughter of the equally suicidal infantry attacks across the no-mans-land of Flanders Fields in 1914-18. The Dervishes were probably the first to suffer this mechanized murder at Omdurman.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sUY-iKIAK_8/WdvEPmg1_FI/AAAAAAAADL8/MZuanZpj_N4K0AI633w5rkJ4tCNv1tsbQCLcBGAs/s1600/Maxim-Guns%2Bof%2Bthe%2B87th%2BRoyal%2BIrish%2BFusiliers.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="549" data-original-width="971" height="361" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sUY-iKIAK_8/WdvEPmg1_FI/AAAAAAAADL8/MZuanZpj_N4K0AI633w5rkJ4tCNv1tsbQCLcBGAs/s640/Maxim-Guns%2Bof%2Bthe%2B87th%2BRoyal%2BIrish%2BFusiliers.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Battery
of Maxim machine guns in the Sudan. Note how they were originally
mounted on conventional artillery carriages with twin ammunition boxes
attached to the armored front plates. Later these guns would have been
mounted on swiveling tripods, lower to the ground</span>.</i></td></tr>
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The allies also enjoyed an overwhelming advantage in artillery. The 52 guns in the army and on the gunboats were quick-firing, extremely accurate out to over 3,000 yards, and lobbed a high-explosive lyddite shell that had more destructive force than anything seen in prior wars. These guns were also a staple of the wars of the early and mid-twentieth century. So what we have in the allied force that faced the Ansar at Omdurman was essentially a fully modern army, armed with everything the armies had in WWI except airplanes and tanks (well..no gas weapons, either, but I'm sure if Kitchener had had those he would not have hesitated to use them on the Fuzzy-Wuzzies).<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xf-mlKP4GVs/VkLaVuKRADI/AAAAAAAACHw/d3esQmurWqM/s1600/Maxim_wczesny.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="237" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xf-mlKP4GVs/VkLaVuKRADI/AAAAAAAACHw/d3esQmurWqM/s320/Maxim_wczesny.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Maxim gun with two man crew, note the ammunition <br />belt coming out of the left side. The cylinder around<br />the barrel was the cooling water tank.</i></span></td></tr>
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On the Mahdist side, the armament was positively medieval. About a third of the Ansar was armed with old, Remington rifles captured years before from the Egyptians they had overrun during their heyday of conquest. But, lacking parts, they were not well kept. Moreover, while the Dervishes had captured huge stores of ammunition and gunpowder when they overran Khartoum in 1885, they had largely used those up in their wars against the Egyptians, the Italians, and the Abyssinians. They had attempted to start an ammunition factory by impressing some of their European captives, but, as I've said, these chained slaves did everything they could to subtly sabotage the product. The Khalifa also had some captured artillery, but these were mostly older Krupps and and a single Gatling gun, all equally degraded by years of neglect and inexperience. Chaining captive Egyptian artillerymen to the guns was not bound to get the most out of your artillery either.<br />
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The most common weapons available to the Mahdists were edged weapons; spears and swords. While effective in close quarter combat (as they were against the Abyssinians), the men had to actually get close enough to use them. And in the face of modern artillery, magazine-fed rifles, and machine guns, this was problematic.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Leadership</span></span></h3>
If the Ansar had any chance of winning Omdurman, it was in leadership. The Khalifa himself was not exactly a military genius, but he had several brilliant commanders under him; namely Osman Digna, Osman Azraq, Ali wad Helu, and others. They were capable of astute tactical decisions, strategic thinking, and inspiring leadership. What they didn't have was effective communication system on the battlefield, and had the timing of Osman Sheikh ed-Din's return from his wild-goose chase above the Kerreri Hills coincided with Yaqub's attack from the west, it is very likely that the battle would have been a massacre for Kitchener.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DZy6q2ILoxM/VkLBUilUJ0I/AAAAAAAACGo/xMf104tQUKI/s1600/Kitchener.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DZy6q2ILoxM/VkLBUilUJ0I/AAAAAAAACGo/xMf104tQUKI/s320/Kitchener.jpg" width="233" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>The Sirdar, posing for his<br />Monty Python portrait.</i></span></td></tr>
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For his part, while the Sirdar lucked out that the synchronization of the Khalifa's complicated plan did not happen, he was much criticized by those under his own command, as well as other military professionals in Britain, for prematurely putting his brigades in the open after the defeat of the first attack. He had not ascertained what else the Khalifa had in store for him, sending out no cavalry patrols to the west or north. The attack by Yaqub's Army, for instance, was a complete surprise to him, as was the unexpected size of the Kara Army lying in wait to the south (the ones who surprised the 21st Lancers). By 9:40 he had no idea where three-quarters of the Mahdist army was, and yet he decided on a mad dash for Omdurman across the open plain in open formations. This left his brigades (particularly MacDonald's Sudanese and Egyptians to the north) dangerously exposed.<br />
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He was blessed, however, in having a team of superior, unflappable brigadiers, who knew how to fight and how to lead. He was also fortunate in the discipline and coolness of his troops, especially the Sudanese, whose combat performance rivaled the Grenadier Guards and other British line <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Ef8nZLAulF4/WbmxzrT-G1I/AAAAAAAADBc/y1_YO9P6cUcyuirCvpAWO5nKExcnydr6gCLcBGAs/s1600/Lt%2BHussein%2Bof%2Bthe%2B9th%2BSudanese.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="539" data-original-width="441" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Ef8nZLAulF4/WbmxzrT-G1I/AAAAAAAADBc/y1_YO9P6cUcyuirCvpAWO5nKExcnydr6gCLcBGAs/s320/Lt%2BHussein%2Bof%2Bthe%2B9th%2BSudanese.JPG" width="261" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><b>Lt. Bimbashi Ahmed Hussein of the 9th Sudanese<br />Regiment.</b> One of the tough company officers who <br />led this heroic unit at Omdurman and at the Battle <br />of Atbara the year before (when he was wounded by <br />an elephant gun!), where his regiment and the 10th <br />captured the illusive Emir Mahmud. </i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i> His distinctive facial scars identify him as a <br />member of the Shaigiya tribe, which was intensely <br />anti-Mahdist and some of whom had fought to the <br />last with Gordon at Khartoum n 1885. Hussein stayed<br /> in the army until 1929 when he retired as a Lieutenant <br />Colonel.<br /> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">Photo and informationcourtesy of his great grandson, Yahya Hussein.</span></i></span></div>
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regiments. And, as we've seen, the modern weapons his men possessed saved them from being overwhelmed. <br />
<br />
On the battalion level, in fact, the professionalism of the officer corps in the Sirdar's army was some of the best in the world, both in the British regular regiments and in the Egyptian and Sudanese regiments. The Sudanese, in particular, had superior company officers and NCOs (like Lt. Hussein of the 9th Sudanese to the right) who drilled, inspired, and led their troops to remarkable victories in the face of overwhelming odds. They were these who unflappably ordered their men to fix bayonets when they ran out of ammunition and to counter-charge the final wave of Dervish attacks, driving them back. This was some leadership. I would venture to say that it was really the junior officers like Lt. Hussein who ended up saving Kitchener's hide.<br />
<br />
Years later, when Teddy Roosevelt met Kitchener just prior to the Great
War, when the Hero of Omdurman was on the verge of being appointed
Minister for War, the ex-Rough Rider and former President was not
impressed. He described the field marshal as a dull tool, devoid of
imagination, and coasting on the laurels won by others. It was an
opinion shared by many of his contemporaries. One general said he was
smart enough to be the luckiest soldier in the army. <br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Would a night attack have made a difference?</span></span></h3>
Several of the Khalifa's emirs had urged him to launch his attack on the night of 1/2 September. They reasoned that this was the only way to overcome the advantage the Anglo-Egyptians had in firepower; to sneak up on them and surprise them in the dark. There were several factors working in favor of this argument: The plain around the allied camp was crisscrossed in khors, right up to the edge of the zariba. Osman Digna had used this infiltration tactic successfully several times against the British, the Italians and the Abyssinians before. The nature of the ground, in fact, was such that even with the vast size of the Khalifa's army, tens of thousands could have been hidden until the last minute. Indeed, even in the light of day, thousands were concealed from Kitchener. <br />
<br />
That the moon was nearly full and the sky clear might have made this night attack more difficult without discovery by the enemy. But even under a full moon, distances are hard to judge and the eyes play tricks. Also the moonlight may have allowed the Ansar rubs to make their way forward in coordination better. And the men were highly skilled at quiet movement and infiltration tactics. They were born commandos. They could have pulled it off.<br />
<br />
A night attack was the one thing, too, that Kitchener was most afraid of. His men were alert but jumpy, expecting one all night. So the specter of tens of thousands of sword wielding Dervishes leaping out the ground just a few yards from their positions would have unnerved even the most veteran soldiers. And they would have had only a few dozen yards in which to stop them with firepower, not 3,000.<br />
<br />
But for some reason, the Khalifa was not confident in the ability of his army to sneak up on the enemy. He may have been unsettled by the probing searchlights of the gunboats, thinking they would have been able to see all. Indeed, they might have been able to catch fleeting movement, but even with searchlights, the tactical situation was more precarious for the Anglo-Egyptians at night.<br />
<br />
In the end, Abdullah was swayed against a night attack by his arrogant brother, Osman Sheikh ed-Din (the same who broke off from the first attack with 15,000 men in pursuit of the 900 Egyptian cavalry at the beginning of the battle and was a half-hour late at the conclusion). Ed-Din told his brother that a victory stolen in the dark held no glory for Allah, and that they would more assured of God's help in the full light of day.<br />
<br />
But history might have been very different if the Khalifa had told his brother to shut up. Just as King Philip VI should have ignored his impetuous and stupid brother, Alencon, about honor and God being on their side at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2015/03/crecy-1346.html" target="_blank">Crecy </a>five centuries before, Abdullah should have ignored his. Another example of the hazards of nepotism.<br />
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Logistics</span></span></h3>
Of all the factors that assured the ultimate success of this two year campaign, logistics was right up at the top. If the army itself was the tip of the spear, as the tired old metaphor goes, the supply chain was the shaft. And the Anglo-Egyptian organization, planning and engineering was responsible. That they had built a railroad 220 miles across scorching desert from Wadi Halfa to Abu Hamed in just ten months, sinking wells and fighting off Dervish raids as they went is a phenomenal engineering marvel by itself. They also managed to build and haul nine warships and hundreds of supply vessels up past four cataracts of the Nile. And there were the magazines, supply dumps, and hospitals established at critical points on islands along the over 800 mile advance. The Omdurman campaign was a logistical wonder, a testament to the industrial might of the British Empire.<br />
<br />
Ammunition, food, water, and every sort of supply and support were never a question for Kitchener's force. At least as the campaign unfolded. Ammunition became a problem at the end of the battle as MacDonald's force, out on its own, started to run out of it.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;">Training and Morale</span></h3>
Both sides also enjoyed an amazing degree of military training and professionalism. It went without saying that the British regiments and Royal Navy performed admirably. But the Egyptian Army, in particular the Sudanese regiments, were also a far cry from the dispirited rabble of <i>fellahin </i>that had been overcome by the Mahdi a decade-and-a-half before. They were, it is true, trained and led at the <br />
top by professional British officers, but the bulk of their company officers and NCOs were native Egyptians and Sudanese. <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tOzN0YXRfhU/WdvchusaPzI/AAAAAAAADNg/p8MQ0d5jsDc9UMtpXlvcbKiqUEAdlYEUwCEwYBhgL/s1600/11th-Sudanese-in-the-trenches.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="312" data-original-width="582" height="343" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tOzN0YXRfhU/WdvchusaPzI/AAAAAAAADNg/p8MQ0d5jsDc9UMtpXlvcbKiqUEAdlYEUwCEwYBhgL/s640/11th-Sudanese-in-the-trenches.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">The 11th Sudanese Regiment in their trench on the right of the Anglo-Egyptian crescent. In the distance, to the southwest, is the Jebel Surgham,from which the Khalifa's sharpshooters took long range potshots at the British on the left.</span></i></td></tr>
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Most of the campaign and earlier battles were fought almost exclusively by these. Their great success against the heretofore invincible Mahdists at Firket, Hafr, Dongola and Abu Hamed gave the Egyptians and Sudanese a renewed sense of esprit and confidence. They were regularly paid, fed, and cared for. And their British commanders developed a strong bond of affection and admiration for them.<br />
<br />
It was little wonder that the Sudanese regiments in particular had little trouble in recruiting captured Mahdist soldiers into their ranks after each battle; their foes saw that their African brothers were far better cared for than the Khalifa had done for them. Moreover, since most of the Sudanese were from southern tribes, who had been enslaved by Muslim Arabs for centuries, there was not a lot of loyalty among the Sudanese of the Ansar. Even at the battles toward the end of the campaign, at the Atbara and Omdurman, when British regiments joined the expedition, the Sudanese troops especially took the main brunt of the fighting and, at Omdurman, saved Kitchener from his own blunder.<br />
<br />
On the Dervish side, too, though they were not as well-equipped or organized as the Anglo-Egyptians, the soldiers of the Ansar displayed a remarkable level of bravery and professionalism. They responded to orders quickly. They moved silently. They were quick to change front. And they were ingenious at tactics of infiltration and maneuver. Most of the Ansar at Omdurman had enjoyed sixteen years of almost continuous victory over all of their foes. Up until 1896, they had seemed invincible. And that gave them a sense of superiority in going into battle. The earlier defeats of this latest campaign they chalked up to the fact that they had gone on the defensive, and not employed the aggressive, all-out charge that had brought them uninterrupted victories before. So on the eve of Omdurman, they were confident that the attack the next day would bring them the same success they were used to. In a way, they were in the same over-confident position that the French were in on the eve of <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/11/blenheim-1704.html" target="_blank">Blenheim</a> two hundred years before.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Wargame Considerations</span></span></h3>
<br />
At first, given the completely lopsided result of the battle and the campaign, it would seem that Omdurman is not suitable for a satisfying, even-handed wargame. Who would want to play the Khalifa's side, only to see his pieces flicked away by overwhelming firepower? However, this battle, as we've seen, was a far closer run affair than the outcome would indicate. Kitchener made some critical tactical mistakes, endangering his entire army. And the Khalifa had some options open to him he eschewed. Designing a game to take these into account could make for a very interesting afternoon.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Night Attack Scenario</span></span></h3>
One option for an Omdurman game would allow for a night attack on the part of the Mahdist player. This was the one event that Kitchener was most worried about. Rules would, obviously, involve greatly reduced ranges on fire. Given that it was nearly a full moon on a clear night, the visibility for movement of forces was not so greatly restricted as a pitch black night would have presented.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Hidden Movement </span></span></h3>
Such a game should provide for hidden movement. Even if a night attack were not a feature of the game, hidden movement would have been a relevant factor. Desert warfare has often been likened to naval war, and the critical factor in naval combat has always been reconnaissance and movement. The desert around the Omdurman battlefield was riven with shallow khors and rocky hills, providing much cover to very large formations. As we have seen, Kitchener was completely surprised by the Khalifa's second attack. Had he properly used his cavalry to see if the coast was clear, he might not have exposed his army to attack in detail. As it was, he fell right into the Khalifa's trap. When Kitchener ordered everybody to start moving south toward Omdurman, there were still some 40,000 fresh enemy troops in four large formations hidden on three sides of his widely dispersed 25,000. Had it not been for the cool courage and quick-thinking of his officers and soldiers (especially the Sudanese), he would have handed Queen Victoria a disaster to make <a href="http://www.britishbattles.com/zulu-war/isandlwana.htm" target="_blank">Isandhlwana </a>look like a stubbed toe. He was, as many of his fellow officers commented, the luckiest soldier in the army.<br />
<br />
So hidden movement and reconnaissance rules would make an Omdurman game highly interesting, giving the Khalifa player a distinct advantage to weigh against the firepower edge of the Kitchener player.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Ammunition</span></span></h3>
While ammo supply would not have been such an issue for the Anglo-Egyptian troops inside the zariba, close as they were to their supply fleet on the Nile, once they started moving out onto the open plain, it did become a factor. As we've seen, MacDonald's brigade, fighting off both Yaqub's and Osman ed-Din's attacks almost alone, nearly ran out of ammunition and were saved in the nick of time by the arrival of Wauchope's brigade. So an Omdurman game should provide for limited firing rounds. <br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Command and Control</span></span></h3>
Thanks to the organizational structure of the British Army, Kitchener enjoyed an institutional advantage in controlling the movement of his own forces. He was, thanks to heliograph on the field, able to quickly send messages and redeploy his forces. And, even though his judgment could be questioned, he was a a brave soldier and a "lead from the front" kind of officer, riding all over the battlefield to manage it directly.<br />
<br />
The Khalifa, on the other hand, while he enjoyed unwavering loyalty on the part of his commanders, as well as a considerable degree of initiative on their part, did not have as tight a control of the movement of his widely dispersed divisions. Operating on the exterior lines (as Lee had had to do at Gettysburg), it took much longer for him to get messages to some of his commanders. Unfortunately, his plans were too complicated for his communications and the final, uncoordinated charges were useless.<br />
<br />
A game could use a chit system to simulate this slow transmission of orders. Or dice or some other randomizing algorithm could determine whether orders were delivered, understood or if certain units moved on command.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Morale</span></span></h3>
At Omdurman both sides were feeling very high morale. Even the previously derided Egyptian regiments had found confidence in their reformed army and professionalism, and the long string of victories they had enjoyed during the campaign. And the Dervishes were admired by the normally racist and dismissive British for their incredible courage and discipline. So give everyone the highest morale. But maybe give the British, the Sudanese, Broadwood's Egyptian Cavalry and the Mahdists just a little higher.<br />
<br />
Big round of applause for everybody.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Orders of Battle</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">The following OOBs were derived from Donald Featherstone's "Omdurman 1898" As always, the first column is color-coded in the uniform coat color of the regiment. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The strengths for the Khalifa's Ansar are also derived from Featherstone, who accessed the British Army intelligence records registered in Cairo in 1899. The Mahdist army was loosely organized in "<i>rubs</i>" or "quarters", equivalent roughly to Western brigades, and so I have used modern military symbols, as if. These rubs varied considerably in size. Each was composed of both foot spearmen (also armed with medieval swords and shields); <i>jihadiya</i>, armed with a variety of firearms from captured Remington rifles down to ancient muskets and "elephant guns"; and mounted warriors, also armed with medieval spears and swords.</span><br />
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<h2>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Reference</span></span></h2>
<br />
<a href="http://www.powells.com/book/fields-of-blood-religion-the-history-of-violence-9780307946966/18-0" target="_blank">Armstong, Karen, "Fields of Blood: Religion and the History of Violence", Anchor Books, 2015, ISBN 978-0-307-94696-6</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&field-keywords=+ISBN+0-7137-1858-7" target="_blank">Barthorp, Michael, "War on the Nile: Britain, Egypt and the Sudan 1882-1898", Blandford Press, 1984, ISBN 0-7137-1858-7</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.powells.com/biblio/61-9781330407769-1" target="_blank">Churchill, Winston S., "The River War", 1902, ISBN 1330407768</a> <br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Great-A-Military-Life/dp/0415002761/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1364623051&sr=8-1&keywords=Frederick+the+great%3A+a+military+life" target="_blank"><br /></a>
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&field-keywords=ISBN+978-1-85532-368-1" target="_blank">Featherstone, Donald, "Omdurman 1898: Kitchener's Victory in the Sudan", Osprey, 1994, ISBN 978-1-85532-368-1</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.powells.com/book/colonel-roosevelt-9780375504877/1-24" target="_blank">Morris, Edmund, "Colonel Roosevelt", Random House, 2001, ISBN 978-0-375-75707-5</a> used only for its interesting observations made by Theodore Roosevelt about Kitchener's military acumen.<br />
<br />
<u>The Highlander: The Regimental Journal of the Highlanders (Seaforth, Gordons and Camerons) </u>Summer 1998, Vol. 4 No. 1<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>Online:</b></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
Johnson, Doug, <a href="http://www.savageandsoldier.com/articles.html" target="_blank">http://www.savageandsoldier.com/articles.html </a><br />
<br />
Schonfield, David, "Battle of Omdurman", History Today <a href="http://www.historytoday.com/david-shonfield/battle-omdurman">http://www.historytoday.com/david-shonfield/battle-omdurman</a><br />
<br />
Maxim Machine Gun: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_gun">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_gun</a> <br />
<br />
5 inch BL howitzer: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_5-inch_howitzer" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_5-inch_howitzer </a><br />
<br />
12 pdr 12 cwt gun <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_12-pounder_12_cwt_naval_gun" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_12-pounder_12_cwt_naval_gun </a><br />
<br />
6 pdr naval gun <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_6_pounder_Nordenfelt">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_6_pounder_Nordenfel</a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">t</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i>©
</i></span></span>Copyright 2015, Jeffery
P. Berry Trust, all rights reserved. No part of this post may be used
for re-publication or re-posting without documented permission from the
Jeffery P. Berry Trust, which may be obtained by e-mailing <a href="mailto:jeffery.p.berry@comast.net">jeffery.p.berry@comast.net</a>. However, feel free to link to this site as a
resource from related sites.</i></span></span><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><table border="0"><tbody>
<tr><td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="40" valign="MIDDLE" width="198"><br /></td><td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="40" valign="MIDDLE" width="45"><br /></td><td bgcolor="#000000" height="40" style="text-align: center;" valign="MIDDLE" width="81"><br /></td><td bgcolor="#000000" height="40" style="text-align: center;" valign="MIDDLE" width="45"><br /></td><td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="40" valign="MIDDLE" width="45"><br /></td><td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="40" valign="MIDDLE" width="81"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></span></h3>
Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com18tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-40249602211960282192015-06-27T01:18:00.001-07:002020-04-03T12:06:58.656-07:00Zorndorf 1758<h2>
<span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Seven Years War</span></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-size: large;">25 August 1758</span></span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #134f5c;">Prussians under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" target="_blank">Frederick II</a>, approx. 37,000, 195 guns</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Russians under <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Fermor,_Count_Villim_Vilimovich" target="_blank">Count Villim Fermor</a>, 48,264 206 guns</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Weather:</b> </span><span style="color: black;">Clear, hot</span></span><br />
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<![endif]--><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Location: </span></b>52<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">°</span> 39’ 27.4” N, 14<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">°</span> 40’ 31.7” E, present day village of Sarbinowo (Zorndorf), Poland, about 5 mi (8 km) north of Kustrzyn (formerly Cüstrin). Also, 61 miles (98 km) east of Berlin, just over the Oder River.<br />
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<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="longitude"><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">First Light:</span> </span></b> 04:27 <b><span style="color: #990000;"> <span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunrise: </span></span></b>05:04 <b><span style="color: #990000;"> <span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunset:</span></span></b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span>19:07 <span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>End of Twilight:</b> </span>19:44</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
(calculated for the location and date from U.S. Naval Observatory)<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Z</span></span>orndorf is one of those battles that demonstrate how the perception of victory depends on who's writing the history. Both Russian and Prussian historians have claimed it as a victory for their nations. Yet, if you look at the outcome, it seems as if both sides fought to a bloody draw. Frederick and Czarina Elizabeth each used it to claim political victory, much as Lincoln chose to claim the equally drawn battle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" target="_blank">Antietam </a>as a political victory for the Union in the American Civil War, giving him politcal leverage with Congress to support the Emancipation Proclamation.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(NB: I have updated this post from 2015 to upgrade the Order of Battle from more recently discovered sources.) </span></span><br />
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i><span style="font-size: small;">
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Map of dispositions about 09:00. Footprints of the units and their relative positions are to scale based on their reported strengths. Positions of the several thousand Cossacks are not represented as they were swarming in small groups all over the area. Layouts of the villages are based on current satellite photography; they may have been slightly smaller 250 years ago. Narrative continues below the map.</i></span></span></span><br />
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<h3>
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The Third Year of Seven</span></span></span></h3>
Zorndorf came about because Russia, Austria's ally, had invaded Prussia in the third summer of the war and Frederick had to abandon his operations in Moravia (in the modern Czech Republic) to hurry north to the defense of his homeland and capital, Berlin. Fortunately for him, the Russian invasion army was moving at a glacial pace and it gave the king time to assemble a large enough force to intercept it. <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">T</span>his was the first time in his career that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" target="_blank">Frederick II </a>would face the Russian Army. The year before, a smaller force of Prussians under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_von_Lehwaldt" target="_blank">Count von Lehwaldt </a>had lost at <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1757-08-30_-_Battle_of_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf" target="_blank">Gross-Jagersdorf</a> to a much larger Russian army under <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Apraxin,_Count_Stepan_Fiodorovitch" target="_blank">Count Apraxin</a>, but Frederick himself had had no part in that battle. <br />
<br />
Having momentarily stunned Austria at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/06/leuthen-1757.html" target="_blank">Leuthen </a>at the end of 1757, Frederick now felt he himself had to deal with Austria's slow moving ally, Russia. He had put it off for too long. Apparently, in the back of his mind, he hoped that the virulently anti-Prussian Czarina <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" target="_blank">Elizabeth</a> would die soon. She was reported to have been suffering from <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=13311" target="_blank">dropsy</a> (nowadays called edema) since September and was supposedly near death's door at the beginning of 1758. Her death would solve so many problems for Frederick since it would leave Elizabeth's virulently <i>pro</i>-Prussian heir, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" target="_blank">Peter III</a> as Czar. Such a happy event could effectively remove Russia from the war, and possibly even cause it to switch sides. But to paraphrase Mark Twain, rumors of Elizabeth's death had been greatly exaggerated. So Frederick had to snap out of his day-dreaming and deal with the Russian invaders at his backdoor.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Sb-aCrtUCho/VX3S5br3MXI/AAAAAAAAB3A/EHm_dLYuYgk/s1600/Elizabeth_of_Russia_by_V.Eriksen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Sb-aCrtUCho/VX3S5br3MXI/AAAAAAAAB3A/EHm_dLYuYgk/s320/Elizabeth_of_Russia_by_V.Eriksen.jpg" width="252" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><i>Elizabeth Petrovna, Czarina of Russia 1742-62</i></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Who could stay mad at that adorable face?</i></span><br />
<i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Frederick could</span>.</i></td></tr>
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<br />
As Elizabeth got better she took the opportunity to replace the aged and incompetent Apraxin (who had stolen defeat from the jaws of victory at Gross-Jagersdorf by withdrawing from Prussia at the conclusion of the 1757 campaigning season) with a reputedly more competent and aggressive officer, the German <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Fermor,_Count_Villim_Vilimovich" target="_blank">Count Villim Fermor</a>. Foreign officers had been all the rage in Russia since Peter the Great and Vermor was one of those. Not surprisingly, most of these foreign noblemen were resented by the native Russian officers. But this was their Czarina's choice. At the end of May, having arrived at a strategic decision to commit to taking pressure off of the Austrians in Bohemia, Fermor was ordered by Elizabeth and her staff to cross the Vistula and march his army southwest into Prussia, crossing the Oder River and laying waste to Frederick's homeland and lines of communication. <br />
<br />
But this was to be no blitzkrieg. The geographical problems of waging war across the Polish northern plain worked against the Russians in this war as they had in all armies up to World War II. The rivers, rather than being aids to logistics, ran right across the line of advance, southeast to northwest into the Baltic, which meant each one had to be crossed. From the Prussian perspective, this made strategic defense easier and gave Frederick time to deal with both fronts. As in other wars, too, the roads in Poland were barely roads at all, especially for the movement of big armies encumbered with large trains. In wet weather (as it had been in that spring) the roads were quagmires. In dry, they became dust clogged, suffocating the marching troops. So the Russians took almost three months to make it to the Oder.<br />
<br />
By August, Count Fermor's army, about 54,000, had finally reached the Oder, the natural border to Prussia's heartland, Brandenburg. With his central force of 31,000 he set about besieging the town of Cüstrin (present-day <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kostrzyn,+Poland//@52.1835494,14.4164849,10z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!1m1!1s0x47077256a90d5537:0x42bce61e954c8035!2m2!1d14.6494467!2d52.5871889!1m0!3e0" target="_blank">Kostrzyn </a>in Poland). A detachment of about 12,000 under Rumyantsev was sent about 40 miles farther north at Schwedt on the same river. And George Browne's Observation Corps. an experimental force of 11,000 militia and gentlemen volunteers, was farther east guarding the main Russian depot at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski" target="_blank">Gorzew </a>(Landsberg an der Warthe to the Prussians). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Browne_%28soldier%29" target="_blank">(George Browne</a> was another Irish Wild Goose cousin of the now deceased <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Browne,_Baron_Maximilian" target="_blank">Maximilian Browne</a> of <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/07/lobositz-1756.html" target="_blank">Lobositz</a> and Prague fame.) The Cossacks had also been devastating all of the Prussian towns and villages east of the river, as was their wont.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8rV8N_6Srw4/VX3TrvznN8I/AAAAAAAAB3I/4-BM705LJtA/s1600/Willim_Fermor.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8rV8N_6Srw4/VX3TrvznN8I/AAAAAAAAB3I/4-BM705LJtA/s320/Willim_Fermor.jpeg" width="245" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><i><span style="font-size: small;">Count Villim Fermor</span></i></b></span></td></tr>
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<br />
The one thing that Fermor didn't have with him were big siege guns. So when he set up his batteries on the eastern suburb of Cüstrin , he found himself embarrassingly out-gunned by the 2,000 man Prussian garrison. His own artillery, the largest being 12 pounder field pieces and howitzers (called "unicorns" by the Russians), were not strong enough to blast a breech in the fortress' walls. The Prussians had bigger guns and were able to out-shoot the Russians. They also had a stable and protected link to the west bank of the Oder River so as a besieged town, Cüstrin was never in real danger. Supplies and ammunition were able to come over steadily from the western bank..<br />
<br />
An unhappy accident occurred, though, when a random Russian hot shot landed in a pile of straw, carelessly stacked in the open next to some buildings. The resulting fire quickly got out of hand and ended up burning much of the city before the defenders could put it out. This should be an object lesson to not stack straw or other flammables next to your house. But people never learn.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">A Phenomenal March</span></span></h3>
As the Russians were making their way west across Poland, Frederick had been trying get something going with the Austrians in Moravia and then further west in Bohemia. But he couldn't seem to get anything done in that theater that year. His siege of the important university city of Olmutz (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olomouc" target="_blank">Olumouc</a>) went nowhere for weeks. When he moved his operations west to provoke action from Daun in Bohemia, nothing there either. His old adversary was playing it coy and not biting at any of Frederick's bait. So, as the news of Fermor's invasion nearing Berlin reached him, and seeing that things in Bohemia were not going to go anywhere that summer, Frederick took about 11,000 men (9 bns, 38 sdns) from their cantonments in Silesia (near Landshut, or present day <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kostrzyn,+Poland/Kamienna+G%C3%B3ra,+Poland/@51.6805779,14.2434502,8z/data=!4m24!4m23!1m15!1m1!1s0x47077256a90d5537:0x42bce61e954c8035!2m2!1d14.6494467!2d52.5871889!3m4!1m2!1d14.8057577!2d51.7163641!3s0x4708804bae985f7d:0xef99b70e3d0f9e3a!3m4!1m2!1d15.6159874!2d50.9601013!3s0x470ed885594ad257:0x3ba9d580f85899d9!1m5!1m1!1s0x470efa2d593d2c3d:0xdd3fef57bfb15a55!2m2!1d16.0237177!2d50.7852076!3e0" target="_blank">Kamienna Góra</a> in Poland) north as fast as he could. He was evidently enjoying a manic wave of his manic-depressive personality disorder and made the most of it. After ten days of phenomenal exertion through blistering summer heat, his troops marched 186 miles (300 km), an average of 18 miles (30 km) per day to arrive at Cüstrin on August 21st, where they linked up with Dohna's 25,000 men. Frederick himself rode across the bridge to the besieged town to apologize to the angry citizens for allowing their homes to be burned (like that was his fault), promising vengeance on the Russians. He was probably shedding crocodile tears, however, as Cüstrin was the place his father had imprisoned him in his youth and where he was forced to watch the execution of his childhood friend (like that was Cüstrin's fault).<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--bMpjuZUhG0/VY39XDRI4jI/AAAAAAAAB7U/xPF9lWJ0Cw0/s1600/Asseburg_Infantry_marching_towards_C%25C3%25BCstrin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--bMpjuZUhG0/VY39XDRI4jI/AAAAAAAAB7U/xPF9lWJ0Cw0/s400/Asseburg_Infantry_marching_towards_C%25C3%25BCstrin.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Prussian IR#27 Asseburg during its forced, 186 mile march to Cüstrin</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Painting by Carl Röchling 1895</i></span></td></tr>
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<br />
Having done some necessary PR with the good citizens of Cüstrin, Frederick then hurried his sweaty troops further north to throw pontoons across the river at Alt-Gustebiese (modern <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/G%C3%BCstebieser+Loose,+16259+Neulewin,+Germany/@52.763961,14.3022165,13z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x4707627ae883eeb5:0xd009e3222b18c91d" target="_blank">Gozdowice</a>) 28 miles (45 km) downriver from Cüstrin. His object was to get around behind Fermor, threaten his communications with Russia, cut him off from Rumyantsev downriver in Schwedt, and force a decisive battle. This move combined two classic Frederickan strategic classics, the indirect attack and the splitting maneuver. But the real heroism had to be credited to the Prussian troops who kept on going after their superhuman 186 mile trek in summer heat. But as they neared Cüstrin they got their second wind when they saw the wanton devastation of the Cossacks on their homeland. They picked up their step to get revenge. (Of course, it's always "wanton devastation" when the enemy does it to <i>your </i>country; doing the same to <i>his </i>is "military necessity.")<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-V0a-eZYGXIo/VX3UvHL7HpI/AAAAAAAAB3Q/Q639oPrB0Gg/s1600/Frederick%2Bin%2B1750.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-V0a-eZYGXIo/VX3UvHL7HpI/AAAAAAAAB3Q/Q639oPrB0Gg/s320/Frederick%2Bin%2B1750.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Frederick II, </b></i><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>painted by Antoine Pesne in the 1750s. </i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Not yet the cranky old coot beloved of </i></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>salon painters of the 19th century.</i></span></td></tr>
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<br />
On 23 August Fermor received the gut-punching news from his <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Serbskiy_Hussars" target="_blank">Serbian Hussars</a> that Frederick had crossed the Oder and was even now bearing down on his rear. He quickly packed up his siege of Cüstrin and hurried northwest 8 miles (13 km) to try and block Frederick from crossing the little Mietzel River at Quartschen (see map below). He also sent word to George Browne with the Observation Corps guarding the baggage near Kammin to join him. Rumyantsev, however, was cut off with Frederick between him and Schwedt, so he'd have no help from that quarter. Rumyantsev only heard about Frederick's crossing a day after it had happened, so it was too late for him to do anything about it.<br />
<br />
Frederick, meanwhile, kept moving east until his hussars found an unprotected crossing of the Mietzel at a mill (Neudammer Muhle) another 8 miles (13 km) upstream from the defended crossing at Quartschen. A small party of Cossacks at the mill had attempted to burn the bridge there but were driven off, the fire put out, and a bridgehead established by Frederick's advance guard under Manteuffel. Another pontoon bridge was thrown over the little river to supplement the existing bridge and speed the crossing. On the 24th the king allowed his men to sleep in and catch their breath after their heroic march but by 14:00 got them up to move south toward the bridgehead, where they arrived in time for dinner.<br />
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<br />
Fermor by this time had gotten word from his Cossacks that his flank was about to be turned again and the Prussians were set to come at him from the southeast. He had originally deployed his army in a northwesterly direction, facing the Mietzel behind Quartschen, for some reason thinking that Frederick would attack him over that river and through the swampy forest. Obviously, he didn't know Frederick. But the gigantic, compact oblong deployment of the Russian army gave Fermor time to shuffle his regiments to face southward. He had, in the meantime, also been reinforced by Browne's Observation Corps marching up from the <i>wagenburg</i> at Kammin, so that the Russians were still in a good position and strength to resist an attack from any direction, with some 42,000 relatively fresh men.<br />
<br />
After a good night's rest, Frederick got his men up again at 03:30 on the 25th and commenced crossing at the Neudammer Muhle. They marched in four columns through the woods, behind the guide of a couple of patriotic, local game wardens and emerged on the plain at the village of Batzlow. They noticed that the villages to the southwest of them Wilkersdorf and Zorndorf, were already on fire. Frederick could see the large Russian base at Kammin to the south, but his intent was to ignore this vulnerable and tempting prize and go for the Russian army directly. It was a game of timing and the king knew he had to strike a killing blow on the Russians immediately if he was to get back to Moravia to deal with the Austrians. He had left about 40,000 men under the command of his brother, Henry, to face the Austrians and feared he would hear of their defeat at the hands of Marshal Daun at any minute. <br />
<br />
Realizing that the Prussians were bearing down on them from the east, Fermor's Cossacks had taken it upon themselves to set fire to the towns of Wilkersdorf and Zorndorf (see map at top). Other than the fact that this is what Cossacks do--burning and looting--it is questionable how this was thought to help, especially as the prevailing breeze blew the smoke from the burning houses northward into the faces of the Russians, masking the deployment of the Prussians. The fire also only further enraged the Prussian soldiers, eager to finally take their revenge on the Russians for their barbaric devastation of their country. They filed into their jump-off positions north of Zorndorf, avoiding bringing their ammunition wagons through the burning town. Good safety move.<br />
<br />
Fermor now knew that the anticipated attack would come from the south, from Zorndorf, and got his battalions and batteries ready to receive it. The Russians had had almost six hours to observe the deployment of the Prussian army. While Frederick had achieved an impressive indirect maneuver, in the end it did not have the same surprise a similar strategic maneuver had at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/06/leuthen-1757.html" target="_blank">Leuthen</a> the previous year (or "Stonewall" Jackson at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" target="_blank">Chancellorsville</a> in 1863); the Russians were ready for it...surprise being the whole point of an indirect attack.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;">The Ground</span></h3>
<br />
By 09:00 on the 25th, the Prussian army was deployed and ready to attack just north of the burning village of Zorndorf. Their jump-off point was over a mile from the Russian positions across a fairly flat plain. The battlefield was trisected by two north-south running gullies, The western gully, called the Zabern-Grund, ran north from the village of Zorndorf to the Mietzel River and the Russians anchored their right on it as if it were an impassable obstacle--which it proved to be far from. Though its bottom was soggy and contained a number of ponds, and in the northern end where the Russians were its sides were steep, at the southern end it was more easily passable. (Refer to the detailed deployment map at the top of this article to understand how the topography worked.)<br />
<br />
The eastern gully, called the Galgen-Grund, was somewhat deeper and swampier and cut right through the middle of the Russian position but did not extend much past its front. <br />
<br />
To the east of this, between the two armies, lay the Stein Busch, a fairly wide but open wood that masked the Russian left (the Observation Corps) from the Prussian view. It would also serve as a kind of bastion in that any troops that moved through it to get to the Russians on the other side would emerge in disorder and be under immediate, close range canister fire from the Russian massed artillery.<br />
<br />
Finally, to the Observation Corps' rear was a much shallower gully called the Langen-Grund. While this gully did not factor in the Prussian attack, it would later prove to be an inconvenient truth to the Russians, who could not retreat through it easily. When Fermor thought that the Prussian attack would come from the north, across the Mietzel, this gully and river were regarded as good defensive assets. Now, in the rear of the Russian army, they were turned into liabilities. <br />
<br />
So, in summary, the ground over which the Prussian attack would have to develop was fairly uncomplicated and favored the linear tactics of the eighteenth century, there being no major hindrances across the line of advance. And the Russians, having initially hunkered down in close, broken landscape to defend, now found themselves in an embarrassing position, with their backdoor wide open, so to speak.<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>This view of the ground around Zorndorf shows it to be a wide, fairly flat field. This view is roughly from the position of Manteuffel's (the Prussian, not the Russian) brigade looking toward the Zabern-Grund. Seydlitz' cavalry would have been deployed on the other side of that gully in front of the distant woods to the left. </i></span></span><br />
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<br />
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;">Russian Deployment and Plans</span></h3>
We have already mentioned in general the Russian deployment in a huge square (essentially two long lines capped on the ends). Fermor was not a tactically aggressive commander. He reasoned that the Prussians were the ones who loved to attack; so let them. He was not sure in the ability of his troops to maneuver as adroitly as the Prussians, but he was confident in their firepower and tenacity. Indeed, it was believed that the intense practice the Russians had had in fire discipline was superior (at least in rounds per minute) to the Prussians. The Russian artillery was also strong and many infantry battalions were supplemented with the new <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Russian_Artillery_Equipment#1.2F2-Pud_Shuvalov_Secret_Howitzer" target="_blank">"secret" Shuvalov howitzer</a>, a kind of giant shotgun designed to maximize canister fire horizontally. Fermor's tactical idea was to let the Prussians come on and grind themselves up on the Russian battalions and guns. His men, too, not having spent the last month in forced marches, were well-rested.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
<br />
Some historians have noted that when Fermor and his staff realized they were to be attacked from the south instead of the north, they frantically and inefficiently had to reorder all of their regiments from right to left (as the Austrians had supposedly had to do in a similar situation at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/02/mollwitz-1741.html" target="_blank">Mollwitz </a>seventeen years before) so they'd be in the correct precedence of order of battle. While the battalions had to individually invert platoons for fire control, this would probably have been done expeditiously and not in any great panic; the Russians, after all, had six hours to do this from the time they got word of Frederick's coming from the south. It is doubtful, considering that the Russians had long been used to fighting the Turks in these gigantic square formations, that having to reverse direction was anything out of the ordinary in their experience. Such possibilities were the whole point of these mass square deployments.<br />
<br />
Other historians (some of the same ones) have also claimed that the Russians were so cramped in the close ground that they were forced to pack together in dense columns, making them vulnerable to Prussian artillery. In examining the map, the open ground on which the Russians deployed, and the actual footprint of the battalions, they seemed to have had plenty of room to spare, even deploying in their customary four rank formations and traditional double lines. Their flanks were anchored on their right by the marshy Zabern-Grund and secured on the left by the bulk of the cavalry under Demiku, lined up in front of Zicher village. It was a traditional 18th century deployment, one even used repeatedly by the Prussians--in this very battle actually.<br />
<br />
In fact, the only real vulnerability (but a critical one) that the Russians had in their dispositions was that now their backs were to the marshy woods and the river Mietzel, the very river over which Fermor had expected Frederick to attack and the one over which he had burned his bridges. Oops. This would have impeded their line of retreat and might have affected the confidence of the men. The new Prussian threat also separated them from their main baggage train at the <i>wagenburg </i>at Kammin, about eight miles to the southeast. They did have their light train with them, though, containing their immediate stores, their ammunition, and the pay wagons. The important stuff.<br />
<br />
Altogether, Fermor had some 42,000 men and 190 guns. He outnumbered Frederick by about 7,000. However, he was greatly inferior in cavalry, having only about 3,200 troopers (not including 3-4,000 Cossacks, who were not relevant in open battle) to the Prussians' 10,000.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;">Prussian Deployment and Plans</span></h3>
Though Frederick had got his men up at 03:30 to start their march through the woods and over to Zornforf, it was not until about 09:00 that his line was formed and he was ready to attack. This gave the Russians plenty of time to get ready for the blow.<br />
<br />
While the Prussian infantry and cavalry were shuffling into line, Fredericks' chief of artillery, Col. Moller, set up his field batteries
of 117 guns to the north of Zorndorf and commenced fire about 08:00.
However, it was soon discovered that they were too far from the Russian
line to do any good (about 1,500 yards, well beyond the effective range
of an 18th century 12 pounder), so the Prussian gunners had to spit out expletives and haul
their equipment forward about 600 yards to set up again on the next low
ridge. Sigh. This was an era before the introduction of militarized transport
so the already tired crews had to manhandle (<i>a bricole</i>) their own
guns across bumpy country. As these guns weighed as much as a modern
SUV (the bronze tube alone on the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Prussian_Cannon#Bronze_Dieskau_M1761_Brummer_Common_Bore_12-pdr_Cannon" target="_blank">12 pdr Brummer</a> weighed 1,480 kg ),
this must have been quite a task. But the civilian teamsters' contract was for them to haul the guns to the their initial
positions and then remove their horses to the rear, to sit out the
battle in safety. The idea that they should hang around under fire was beyond negotiation. Once unlimbered, if the guns had to be moved during
the battle, the gunners (with borrowed manpower from the infantry) would
have to do it themselves. <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Prussian_Horse_Artillery" target="_blank">Horse artillery</a> (with organic, militarized teams) hadn't yet been introduced.<br />
<br />
By 09:00 Frederick's line looked like this (see battle map at the top of the article): On the extreme western side of Zorndorf, beyond the Zabern-Grund, the cavalry under Seydlitz were deployed, facing northeast. Their orders were to take advantage of any precipitous attacks by the Russians. Starting on the eastern edge of the Zabern-Grund and running due east, Manteuffel's advanced guard of IR#2 and six grenadier battalions was deployed out front. Behind them, the main infantry line under Kanitz also ran due east, linking up with Dohna's infantry. The entire main line extended almost to Wilkersdorf. Behind this line was a hyphenated, thinner line of 10 support battalions. Marschall's dragoon brigade of 20 squadrons got into position to the immediate east of Zorndorf to support the main attack on the left. And finally, Scholemer's cavalry brigade arranged itself facing northwest in front of Wilkersdorf. You can see from the map that the Prussians, though outnumbered by the more densely packed Russians, greatly overlapped their position on both flanks.<br />
<br />
Frederick's plan was a repeat of Leuthen's oblique attack. He would have Manteuffel lead on one flank, supported by Kanitz. Dohna as to follow on this with an oblique advance of his own on the Observation Corps, around the right of the Stein Busch. The cavalry would support and be ready to exploit the break in the Russian line on either flank. It was a simple plan, thoroughly practiced. But...oh, we'll see.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Start the Battle</span></span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Both sides started banging off their artillery at each other about 08:00. As I mentioned above, the Prussians embarrassingly realized they had unlimbered too far from the target and had to manually haul their guns forward about 600 yards to the next rise on the otherwise flat plain. The artillery duel continued slowly for about three hours. Behind Moller's guns, the Prussian infantry were still waiting for Dohna to get his latecomers into line on the Prussian right. The Russian infantry evidently suffered quite a few casualties during this cannonade, arrayed as they were in four ranks. Though it is not mentioned in the narratives I found of this battle, it had been common practice in the Russian army for the infantry to be ordered to lie down under cannon fire, a very practical and tactically smart policy. So it is not unreasonable to suppose that they were doing so at Zorndorf. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">On the other side the Prussians did not suffer as many collateral casualties; though some must have occurred as rolling cannon balls, even beyond their effective range, could wreak havoc on men standing in tightly packed formations. While aiming was useless beyond about 1,000 yards at this stage of technology, the trajectory and energy of the rounds could carry twice that distance, to the considerable distress of any densely packed formations directly behind the primary target. This effect is what we in later parlance would classify as "collateral damage." So the Prussian and Russian infantry suffered collateral damage in the long artillery duel.</span><br />
<br />
At about 11:00 Moller sent word back that he was running out of ammunition for his guns and that the main attack should probably start pretty soon if he was to have any left to support it. So Frederick, satisfied that his line was finally ready, ordered Manteuffel to attack. Kanitz was supposed to support this by following directly behind.<br />
<br />
The day was hot and dusty, and the Prussian infantry, up and marching since before dawn, sweating in their heavy wool coats and weighed down with musket and ammunition, finally moved forward. The main batteries were pushed before them (<i>a bricole</i>) and each battalion had a pair of its own lighter, close support guns (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Prussian_Cannon#3-pdr_Cannon" target="_blank">3</a> and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Prussian_Cannon#6-pdr_Cannon" target="_blank">6 pounders</a>). It would have taken about 20 minutes to cover the distance to the Russian line, during which time they would have been mercifully masked by the smoke and dust. Manteuffel had his left-most regiment, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Prussian_Kanitz_Infantry" target="_blank">Kanitz #2</a>, hug the precipice of the Zabern-Grund while his seven grenadier battalions dressed on their right. <br />
<br />
The nine battalions finally caught up with and marched through Moller's field batteries and at about 40 yards from the Russian line stopped and commenced a fire-fight. This went on for several minutes as both sides shot at each other, neither giving way. The Russians were holding their own. And their own musketry and artillery ripped appalling holes in the Prussian ranks.<br />
<br />
After a while, though, the Russians, who had not been issued as much personal ammunition, were running short and started to waver. Casualties on the Prussian side, too, were considerable and as the troops closed ranks they habitually did so to the right, which opened a vulnerable gap between the Zabern-Grund and Manteuffel's left. The plan had been for Kanitz's support line, supposedly marching a couple of hundred yards directly behind Manteuffel, to come to the advance guard's relief once the latter had knocked in the first Russian line. Now would be nice.<br />
<br />
But Kanitz's line, in the smoke and dust, had lost sight of Manteuffel's line and had veered off to the right in the direction of the Stein Busch and the Russian center. So when they eventually emerged from the smoke they found themselves facing a largely intact and fresh force of redcoats and Russian guns. The overall attack, originally supposed to be an oblique attack (<i>a la</i> <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/06/leuthen-1757.html" target="_blank">Leuthen</a>) on the Russian right had spread out into a weak and unsupported frontal attack across most of the Russian line.<br />
<br />
On the Russian right Galitzin took the initiative to move forward regiments from his own second line (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Novgorodskiy_Infantry" target="_blank">Novgorod</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Sankt-Peterburgskiy_Infantry" target="_blank">St Petersburg</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Voronejskiy_Infantry" target="_blank">Voronezh</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Riazanskiy_Infantry" target="_blank">Ryazan</a>) to shore up <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Saltykov,_Count_Piotr_Semionovitch" target="_blank">Saltykov</a>'s weakening first line. No one seems to have known where Fermor was at this point. Evidently he had suddenly remembered an urgent appointment he had with his wig powderer and had vacated the field without informing any of his subordinates (later he said that he had merely gone to the rear to have a wound dressed--still, he could have told somebody and passed on command). Saltykov now took it upon himself to assume overall command by default.<br />
<br />
On the Prussian side Manteuffel, without reinforcements himself, was getting desperate. Where was Kanitz? He could not make any progress forward and his line was in danger of crumbling. The Russians, while disordered, were not running away according to plan.<br />
<br />
Frederick, seeing this (he had positioned himself on the left, behind Manteuffel), kept sending messengers over to his left wing cavalry commander, <a href="http://seydlitz,%20friedrich%20wilhelm%20von/" target="_blank">Seydlitz</a>, to come over the Zabern gully and help. But <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Seydlitz,_Friedrich_Wilhelm_von" target="_blank">Seydlitz</a>, known as much for his moral as well as physical courage, kept telling the panting messengers to go back and tell the king the time was not yet right. He was waiting for the right moment. In one reply he told Frederick that he could have his head later, but for now, he was going to keep it. The king had also been sending urgent orders to the rear for Marschall to bring up his three dragoon regiments to help. But that general, probably not the sharpest tool in Frederick's box, didn't understand the orders. Ultimately it took Frederick sending his reliable friend, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Anhalt-Dessau,_Moritz,_prince_von" target="_blank">Prince Moritz von Anhalt-Dessau</a>, back to take personal command of Marschall's cavalry. Marschall and the king would have a conversation later about his career and the opportunity to spend more time with his family.<br />
<br />
It was while all of this carnage and confusion were going on that Graugreben, with his small brigade of 1,700 Russian cavalry on that flank (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Novotroitskiy_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Novotroitsk Cuirassiers</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Tobolskiy_Dragoons" target="_blank">Tobolsk Dragoons</a>, and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Kargopolskiy_Horse_Grenadiers" target="_blank">Kargopol Mounted Grenadiers</a> plus the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Serbskiy_Hussars" target="_blank">Serbian Hussars</a>), saw the opportunity he himself had been waiting for and launched a furious charge on Manteuffel's now vulnerable left flank, which had left a gap between IR#2 and the Zabern-Grund. Not seeing the Russian cavalry as they swirled out of the smoke around the flank and rear, IR#2, unable to form square, now broke and ran in a cascading panic from left to right. In a chain reaction, Manteuffel's entire line fell into rout. And the retreat grew contagious, not just stopping with Manteuffel's command, but spreading over to Kanitz's people as one-by-one, those regiments broke and ran, too. At this point, over on the right of Kanitz's line, a battalion of the Russian <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Observation_Corps_5th_Musketeer" target="_blank">5th Observation Regiment</a> took the initiative to wheel right out of line and take <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Braunschweig-Bevern_Infantry" target="_blank">IR#7 Bevern</a> in flanking fire. This was the last straw for the Prussians. Kanitz's entire line fell back in disorder.<br />
<br />
Now the Russians saw that they had apparently won the battle and the two grenadier regiments on the right (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1st_Grenadier" target="_blank">1st</a> and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=3rd_Grenadier" target="_blank">3rd</a>), as well as the musketeer regiments to their left, fixed bayonets and charged. It was like that glorious, ultimate scene at Waterloo, 57 years later, when the Allied line all charged the French after Napoleon's Old Guard faltered (also on his left flank). This time, however, it was to prove a bit premature..<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3cboKfTBoLE/VYh6wTJ_NqI/AAAAAAAAB4k/g-bJnfk5yfg/s1600/Seydlitz.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="221" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3cboKfTBoLE/VYh6wTJ_NqI/AAAAAAAAB4k/g-bJnfk5yfg/s320/Seydlitz.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Friedrich von Seydlitz<br />
<i>by Richard Knotel, 1895</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
After Graugreben's charge, Seydlitz at last saw his own opportunity. While the Russian cavalry and infantry were all skampering in disorder after the running Prussian infantry, the Prussian cavalry commander ordered his 4,500 troopers (cuirassiers, dragoons, hussars; see OOB below) to make their way in three columns across the Zabern-Grund to attack the disordered Russians in their flank. The gully was much shallower and less of a barrier at the southern end and his regiments filtered across in columns of squadrons (one squadron in front of the next), climbing out of the draw and reforming on the right bank, from which they charged the surprised Russians, sending them in turn in panicked retreat.<br />
<br />
Not long after this, Prince Moritz also managed to bring up Marschall's 20 dragoon squadrons from the rear to join Seydlitz in driving back the Russians.<br />
<br />
The counterattack was a complete shock to the Russians, who now had no formed troops to face it. From what had seemed a victory, the Russians now turned and fled themselves, some to splash across the Mietzel, others to plunder their own supply wagons, but most to clump together and try to reform with their backs to the Galgen-Grund.<br />
<br />
It was also at this time that Frederick tried to personally rally his fleeing infantry, as he had done at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/11/kolin-1757.html" target="_blank">Kolin </a>the year before...with the same lack of success. He reportedly grabbed one of the flags of <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Duke_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg_Fusiliers" target="_blank">IR#46 von Bulow</a> and started to march in the direction of the Russians with it. Nobody followed and his staff had to persuade him to return. <br />
<br />
Things were certainly a mess for Frederick. Fortunately Seydlitz, Prince Moritz and their cavalry had saved him at the last minute, making things a mess for the Russians, too. The entire western side of the battle had degenerated into a mob on both sides. It would have also been hard to see more than a few feet with all the
dust from thousands of galloping horses and stamping feet. There was, as well, the
dense smoke from musketry, artillery and burning buildings. And the
noise would also have been deafening. So few people would have noticed
the king holding up one of the
flags, in spite of the glamorized
illustrations (by people who weren't
there and may have never been in a battle themselves). It was a pretty good photo-op, though, adding to the myth of Mr. The Great.<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">19th century rendition by salon painter <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_R%C3%B6chling" target="_blank">Carl Röchling</a>,
highlighting a legendary moment when Frederick is supposed to have
seized one of the flags of a faltering regiment (in this case, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Duke_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg_Fusiliers" target="_blank">IR# 46 von Bülow</a>) to lead it forward, as he had done at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/11/kolin-1757.html" target="_blank">Kolin </a>the
year before. And as at Kolin, nobody followed him this time, either.
Must have been embarrassing for the monarch. Note, though, that the
scene would not have been nearly as clear as this. You wouldn't have
been able to see more than a few feet through the smoke and dust. Of
course that wouldn't have made a very stirring painting</span></span>.</span></i><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-l1GkXBwyTe0/VYsMgEqeG_I/AAAAAAAAB5U/4HWNq4ywnjI/s1600/freidrich-750_at%2BZorndorf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="465" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-l1GkXBwyTe0/VYsMgEqeG_I/AAAAAAAAB5U/4HWNq4ywnjI/s640/freidrich-750_at%2BZorndorf.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;">A Breather</span></h3>
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">It was now about 13:00. The battle had been in progress for a couple of hours and the situation had degenerated into a bloody stalemate. Frederick<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">, unfazed, decided to cool off and get organized for a second attempt. He left the rallying of Manteuffel's and Kanitz's infantry to those commanders, moved what was left of his left wing artillery to the right, and went to confer with Dohna and Schorlemer, whose commands were as yet uncommitted.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">"Battle of Zorndorf " by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_H%C3%BCnten" target="_blank">Emil Hünten</a> 1858.</span></i></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Showing
the moment when Seydlitz's cavalry came to the rescue of the routed
Prussian infantry on the Prussian left. Notice how the Prussian
cuirassiers are only wearing their cuirasses on the front, a nice
accurate detail. Hunten did his homework, at least on uniforms.
Fancifully here, too, Frederick attempts to rally another wavering
regiment, Dohna IR#16, part of Kanitz's broken command. Nobody was
paying the slightest attention to him. </i></span></span></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DZe2CLtdo6A/VYh-V73mIMI/AAAAAAAAB44/_gM6rNUcsxc/s1600/Battle%2Bof%2BZorndorf%2BEmil%2BHunte.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="276" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DZe2CLtdo6A/VYh-V73mIMI/AAAAAAAAB44/_gM6rNUcsxc/s640/Battle%2Bof%2BZorndorf%2BEmil%2BHunte.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">On the Russian side, with Fermor who-knows-where, Saltykov and Browne took charge of their remaining troops. Between them they still had 40 fresh battalions, 34 squadrons, and plenty of guns. They also still occupied a strong position, with the Stein Busch masking their left and front. While the wood was open enough to walk through, it would have forced any Prussians to emerge from it in disorder. This would have exposed the attackers to devastating, close-range canister fire from the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Russian_Artillery_Equipment#1.2F2-Pud_Shuvalov_Secret_Howitzer" target="_blank">Shuvalov "secret" howitzers </a>and counter-attack from the Russian Observation Corps. So things weren't that bleak for the redcoats. And now Frederick gave them about a three hour window in which to catch their breath and replenish their own ammunition. </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">Even the disrupted right wing of the Russian army was rallying itself, just as the Prussians were.</span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">Frederick's new plan was to loop around and attack the Russians from the east, something he should have done early that morning when he first emerged from the woods near Batzlow (see small map above). Dohna's 15 battalions were to march up to the east of the Stein Busch, then wheel left to attack the left flank of the Observation Corps. Meanwhile, Schorlemer's cavalry (27 squadrons of cuirassiers, dragoons and hussars) would provide flank security to Dohna's battalions and sweep away the Russian cavalry in front of Zicher. Frederick's remaining field guns (about 60 twelve pounders and howitzers and 10 big <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Prussian_Cannon#Bronze_Linger_M1717.2F1723_Brummer_Common_Bore_12-pdr_Cannon" target="_blank">"Brummers"</a>) were to move up the right of the woods and rake the Russian lines obliquely. The Prussian gunners immediately started moving north while the Prussians got ready. For close support they took with them the 2nd battalion of the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Kreytzen_Fusiliers" target="_blank">#40 Kreytzen Fusiliers</a>.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">To support Schorlemer, Frederick ordered Prince Moritz to bring 10 squadrons of Marschall's brigade, the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Plettenberg_Dragoons" target="_blank">7th</a> and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Langermann_Dragoons" target="_blank">8th Dragoons, </a>around to the right. Unfortunately, in the swirling dust and smoke, as these cavalry started to move east, they came close to the rally areas of Manteuffel's and Kanitz's regiments near Zorndorf village. Thinking they were Russians come to have their way with them again, these already spooked infantry were spooked again--and ran again. It was going to be awhile before they would be any use that day. </span></span><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Act Two</span></span> </span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">At about 14:30 The Prussian guns moved forward with their fusilier escort and opened fire on the Observation Corps. But the Russians weren't going to wait for Frederick to attack. Galled by the Prussian cannon fire, at about 15:00 Browne launched an attack on the Prussian battery with the entire Observation Corps, supported by Demiku's cavalry brigade. These latter quickly overran the Prussian guns and their lone fusilier battalion and kept them from harming the advancing Russian infantry. They then galloped on to attack the flanks and rear of Dohna's advancing infantry, who formed a gigantic emergency square (with the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1/23_Bandemer_Grenadiers" target="_blank">Wedell Grenadiers</a><a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1/23_Bandemer_Grenadiers" target="_blank"> 1/23</a> facing outward on the open flank and the second line fusilier regiments about-facing to protect the rear). The disciplined Prussian platoon fire checked the swirling Russian horsemen.</span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>View looking west from the Russian Observation Corps' approximate position.</i></span></span> </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DSbvPsGwJ70/VY4DWWGAWkI/AAAAAAAAB7k/4jfYBT26nYg/s1600/View%2Bfrom%2BRussian%2Bleft%2Bflank%2Blooking%2Bwest.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DSbvPsGwJ70/VY4DWWGAWkI/AAAAAAAAB7k/4jfYBT26nYg/s1600/View%2Bfrom%2BRussian%2Bleft%2Bflank%2Blooking%2Bwest.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Schorlemer now counterattacked the Russian cavalry and drove them back toward Zicher village, where they rallied themselves.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Dohna's infantry stopped momentarily to redress their ranks and recover from the threat of Demiku's cavalry. But Browne's Observation Corps, supported by Russian line regiments, kept on coming. Russian artillery was blasting huge holes n the Prussian lines. It looked briefly like the same catastrophe that had occurred on the left was about to happen on the right now. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">But, just as it had happened on the left earlier, the same thing happened again on the right. Seydlitz, seeing his moment again, led a charge from the left with his rallied cavalry right into the flank of the advancing Russians. The redcoats, however,--even these less experienced Observation Corps soldiers--did not panic and run. They, too, formed a large square and held their ground against the Prussian cavalry, causing devastating casualties with their own fire. Their advance was stopped, but they weren't going to run.</span><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GtH8SO4vO2Q/VYyG-O6TlTI/AAAAAAAAB5o/1pWz0riCYXQ/s1600/Albrecht%2BAdam%2BZorndorf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="496" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GtH8SO4vO2Q/VYyG-O6TlTI/AAAAAAAAB5o/1pWz0riCYXQ/s640/Albrecht%2BAdam%2BZorndorf.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Albrecht Adam's 1858 centennial painting of the moment at Zorndorf when Seydlitz's cavalry stopped the advance of the Russian Observation Corps. In this painting the Russians are shown in square, repulsing repeated charges with unwavering volleys. Adam has shown the Russians dressed in their green, full dress coats. They would, in all likelihood have been all in red, wearing only their light summer waistcoats.</span></i></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">What is it with these Russians?</span></span> </span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">Gradually, however, the Russian army was pushed back by Prussian cavalry and infantry. Some broke and ran, getting trapped in the bogs around the Mietzel. Most, however, just closed ranks and edged back and to the west until the whole line was facing northeast. But they were unbroken.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">The Prussian <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Ruesch_Hussars" target="_blank">"Death's Head Hussars" #5</a>, worked their way around the flanks of the Russians and broke into the already looted wagon train near Quartschen, to commence looting it again themselves. In effect, while they could have made a decisive attack into the rear of the Russian army, they took themselves out of the battle to go shopping. That evening, when their commander, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Theodor_von_Ruesch" target="_blank">von Reusch</a>, showed up to report to Frederick, the king had him arrested and marched off to Stettin Prison. He was asked to retire shortly after this.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">This phase of the battle lasted until twilight, about 19:45. Both sides were spent. The Prussians couldn't muster enough strength to deliver a <i>coup de grace</i>. And the Russians, though exhausted and depleted themselves, still held their ground. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">About this time Fermor showed up, hair freshly powdered (or wound freshly dressed), and moved what was left of the Russian army southwest on the eastern side of the Zabern-Grund and faced it about northeast again. He was actually occupying the position Manteuffel had started his attack from that morning. Technically, he was still on the field of battle and so Frederick could not claim a victory by 18th century rules of war. Frederick's army flopped down exhausted on the corpse-strewn ground previously occupied by the Observation Corps, facing southwest. Both armies had effectively just switched places, like waltzing giants.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Frederick was angry that the Russians had been so stubborn and refused to recognize defeat. But this was his first direct experience with these enemies. He had been used to Western, conventional foes like the Austrians, the French, and fellow Germans, who knew when they were beaten and retreated in gentlemanly, Enlightenment style. But he, too, was not the first or last to discover this fact about the Russians. As Napoleon said about them a generation later, "It is not enough to kill a Russian, you have to knock him over."</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Aftermath</span></span> </span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">Zorndorf was a bloodbath almost without result. Frederick had about 13,000 casualties, with 26 guns and eight regimental colors captured, or 35% of his original force. The Russians lost 21,529, killed, wounded, and captured, or 50% . The Prussians claim to have captured 103 guns and 27 colors, though the Russians claim they had lost only 30 guns. Again, it depends on who's writing the history.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Significantly, 766 of the Prussian losses were deserters welcomed into the Russian army, which indicates that not all of the Prussians were representing the forces of liberty. This may have been a result of the brutal recruiting practices the Prussians were compelled to resort to to replenish their ranks during the war, otherwise known as kidnapping. As the war went on, more and more "Prussian" soldiers were simply POWs and impressed men from conquered lands. The previous year, virtually all of the Saxons who had been forced into Prussian regiments after they had been betrayed by their king in 1756, ended up going over to the Austrians. It would also explain why the Prussian troops were more prone to indiscipline and dissolution in this battle. They were not the Prussians of Leuthen because many were not even Prussians.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> But as both sides camped on the field that night,
neither could claim an outright victory by 18th century standards. Both
countries did report victory, though, for political and chauvinistic
reasons. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">The night of the battle Fermor had sent a diplomatic mission over to Frederick asking for a day of truce so that both sides could take care of their wounded and bury their dead. Frederick churlishly replied that it was customarily the victor who cleaned up the battlefield, another example of his pettiness. So the night was spent listening to the pitiful cries of the thousands of wounded men and horses dying in agony. And all the next day both sides just lobbed artillery shells and cannonballs at each other, causing a few dozen additional casualties, to no point.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">During the night of the 26/27th there was a thunderstorm, under which Fermor packed up and snuck his army past the Prussians south of Wilkersdorf to his <i>wagenburg </i>at Kammin. It wasn't until first light that the Prussian hussars realized the Russian camp was empty. Frederick got everybody up and moved them over to Kammin, but the Russian base was too well manned and fortified to attempt an assault. Besides, his army was almost out of ammunition.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">On the 31st, after a couple of days rest, Fermor removed his army farther east to Landsburg where he met up with Rumyantsev, who had finally come down from Schwedt with his 12,000 men.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">By September 2, Frederick took a chance that the Russians were done for the season and would not attempt another crossing of the Oder. He felt he had taught them a lesson. Moreover, he was increasingly anxious about the situation in Bohemia where he feared Daun might destroy Prince Henry at any time. So he left Dohna with 17,000 men to watch the Russians and put the rest on another forced march to meet up with his brother in Saxony. It was later that fall, after weeks of marching and counter-marching, that Frederick suffered another resounding defeat at the hands of his nemesis, Marshal <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Daun,_Count_Leopold" target="_blank">Daun</a>, at <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1758-10-14_-_Battle_of_Hochkirch" target="_blank">Hochkirch</a>. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">The third year of the Seven Years War was not Frederick's favorite.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">But Frederick's hunch about the Russians being done for that year was right. The rains were starting to come more frequently and the Polish roads were nigh-well impassable when that happened. Fermor attempted a half-hearted siege to capture Danzig (modern Gdansk) in hopes of securing a winter port to sustain his army farther west during the coming winter, but that failed. He just wasn't equipped for sieges. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">So he made his way back to his start point in eastern Poland to be near his base for the winter. Bells clanged and masses were sung in St Petersburg and Moscow at the reported victory of Zorndorf, but Elizabeth and her general staff recognized that nothing strategic had been accomplished by their new General-in-Chief. He was given a medal, kissed on both cheeks, and replaced the next year by the more vigorous and responsible <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Saltykov,_Count_Piotr_Semionovitch" target="_blank">Saltykov </a>(the true "winner" of Zorndorf and a true Russian). And Fermor went on to serve honorably as a divisional commander. Elizabeth was no vindictive Stalin; she didn't execute her failed generals.</span></span><br />
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Armchair Quarterbacking</span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;">Strength of the Prussian Army</span></span></h3>
The strength returns of the Russian army at Zorndorf have been documented precisely by <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1758-08-25_-_Battle_of_Zorndorf#Outcome" target="_blank">Kronoskaf</a>, regiment by regiment. But the relative strengths of the Prussians have only been generally estimated by the historians I consulted, averaging about 650 men per battalion of infantry and about 125 per squadron of cavalry, which would have put the Prussian infantry at 75% strength at its 1758 organization (856 per battalion) and the cavalry at 64% strength. Now this is plausible except for the fact that Frederick had just put much of his army through one of the most grueling forced marches from Silesia, at 18 miles (30 km) per day for eleven straight days, during the hottest days of the summer...in wool coats and full kit. That they would have arrived at Zorndorf missing only 25% of full compliment, and after having been campaigning in Moravia for months before that, is a little hard to swallow, especially when you consider that the caliber of the Prussian soldier in 1758 was not nearly what it was at the beginning of the war.There were a much higher percentage of conscripts, foreign deserters, prisoners-of-war, and convicts in its ranks. The large number of desertions to the Russians after Zorndorf (see above under Aftermath) also argues against what I think is an inflated strength of Frederick's forces. I can't prove it, except by logic, but I would estimate that the true strength of the Prussian army at Zorndorf may have been as low as 50% of official paper strength.<br />
<br />
Then there are the maps. Those done by the Prussian General Staff's topographical department a hundred years later, and by Duffy and Millar in their excellent histories all show that the width of the Prussian army does not extend halfway to Wilkersdorf from Zorndorf village and is overlapped by the Russian Observation Corps. In my calculations based on the reported 650 men per battalion, this length should have extended clear to Wilkersdorf and beyond, about 33% longer. (See large map at the top of this article.) Had the true strength been the depleted 50% of my speculation, the published and historical maps, with their smaller regimental footprints, would be more accurate.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;">Why didn't Frederick go for Fermor's main base at Kammin?</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Duffy and Millar have both wondered why Frederick didn't send a detachment over to the main Russian base at Kammin to seize it. It was seemingly just lying there defenseless. As the Prussian king emerged from the woods at Batzlow that morning, it was practically in front of him. And after the battle he was still between it and the main Russian army. Seizing it, defenseless as it supposedly was, would seemingly have forced Fermor to sue for terms. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">But that's the question; <i>Was </i>it defenseless? Millar has stated that the Russian infantry had detached all of their grenadier companies into ad hoc support battalions which were positioned between the two main lines. I don't doubt that these companies were detached, (as was common practice with grenadier companies) but I wonder if they weren't detached to defend the fortified base at Kammin. Fermor would not have left such a valuable prize utterly exposed. And the combined grenadiers would have numbered some 4-5,000, a formidable force to defend a fort of wagons and earthworks. <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1758-08-25_-_Battle_of_Zorndorf" target="_blank">Kronoskaf </a>reports that these grenadiers were indeed sent off to guard the goods at Kammin.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Maybe the reason Frederick didn't go for the bait at Kammin was because he saw that it was too well defended, and he needed to wipe out the main force before he exposed his own flank and rear to the task of besieging the <i>wagenburg</i>. </span></span><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;">Why didn't Frederick just attack the eastern flank of the Observation Corps as he emerged from the woods at Batzlow?</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">When his leading troops started to come out of the Zicher Woods, Frederick would have seen and caught the Russian army scrambling to realign itself in front of the Langer-Grund. If he had simply faced his columns right into line, he could have attacked the Observation Corps in disorder and in the flank as early as 07:00, and across relatively unobstructed ground. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Instead, he seemingly wasted several hours marching his entire army five miles west, in the open, across the front of the Russian army, not only giving them plenty of time to face him, but exposing his own flank to attack.This was as much of a tactical blunder as his previous attempt to make a flanking attack at Kolin the year before. In that battle, too, he wasted hours getting his army in place under the complete observation of the Austrians on the hill, who took all that time to get ready for him. So what started at Zorndorf and Kolin as classic Frederickan indirect attacks, ended as artless frontal assaults, with costly consequences for the Prussians.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">The indirect attack may have been Frederick's favorite tactic, but he frequently applied it clumsily. In order for it to work, the enemy has to be taken by surprise...which wasn't the case at Zorndorf.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;">Where were the Cossacks during the battle?</span></span></h3>
They were around. Literally. All around. I have not positioned them on the deployment map because they were swarming in small groups all over the area. Though they played no role in face-to-face battle, they covered the flanks of the Russian army and poked their noses in everywhere. Mostly they could be relied on for occasional scouting reports, as the antenna of the army, but not for massed combat.<br />
<br />
Among their numbers were also bands of "Kalmuk" tribesmen, Asiatic descendants of the Mongols who had conquered southern Russia hundreds of years before and armed anachronistically with the same composite bow their ancestors had used under Genghis Khan.<br />
<br />
Nevertheless, the presence of Cossacks played no tactical part in the outcome of Zorndorf. There is an anecdote that as Frederick and his staff rode reconnaissance of the ground toward Zorndorf on the morning after the battle, it was swarming with Cossacks, who all scattered as the king and his small party approached. Cossacks did not stand up to formed cavalry or professional troops. At least in the 18th century.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;">Russian Uniforms: Summer Red</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dj74Tj11HP4/WTHMB22Ae_I/AAAAAAAACwY/dHiomR2EXAIj7Vny3VGrOb4I1T_HnLU0wCEw/s1600/Russian_Line_Infantry_Summer_Uniform_Plate.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="154" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dj74Tj11HP4/WTHMB22Ae_I/AAAAAAAACwY/dHiomR2EXAIj7Vny3VGrOb4I1T_HnLU0wCEw/s1600/Russian_Line_Infantry_Summer_Uniform_Plate.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Most likely the Russian infantry <br />were wearing only their red summer<br />waistcoats in this battle, having<br />left their green overcoats back <br />in the depots. For exact uniform<br />reference, go to the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Russian_Army#Regular_Line_Infantry" target="_blank">Kronoskaf 7YW site.</a></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;">This was August. It was hot and muggy. While most of the 19th century salon artists who depicted this battle (</span><span style="font-size: small;">Röchling, Adam, </span><span style="font-size: small;">Hünten , </span><span style="font-size: small;">Knötel) show the Russian infantry in their full dress green uniforms, the operational reality was that they were probably all in red. The "underclothes" of the Russian uniform, a kind of lightweight tunic, or waistcoat, was red. It was lighter and more comfortable in the summer than the heavy, wool, green coats of the full dress uniform, which had probably been stored away in the regimental wagons at Kammin. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Likewise, the Russian cavalry were also lightly dressed for the heat. Instead of their heavy, light blue, wool coats, the dragoons and mounted grenadiers probably only wore their white waistcoats. And, of course, the hussars probably only wore their dolmans, leaving their heavy pelisses back at the depot as well. Depicting the Russians in their full dress uniforms for battle, as the salon artists and figure wargamers have, would be like showing modern U.S.Marines wearing their dress blues in combat. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">This practice of the Russians to let their troops be as comfortable as possible (also in the practice of lying them down in the face of artillery fire), speaks to a more humane philosophy in the Russian ranks (well, relatively humane, by 18th century standards). They were not just stubborn and courageous at Zorndorf, they were better rested, cooler, and generally more comfortable than their Prussian counterparts, who were forced to keep their heavy wool coats on and had just force-marched over 180 miles in blistering heat--another reason why there might have been so many desertions by the Prussians.</span><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;">Wargame Considerations</span></h3>
<br />
Zorndorf would be (and has been) a fascinating battle to wargame. The armies were more or less evenly matched. There were several what-if inflection points to test. And the uniforms and serried ranks of this period are splendid to look at on a game or sand table (and plentiful in all scales of model soliders).<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;">Relative Combat Efficiency</span></b><br />
One of the things that was very apparent from this battle was the relatively even combat efficiency between the Prussian and Russian troops. Recent reforms in the Russian Army by Shuvalov had brought it up to, and in some cases past, the tactics and standards of Western armies, including the Prussians. Also, as I mentioned above, by this stage of the war, manpower losses had forced Frederick to accept a qualitatively inferior recruit to replenish his ranks. The Prussian soldier of 1758 was not the same as in 1756.<br />
<br />
So, in designing a wargame pitting these two armies, it would probably be accurate to rate both sides the same in terms of combat efficiency. The morale of the Russian soldier, too, showed itself to be ferocious, even while their high command might have been lacking.<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #990000;">Firepower</span></b><br />
Musketry is something else that could be measured in a wargame. The Prussians were said to be able to deliver five rounds per minute in combat using their tried and tested platoon fire system (though this rate is disputed for operational situations). But after Shuvalov's reforms, the Russians boasted they could fire off six rounds per minute. One of the differences was that while the Prussians used platoon fire, in which all three ranks would fire, alternating by platoons horizontally in the line, the Russians, in their four rank lines, continued to use fire-by-ranks. However, the latter typically would only fire the first and second rank, while the third and fourth would reload and pass their muskets forward. In this way there was always a reserve of loaded muskets available and the first two ranks could increase their rate of fire since the loading was going on simultaneously behind them. For the purposes of a wargame, this would probably give the Russian infantry an equivalent firepower rate to the Prussian player.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-eggnovwjZ5M/VY3xjtpKzrI/AAAAAAAAB7E/wxKgCcXdnDs/s1600/Infantry%2Bcompany%2Bcomparisons.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-eggnovwjZ5M/VY3xjtpKzrI/AAAAAAAAB7E/wxKgCcXdnDs/s1600/Infantry%2Bcompany%2Bcomparisons.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Image protected by Digimarc watermark.</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;">Formations</span></b><br />
The Prussians had been using wider, thinner formations for some time. Infantry were in three ranks from 1741 and cavalry in two from 1757. (See illustration above.)<br />
<br />
The Russian Army, however, retained the deeper four rank formations for infantry and three ranks for cavalry, as their Austrian allies still used. Later in the war, as sources of manpower waned, they would adopt the three and two rank depths for infantry and cavalry. But not at Zorndorf.<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;">Close Support Artillery</span></b><br />
All infantry battalions on both sides had organic guns attached for close support. For the Prussians, each battalion had two 3 pounders or two 6 pounders, which were manhandled forward to the left and ahead of each battalion by gunners and borrowed infantrymen. All Prussian artillery carriages were painted <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=File:Prussian_M1717_3-pdr.jpg" target="_blank">light grey blue</a>.<br />
<br />
The Russian battalions also had light guns attached. Regular infantry regiments like the Prussians, had two 3 pounders per battalion, and sometimes light howitzers (called "unicorns" by the Russians). Observation Corps battalions had twice as many light guns attached, including some of the supposedly <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Russian_Artillery_Equipment#1.2F2-Pud_Shuvalov_Secret_Howitzer" target="_blank">"secret" Shuvalov howitzers</a>, which were designed to maximize the horizontal spray of canister rounds from their oval bores. It was demonstrated that a single Shuvalov howitzer was the equivalent of an entire platoon firing. These proved to be not as effective in action as in the laboratory. Also, the "secret" howitzers could only fire canister, not shell, bombs, or roundshot as the round bore howitzers were capable of. All Russian artillery carriages were painted <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=File:Russian_Shuvalov_Secret_Howitzer.jpg" target="_blank">dull, brick red</a>.<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">What-If Scenarios</span></b></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;">Immediate Prussian Attack from the East </span></b><br />
One of the alternate scenarios that would be interesting to test in a wargame would be whether or not it would have made a difference in the outcome had Frederick, upon emerging from the woods near Batzlow, turned right, formed up, and charged the shuffling left flank of the Russian position. Could the Russian Observation Corps have realigned itself in time to receive the attack. The battle, too, would have begun much earlier (around 07:00) since it would have saved that five mile march to Zorndorf village.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;">Russian Pre-Emptive Flank Attack</span></b><br />
Another alternate scenario would have been on the part of the Russians. Had Fermor decided to attack Frederick first, while the king was flank-marching across the Russian front to get to Zorndorf, would this have changed the outcome?<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;">Fermor Doesn't Burn His Bridges</span></b><br />
Fermor had ordered that all of the bridges across the Mietzel be destroyed on the 24th to prevent Frederick from attacking across them. Events showed that the Prussians were adequately equipped with pontoon trains to bridge the narrow river (10 M across at best) and cross in strength at the Neudammer Muhle. One alternate wargame scenario would be to leave the bridges intact. This would have given the Russians an escape route across the Mietzel, but also, even over an intact bridge, an attacking force would have to break its line, thread over, and redeploy, leaving it very vulnerable to counterattack. So it is not clear that Fermor's order hurt him in the long run.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;">Russian Deploys Near Zorndorf</span></b><br />
And a fourth scenario would position the Russian army on the south side of the battlefield, far from the cramped area between the Zabern-Grund and the Langer-Grund, facing north. This would put the Russian player, with his superior numbers, on wider ground and the Prussian player would, in attacking from the northern edge of the battlefield now, have to redeploy as his forces emerged from the bridgeheads and woods.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;">Orders of Battle</span></h3>
The following are tables of orders of battle for the two armies, synthesized from a number of sources (Millar, Duffy, and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1758-08-25_-_Battle_of_Zorndorf" target="_blank">Kronoskaf</a>). The Russian strength figures are precise and drawn from Kronoskaf's <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1758-08-25_-_Battle_of_Zorndorf#Outcome" target="_blank">detailed OOB</a> reporting exact original rosters and losses. The Prussian figures are from the same sources but are averages derived from the overall strengths reported. If, as I have speculated, the actual strengths of the Prussian units were more depleted, reduce these numbers by 33%. Thus a 650 man battalion would be 435 men, and a 125 man squadron would be 84 troopers.<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Note: </b>In the tables below, the coat color of each regiment is represented in the first column, the facing colors for each regiment (collars, cuffs) are represented in the second column. For hussar regiments, the first column represents the dolman color, and the second column is in the pelisse's color.<br />
<br />
"<span style="color: #e69138;">Flags</span>" (third column) are the regimental flags for each unit, including the colonel's color (usually only carried by the 1st battalion or squadron in a regiment) and the regimental color (carried by all the other companies). Where a unit did not carry a standard on campaign (for instance, hussars or combined grenadier battalions), I left this cell blank.<br />
<br />
The "<span style="color: #e69138;">Ranks</span>" column indicates the standard depth in men for a linear formation.<br />
<br />
Under the last, "<span style="color: #e69138;">Notes</span>" column, under the Prussian OOB, I have also included schematic color schemes for the mitre headgear of the grenadier companies (4, 2 from each parent regiment) in each battalion.<br />
<br />
<br />
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<div class="BasicParagraph" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xdP7kn8nyVs/XSfkNTWqUhI/AAAAAAAAD_k/h47e9TQiKjMts8MdeIK9vN46MifOF4aigCEwYBhgL/s1600/Prussian%2BZorndorf%2BOOB%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="654" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xdP7kn8nyVs/XSfkNTWqUhI/AAAAAAAAD_k/h47e9TQiKjMts8MdeIK9vN46MifOF4aigCEwYBhgL/s1600/Prussian%2BZorndorf%2BOOB%2B2.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="BasicParagraph" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">A note
on Russian uniforms: During the summer months, the Russian Army fought in their light waistcoats. While dark green was the formal color for Russian infantry, they
doffed those heavy coats to wear their red vests in summer. The cavalry, with formal
coats of medium blue, wore their undervests of unbleached cotton in the summer.
The coat colors below reflect that.</span></div>
<div class="BasicParagraph" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="BasicParagraph" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Strength
levels are derived from <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1758-08-25_-_Battle_of_Zorndorf" target="_blank">Kronoskaf </a>Russian strength and casualty returns from
the article on </span><a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1758-08-25_-_Battle_of_Zorndorf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Zorndorf</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">.</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-k29XTXw11oc/XSfkZRb28hI/AAAAAAAAD_c/kjC4zDrwmhoHHcafYBGYPs8XytrRJOdXgCLcBGAs/s1600/Russian%2BZorndorf%2BOOB%2B1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="654" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-k29XTXw11oc/XSfkZRb28hI/AAAAAAAAD_c/kjC4zDrwmhoHHcafYBGYPs8XytrRJOdXgCLcBGAs/s1600/Russian%2BZorndorf%2BOOB%2B1.jpg" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zTtPY9irBgY/XSfkhAFya2I/AAAAAAAAD_g/HsJQ1WLsajIQHFt4UccffM1_TniGMu4UACLcBGAs/s1600/Russian%2BZorndorf%2BOOB%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="654" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zTtPY9irBgY/XSfkhAFya2I/AAAAAAAAD_g/HsJQ1WLsajIQHFt4UccffM1_TniGMu4UACLcBGAs/s1600/Russian%2BZorndorf%2BOOB%2B2.jpg" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">The following were the grenadier battalions, made up from the grenadier companies of the infantry, detached from the army to guard its depot at Klein Kammin, plus a single squadron of the Horvath Hussars. They were not included in the force strength of Fermor's army above because they didn't take part in the battle. However, I offer them here for anyone wishing to include them in their "what-if" wargame. Unit strength levels are also from Kronoskaf.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UAPtrgoHes0/XSflQYvM70I/AAAAAAAAD_w/MzG3DqtC88w5a0821DpRdeOqFbpxiCNXgCLcBGAs/s1600/Russian%2BZorndorf%2BOOB%2B3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="432" data-original-width="998" height="276" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UAPtrgoHes0/XSflQYvM70I/AAAAAAAAD_w/MzG3DqtC88w5a0821DpRdeOqFbpxiCNXgCLcBGAs/s640/Russian%2BZorndorf%2BOOB%2B3.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">References</span></span></span></h3>
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Army-Frederick-Great-Christopher-Duffy/dp/188347602X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1364622649&sr=8-1&keywords=the+army+of+frederick+the+great" target="_blank">Duffy, Christopher, "The Army of Frederick the Great", Emperor Press, ISBN 1-883476-02-X</a><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Great-A-Military-Life/dp/0415002761/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1364623051&sr=8-1&keywords=Frederick+the+great%3A+a+military+life" target="_blank"><br /></a>
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Great-A-Military-Life/dp/0415002761/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1364623051&sr=8-1&keywords=Frederick+the+great%3A+a+military+life" target="_blank">Duffy, Christopher, "Frederick the Great: A Military Life", Routledge, ISBN 0-415-00276-1</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Russias-Military-Way-West-1700-1800/dp/0710007973/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1426967891&sr=8-1&keywords=0710007973" target="_blank">Duffy, Christopher, "Russia's Military Way to the West: Origins and Nature of Russian Military Power 1700-1800", 1981, Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 0-7200-0797-3</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=1-84176-696-8" target="_blank">Millar, Simon, "Zorndorf 1758, Frederick faces Holy Mother Russia", 2003 Osprey # 125, ISBN 1-84176-696-8 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Greats-Army-Cavalry-Men-at-Arms/dp/1855321343/ref=sr_1_1_title_1_pap?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401906162&sr=1-1&keywords=Frederick+the+Great%27s+Army+1+Cavalry" target="_blank">Haythornethwaite, Philip, "Frederick the Great's Army 1 Cavalry", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-134-3 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Greats-Army-Infantry-Men-at-Arms/dp/1855321602/ref=tmm_pap_title_0?ie=UTF8&qid=1401906225&sr=1-3" target="_blank">Haythornethwaite, Philip, "Frederick the Great's Army 2 Infantry", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-160-2</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Greats-Army-Specialist-Men-at-arms-ebook/dp/B007UI2BS4/ref=sr_1_4?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401906397&sr=1-4&keywords=Frederick+the+Great%27s+Army+1+Cavalry" target="_blank">Haythornethwaite, Philip, "Frederick the Great's Army 3 Specialist Troops", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-225-0 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=1-85532-585-3" target="_blank">Konstam, Angus, "Russian Army of the Seven Years War (1)", 1996, Osprey Publishing, 1-85532-585-3 </a><br />
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<a href="http://www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=1-85532-587-X" target="_blank">Konstam, Angus, "Russian Army of the Seven Years War (2)", 1996, Osprey Publishing, 1-85532-587-X </a><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>Websites:</b></span></span><br />
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John's Military History <a href="http://johnsmilitaryhistory.com/Zorndorf.html">http://johnsmilitaryhistory.com/Zorndorf.html</a> This site has some excellent panoramic photography of the battlefield, taken by John Hamill.<br />
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Kronoskaf <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1758-08-25_-_Battle_of_Zorndorf">http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1758-08-25_-_Battle_of_Zorndorf</a><br />
<br />
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i>©
</i></span></span>Copyright 2015, Jeffery
P. Berry Trust, all rights reserved. No part of this post may be used
for re-publication or re-posting without documented permission from the
Jeffery P. Berry Trust, which may be obtained by e-mailing <a href="mailto:jeffery.p.berry@comast.net">jeffery.p.berry@comast.net</a>. However, feel free to link to this site as a
resource from related sites.</i></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com31tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-60081612050070955502015-03-07T17:48:00.006-08:002021-04-12T14:45:01.841-07:00Crécy 1346<h2>
<span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Hundred Years War</span></span></h2>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">26 August 1346</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></h3>
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</h3>
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">English under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" target="_blank">Edward III</a>, very approximately 9,000</span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #134f5c;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">French under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" target="_blank">Phillip VI</a>, very approximately 27,000</span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #134f5c;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #b45f06;">Weather: </span>Temperate. Late afternoon thunderstorm, which made the low ground muddy.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;">First Light:</span> 05:37 <span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunrise:</span> 06:11 <span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunset: </span>19:54 <span style="color: #b45f06;">End of Twilight:</span> 20:28 <br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">(approximate times calculated from <a href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/RS_OneDay.php" target="_blank">U.S. Naval Observatory</a> based on location. However as the calculator does not figure for dates prior to 1700, this was based on that date. It may have been a few minutes earlier. Also the date of the battle preceded the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar by England in 1752, so may have actually been 18 Aug. N.S. My sources don't say which date this was.)</span> <br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Location:</span> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/50%C2%B015'39.0%22N+1%C2%B053'38.0%22E/@50.2608333,1.8917002,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0" target="_blank">50</a></span><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/50%C2%B015'39.0%22N+1%C2%B053'38.0%22E/@50.2608333,1.8917002,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0" target="_blank"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">°</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> 15’ 39” N</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">1</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">°</span></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/50%C2%B015'39.0%22N+1%C2%B053'38.0%22E/@50.2608333,1.8917002,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0" target="_blank"> 53’ 38”E</a> </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Cr</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">cy-en-Ponthieu in Picardy, about 106 km (66 miles) south of Calais, France. </span>And just 25 km (16 miles) from the English Channel at the Somme estuary. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">C</span></span>r</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">é</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">cy</span></span> was <span style="font-family: inherit;">one of the first major battles</span> of the imprecisely named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" target="_blank">Hundred Years War</a> between England and France. <span style="font-family: inherit;">It is <span style="font-family: inherit;">hardly an <span style="font-family: inherit;">obscure </span></span>battle<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>--</i></span>at least in <span style="font-family: inherit;">Brit<span style="font-family: inherit;">ish h<span style="font-family: inherit;">is<span style="font-family: inherit;">tory, for it pumped up that nation's sense of its special<span style="font-family: inherit;">ness as much as</span> Agincourt, the A<span style="font-family: inherit;">rmada, and W<span style="font-family: inherit;">aterloo</span>--</span> but the accounts of it vary widely. In the 14th century <span style="font-family: inherit;">the discipline of h</span>istoriography was<span style="font-family: inherit;">, to put it mildly, <span style="font-family: inherit;">in its infancy<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">. The primary chronic<span style="font-family: inherit;">ler of the <span style="font-family: inherit;">Hundred Years War,<span style="font-family: inherit;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Froissart" target="_blank">Jean Froissart</a>, was himself <span style="font-family: inherit;">only nine at the time of th<span style="font-family: inherit;">e battle and <span style="font-family: inherit;">wrote </span>about it much later<span style="font-family: inherit;">, putting toge<span style="font-family: inherit;">ther his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froissart%27s_Chronicles" target="_blank">narrati<span style="font-family: inherit;">ve</span></a></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froissart%27s_Chronicles" target="_blank"> </a>from the fuzzy recollections of ve<span style="font-family: inherit;">ter<span style="font-family: inherit;">ans who may or may not have been there. His <span style="font-family: inherit;">reliab<span style="font-family: inherit;">ility <span style="font-family: inherit;">also depended on which s<span style="font-family: inherit;">ide was currently spo<span style="font-family: inherit;">nsoring him at <span style="font-family: inherit;">various stages of his career.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The thing that interested <span style="font-family: inherit;">me from an obscure point of view abou<span style="font-family: inherit;">t this battle was how <span style="font-family: inherit;">little like an actual battle it <span style="font-family: inherit;">was</span>, and how more like a systematic <span style="font-family: inherit;">slaughter of livestock in a chute<span style="font-family: inherit;">--</span>a conveyor belt of death</span>. The one-sided<span style="font-family: inherit;">ness of the casualties attest to that; <span style="font-family: inherit;">tens of thousands v<span style="font-family: inherit;">er<span style="font-family: inherit;">sus</span></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">f<span style="font-family: inherit;">ewer </span></span>than a<span style="font-family: inherit;"> couple hundred</span> English.<span style="font-family: inherit;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;">This also sto<span style="font-family: inherit;">od in <span style="font-family: inherit;">ironic contrast to the reported overwhelming superior<span style="font-family: inherit;">ity of the French over the English. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Th<span style="font-family: inherit;">ere were<span style="font-family: inherit;">, it seems, a few factors that led to this <span style="font-family: inherit;">human disaster, some tact<span style="font-family: inherit;">ical, some technical, and some sociological. Those are t<span style="font-family: inherit;">he obs<span style="font-family: inherit;">cure but c<span style="font-family: inherit;">ritical</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">factors </span></span>I want to look at in this article.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="font-family: inherit;">Specu<span style="font-family: inherit;">lative deployment around 17<span style="font-family: inherit;">:00<span style="font-family: inherit;">. For la<span style="font-family: inherit;">rger map, scro<span style="font-family: inherit;">ll down. </span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></span></span> <br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-az3VOAwBM2Y/VPTe2bdhlkI/AAAAAAAAByU/CjxTrOYPgkw/s1600/Crecy%2B1346%2Bmap%2Bfor%2Bposting%2B.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="488" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-az3VOAwBM2Y/VPTe2bdhlkI/AAAAAAAAByU/CjxTrOYPgkw/s1600/Crecy%2B1346%2Bmap%2Bfor%2Bposting%2B.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Origins of the War: T<span style="font-family: inherit;">he Or<span style="font-family: inherit;">iginal <i>Game of Thrones</i></span></span></span></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The Hundred Years <span style="font-family: inherit;">W</span>ar, in fact, had been going on for nine years </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">by the time </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">C</span>r</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">é</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">cy</span></span></span> was fought</span> (if you don't count the <span style="font-family: inherit;">almost three hundred </span>years of war between England
and France before this)<span style="font-family: inherit;">. Th<span style="font-family: inherit;">ere had been a number of lesser battles fou<span style="font-family: inherit;">ght all over <span style="font-family: inherit;">France (and even in Spain) prior to this, and several large-scale ra<span style="font-family: inherit;">ids, or </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><i><span style="line-height: 115%;">chevauch</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">es</span></i></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">,</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">by the English through Fra<span style="font-family: inherit;">nce. It was already a long and weary war.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Like the War of the Spanish Succession 363 years later (see my post on <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/11/blenheim-1704.html" target="_blank">Blenheim 1704</a>), this war started over a disagreement about who should inherit a throne; in this case, the French throne. Like that later war, a <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">mo<span style="font-family: inherit;">nar<span style="font-family: inherit;">ch</span> died</span></span></span> without male heirs. First, the old king,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" target="_blank"> Philip IV</a> (<span style="font-family: inherit;">the infamous mass-murdere<span style="font-family: inherit;">r of the Knights Templ<span style="font-family: inherit;">ar and </span></span></span>known as "Philip the Fair"), died in 1314. He had at least three seemingly hale sons in line to succeed him. But these all died in quick succession between 1314 and 1328. And all three were sonless. So that ended the dynasty of Capet.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Now, according to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salic_law" target="_blank">Salic Law,</a> which had been instituted by the Frank<span style="font-family: inherit;">ish kings</span> in the 6th century and still prevailed throughout most of western continental Europe until the 14th century, if a man died without legitimate male issue, the closest male <span style="font-family: inherit;">linear re<span style="font-family: inherit;">lative </span></span>would inherit. In 1328 this would have been Philip IV's grandson, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" target="_blank">Edward III</a> of England (whose mother was <span style="font-family: inherit;">Philip's </span>only daughter, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_France" target="_blank">Isabella</a>, also kn<span style="font-family: inherit;">own as <span style="font-family: inherit;">the "She<span style="font-family: inherit;">-</span>Wolf of France"</span></span>). Ah, but there's a catch, because according to original Salic Law, no male heir could inherit through a female line. But as far back as <span style="font-family: inherit;">570, <span style="font-family: inherit;">over <span style="font-family: inherit;">seven centuries before, </span></span></span>seeing that this was already causing trouble, another Frankish king amended this law to allow for female line inheritance should there be no direct males. Problem solved. <span style="font-family: inherit;">And</span> for almost eight centuries everybody was happy...as happy as you could be during the Dark and Middle Ages.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">But that didn't matter because shortly after Philip<span style="font-family: inherit;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;">the Fair's</span></span> oldest son's sudden and--ahem-- mys<span style="font-family: inherit;">terious</span> death after a game of tennis in 1316 (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" target="_blank">Louis X</a>, known as Louis the Stubborn, or Louis the Quarreler, or Louis the <span style="font-family: inherit;">A**<span style="font-family: inherit;">h</span>***</span>), certain lawyers and politicians in Paris came up with some pretzelogical arguments to invalidate the <span style="font-family: inherit;">746 year-old </span>amendment allowing female successors to inherit (or at least their <span style="font-family: inherit;">sons</span>; the French were never going to allow a queen; that would be absurd!). <span style="font-family: inherit;">Appar<span style="font-family: inherit;">ently<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>the</span></span> feeling in Paris was<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>that Edward III, Philip<span style="font-family: inherit;"> IV's</span> grandson, was just too close to claiming the throne for himself. The French couldn't see themselves being ruled by an English king (even one of Norma<span style="font-family: inherit;">n lineage<span style="font-family: inherit;"> who only spoke French himself)</span></span>. <i>Sacre bleu</i>! Even more ab<span style="font-family: inherit;">surd.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Two more of Philip I<span style="font-family: inherit;">V's sons followed Louis X in <span style="font-family: inherit;">rapid order<span style="font-family: inherit;">. Bu<span style="font-family: inherit;">t they didn't <span style="font-family: inherit;">last long either and also died without sons. The last, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" target="_blank">Charles IV</a> (also known as "The Fair")<span style="font-family: inherit;">, left a pregna<span style="font-family: inherit;">nt wife<span style="font-family: inherit;"> when he died at the ripe old age of 34 (or <span style="font-family: inherit;">68 <span style="font-family: inherit;">by tod<span style="font-family: inherit;">ay's <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">actuarial<span style="font-family: inherit;"> eq<span style="font-family: inherit;">uivalent<span style="font-family: inherit;">s</span></span></span>)</span></span></span></span></span>, and in th<span style="font-family: inherit;">at <span style="font-family: inherit;">era </span>before ultrasound it was not known whether it was to be a boy or a girl.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qatuRAiqeVs/VOu-D95h14I/AAAAAAAABwg/CAVC9vMTnq0/s1600/Phil6france.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qatuRAiqeVs/VOu-D95h14I/AAAAAAAABwg/CAVC9vMTnq0/s1600/Phil6france.jpg" width="233" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Philip VI "The Fortunate"</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">On</span> that <span style="font-family: inherit;">basis, Philip<span style="font-family: inherit;">, Count of Valois and Philip IV's nephew,<span style="font-family: inherit;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;">was <span style="font-family: inherit;">named regent <span style="font-family: inherit;">until the last king's pregnant<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>wife had given birth, to see i<span style="font-family: inherit;">f it was a son or not. And <i>if</i> not, <span style="font-family: inherit;">Philip of Valois <span style="font-family: inherit;">himself</span></span> would be named king...at least according to the <span style="font-family: inherit;">latest</span> interpretation of Salic Law. <span style="font-family: inherit;">And <span style="font-family: inherit;">so it cam<span style="font-family: inherit;">e to pass</span></span>...t</span>he baby was a daughter. <span style="font-family: inherit;">Therefore </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">in 1328 the Count of Valois became</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" target="_blank">Philip VI</a>, the first Valois king of France (known, for some evidently <span style="font-family: inherit;">sarcastic r<span style="font-family: inherit;">eason, as "Philip the Fortunate")</span></span>. There <span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>had </i>been </span>a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_V_of_France" target="_blank">Philip V</a> for those of you cou<span style="font-family: inherit;">nting <span style="font-family: inherit;">the </span>Roman <span style="font-family: inherit;">numerals, Philip IV's next son </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">("Philip the Forgettable")</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, but we can skip his inconsequential <span style="font-family: inherit;">reign<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />Are you following all this? Because it <i>will </i>be on the test.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">It got so complicated that Shakespeare himself made it an object of slapstick comedy in the opening act of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_%28play%29" target="_blank">Henry V</a><span style="font-family: inherit;">, </span>as two ch<span style="font-family: inherit;">urchmen attempt to explain it to the laug<span style="font-family: inherit;">hing, Eli<span style="font-family: inherit;">zabetha<span style="font-family: inherit;">n <span style="font-family: inherit;">audience (themselves very aware of <span style="font-family: inherit;">all the <span style="font-family: inherit;">convoluted arguments o<span style="font-family: inherit;">ver royal succession in their own time)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. </span>Of course, we in the enlightened 21st century--at least those of us living in purported democracies--can <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">sni<span style="font-family: inherit;">cker </span></span></span>at this <span style="font-family: inherit;">silly </span>lawyering on the part of a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xd_zkMEgkI" target="_blank">system of government </a>that has long since gone out of style. But it was no more silly than today's gerrymandering, voter suppression laws, manipulation of <span style="font-family: inherit;">elections, and legis<span style="font-family: inherit;">lation </span></span>by corporate lobbyists. We may have the Internet and Facebook, but some things never change.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YYW8Vwc9JmU/VOu-TD74dWI/AAAAAAAABwo/Fb5dyErQJMg/s1600/Edward_III_of_England_(Order_of_the_Garter).jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YYW8Vwc9JmU/VOu-TD74dWI/AAAAAAAABwo/Fb5dyErQJMg/s1600/Edward_III_of_England_(Order_of_the_Garter).jpg" width="235" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Edward III in later life,</span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Looking uncannily like Santa Claus</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Anyway... Anyway... Edward was seemingly fine with things as they were in France. The English already owned <span style="font-family: inherit;">many </span>of the sweetest bits of the kingdom anyway (Gascony, Guyenne, </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Aquitaine, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Picardy, etc.) and were related to everybody over there. <span style="font-family: inherit;">Also <span style="font-family: inherit;">Edwa<span style="font-family: inherit;">rd had enough things to worry abo<span style="font-family: inherit;">ut. He</span> </span>had only just seized power for himself at the <span style="font-family: inherit;">tender </span>age of 18 (or <span style="font-family: inherit;">36 in 2<span style="font-family: inherit;">1st century years) </span></span>when he and some friendly barons <span style="font-family: inherit;">staged a <i>coup d<span style="font-family: inherit;">'</span>etat</i> against </span>his own regent <span style="font-family: inherit;">(and his mother's lover and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" target="_blank">father's </a>murderer), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Mortimer,_1st_Earl_of_March" target="_blank">Roger Motimer</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">.<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;">Then, after his a<span style="font-family: inherit;">ccession, </span></span>he<span style="font-family: inherit;"> had inher<span style="font-family: inherit;">ited a per<span style="font-family: inherit;">petual situ<span style="font-family: inherit;">ation from both his grandfathe<span style="font-family: inherit;">r and father</span></span></span></span> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" target="_blank">Edwards I</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" target="_blank">II</a>) in seemingly ince<span style="font-family: inherit;">s<span style="font-family: inherit;">s<span style="font-family: inherit;">ant wars with S<span style="font-family: inherit;">cotland, whose armies <span style="font-family: inherit;">kept com<span style="font-family: inherit;">ing down<span style="font-family: inherit;"> to raid England. <span style="font-family: inherit;">Finally Edward had money <span style="font-family: inherit;">issues with Par<span style="font-family: inherit;">liament and the Italian banks</span>. All the usual problems of a Medieval <span style="font-family: inherit;">head of stat<span style="font-family: inherit;">e. <span style="font-family: inherit;">The last thing he wa<span style="font-family: inherit;">nted <span style="font-family: inherit;">was</span></span></span> another w<span style="font-family: inherit;">ar with France.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">But Philip VI, on the other hand, <i>did </i>want a war with England. He <span style="font-family: inherit;">coveted </span>all<span style="font-family: inherit;"> the English pos<span style="font-family: inherit;">sessions in France (Gascony, Guyenne, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Aquitaine, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Picardy, etc.)<span style="font-family: inherit;">, about a th<span style="font-family: inherit;">ird of the kingdom</span>. So, for some ginned<span style="font-family: inherit;">-</span>up reason, <span style="font-family: inherit;">(his procla<span style="font-family: inherit;">mation jus<span style="font-family: inherit;">tifying the war read, </span></span>"...beca<span style="font-family: inherit;">use of the many excesses, rebellious and disobed<span style="font-family: inherit;">i<span style="font-family: inherit;">e</span>nt acts committed by the King of Eng<span style="font-family: inherit;">land against Us and Our Royal Majesty, etc. etc..."<span style="font-family: inherit;">--S<span style="font-family: inherit;">eward, p.35</span>) <span style="font-family: inherit;">on 24 May 1<span style="font-family: inherit;">337,<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Philip issued a <span style="font-family: inherit;">f<span style="font-family: inherit;">ormal declaration of war on Edward<span style="font-family: inherit;">. This has been identifie<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">d </span>by hist<span style="font-family: inherit;">orians ever si<span style="font-family: inherit;">nce</span></span></span> as the official beginning of t<span style="font-family: inherit;">he Hundred Years War (though, at the time, <span style="font-family: inherit;">obviously<span style="font-family: inherit;">,</span> it wasn't known as the Hundred Years W<span style="font-family: inherit;">ar<span style="font-family: inherit;">...which was, anyway, to last 116 year<span style="font-family: inherit;">s). <span style="font-family: inherit;">At first it just seemed like a continuation of the incessant warfare over <span style="font-family: inherit;">Engl<span style="font-family: inherit;">ish possessions in France that had been going o<span style="font-family: inherit;">n <span style="font-family: inherit;">for over two cent<span style="font-family: inherit;">uries. It was hard to tell the difference. In one sense, <span style="font-family: inherit;">the <span style="font-family: inherit;">perpetual </span>war betw<span style="font-family: inherit;">een France and England had probably started in 1066 when William, <span style="font-family: inherit;">Du<span style="font-family: inherit;">ke of Normandy, conquered England and ended in 15<span style="font-family: inherit;">5</span>8 under Mary <span style="font-family: inherit;">Tudor</span>, when the French finally retook Calais, the final piece of <span style="font-family: inherit;">English-held property in France</span>. So it should have more <span style="font-family: inherit;">approp<span style="font-family: inherit;">riately </span></span>been called the Five Hundred Years War.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Of course, Philip had all the same money issues that Edward had (both <span style="font-family: inherit;">were in hock to It<span style="font-family: inherit;">alian and Flemish <span style="font-family: inherit;">banks and noble investors, </span>and both had troubles<span style="font-family: inherit;">ome tax bases). But at least<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Philip <span style="font-family: inherit;">reasoned that</span> he had a much larger army<span style="font-family: inherit;"> and stood to make a handsome profit by s<span style="font-family: inherit;">eizing the English<span style="font-family: inherit;">-held provi<span style="font-family: inherit;">nces</span></span></span>. France, at t<span style="font-family: inherit;">he time, was the richest nation in <span style="font-family: inherit;">Europe<span style="font-family: inherit;">, </span>with five times the populat<span style="font-family: inherit;">ion o<span style="font-family: inherit;">f England (21 million vs 4 mil<span style="font-family: inherit;">lio<span style="font-family: inherit;">n). All he had to do was capture some castles and po<span style="font-family: inherit;">rts and toss the English pig<span style="font-family: inherit;">-dogs out. And since G<span style="font-family: inherit;">ascony<span style="font-family: inherit;">, </span>Guye<span style="font-family: inherit;">nne<span style="font-family: inherit;">, Aquitaine, Picar<span style="font-family: inherit;">dy, etc. we</span></span>re so rich, <span style="font-family: inherit;">Philip </span>calculated the war would pay for itself<span style="font-family: inherit;">; muc<span style="font-family: inherit;">h </span></span>as Donald Rumsfeld, 665 five<span style="font-family: inherit;"> years later,</span> reassured the American people that <span style="font-family: inherit;">Iraqi oil revenue</span> would pay for the Iraq <span style="font-family: inherit;">War. Ooops. (<span style="font-family: inherit;">I<span style="font-family: inherit;">mportant lesson <span style="font-family: inherit;">from <span style="font-family: inherit;">his<span style="font-family: inherit;">tory</span>:</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">N</span>ever go to war <span style="font-family: inherit;">as a <span style="font-family: inherit;">business venture</span></span>.)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Philip </span>also began building up a large inva<span style="font-family: inherit;">sion fleet at Sluys on the river <span style="font-family: inherit;">Zwin in Flanders to take an army to England and<span style="font-family: inherit;"> (with Scottish help)<span style="font-family: inherit;"> overthrow Edward.</span></span></span></span>While doing this, he al<span style="font-family: inherit;">so launched a number of raids on <span style="font-family: inherit;">English ports, burning Portsmouth, Southampton, the Isle of Wight, Dover, and several smaller ports. And he <span style="font-family: inherit;">handed out </span>letters of mar<span style="font-family: inherit;">que to French <span style="font-family: inherit;">privatee<span style="font-family: inherit;">rs to se<span style="font-family: inherit;">ize <span style="font-family: inherit;">English shipping (even fishing boats). <span style="font-family: inherit;">At the sta<span style="font-family: inherit;">r<span style="font-family: inherit;">t, the boss</span> was<span style="font-family: inherit;"> on<span style="font-family: inherit;"> a <span style="font-family: inherit;">roll</span></span></span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">E<span style="font-family: inherit;">d<span style="font-family: inherit;">ward, for his part, was now <i>forced </i>to go to war<span style="font-family: inherit;">, e</span>ven though he couldn't aff<span style="font-family: inherit;">ord it. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">So, </span></span></span>while he was at it anyway, <span style="font-family: inherit;">he </span>d<span style="font-family: inherit;">ecided it was time to <span style="font-family: inherit;">play his right<span style="font-family: inherit;">-of<span style="font-family: inherit;">-succession card <span style="font-family: inherit;">for the French throne</span></span></span>, via <span style="font-family: inherit;">his mother's father, Philip IV<span style="font-family: inherit;"> (see ab<span style="font-family: inherit;">ove). </span></span>Screw the Salic Law<span style="font-family: inherit;">yers. <span style="font-family: inherit;">To this end, he spent considera<span style="font-family: inherit;">ble diplomatic effort and capital winning allies inside France and <span style="font-family: inherit;">the rest of Europe to support his claim. <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Does this all sound familiar? Like the War of the S<span style="font-family: inherit;">panish Succession? Didn't I say? I <i>knew </i>you were already thinking that.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Since<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Edward,</span></span></span> too, <span style="font-family: inherit;">recognized that Philip's aggression was <span style="font-family: inherit;">primarily </span>acquisitive<span style="font-family: inherit;">, he would make France pay dearly. <span style="font-family: inherit;">The Eng<span style="font-family: inherit;">lish king's </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">str<span style="font-family: inherit;">ategic objective was not to defend <span style="font-family: inherit;">his <span style="font-family: inherit;">Fre<span style="font-family: inherit;">nch possessions in the south directly, but</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> to make a seri<span style="font-family: inherit;">es</span> of raids on the French mainland<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">; pillaging, burning, raping, <span style="font-family: inherit;">torturing, <span style="font-family: inherit;">murdering,</span></span> and generally <span style="font-family: inherit;">mak<span style="font-family: inherit;">ing a m<span style="font-family: inherit;">ess of the </span></span></span>French <span style="font-family: inherit;">economy</span>. These raids were known by the civi<span style="font-family: inherit;">lized French term of </span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">chevauch</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">es</span></i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">, and over the<span style="font-family: inherit;"> next <span style="font-family: inherit;">cent<span style="font-family: inherit;">ury would bankrupt France<span style="font-family: inherit;">, as well as <span style="font-family: inherit;">cause <span style="font-family: inherit;">hundreds of th<span style="font-family: inherit;">ousands </span></span>of deaths (on top of those millions killed by the Black Death in 1348). <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">English h<span style="font-family: inherit;">is<span style="font-family: inherit;">t<span style="font-family: inherit;">orians have rationalized these </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">chevauch</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">es</span></i> as shrewd s<span style="font-family: inherit;">trategies to</span></span></span></span></span></span> draw <span style="font-family: inherit;">forces </span>away from Philip's main attacks<span style="font-family: inherit;"> on Guye<span style="font-family: inherit;">nne in the south<span style="font-family: inherit;"> an<span style="font-family: inherit;">d <span style="font-family: inherit;">expose Philip as an in<span style="font-family: inherit;">effectual monarch, unable to defend France.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Though how <span style="font-family: inherit;">Edward<span style="font-family: inherit;">'s </span></span>"strategy" <span style="font-family: inherit;">of raping, burning, <span style="font-family: inherit;">pillaging, etc. </span>was</span> supposed to endear the French t<span style="font-family: inherit;">o <span style="font-family: inherit;">him </span>as the<span style="font-family: inherit;">ir savior</span> is a h<span style="font-family: inherit;">ead-scratcher.<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Or maybe, as a later vice-head-of<span style="font-family: inherit;">-state once<span style="font-family: inherit;"> said of another foreign war, "<span style="font-family: inherit;">I </span>expect <span style="font-family: inherit;">we'll </span>be welcomed as liberators."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-F5dZ_u1unnM/VOuqY17HqbI/AAAAAAAABwQ/wLqE2Dawp6A/s1600/Plantagent%2BHeraldry.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="204" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-F5dZ_u1unnM/VOuqY17HqbI/AAAAAAAABwQ/wLqE2Dawp6A/s1600/Plantagent%2BHeraldry.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>WARFARE BY GRAPHIC DESIGN</b> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Plantagenet heraldry. No subtlety there.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">(image by Sodacan on Wikipedia)</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">It was at this time, too, (1340) that E<span style="font-family: inherit;">d<span style="font-family: inherit;">ward decided to <span style="font-family: inherit;">change his l<span style="font-family: inherit;">ogo<span style="font-family: inherit;">, <span style="font-family: inherit;">from<span style="font-family: inherit;"> the Plant<span style="font-family: inherit;">agene<span style="font-family: inherit;">t three lions <span style="font-family: inherit;">waving <span style="font-family: inherit;">"hi there" </span></span>to the now-familiar<span style="font-family: inherit;">, quartered lions and <i>fleurs-de-lys</i> of France, signif<span style="font-family: inherit;">ying his claim to both thrones. I'm sure this<span style="font-family: inherit;"> graphic design <span style="font-family: inherit;">ploy </span>impressed nobody<span style="font-family: inherit;">. B</span>ut it was sure to inflame <span style="font-family: inherit;">P<span style="font-family: inherit;">hilip and his l<span style="font-family: inherit;">oyal retainers<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> when they saw Edward's impudent banner on the battlefield.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">If you've ever wondered why there were French fleurs-de-lys in Engl<span style="font-family: inherit;">ish <span style="font-family: inherit;">royal sym<span style="font-family: inherit;">bolism, it was from this<span style="font-family: inherit;"> bit of graphic <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">nose-thumbing.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">See? <span style="font-family: inherit;">This is every bit as lurid and complicated a<span style="font-family: inherit;">s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" target="_blank"><i>Game of Thrones</i></a>. Only with<span style="font-family: inherit;">out the grat<span style="font-family: inherit;">uitous p<span style="font-family: inherit;">orn<span style="font-family: inherit;">ography in the background.</span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The 1346<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">C</span>hevauch</span><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">e</span></span></i> </span></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">From the beginning of the war in<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 1337, Edward </span></span>ha<span style="font-family: inherit;">d conducted <span style="font-family: inherit;">a number of his </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><i><span style="line-height: 115%;">chevauch</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">es</span></i> in France<span style="font-family: inherit;">. The one in 1346 was to be just <span style="font-family: inherit;">one more<span style="font-family: inherit;">. The French economy was starting to really suffer be<span style="font-family: inherit;">cause of these massive raids. And, <span style="font-family: inherit;">perversely,</span> the economy <span style="font-family: inherit;">on the other side of the Channel </span>was starting to pick up with all the loot that Edward and the English soldiers brought back with them<span style="font-family: inherit;">. I<span style="font-family: inherit;">t</span> was a<span style="font-family: inherit;">n eco<span style="font-family: inherit;">nomic</span></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">stimulus package for England, "<span style="font-family: inherit;">taxed" on the backs of the French people. So<span style="font-family: inherit;">, at least a<span style="font-family: inherit;">t this stage of the war,<span style="font-family: inherit;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;">the English <span style="font-family: inherit;">economy <span style="font-family: inherit;">was </span></span>benefiting. Philip's original business venture was <span style="font-family: inherit;">backfiring.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Having </span>destroyed the French invasion fleet at Sluys in 1340, Edward had remov<span style="font-family: inherit;">ed, for the time being, any threat of a<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> cou<span style="font-family: inherit;">nter-</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="line-height: 115%;">chevauch</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">e </span></span></i><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">in England, allowing <span style="font-family: inherit;">his </span>country to prosper from war profit. It was France that was paying the price.<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ironically for the English, the Fre<span style="font-family: inherit;">nch reaction to this <span style="font-family: inherit;">neverending predation was to galvanize French nationalism and u<span style="font-family: inherit;">l<span style="font-family: inherit;">timately throw the English out of France entirely by the end o<span style="font-family: inherit;">f the Hundred Years War <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">in 1453</span></span>. That and J<span style="font-family: inherit;">oan of A<span style="font-family: inherit;">rc,<span style="font-family: inherit;"> of course. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">But getting back to <span style="font-family: inherit;">the 1346 campaign, the </span>original plan was for Edward to launch <span style="font-family: inherit;">his latest raid in June. It was not known by either side (though it may have been in the back of Edward's mind) where his <span style="font-family: inherit;">landing </span>was to be<span style="font-family: inherit;">;</span> Gascony in the south, Brittany in the west, Normandy in the <span style="font-family: inherit;">center<span style="font-family: inherit;">, or Flanders in the north. He kept the French guessing all summer, not know<span style="font-family: inherit;">ing where to concentrate their field army. And as <span style="font-family: inherit;">Ed<span style="font-family: inherit;">ward </span></span>was a<span style="font-family: inherit;">lso </span>aware of a si<span style="font-family: inherit;">zable Ge<span style="font-family: inherit;">no<span style="font-family: inherit;">ese fleet of mercenaries heading up the<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Bay of Biscay from<span style="font-family: inherit;"> the Mediterranean to aid Philip, he himself wanted to avoid a confrontation at se<span style="font-family: inherit;">a.</span></span></span></span></span></span> In a way, too, this was also like the invasion of Eu<span style="font-family: inherit;">rope in 1944 in which the <span style="font-family: inherit;">Germans did not know where or when it would fall. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Like that later c<span style="font-family: inherit;">ross-Channel invasion<span style="font-family: inherit;">, Edward's de<span style="font-family: inherit;">scent was also delayed by the unpredictable <span style="font-family: inherit;">weather <span style="font-family: inherit;">in the Channel. He had at least three false starts, only to <span style="font-family: inherit;">have his 750 ships and 15,000 men forced back in<span style="font-family: inherit;">to port. Then, finally<span style="font-family: inherit;">, </span>on the night of 11 July, the wind, the tides,<span style="font-family: inherit;"> and </span>the <span style="font-family: inherit;">weather were all perfect and he made his jump<span style="font-family: inherit;"> across the Channel</span> to the closest landfall<span style="font-family: inherit;"> from Ports<span style="font-family: inherit;">mouth,</span></span> the Co<span style="font-family: inherit;">tentin P<span style="font-family: inherit;">eninsul<span style="font-family: inherit;">a of Normandy<span style="font-family: inherit;">. His force landed</span> at St.Vaast<span style="font-family: inherit;">-</span>la<span style="font-family: inherit;">-Hogue (just west of the <span style="font-family: inherit;">later D-Day beaches of <span style="font-family: inherit;">1944)<span style="font-family: inherit;">. And his men jumped off their boats and got right to it<span style="font-family: inherit;">;</span> burning St. Vaast, and all the shipping in the port. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">For the next several weeks Edward led his army and fleet in a devastating rampage <span style="font-family: inherit;">eastward <span style="font-family: inherit;">through</span> Normandy, burning, looting, and ex<span style="font-family: inherit;">torting towns and villages<span style="font-family: inherit;">. This culminated in <span style="font-family: inherit;">the capture of<span style="font-family: inherit;"> the<span style="font-family: inherit;"> city of C<span style="font-family: inherit;">a<span style="font-family: inherit;">en, <span style="font-family: inherit;">in<span style="font-family: inherit;"> which his<span style="font-family: inherit;"> men indulged<span style="font-family: inherit;"> in an orgy of massacre, <span style="font-family: inherit;">murdering </span>as many as 2,500 people <i>after </i>the city had surrendered to assurances that no such thing would take place. By C<span style="font-family: inherit;">ae<span style="font-family: inherit;">n </span></span>Edward had <span style="font-family: inherit;">given orders for his men to <span style="font-family: inherit;">lighten <span style="font-family: inherit;">up</span></span> on the raping, slaughtering,<span style="font-family: inherit;"> and pillag<span style="font-family: inherit;">ing, but they<span style="font-family: inherit;"> large<span style="font-family: inherit;">ly i<span style="font-family: inherit;">g<span style="font-family: inherit;">nored <span style="font-family: inherit;">him</span>. The<span style="font-family: inherit;"> reason they</span> had been coming to France every year for the past nine was precisely for the <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">loot<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></span>.</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">O</span>f course, they were <span style="font-family: inherit;">paid sol<span style="font-family: inherit;">diers, but the<span style="font-family: inherit;"> real profit and fun was to be had in the raping,<span style="font-family: inherit;"> slaughtering,</span> and pillag<span style="font-family: inherit;">ing. This was the <span style="font-family: inherit;">Middle Ages, after all. An<span style="font-family: inherit;">d English armies then were not known for their gentility or restraint. Think of modern<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Engli<span style="font-family: inherit;">sh soccer hooligans armed to the teeth with very sharp sw<span style="font-family: inherit;">ords, knives, longbows, pikes, sp<span style="font-family: inherit;">ears, glaves, bodkins, and billhooks.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Philip, for his part, was trying to muster his army around Paris and Amiens. <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;">He</span> </span></span></span>sent <span style="font-family: inherit;">marshals to Normandy to <span style="font-family: inherit;">rouse </span>the lo<span style="font-family: inherit;">cal m<span style="font-family: inherit;">ilitias and fight the ravaging E<span style="font-family: inherit;">ngl<span style="font-family: inherit;">ish <span style="font-family: inherit;">with </span>asymmet<span style="font-family: inherit;">ric warfare tac<span style="font-family: inherit;">tics<span style="font-family: inherit;">;</span> hit and run counter-raids on their columns and picking off isolated stragglers and freebooters. H<span style="font-family: inherit;">is Genoese mercenaries were still making their way n<span style="font-family: inherit;">orth along the coast in their fleet of galleys<span style="font-family: inherit;">. <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">But the bulk of his field forces were down<span style="font-family: inherit;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;">south<span style="font-family: inherit;"> in Guyenne, <span style="font-family: inherit;">bes<span style="font-family: inherit;">ieging </span>English castles there. </span></span></span>Philip </span>appealed to the Pop<span style="font-family: inherit;">e, of course, to mediate. And the <span style="font-family: inherit;">P<span style="font-family: inherit;">ope (Clement VI, a French<span style="font-family: inherit;">man at Avignon) sent two card<span style="font-family: inherit;">inals to <span style="font-family: inherit;">ne<span style="font-family: inherit;">gotiate on Philip's behalf with the English</span></span>. Edward<span style="font-family: inherit;">, who <span style="font-family: inherit;">didn't r<span style="font-family: inherit;">e<span style="font-family: inherit;">cognize the auth<span style="font-family: inherit;">ority of the </span>French puppet pope or the <span style="font-family: inherit;">P</span>apal <span style="font-family: inherit;">S</span>ee in Avignon<span style="font-family: inherit;">, ignored these appeals. He was riding high and his annual "harvests" of France were working really well for him and his kingdom. But for Philip, trying diplomacy bought some time and gave <span style="font-family: inherit;">him<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span>a PR<span style="font-family: inherit;"> weapon that, at least, he had <i>tried </i><span style="font-family: inherit;">negotiating for </span>peace, establishing <span style="font-family: inherit;">himself as the aggrieved party<span style="font-family: inherit;"> to the rest of Europe.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Edward's great <span style="font-family: inherit;">raid started to pet<span style="font-family: inherit;">er out by the time it got to the outskirts of Paris<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">. By<span style="font-family: inherit;"> this time Philip had amassed a quite si<span style="font-family: inherit;">zable army <span style="font-family: inherit;">of </span>men-at-arms, m<span style="font-family: inherit;">ilitia, and merc<span style="font-family: inherit;">enaries</span></span>, all itching to exact blo<span style="font-family: inherit;">ody revenge on<span style="font-family: inherit;"> the bloody English<span style="font-family: inherit;">. <span style="font-family: inherit;">Edward, who <span style="font-family: inherit;">had </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>done about all he wanted in France this time, saw that his edible supplies were running out, his wagons <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">were <span style="font-family: inherit;">groaning with loot</span>, and he was about ready to head home. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The trouble was, he couldn't go back<span style="font-family: inherit;"> the way he had come, for that <span style="font-family: inherit;">route was pretty much<span style="font-family: inherit;"> de<span style="font-family: inherit;">v<span style="font-family: inherit;">ast<span style="font-family: inherit;">ated. The only way home <span style="font-family: inherit;">he cou<span style="font-family: inherit;">ld see was to make his way across the rivers Seine and the Somme and head north toward his allies in Flanders<span style="font-family: inherit;"> with its friendly ports.<span style="font-family: inherit;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;">A<span style="font-family: inherit;">s another argument <span style="font-family: inherit;">for </span>this route, </span></span>an allied Flemish force, under the command of an English<span style="font-family: inherit;">man, Sir Hugh Hastings, was <span style="font-family: inherit;">beginning its own <span style="font-family: inherit;">southward dr<span style="font-family: inherit;">ive into Picar<span style="font-family: inherit;">dy <span style="font-family: inherit;">from </span>the no<span style="font-family: inherit;">rth. It was Edward<span style="font-family: inherit;">'s intention to link<span style="font-family: inherit;"> up with th<span style="font-family: inherit;">is</span> Flemish army and together seize either B<span style="font-family: inherit;">oulogne or Calais on the coast as a p<span style="font-family: inherit;">ort from which to head home. He had no intention of hanging onto any of Normandy or his "conquests". He <span style="font-family: inherit;">was</span> just in France this <span style="font-family: inherit;">year to <span style="font-family: inherit;">devast<span style="font-family: inherit;">ate and eat, </span></span>like a s<span style="font-family: inherit;">warm of locusts. Next year it would be some other reg<span style="font-family: inherit;">ion, giving Norman<span style="font-family: inherit;">dy time to <span style="font-family: inherit;">heal<span style="font-family: inherit;"> and regrow. <span style="font-family: inherit;">It</span> was the<span style="font-family: inherit;"> p<span style="font-family: inherit;">lot of <a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054047/?ref_=nv_sr_2" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The <span style="font-family: inherit;">Magnificent Seven</span></span></a><span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">O</span>r <a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120623/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1" target="_blank">A Bug's Lif</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120623/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1" target="_blank">e</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Edward <span style="font-family: inherit;">h</span>ead <span style="font-family: inherit;">f</span>akes Philip </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">But the problem <span style="font-family: inherit;">for Edward, <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">with every bridge burned or <span style="font-family: inherit;">knocked down</span> and <span style="font-family: inherit;">every ford </span>guarded by <span style="font-family: inherit;">strong Fre<span style="font-family: inherit;">nch forces, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">was <span style="font-family: inherit;">how to get over the S<span style="font-family: inherit;">eine River and head north to Flanders.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;">He solved this problem </span> by sending a diversionary force <span style="font-family: inherit;">of about 1,500 men southw<span style="font-family: inherit;">est</span> from Paris, in the direction of Chartre<span style="font-family: inherit;">s</span>, <span style="font-family: inherit;">making as much smoke<span style="font-family: inherit;"> from burning towns as possible and drawing off Phi<span style="font-family: inherit;">lip in that direction. <span style="font-family: inherit;">Meanwhile, while Philip chased this diversion<span style="font-family: inherit;">, Ed<span style="font-family: inherit;">w<span style="font-family: inherit;">ard<span style="font-family: inherit;">'s en<span style="font-family: inherit;">gineers fran<span style="font-family: inherit;">tically repaired a broken bridge over the Seine near the aptly na<span style="font-family: inherit;">med </span>Pontoise, n<span style="font-family: inherit;">orthwest of <span style="font-family: inherit;">Paris and everybody scrambled over<span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span>The h<span style="font-family: inherit;">ead fake</span></span> work<span style="font-family: inherit;">ed. On 16 August Philip, <span style="font-family: inherit;">preoccupied with stopping the decoy <span style="font-family: inherit;">southern raid,</span></span> learned that Edward had crossed the Seine behind his back and was heading north. <span style="font-family: inherit;">Philip <span style="font-family: inherit;">yanked his horse's head <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">around</span></span></span></span>, sent <span style="font-family: inherit;">frantic mess<span style="font-family: inherit;">engers to </span></span>alert his forces at Amiens that the Brit<span style="font-family: inherit;">ish were coming, and set off in parallel pursuit to prevent <span style="font-family: inherit;">Edward from crossing the Somme River <span style="font-family: inherit;">to escape north<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The <span style="font-family: inherit;">French moved on a parallel course east of t<span style="font-family: inherit;">he <span style="font-family: inherit;">English (see campaign map above), sending parties ahead to burn the bridges and at every ford <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">over the Somme posted str<span style="font-family: inherit;">ong def<span style="font-family: inherit;">enses<span style="font-family: inherit;">. The English attempted several crossings, but were driv<span style="font-family: inherit;">en back each time. At some point<span style="font-family: inherit;">s, it was reported <span style="font-family: inherit;">that the French on the right bank of the Somme would all pull their pants down and show their backsides at the English on<span style="font-family: inherit;"> the left bank, in true Chaucerian <span style="font-family: inherit;">spirit (or maybe it was <a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0071853/?ref_=nv_sr_1" target="_blank">Pythonian </a>s<span style="font-family: inherit;">p<span style="font-family: inherit;">irit)</span></span></span>.</span></span></span> At Caen, earlier in the campaign, this obscene gesture caused the French 105 <span style="font-family: inherit;">undignified </span>deaths w<span style="font-family: inherit;">hen they<span style="font-family: inherit;"> wiggled their <span style="font-family: inherit;">naked butts</span> within arrow range of the English lo<span style="font-family: inherit;">ngbowmen.<span style="font-family: inherit;"> But at the Somme t<span style="font-family: inherit;">hey evidently made sure they were out of range before indulging <span style="font-family: inherit;">in this <span style="font-family: inherit;">p<span style="font-family: inherit;">ue</span>rile gesture.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Finally on 24 Augu</span>st,</span> after over a week of Philip blocking every c<span style="font-family: inherit;">rossing</span>, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>the English army, be<span style="font-family: inherit;">com<span style="font-family: inherit;">ing weaker all the time <span style="font-family: inherit;">while </span>the <span style="font-family: inherit;">French <span style="font-family: inherit;">grew </span>stro<span style="font-family: inherit;">nger</span></span>, reached the estuary of the So<span style="font-family: inherit;">mme<span style="font-family: inherit;"> at Blanchetaque<span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span> When the tide was out, here was a mi<span style="font-family: inherit;">le-</span>wide for<span style="font-family: inherit;">d <span style="font-family: inherit;">across the river<span style="font-family: inherit;"> where the bottom was <span style="font-family: inherit;">made of a slab of hard chalk instead of muddy silt (hence the slangy name, B<span style="font-family: inherit;">lanc<span style="font-family: inherit;">hetaque, <span style="font-family: inherit;">"white <span style="font-family: inherit;">plate</span>"</span>)</span></span></span></span>. <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Th<span style="font-family: inherit;">e French, evidently,<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> did not anticipate how wide and firm the ford of t<span style="font-family: inherit;">he Somme would be here at low tide. But the <span style="font-family: inherit;">English and their local guides were a<span style="font-family: inherit;">ware that the<span style="font-family: inherit;">re was a <span style="font-family: inherit;">firm</span>, c<span style="font-family: inherit;">halk<span style="font-family: inherit;">-bedd<span style="font-family: inherit;">ed ford here, allowing them to cross on a wide front at low ti<span style="font-family: inherit;">de</span>, and overwhelm the 3,500<span style="font-family: inherit;"> French<span style="font-family: inherit;"> who had been se<span style="font-family: inherit;">nt to block the p<span style="font-family: inherit;">assage.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> The<span style="font-family: inherit;">se</span> outnumbered defenders fought valiantly in the <span style="font-family: inherit;">estuary </span>but had to pull<span style="font-family: inherit;"> back. Edward was able<span style="font-family: inherit;"> to <span style="font-family: inherit;">w<span style="font-family: inherit;">ade </span></span>his army across into <span style="font-family: inherit;">friendly country.<span style="font-family: inherit;"> By</span> the time Philip<span style="font-family: inherit;">'s main army had c<span style="font-family: inherit;">aught up to the English on the south s<span style="font-family: inherit;">ide of t<span style="font-family: inherit;">he Somme, the tide had come in again, blocking a pursuit.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: 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style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Edward's army was now all safely across the Som<span style="font-family: inherit;">me and a short distance from Flanders. </span>Unfortunately, though, his expected rend<span style="font-family: inherit;">ez<span style="font-family: inherit;">vous with<span style="font-family: inherit;"> the Flemish army supposedly coming south was to be frustrated. That army had been thwarted by a series of disastrous batt<span style="font-family: inherit;">les and failed sieges and had headed back north. So <span style="font-family: inherit;">Edward would have to deal<span style="font-family: inherit;"> with Philip alone when the latter crossed to catch up with him.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span 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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i></i></span></span></span></span><br />
<h3>
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<![endif]--><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Edward pulls over at Cr</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">cy</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> </span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">This is where it gets interesting. Because instead of Edward continuing his race to get out of France<span style="font-family: inherit;">--</span>as had been his usual practice in previous </span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="line-height: 115%;">chevauch</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">es</span></i><span style="font-family: inherit;">--</span>once across the Somme and in Ponthieu, he saw his chance to rest and <span style="font-family: inherit;">feed </span>his army and finally bring the much larger French army to battle on favorable ground. <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Just northe<span style="font-family: inherit;">ast of</span></span></span> the <span style="font-family: inherit;">town </span>of </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Cr</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">cy, Edward <span style="font-family: inherit;">found </span>a perfect position from which to take on Philip's <span style="font-family: inherit;">gigantic</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">host</span>, neutralizing its overwhelming numbers. So on the 25th he called a halt to his long retreat and prepared for battle.</span></span></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">The ground was perfect for defense. The English occupied a low ridge linking the town of </span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Cr</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">cy</span></span></span> and the village of Wadicourt <span style="font-family: inherit;">to</span> the northeast (see map below). Their flanks and rear were protected by <span style="font-family: inherit;">dense </span>forest and coastal wetlands. The main road north to Calais ran parallel to the east of the ridge, <span style="font-family: inherit;">so as the French marched north, they would come across the English on their left flank</span>. The shallow valley<span style="font-family: inherit;"> in front of the English</span> (later known as <i>la Vallee des Clercs</i>, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">for reasons that will become revealed</span></span></span>), across which the French would have to attack<span style="font-family: inherit;">, </span>was seemingly ideal for a frontal cavalry charge, which <span style="font-family: inherit;">Edward </span>knew the French would not be able to resist.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The King </span>made a laager camp to the rear (northwest) of the ridge, fortifying it with a barricade of all of his wagons. This was also to be his main ammo dump during the battle, stocked with hundreds of thousands of arrows for his longbows, and close enough to his battle line to keep his archers continuously stocked with fresh ammunition. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Late afternoon view </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">from the site of Edward's camp, looking tow</span></i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">ard the English line and be</span></i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">yond the French.</span></i> </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">On the front slopes of the ridge, which was steeper on the south side closest to<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Cr</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">cy</span></span></span></span></span></span> village</span>, <span style="font-family: inherit;">his <span style="font-family: inherit;">t<span style="font-family: inherit;">roops </span></span>dug </span>tens of thousands of little holes, about a foot across and a foot deep. These were then covered in freshly mowed straw to match the ground. To have dug a large trench or erected field fortifications would have taken time and have been an obvious obstacle to French cavalry, which <span style="font-family: inherit;">c</span>ould have circled around to outflank it. Edward wanted the French to come right at him, up the slope, across seemingly open ground. And the little holes, easy to make and conceal, would prove to be the undoing of the French, as we will see. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">At this point of the campaign, Edward's army had shrunk to around 9,000 men (though exact numbers are impossible to confirm). Though they hadn't suffered much from stand-up combats, his men had been reduced by the normal wastage of the five weeks of marching<span style="font-family: inherit;">,</span> as well as detachments to garrison key castles<span style="font-family: inherit;">,</span> and from retaliation <span style="font-family: inherit;">by </span>French peasants, out for ghastly revenge on any st<span style="font-family: inherit;">raggling </span>English marauders.</span> </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">Meanwhile, by contrast, Philip's army had grown to enormous proportions. Six thousand Genoese crossbowmen (the most professional soldiers in his army) had finally disembarked from their fleet at Harfleur and joined him. In addition he had possibly 7-8,000 men-at-arms (knights and non-noble heavy cavalry armed and trained as knights), and 14-16,000 militia infantry, themselves armed and armored. The whole force was anywhere (depending on whom you ask) from 25-30,000 (though Froissart, in his history, says there were 100,000--medieval historians were more <span style="font-family: inherit;">melodramatic </span>than accurate).</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">The Day of Batt<span style="font-family: inherit;">le</span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> </span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ever since the English successfully crossed the Somme estuary two days before, Philip had assumed they were still heading up toward either Boulogne or Calais to get away.<span style="font-family: inherit;"> He wanted to catch them before they had a chance to escape. </span>So he gave chase up the main road to Boulogne. By the late afternoon of the 26th, his lead elements had begun to cross the little stream of the Maye that ran through </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Cr</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">cy. <span style="font-family: inherit;">Much</span> to their surprise, they saw the entire English army drawn up for battle to their left. Word was sent back to Philip immediately<span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A</span> very wise knight, L<span style="font-family: inherit;">e</span> Moine de Bazeilles--the one who had been in the <span style="font-family: inherit;">advanced element </span>that discovered the English--gave Philip some <span style="font-family: inherit;">sound</span> advice. He told him that the English evidently were in battle array and seemed<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>there to stay<span style="font-family: inherit;">; they </span>would<span style="font-family: inherit;">, <span style="font-family: inherit;">in all likelihood, </span></span>wait for battle, <span style="font-family: inherit;">so </span>that it would be prudent for His Majesty to bring up his entire army in the night, rest them, <span style="font-family: inherit;">probe </span>the English vulnerabilities and plan his battle. Philip thought this very sound advice and so ordered his army to start making camp, the field bakeries to start baking, and the cooks to start their pots. Meanwhile he went forward to observe the English positions.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>View from left of French pos<span style="font-family: inherit;">ition looking to<span style="font-family: inherit;">ward English line.</span></span></i></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wO4tCp1Feoc/VO1NPm4v_6I/AAAAAAAABw4/0pMjWsqOLqY/s1600/Oriflamme%2Bbanner.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wO4tCp1Feoc/VO1NPm4v_6I/AAAAAAAABw4/0pMjWsqOLqY/s1600/Oriflamme%2Bbanner.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #e69138;">The sacred Oriflamme de St Denis<br />unfurled at the battle by the French<br />to show this was to be a battle to<br />the death, with no quarter given to<br />the English.</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Except... <i>le Comte</i><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">d’Alen</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">ç</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">ons, Philip's headstrong brother, champing at the bit to get at the English, said he, for one, would not be so cowardly as to allow the swine to escape again.<span style="font-family: inherit;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;">He intended to attack as so<span style="font-family: inherit;">on as his <span style="font-family: inherit;">division </span>cam<span style="font-family: inherit;">e up</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. This was seconded by a crowd of other knights<span style="font-family: inherit;">; it would be dishonorable for the Flower of France to wait. <span style="font-family: inherit;">It was this "le<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">' </span></span>me at 'em<span style="font-family: inherit;">, Sire" spirit that was to doom the Age of Chivalry. They w<span style="font-family: inherit;">ere going to attack at once, orders or no. Strategy was <span style="font-family: inherit;">for cowards.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Philip, realizing now that he had no control over his <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">impetuous brother and vassals</span></span>, sighed and ordered for his more disciplined Genoese crossbowmen (who were in the van anyway) to attack first and at least soften up the English. He had the sacred Oriflamme banner of France unfurled, signifying that this was to be a fight to the death and that no prisoners were to be taken. But things were already out of hand. There was no plan of attack and no order <span style="font-family: inherit;">in </span>his army, which was, in effect<span style="font-family: inherit;"> an angry mob </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">(but for the Gen<span style="font-family: inherit;">oese mercenaries)</span></span></span></span></span></span>, bent on avenging the insult to French honor and the devastation of Normandy</span></span></span></span>. It was turning in<span style="font-family: inherit;">to a general stampede<span style="font-family: inherit;"> toward the enemy.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">On the English side, Edward and his men had been preparing all day, digging their little holes, sharpening their weapons, eating, peeing, and regaining their strength. He arranged his line in three divisions, or "batt<span style="font-family: inherit;">le</span>s". The right division was under the nominal command of his sixteen-year-old son, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward,_the_Black_Prince" target="_blank">Edward, Prince of Wales</a> in his first battle (eventually to be known as The Black Prince), but ably assisted by a staff of veteran soldiers like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chandos" target="_blank">Sir John Chandos </a>and Godfrey d'Harcourt. This division consisted of roughly <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">9</span></span>00 men-at-arms (all dismounted), <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">2</span></span>,<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">2</span></span>00 longbowmen, and 500 spearmen, or about <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">3,6</span></span>00 in all. On the left flank the Earls of Arundel and Northumberland commanded a similar sized force; <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">9</span></span>00 men-at-arms, <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">2</span>,<span style="font-family: inherit;">2</span></span>00 longbowmen, and 500 spearmen. Everybody was dismounted <span style="font-family: inherit;">with </span> the men-at-arms standing about six ranks deep. In the center, a little back from the crest of the ridge, the king himself with a smaller division consisting of about 450 men-at-arms, 1,100 bowmen, and 250 spearmen stood in reserve. Numbers, of course, are <span style="font-family: inherit;">wildly<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span>approximate. Prior to the battle, Edward had established his main head<span style="font-family: inherit;">qua<span style="font-family: inherit;">rters <span style="font-family: inherit;">at a windmill on the hill just northeast of t<span style="font-family: inherit;">he town<span style="font-family: inherit;">, whose va<span style="font-family: inherit;">ntage gave him a panoramic view of the French <span style="font-family: inherit;">movements.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>View southeast
from approximate site of Edward's windmill toward French positions
across the shallow Vallee des Clercs. the English line would have run <span style="font-family: inherit;">right to left</span> across the middle of this picture.</i></span> <span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>(photo <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/kit_hartford/" target="_blank">Chris Hartford</a>)</i></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PSJ-eHHs91M/VO-yxve3lLI/AAAAAAAABxo/tbaIQZrOUUk/s1600/Crecy%2BChris%2BHartford.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PSJ-eHHs91M/VO-yxve3lLI/AAAAAAAABxo/tbaIQZrOUUk/s1600/Crecy%2BChris%2BHartford.jpg" /></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">According to the principle contempora<span style="font-family: inherit;">ry </span>historian of the Hundred Years War, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Froissart" target="_blank">Jean Froissart</a></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">, the English line was arranged in the manner of a <i>herce, </i>which subsequent historians have interpreted a number of ways. One is that he was referring, by simile, to the shape of a medieval harrow, an agricultural instrument that was a square rack with spikes sticking out of the bottom used for breaking up the ground. Another interpretation is that he was referring to a hedgehog. There has been much controversy by medieval historians </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">what this meant exactly, but the latest convention seems to be that the archers were arranged <span style="font-family: inherit;">on each flank of the three </span>divisions of men-at-arms in wedge-shaped formations, acting <span style="font-family: inherit;">like </span>living bastions, who could shoot into the flanks of enemy cavalry heading for the English men-at-arms. From above, this formation <i>would </i>have resembled a harrow (or herce) when tipped on its side. Other interpretations </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">(namely Bradbury's and Seward's)</span></span></span></span></span> have been that all of the English archers arranged themselves on the outer flanks of the entire line, facing inward. But as the line of men-at-arms in this case would have been some 400 yards wide, this would have left a vulnerable zone in the center out of effective range of the archers on the flanks, so it is not unreasonable to assume that there was at least a center wedge of archers between the two<span style="font-family: inherit;"> f</span>orward divisions.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">In addition to all of this, the English also had a handful of prim<span style="font-family: inherit;">itive field <span style="font-family: inherit;">guns</span></span>. Froissart doesn't mention where these were, but logic suggests that they may have been stationed on the extreme right of the Prince of Wales' line, at the highest part of the ridge and aiming northeastward down the valley in enfilade.This would have been one of the first European battles in which field artillery was used. It would<span style="font-family: inherit;">, in the event, prove to be more sho<span style="font-family: inherit;">ck-and-<span style="font-family: inherit;">awe than effective<span style="font-family: inherit;">, <span style="font-family: inherit;">giv<span style="font-family: inherit;">en the rate of fire and range of medieval artillery, but as a psycho<span style="font-family: inherit;">logical factor it probably <span style="font-family: inherit;">just added mo<span style="font-family: inherit;">re </span>insult to injury.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">The English had been in their deployment positions all day, waiting for the French to show up. During that time, Edward allowed shifts of them to go back to the camp (a couple of hundred yards to the rear) to eat and relieve themselves in the woods behind. So by the end of the day, when the French did arrive, the whole army was rested, fed, with empty bladders and bowels, and ready to fight.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Speculative de<span style="font-family: inherit;">ployment around 17<span style="font-family: inherit;">:00. Foot<span style="font-family: inherit;">print of the English divisions based on strengths from Nicolle, assuming 6 ranks and about 4 feet (1.2 M) per file<span style="font-family: inherit;">, the operational spacing required for shooting and hand-to-hand fighting with swords. Foot<span style="font-family: inherit;">print of<span style="font-family: inherit;"> French divisions wildly approximate since they <span style="font-family: inherit;">came on in disorgani<span style="font-family: inherit;">ze mobs<span style="font-family: inherit;"> and herds<span style="font-family: inherit;"> and estimates of their <span style="font-family: inherit;">st<span style="font-family: inherit;">rength are conjectural.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></span></span> <br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">The weather cooperates, at least for the English</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> </span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">It was about 17:00 when the French started arriving on the road <span style="font-family: inherit;">from Abbeville</span>, opposite the English line. At just this time a violent, late afternoon thunderstorm struck. I do not know how long it rained, but apparently it was enough to <span style="font-family: inherit;">muddy </span>the ground<span style="font-family: inherit;"> in the <span style="font-family: inherit;">Vallee des <span style="font-family: inherit;">Clercs</span></span></span> and get the crossbows of the Genoese mercenaries thoroughly soaked. This would have meant that their bowstrings would have been slackened, giving them much less range. You would have thought that the rain would have presented the same problem to the English archers, but, seeing the sky darken, <span style="font-family: inherit;">the<span style="font-family: inherit;">se </span></span>quickly <span style="font-family: inherit;">unhooked </span>their linen bowstrings and tucked them under their helmets to keep them dry. The more complicated nature of the crossbow's design did not make this so easy for the Genoese.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">This being said<span style="font-family: inherit;">, it is hard to believe that professional cro<span style="font-family: inherit;">ssbowmen would h<span style="font-family: inherit;">ave not have had some means to keep their bowstrings dry<span style="font-family: inherit;">;</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">r</span>ain was not exactly a rare condition in European warfare. However, given<span style="font-family: inherit;">, too, that it had apparently not rained in this area in a few weeks, the sudden thunderstorm coming off the Channel might have taken the Genoese u<span style="font-family: inherit;">nprepared, and whatever coverings or means of water<span style="font-family: inherit;">proofing might also have been left back in the rear with the rest of the baggage</span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ordered forward<span style="font-family: inherit;"> in spite of their lack of a<span style="font-family: inherit;">dequate equipment</span></span>, the 6,000 Genoese formed up and started across the valley and up the slope toward the English. The thunderstorm had <span style="font-family: inherit;">ended </span>by this time, but it was enough to turn the little valley into mud, which slowed the crossbowmen. They were further hampered by the fact that most of their ammunition and their pavises (the man-tall shields carried by an assistant) <span style="font-family: inherit;">under </span>which they would normally duck to reload in safety, were back behind the army with the baggage train. The <i>pavisarii</i>, the men in charge of carrying and <span style="font-family: inherit;">holding the shields, also carried long pi<span style="font-family: inherit;">kes, and probably accomp<span style="font-family: inherit;">anied their c<span style="font-family: inherit;">rossbowmen<span style="font-family: inherit;"> forwa<span style="font-family: inherit;">rd with these. But nobody would ha<span style="font-family: inherit;">ve been protected from the English arrows. <span style="font-family: inherit;">Most had open-faced helmets, a few some <span style="font-family: inherit;">cuirasses or leather jerkins, but most were only partially armored. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">And now a final hindrance: The thunderstorm passed, the sun was now glaring right in the eyes of the crossbowmen, making it difficult to see their targets. To the English archers, however, with the sun at their backs, the entire French army would have been brilliantly illuminated. From their view, too, with the low, bright sun an<span style="font-family: inherit;">d the <span style="font-family: inherit;">rain receding in the east, </span></span>there was undoubtedly a rainbow over the French, as well. It must have been a glorious sight.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">When the Genoese were</span> between 200 and 250 yards from the English lines, the En<span style="font-family: inherit;">glish and Welsh longbowmen would have let fly. <span style="font-family: inherit;">A massive <span style="font-family: inherit;">cloud </span>of six</span> thousand arrows fell with devastating ac<span style="font-family: inherit;">curacy on the squinting Genoese,; "like snow" one of them later <span style="font-family: inherit;">recounted</span>. Then another<span style="font-family: inherit;"> volley, five seconds later<span style="font-family: inherit;">, an<span style="font-family: inherit;">d another. The lo<span style="font-family: inherit;">ngbowmen could <span style="font-family: inherit;">shoot at a rate of 15 flights a minute, and<span style="font-family: inherit;">, <span style="font-family: inherit;">ai<span style="font-family: inherit;">ming high<span style="font-family: inherit;">, could bring down lunging fire from above. The Genoese, with their wet crossbows <span style="font-family: inherit;">and <span style="font-family: inherit;">trying to aim </span>into the sun, were not yet within effective range (the crossbow being a flat-trajectory weapon). And without their pro<span style="font-family: inherit;">tective pavises, they b<span style="font-family: inherit;">egan to fall <span style="font-family: inherit;">in bunches<span style="font-family: inherit;">, heav<span style="font-family: inherit;">ily into the mud</span>, unable to reply. After a <span style="font-family: inherit;">very short time crossbowmen realized they woul<span style="font-family: inherit;">d all be annihil<span style="font-family: inherit;">ated by the incredibly accura<span style="font-family: inherit;">te lo<span style="font-family: inherit;">ngbow <span style="font-family: inherit;">barrage </span>before they <span style="font-family: inherit;">got with<span style="font-family: inherit;">in range.</span></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">They </span>started to <span style="font-family: inherit;">balk</span>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">It was at this time that <span style="font-family: inherit;">the arro<span style="font-family: inherit;">gant </span>idiot, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><i>le Comte</i><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">d’Alen</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">ç</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">ons, <span style="font-family: inherit;">gall<span style="font-family: inherit;">oping </span>for<span style="font-family: inherit;">ward with his<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>men-at<span style="font-family: inherit;">-arms, saw the <span style="font-family: inherit;">Genoese wavering in front o<span style="font-family: inherit;">f hi<span style="font-family: inherit;">m. Rather than wait for them to r<span style="font-family: inherit;">ally, or give them support, he instead yelled at his <span style="font-family: inherit;">men to "ride <span style="font-family: inherit;">down this rabble who block our a<span style="font-family: inherit;">dvance!</span>" (Seward, p. 65). <span style="font-family: inherit;">Being a<span style="font-family: inherit;">n <span style="font-family: inherit;">nob<span style="font-family: inherit;">leman</span></span>, he had nothing but contempt for commo<span style="font-family: inherit;">n</span> in<span style="font-family: inherit;">fantry<span style="font-family: inherit;">men, particularly mercenaries, and Italians at that. In contrast to the integrated combined arms discipline of th<span style="font-family: inherit;">e <span style="font-family: inherit;">English<span style="font-family: inherit;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Alen</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">ç</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">ons thought that the only way to <span style="font-family: inherit;">win battles <span style="font-family: inherit;">was <span style="font-family: inherit;">for</span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>noble knights alone<span style="font-family: inherit;"> to go</span> straight at the enemy, as in a joust. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">So he led forward a stampede<span style="font-family: inherit;"> of almost 4,000 knights<span style="font-family: inherit;">, <span style="font-family: inherit;">the <span style="font-family: inherit;">"Flower o<span style="font-family: inherit;">f <span style="font-family: inherit;">France", <span style="font-family: inherit;">that crashed into the rear of the Genoese, trampling hundreds and <span style="font-family: inherit;">sk<span style="font-family: inherit;">e<span style="font-family: inherit;">wering hundreds more with their lances. Naturally, the <span style="font-family: inherit;">Genoese didn't take <span style="font-family: inherit;">kindly to this <span style="font-family: inherit;">literal stab in the back, which added insult to the injury do<span style="font-family: inherit;">ne by the English archers<span style="font-family: inherit;">. <span style="font-family: inherit;">They<span style="font-family: inherit;"> downed tools and vacated the field</span></span>. Later, many of them would be executed <span style="font-family: inherit;">for cow<span style="font-family: inherit;">ard<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">i</span></span>ce and<span style="font-family: inherit;">/or treason by their employer, P<span style="font-family: inherit;">hil<span style="font-family: inherit;">ip. And the survi<span style="font-family: inherit;">vors of this <span style="font-family: inherit;">unjust sentence<span style="font-family: inherit;"> just abandoned Philip entirely, heading for Genoa.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">H<span style="font-family: inherit;">aving s<span style="font-family: inherit;">wept aside <span style="font-family: inherit;">his "c<span style="font-family: inherit;">hurli<span style="font-family: inherit;">sh</span></span>" <span style="font-family: inherit;">infantry</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Alen</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">ç</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">ons<span style="font-family: inherit;"> started to <span style="font-family: inherit;">urge his horses </span>up the <span style="font-family: inherit;">muddy slope on the other side of the valley<span style="font-family: inherit;">, aiming for the <span style="font-family: inherit;">Engl<span style="font-family: inherit;">ish<span style="font-family: inherit;"> men-at-arms <span style="font-family: inherit;">betw<span style="font-family: inherit;">een the wedg<span style="font-family: inherit;">es </span>of <span style="font-family: inherit;">longbowmen</span>. He was not interested in fighting the lowborn archers on his flanks<span style="font-family: inherit;">;</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">glory was only to <span style="font-family: inherit;">be <span style="font-family: inherit;">gained </span></span>in <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">crashing into </span>the English k<span style="font-family: inherit;">ni<span style="font-family: inherit;">ghts<span style="font-family: inherit;"> directly. But before his pa<span style="font-family: inherit;">nting <span style="font-family: inherit;">mass of horse<span style="font-family: inherit;">flesh and steel could get to those enemy kn<span style="font-family: inherit;">ights, the despised <span style="font-family: inherit;">longbowmen<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span>poured in <span style="font-family: inherit;">thousands of hi<span style="font-family: inherit;">gh-<span style="font-family: inherit;">ve<span style="font-family: inherit;">loc<span style="font-family: inherit;">ity arro<span style="font-family: inherit;">ws into his men from the <span style="font-family: inherit;">wings</span>. <span style="font-family: inherit;">The heavy <span style="font-family: inherit;">plate </span>armor that the French <span style="font-family: inherit;">knight</span> wore was probably <span style="font-family: inherit;">p<span style="font-family: inherit;">ro<span style="font-family: inherit;">of enough against a lo<span style="font-family: inherit;">ngbow arrow, but not his <span style="font-family: inherit;">more lightly cover<span style="font-family: inherit;">ed arms and legs<span style="font-family: inherit;">. And <span style="font-family: inherit;">t<span style="font-family: inherit;">he<span style="font-family: inherit;">ir poor horses were not armored <span style="font-family: inherit;">at all. So hundreds of the animals went down, or <span style="font-family: inherit;">plunged about in mad pain from their wounds<span style="font-family: inherit;">, throwing their riders to the gro<span style="font-family: inherit;">u<span style="font-family: inherit;">nd, stunning <span style="font-family: inherit;">if not killing them</span></span></span>. These impeded the cavalry behind, <span style="font-family: inherit;">who <span style="font-family: inherit;">hesitated </span></span>at the <span style="font-family: inherit;">p<span style="font-family: inherit;">iled bodies in front of them (horses are <span style="font-family: inherit;">instinctively </span>loathe to trod upon another horse<span style="font-family: inherit;">; it scares them). </span></span></span>As the mounted survi<span style="font-family: inherit;">vors made it closer to the <span style="font-family: inherit;">English li<span style="font-family: inherit;">ne, picking their way around the fallen horses and men, they next encountered another nasty surprise; the thousands of hidden potholes the unscrupulous English had dug, br<span style="font-family: inherit;">eaking the legs of even more pitiful horses. The screaming of the poor animals must have been <span style="font-family: inherit;">heart-r<span style="font-family: inherit;">ending</span></span>. M<span style="font-family: inherit;">ore knights took a tumble<span style="font-family: inherit;"> into the mud.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">A Conveyor Belt of Death</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">H<span style="font-family: inherit;">ardly any of this first wave of <span style="font-family: inherit;">the French c<span style="font-family: inherit;">avalry charge got thro<span style="font-family: inherit;">ugh the arrow-storm to the English <span style="font-family: inherit;">men-at<span style="font-family: inherit;">-arms<span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">But <span style="font-family: inherit;">the latter </span></span>held fast <span style="font-family: inherit;">against th<span style="font-family: inherit;">ose that di<span style="font-family: inherit;">d</span>, eas<span style="font-family: inherit;">ily surrounding and pulling <span style="font-family: inherit;">the knights </span>from their horses <span style="font-family: inherit;">and murdering them</span> o<span style="font-family: inherit;">n the ground by <span style="font-family: inherit;">killing stabs <span style="font-family: inherit;">into the slits of t<span style="font-family: inherit;">heir hel<span style="font-family: inherit;">me<span style="font-family: inherit;">ts (a <span style="font-family: inherit;">dagger into the eye<span style="font-family: inherit;">, no<span style="font-family: inherit;">se, or </span></span>mouth and hammered back into the brain)<span style="font-family: inherit;"> or the<span style="font-family: inherit;"> op<span style="font-family: inherit;">enings in the joints of their armor, where their long stil<span style="font-family: inherit;">ettos</span> probe<span style="font-family: inherit;">d for vital arteries and organs</span>. <span style="font-family: inherit;">The Welsh knifemen with the English das<span style="font-family: inherit;">hed forward to the stunned French knights l<span style="font-family: inherit;">ying in the mud<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> and murdered them <span style="font-family: inherit;">in the same gr<span style="font-family: inherit;">isly manner. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The methods of killing during th<span style="font-family: inherit;">is period w<span style="font-family: inherit;">ere particularly gr<span style="font-family: inherit;">uesome and painful. Forensic archae<span style="font-family: inherit;">ology</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> on skeletons exhumed from mass graves near medieval battlefields</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> has <span style="font-family: inherit;">reveal<span style="font-family: inherit;">ed truly <span style="font-family: inherit;">awful wounds (e<span style="font-family: inherit;">specially to the head) <span style="font-family: inherit;">. The reality of <span style="font-family: inherit;">14th <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">c</span></span>entury <span style="font-family: inherit;">European bat<span style="font-family: inherit;">tle was every bit as horrific as that of <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2015/02/gqokli-hill-1818.html" target="_blank">Gqokli Hill</a>, the <span style="font-family: inherit;">pr<span style="font-family: inherit;">evious battle I wrote about between the Zulus and Ndwandwes five centuries l<span style="font-family: inherit;">ater in southern Africa<span style="font-family: inherit;">. Of course, <span style="font-family: inherit;">in no battle do people die <span style="font-family: inherit;">peacefully or painlessly</span>. But in the Mid<span style="font-family: inherit;">dle Ages the<span style="font-family: inherit;"> killing was up close<span style="font-family: inherit;">, personal<span style="font-family: inherit;">, and grueso<span style="font-family: inherit;">me in<span style="font-family: inherit;"> the extreme</span></span></span></span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DBOEMvveMmA/VPoDdF5ZTpI/AAAAAAAAB0Y/z-oKzuGkV3g/s1600/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="337" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DBOEMvveMmA/VPoDdF5ZTpI/AAAAAAAAB0Y/z-oKzuGkV3g/s1600/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #b45f06;">A fairly inaccurate, 15th century illustration of the battle from a <br />later edition of Froissart's Chronicles. The English (right) were <br />not mounted. And there were no pretty castles nearby. But this <br />view at tellingly shows a French man-at-arm shacking at his <br />own </span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Genoese </span>ally (left).</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Like Philip, Edward had also</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">issued an order that he wanted no pri<span style="font-family: inherit;">s<span style="font-family: inherit;">oners taken<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">. The overwhelming size of the French host attacking<span style="font-family: inherit;"> him would have <span style="font-family: inherit;">made this dangerous, for h<span style="font-family: inherit;">e didn't have enough <span style="font-family: inherit;">men to spare to guard <span style="font-family: inherit;">a </span>large n<span style="font-family: inherit;">umber of</span> prisoner<span style="font-family: inherit;">s.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">So </span>the polite cour<span style="font-family: inherit;">tesies<span style="font-family: inherit;"> of surrender between <span style="font-family: inherit;">the highborn </span>in hopes of ransom were<span style="font-family: inherit;">, at least for </span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Cr</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">cy</span></span></span>, ignored. <span style="font-family: inherit;">B</span>oth nobleman and <span style="font-family: inherit;">base<span style="font-family: inherit;">born were slaughtered indiscrimina<span style="font-family: inherit;">tely. <span style="font-family: inherit;">This is w<span style="font-family: inherit;">here the Welsh and Irish spearmen, too<span style="font-family: inherit;">, had particular fun butchering th<span style="font-family: inherit;">eir helpless "betters", lying dazed from their falls<span style="font-family: inherit;"> off their horses.</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>And that included the French king's impetuous and arrogant brother, <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Alen</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">ç</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">on<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">s. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">S</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">eeing the fate of the first two waves</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>did not in the least inhibit the <span style="font-family: inherit;">thousands of French showing up on the field behind them. The army <span style="font-family: inherit;">was stacked up on the <span style="font-family: inherit;">road to Abbeville for miles and as each band of knights or m<span style="font-family: inherit;">ilitia mar<span style="font-family: inherit;">ched on<span style="font-family: inherit;">to the battlefi<span style="font-family: inherit;">eld, <span style="font-family: inherit;">it went in <span style="font-family: inherit;">at once in s<span style="font-family: inherit;">mall groups (called <i>con</i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>rois</i>) </span></span>and i<span style="font-family: inherit;">n the same disorder<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">. Everybody just wanted to</span> get at the hated English. The <span style="font-family: inherit;">res<span style="font-family: inherit;">ult was that for the next few hours, until <span style="font-family: inherit;">dark</span>, c<span style="font-family: inherit;">rowds of French cavalry and infantry charged up the bloody slope, c<span style="font-family: inherit;">lambering over stacks of dead and dying men<span style="font-family: inherit;"> and horses. Each <span style="font-family: inherit;">attack </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">was as uncoordinated a<span style="font-family: inherit;">s<span style="font-family: inherit;"> the last, and each met the same fate.<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Philip looked on in dismay. Nothing seemed to be able to stop <span style="font-family: inherit;">this military disaster <span style="font-family: inherit;">to his army<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">. He lost count of the f<span style="font-family: inherit;">riends and families of friends that went to their death<span style="font-family: inherit;">s<span style="font-family: inherit;"> and felt helpless to <span style="font-family: inherit;">do an<span style="font-family: inherit;">ything about it.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> There <span style="font-family: inherit;">was no formal command str<span style="font-family: inherit;">uc<span style="font-family: inherit;">ture; even the king, seeing his <span style="font-family: inherit;">army being ground up in the English killing machine, <span style="font-family: inherit;">could not issue any order that would have stopped the carnage.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">T</span>his a<span style="font-family: inherit;">nnih<span style="font-family: inherit;">ilation was probably inev<span style="font-family: inherit;">itable.<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> The</span> Fren<span style="font-family: inherit;">ch nobility <span style="font-family: inherit;">were simply <span style="font-family: inherit;">following </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>the imperative of <span style="font-family: inherit;">14th cen<span style="font-family: inherit;">tury <span style="font-family: inherit;">chivalr<span style="font-family: inherit;">ic culture</span></span>. As Taylor Craig <span style="font-family: inherit;">illustrates in <a href="http://www.academia.edu/2469123/Military_Courage_and_Fear_in_the_Late_Medieval_Chivalric_Imagination_Cahiers_de_Recherches_Medievales_et_Humanistes_24_2012_" target="_blank">his essay</a> on the interplay of military courage and fea<span style="font-family: inherit;">r in <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">m</span>edieval chivalry, knights of the age<span style="font-family: inherit;"> were driven by an almost insane<span style="font-family: inherit;">, suicidal compu<span style="font-family: inherit;">lsion to either triumph or die gloriously in battle. Ba<span style="font-family: inherit;">rbara Tuchman, in her boo<span style="font-family: inherit;">k, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Distant-Mirror-Calamitous-14th-Century/dp/0345349571/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1425508367&sr=8-1&keywords=A+Distant+mirror" target="_blank">A Distant Mirror</a>, also remarks about this <span style="font-family: inherit;">military ethos. </span></span></span>Any knight who <span style="font-family: inherit;">hesitated</span> or fell back to regroup might as well have slit <span style="font-family: inherit;">his </span>own thro<span style="font-family: inherit;">at, the shame would have been so great. <span style="font-family: inherit;">There was no concept in the French army of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">maneuver, combined arms coordination,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> or com<span style="font-family: inherit;">mand and control<span style="font-family: inherit;">. The role of the leader of <span style="font-family: inherit;">each unit was to lead by example, st<span style="font-family: inherit;">raight into the teeth of the enemy, foll<span style="font-family: inherit;">owed by his loyal retai<span style="font-family: inherit;">ners</span></span>. And the role of the each sub<span style="font-family: inherit;">sequent leader was to <span style="font-family: inherit;">do exactly likewise. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>So, like <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Alen</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">ç</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">on<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">s, each lord, knight, and man-at<span style="font-family: inherit;">-arms who came <span style="font-family: inherit;">onto the battlefield si<span style="font-family: inherit;">mply fo<span style="font-family: inherit;">llowed the cr<span style="font-family: inherit;">owd to their doom. There was no one on the scene to redirect <span style="font-family: inherit;">or call off the attack, or even to tr<span style="font-family: inherit;">y to work around to the flan<span style="font-family: inherit;">ks of the English line (which <span style="font-family: inherit;">were, in fact, vulnerable)</span></span></span>. <span style="font-family: inherit;">It was, li<span style="font-family: inherit;">terally, every man for himself.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Soon after </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Alen</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">ç</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">on<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">s' first charge spent it<span style="font-family: inherit;">self</span>, <span style="font-family: inherit;">the aged and blind <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Count of</span></span> Luxembourg, King John of Bohemia,<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>led his <span style="font-family: inherit;">own 2,000 <span style="font-family: inherit;">Czech men-at-arms</span> forward. He had <span style="font-family: inherit;">two of his </span>knights tie the<span style="font-family: inherit;">ir horses' <span style="font-family: inherit;">bridles to his <span style="font-family: inherit;">own so that they mi<span style="font-family: inherit;">ght lead <span style="font-family: inherit;">him in the right direct<span style="font-family: inherit;">ion<span style="font-family: inherit;">. It must have been perilous duty enough riding next to this old<span style="font-family: inherit;">, blind man, swinging his sword wildly. Comedic but sad.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Luxembourg's charge was</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">nearly successful<span style="font-family: inherit;">. <span style="font-family: inherit;">A handful </span></span>of <span style="font-family: inherit;">these <span style="font-family: inherit;">Czech knights </span></span>managed to break through the Prince of Wales' line and out the back. At one point, as <span style="font-family: inherit;">he saw the </span>Prince's banner fall, it seemed to Edward that his sixteen<span style="font-family: inherit;">-y<span style="font-family: inherit;">ear-old </span></span>son might die in his first battle and that his <span style="font-family: inherit;">right wing may<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>c<span style="font-family: inherit;">rumble. A franti<span style="font-family: inherit;">c lieutenant asked if he should <span style="font-family: inherit;">go over and res<span style="font-family: inherit;">cu<span style="font-family: inherit;">e the <span style="font-family: inherit;">Prince, but the king<span style="font-family: inherit;">, confident in the ability<span style="font-family: inherit;"> of his son an<span style="font-family: inherit;">d the <span style="font-family: inherit;">men around him said, "I order tha<span style="font-family: inherit;">t today the lad be allowed to earn his spurs, for i<span style="font-family: inherit;">f the day be h</span>is, the glory of it belong to him and those in whose charge I ha<span style="font-family: inherit;">ve entrusted him." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">It was actually <span style="font-family: inherit;">probably<span style="font-family: inherit;"> more t<span style="font-family: inherit;">erse than that<span style="font-family: inherit;">, but </span>h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>e <span style="font-family: inherit;">could also see that <span style="font-family: inherit;">Luxembourg's </span>charge had <span style="font-family: inherit;">spent itself and was being ha<span style="font-family: inherit;">ndily mopped up all along the line. <span style="font-family: inherit;">The King </span>neve<span style="font-family: inherit;">rtheless sent over twenty knights just to make sure, and was relieved to see the Prince's banner up agai<span style="font-family: inherit;">n.<span style="font-family: inherit;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;">Meanwhile </span>all of <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Luxemb<span style="font-family: inherit;">ourg's</span></span> division, including the blind, old, <span style="font-family: inherit;">valorous <span style="font-family: inherit;">King of Bohemia </span>himself, were <span style="font-family: inherit;">pulled off their ho<span style="font-family: inherit;">rses and stabbed to death </span>by the <span style="font-family: inherit;">English<span style="font-family: inherit;"> men-at<span style="font-family: inherit;">-arms and Welsh "knifemen". </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">And so the <span style="font-family: inherit;">massacre <span style="font-family: inherit;">continued</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">, <span style="font-family: inherit;">hour after hour in the lengthening light. The slope became piled with quivering <span style="font-family: inherit;">bodies<span style="font-family: inherit;"> of horses and men, <span style="font-family: inherit;">the already muddy ground <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">made more slippery from <span style="font-family: inherit;">all the bl<span style="font-family: inherit;">oo<span style="font-family: inherit;">d. The <span style="font-family: inherit;">chronicler Jean le Bel described the scene <span style="font-family: inherit;">of <span style="font-family: inherit;">thousands of <span style="font-family: inherit;">dead horses in a line </span></span>as looking "like a litter of piglets suckling a sow."<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Poor ho<span style="font-family: inherit;">rses.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The English, fo<span style="font-family: inherit;">r <span style="font-family: inherit;">the<span style="font-family: inherit;">ir part, were not even that tired<span style="font-family: inherit;">, even though the conveyor belt of French knights presenting the<span style="font-family: inherit;">mselves for <span style="font-family: inherit;">execution w<span style="font-family: inherit;">ent on for the next three-and-a-half hours, until after sunset. <span style="font-family: inherit;">While the French had been marching in the August heat all day (after weeks of marching), the English <span style="font-family: inherit;">had had a day of </span>res<span style="font-family: inherit;">t, were well fed, and consta<span style="font-family: inherit;">ntly resupplied with new arrows and drink<span style="font-family: inherit;"> from their magazines in their camp to the<span style="font-family: inherit;">ir immediate rear. It was an entirely one-sided <span style="font-family: inherit;">fight.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">At some point, Philip VI, <span style="font-family: inherit;">with his reserve division of some 2,700 men-at-arms, finally thr<span style="font-family: inherit;">ew himself into the slaughter an<span style="font-family: inherit;">d received a<span style="font-family: inherit;">n arrow wound in his neck. <span style="font-family: inherit;">The wou<span style="font-family: inherit;">n</span>d w<span style="font-family: inherit;">as not fatal, but the king was led off the field by his retainers to save his life<span style="font-family: inherit;">. <span style="font-family: inherit;">They eventually </span>led <span style="font-family: inherit;">him <span style="font-family: inherit;">back toward <span style="font-family: inherit;">a local, royal hunting lodge (La B<span style="font-family: inherit;">roye) w<span style="font-family: inherit;">here h<span style="font-family: inherit;">is <span style="font-family: inherit;">five co<span style="font-family: inherit;">mpanions had trouble <span style="font-family: inherit;">conv<span style="font-family: inherit;">incing the night watchm<span style="font-family: inherit;">an to let them in. Some say that the castelaine didn't recognize his own king, but it might also have been that he wasn't sure it was safe to let the losing king in since the winning one might very well end up being his monarch. Remember, at the time, the reason for the war was which was the legitimate king of France, Edward or Philip, and Picardy, the site of the battle, was allied to England. So the gatekeeper probably had to do some soul searching before he let the wounded Philip in.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">S<span style="font-family: inherit;">ometime</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">after dark<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> the <span style="font-family: inherit;">French assaults finally began to wane. At this point, the English men<span style="font-family: inherit;">-at-arms, having fought on foot all this time, reportedly had their horses brought up from their camp and made a mass cavalry charge down the slope to chase away what was left of the <span style="font-family: inherit;">French army.<span style="font-family: inherit;"> (<span style="font-family: inherit;">T</span>hough<span style="font-family: inherit;"> if this were true, how would they have avoided all the potholes themselves?)</span> </span>During the night, pathe<span style="font-family: inherit;">tic French<span style="font-family: inherit;">men who had become separated from their <span style="font-family: inherit;">colleagues</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">, <span style="font-family: inherit;">stumbled</span> around the battlefi<span style="font-family: inherit;">e<span style="font-family: inherit;">ld looking for their f<span style="font-family: inherit;">riends. <span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>English <span style="font-family: inherit;">soldiers</span> lured them <span style="font-family: inherit;">over </span>with false greetings in French and treacherously murdered them. This<span style="font-family: inherit;"> went on until midnight. <span style="font-family: inherit;">So much for</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">the <span style="font-family: inherit;">Age of Chivalry.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Aftermath </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The battle, as I have said, was<span style="font-family: inherit;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;">rid<span style="font-family: inherit;">iculously </span></span>one-sided. The next morning Edward had several <span style="font-family: inherit;">c<span style="font-family: inherit;">lerks <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">on his staff </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>comb over the battlefield <span style="font-family: inherit;"> to count the dead<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">T</span>heir knowl<span style="font-family: inherit;">edge of heraldry allowed them to identify the slain noblemen by their shields and hauberks</span>. The tall<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">y</span> </span></span>of <span style="font-family: inherit;">dead </span>Frenchmen varied widely (given the Medieval tendency to exag<span style="font-family: inherit;">gerate)<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">, but Edward's clerks re<span style="font-family: inherit;">corded</span></span> between 1,5<span style="font-family: inherit;">42</span> no<span style="font-family: inherit;">blemen and 10<span style="font-family: inherit;">,000 <span style="font-family: inherit;">commoners<span style="font-family: inherit;"> on th<span style="font-family: inherit;">e low end and 12,000 noblemen and 16,000 commo<span style="font-family: inherit;">ners on the high end<span style="font-family: inherit;">. Unfortun<span style="font-family: inherit;">ately there are no <span style="font-family: inherit;">survi<span style="font-family: inherit;">ving or<span style="font-family: inherit;">iginal records.</span></span></span></span> Since the total number of com<span style="font-family: inherit;">batants has also varied widely, either of these statistics can be taken as equally valid.<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Let's just say th<span style="font-family: inherit;">ere</span></span> were a lot. <span style="font-family: inherit;">The name of the shallow valley, <i>Vallee des Cler</i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>cs</i>, came from the day-long work that Edward's administrative assistants did that day. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">For their part, the Engl<span style="font-family: inherit;">ish <span style="font-family: inherit;">reported l<span style="font-family: inherit;">osing </span>only <span style="font-family: inherit;">two knights, 40 men-at-arms an<span style="font-family: inherit;">d archers, and <span style="font-family: inherit;">about 100 Welsh "knifemen". Less than 200 (Dupuy, Evolution p.84). It is little wonder that Edward thought God was on his side that day.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">After resti<span style="font-family: inherit;">ng and picking up the booty from the battlefield, Edward </span>next led his victorious army north to <span style="font-family: inherit;">Boulogne and Calais, to try first one then the other as a base from which to secure his foothold on the Continent in the north and to withdraw to England.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br />
Of the two ports, Calais seemed more promising and on 5 September he sat down to a long siege. The people of Calais, having been ordered by Philip, their king, to hold out until he could come and rescue them, endured for eleven months. Finally, in July of 1347, Philip finally showed up with another gigantic army and challenged Edward to a standup battle in the open field, like honorable knights. The English king, however, saw no reason to leave his cozy siege works and respectfully declined. He invited Philip to attack him again, since that seemed to work so well for the French king the last time. All Philip could do, not wanting to risk another <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Cr</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">cy</span></span></span>, was march away frustrated. This time, since all of his impetuous relatives and nobles had been killed the previous year, none of his knights disobeyed him to attack without orders. The French were learning. But apparently there was a huge cry of anguish that could be heard from within Calais as the poor citizens saw their king march away over the hill, abandoning them. The next day they hauled down the royal flag, threw it contemptuously into the moat, and surrendered.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UCywQ-B6WVw/VPay-lJLZUI/AAAAAAAABzQ/LcE40P5ayr8/s1600/Rodin_Burghers_of_Calais_Hirshhorn.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UCywQ-B6WVw/VPay-lJLZUI/AAAAAAAABzQ/LcE40P5ayr8/s1600/Rodin_Burghers_of_Calais_Hirshhorn.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Rodin's <i>Les Bourgeois de Calais</i>. 1884</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Under the terms of capitulation, Edward pledged there would be no massacre, but all the citizens had to leave their homes and possessions and march out of the town with only their clothes on their backs. The only people he would execute would be six members of the town council, who nobly volunteered themselves to spare the lives of their people. But Edward's wife, Queen Philippa of Hainault, cranky at having endured a sea-sickening trip across the Channel to be with her husband, admonished him to give it a rest. So he let these burghers live, too. This incident was immortalized poignantly by the sculptor Auguste Rodin in his <i>Les Bourgeois de Calais</i> 537 years later. From 1347 for the next two hundred years, Calais became an English town, populated by Englishmen. Just like Boston. Or Singapore.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Post Script: The Black Death</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #783f04;">P.S. In the year following the capture of Calais, one of the greatest disasters the human race has ever faced swept over Europe: The Black Death. Between 30-60% of human beings in Europe died of bubonic and pneumonic plague in the space of eighteen months. It was as close to a Mass Extinction Event as humanity has ever faced, with perhaps from a third to half of all human beings on the planet dying. And while it did not sober the Europeans enough to get them to stop the Hundred Years War (which didn't even stop after a hundred years), it did claim the life of the hapless Philip VI in 1350, who started the whole thing. What is amazing is that the war, with its own economic and societal devastation went on during and in spite of the plague years (which recurred multiple times in the century after the initial onslaught of 1348-1350). And we think the world is going to hell now!</span></li>
</ul>
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">Evaluation of <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Cr</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">cy</span></span></span></span></h3>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">It is hard to analyze this battle as most of the <span style="font-family: inherit;">near<span style="font-family: inherit;">-</span>contemporary narratives we have of it are <span style="font-family: inherit;">patron</span>-serving pro<span style="font-family: inherit;">paganda, w<span style="font-family: inherit;">ritten by men like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Le_Bel" target="_blank">Jean <span style="font-family: inherit;">le </span>Bel</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Froissart" target="_blank">Froissart </a>while the war was still going on. In some sense it<span style="font-family: inherit;"> would be like trying to figure out what happen<span style="font-family: inherit;">ed</span> in WWII by watching<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> movies <span style="font-family: inherit;">from 1939-194<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">5. But I'll try.</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">R<span style="font-family: inherit;">e</span>lative S</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">ize of the Armies</span> </span></b></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fo<span style="font-family: inherit;">r instance there's the matter of the size of the forces. I could find no commonly accepted figure from the (admittedly limited) sources I <span style="font-family: inherit;">used (see references below). <span style="font-family: inherit;">Even within his single book, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Cr</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">cy </span></span></span>1346</b></u>, David Nico<span style="font-family: inherit;">lle cites different numbers<span style="font-family: inherit;">, at one point conceding that the French might <i>not </i>have outnumbered the English<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>on the day of bat<span style="font-family: inherit;">t<span style="font-family: inherit;">le at all.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> And in his section o<span style="font-family: inherit;">n wargaming </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Cr</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">cy</span></span></span>, he arbitrarily assigns stren<span style="font-family: inherit;">gths<span style="font-family: inherit;"> for the purposes of setting up an order of battle for the game (9,000 vs 27,000).</span></span></span> Archer Jones, in his tome on <span style="font-family: inherit;">the <a href="http://www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=0-252-01380-8" target="_blank">history of </a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=0-252-01380-8" target="_blank">Western warfare</a>, gives the ratio as 20,000 vs 60,000. </span></span>Froissart cla<span style="font-family: inherit;">ims there were as many as 100,000 Fre<span style="font-family: inherit;">nch and <span style="font-family: inherit;">allies. <span style="font-family: inherit;">Also, as of this time there were no set distinctions about organization and who and who was not a combatant. So an army of <span style="font-family: inherit;">3</span>0,000 might have only includ<span style="font-family: inherit;">ed 8,000 actual <span style="font-family: inherit;">fighting men and <span style="font-family: inherit;">2</span>2,000 "varlets" (servants, squires<span style="font-family: inherit;">, pries<span style="font-family: inherit;">ts, </span>camp followers, and angry <span style="font-family: inherit;">peasa<span style="font-family: inherit;">nts </span></span>with pitchforks). Contemporary chr<span style="font-family: inherit;">oniclers were a little vague on these "little <span style="font-family: inherit;">peo<span style="font-family: inherit;">ple". </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Sup<span style="font-family: inherit;">eriority of the Longbow</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Cr</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">cy was supposed to have <span style="font-family: inherit;">been the <span style="font-family: inherit;">epit<span style="font-family: inherit;">ome of t<span style="font-family: inherit;">he tactical superiority of the English longbow over the crossbow and the <span style="font-family: inherit;">mounted knight, signalling a<span style="font-family: inherit;">n end to medieval warfare. T.N. Dupuy,<span style="font-family: inherit;"> in his <span style="font-family: inherit;">exhaustive statist<span style="font-family: inherit;">ical <span style="font-family: inherit;">models</span> for historical w<span style="font-family: inherit;">eapons systems, gi<span style="font-family: inherit;">ves it a <span style="font-family: inherit;">Theoretical Lethality Index (TLI) of 36 vs 33 for the crossbow<span style="font-family: inherit;"> (<span style="font-family: inherit;">for comparison, a 1<span style="font-family: inherit;">7</span>th ce<span style="font-family: inherit;">ntury musket has a TLI of 19, a Napoleonic era musket of 43 and a WWII <span style="font-family: inherit;">machine gun of 4973).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">There were several factors <span style="font-family: inherit;">that went into </span>this evaluation. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>For one thing, it was a cheaper and simpler weapon s<span style="font-family: inherit;">ystem. In dry weather <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">i</span></span>t<span style="font-family: inherit;">s battle range was <span style="font-family: inherit;">longer than </span>the crossbo<span style="font-family: inherit;">w (ma<span style="font-family: inherit;">x 400 <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">M</span>, eff<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 250 M vs 250/1<span style="font-family: inherit;">0</span>0). More<span style="font-family: inherit;">over, the longbow's rate of fire <span style="font-family: inherit;">(15 shots per minute) was as much as five times as great as the windlass<span style="font-family: inherit;">-cranked </span>c<span style="font-family: inherit;">rossbow<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">, which took about 20 seconds to reload.<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Finally the l<span style="font-family: inherit;">ongbow was an ideal <span style="font-family: inherit;">defilade</span> weapon,<span style="font-family: inherit;"> for t<span style="font-family: inherit;">he English <span style="font-family: inherit;">could send mass volleys of arrows in high-angle <span style="font-family: inherit;">trajectories, coming down on the hea<span style="font-family: inherit;">ds and shoulders of enemy troops as much as 400 meters a<span style="font-family: inherit;">way</span>, even behind pavises and earthworks. (<span style="font-family: inherit;">Interestingly, this was the same technique the Lakota S<span style="font-family: inherit;">ioux<span style="font-family: inherit;">, </span>Ch<span style="font-family: inherit;">eyen<span style="font-family: inherit;">ne, and A<span style="font-family: inherit;">rapaho <span style="font-family: inherit;">archers </span></span>e<span style="font-family: inherit;">mployed a<span style="font-family: inherit;">gainst the<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>troopers of Custer's 7th Cav<span style="font-family: inherit;">alry<span style="font-family: inherit;">, <span style="font-family: inherit;">lying behind their de</span></span></span></span></span></span>ad horses at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" target="_blank">Little Big Horn in 1876)</a>. The high fire angle was also used by the Anglo Saxon bowmen at <a href="https://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2020/05/stamford-bridge.html" target="_blank">Stamford Bridge in 1066</a> against the Viking invaders. The crossbow, as I have mentioned, was basically a flat-trajectory weapon<span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">As we saw at </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Cr</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">cy, too, and later at Agincourt, the <span style="font-family: inherit;">longbow could be unstrung quickly and kept dry during rain<span style="font-family: inherit;">y weather. <span style="font-family: inherit;">Stringing a c<span style="font-family: inherit;">rossbow was a considerably more involved process, and keeping it dry more problematic. Logistically<span style="font-family: inherit;"> and operationally, the crossbow was a more complicated weapon sy<span style="font-family: inherit;">stem.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">However, one has to ask, if <span style="font-family: inherit;">the longbow </span>was c<span style="font-family: inherit;">learly so superior to the crossbow (as was demonstrated repeatedly<span style="font-family: inherit;"> in su<span style="font-family: inherit;">bse<span style="font-family: inherit;">quent battles like Poitiers and Agincourt), why didn't the rest of Europe adopt it<span style="font-family: inherit;">?</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Two reasons: <span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">1) <span style="font-family: inherit;">I</span>t required years o<span style="font-family: inherit;">f intense trai<span style="font-family: inherit;">n<span style="font-family: inherit;">ing to make a skilled <span style="font-family: inherit;">bowman, while only a matter of hours to train a soldier to shoot a crossbow. It had <span style="font-family: inherit;">taken </span>generations of <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">yeomen (mostly from, Wales, Sussex and Kent) </span>an<span style="font-family: inherit;">d laws imposed by the crown mandat<span style="font-family: inherit;">ing</span> Sunday practice and archery tournaments, for<span style="font-family: inherit;">bidding all other sports but archery, to cr<span style="font-family: inherit;">eate an el<span style="font-family: inherit;">ite force of longbowmen.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">2<span style="font-family: inherit;">) <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Cro<span style="font-family: inherit;">ssbows, when</span></span> employed c<span style="font-family: inherit;">or<span style="font-family: inherit;">rectly<span style="font-family: inherit;"> (as <span style="font-family: inherit;">the<span style="font-family: inherit;">y weren't at </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Cr</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">cy<span style="font-family: inherit;">), in combined use with p<span style="font-family: inherit;">rotective pavises (large shields) and cavalry support, could out-<span style="font-family: inherit;">range the longbow in direct fire. <span style="font-family: inherit;">They </span>were also, at <span style="font-family: inherit;">point-b<span style="font-family: inherit;">lank ranges, able to pe<span style="font-family: inherit;">netrate all but the thickest plate armor. So the<span style="font-family: inherit;"> crossbow (event<span style="font-family: inherit;">ually to be replaced by hand guns) was still a superior wea<span style="font-family: inherit;">pon against armored cavalry when used pr<span style="font-family: inherit;">operly.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">At </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Cr</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">cy<span style="font-family: inherit;">, how<span style="font-family: inherit;">e<span style="font-family: inherit;">ver<span style="font-family: inherit;">--</span>as at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers" target="_blank">Poitiers</a><span style="font-family: inherit;">, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" target="_blank">A</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" target="_blank">g</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" target="_blank">in</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" target="_blank">court</a>, and num<span style="font-family: inherit;">erous other battles in the Middle Ages<span style="font-family: inherit;">--</span>the longbow<span style="font-family: inherit;">, in the hands of skilled English archers, did prove its tactical <span style="font-family: inherit;">superiority. <span style="font-family: inherit;">The reason it didn't sur<span style="font-family: inherit;">vive as a weapon past the 16th cent<span style="font-family: inherit;">ury was the enormous <span style="font-family: inherit;">investment cost </span>in a lifetime of training<span style="font-family: inherit;"> a populace (who<span style="font-family: inherit;"> would rather be<span style="font-family: inherit;"> golfing or playing football<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>anyway). <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Command and Control</b></span><br />
Besides the deft use of the longbow, the other notable feature of <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Cr</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">cy was the tight command and control on the part of Edward III's army and the apparent complete lack of it in Philip VI's. This partly had to do with the more centralized form of government in England at the ti<span style="font-family: inherit;">me. Edward was<span style="font-family: inherit;">, to be frank, a more autocratic sovereign, and his men were used<span style="font-family: inherit;"> to obeying the k<span style="font-family: inherit;">ing's </span>orders. In return, he took very good care of them and made them rich. It <span style="font-family: inherit;">was a happy relationship, for a time.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
The French king, on the other hand, was still not that sure of his regal authority, having come to the thone by, shall we say, legal gymnastics (remember the Salic Law?). His army was composed of feudal lords with military fealty obligations, but with enormous political power of their own. Many even switched sides during the war (e.g. Hainault<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">, </span></span>Brittany, Burgundy). France, as a nation state, was not yet a reality, with large chunks of it owned outright by England (Piccardy, Gascony, Guyenne, the Aquitaine) and other large chunks (Savoy, Burgundy, Brittany, Normandy) acting like independent states of their own. Consequently, the command that Philip VI had over his subordinates was much looser, based more on on personal loyalty than a sense of duty. And that it was his impetuous brother (<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Alen</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">ç</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">ons</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) who precipitated the disaster should have been familiar to anyone trying to get their family to listen to them. So the result was that, at <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Cr</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">c<span style="font-family: inherit;">y, <span style="font-family: inherit;">there was almost no command or control of the French army. It was a mob.</span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<br />
As a consequence, once the French host was committed to the frontal attack, there was no way that it could have been stopped or subsequent forces redeployed in a way that could outflank Edward's line. This was exactly what the English king anticipated would happen. To be sure, he was counting on the French nobility to throw themselves on his center in a glorious but futile attack. He knew his enemy.<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Position</b></span><br />
Another critical factor of the battle was the position that Edward chose to defend. Not only was it on high ground, he had time to prepare it to avoid being outflanked or overrun. The thousands of potholes dug by his men on his front and flanks proved to be decisive in stopping the all-out cavalry charge of the French. He had also fortified and so positioned his camp that it served as a handy "fort" in case of retreat and a magazine to keep his archers stocked with ammunition. Moreover, situated as it was next to the monastery of the Crecy Grange, it was next to a ready-made hospital to handle his wounded.<br />
<br />
The hill on which Edward deployed was also not so steep as to deter a cavalry charge by the French; as Edward was counting on. But it was steep enough to tire heavily burdened horses and slow the momentum of a charge.<br />
<br />
He could not have known that it was going to thunderstorm that afternoon, but when it did, this also served him tactically by making the shallow valley muddy and the enemy's crossbows all but useless.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Timing</span></b><br />
The fact that Philip's army didn't show up until very late in the afternoon meant that the sun was going to be directly in their eyes. Edward may have anticipated this, but had it not stopped raining shortly before sunset, this glare effect would have been lost. So we can chalk this effect up to luck.<br />
<br />
Also, taking the entire day to rest his army and prepare the ground, Edward had a decisive advantage over his opponent, who would have been marching all the hot day. He also anticipated that, contrary to the wise advice given Philip <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">to <span style="font-family: inherit;">take the night to rest and deploy <span style="font-family: inherit;">his </span>full force, the French would immediately attack <span style="font-family: inherit;">the English </span>in penny packets<span style="font-family: inherit;"> (<span style="font-family: inherit;">centimes packets?)<span style="font-family: inherit;">, <span style="font-family: inherit;">starting the fight already tire<span style="font-family: inherit;">d </span></span>and with little time left in the day to achieve anything but their own destruction.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>The Rain</b></span><br />
This
is something that Edward could not have planned for, but the late
afternoon thunderstorm worked as a bonus, rendering the enemy's
crossbows more-or-less useless and the ground to his front muddy. Had it
not rained, it is still doubtful, given the other factors I've
mentioned (lack of command and control, the shorter range of the
crossbows vs his longbows, the ground and its preparation), that the
French could have prevailed.The rain was just bonus.<br />
<h2>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Wargam<span style="font-family: inherit;">e Considerations</span></span></span></span></span></span></h2>
It would seem to me that a wargame of <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Cr</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">c<span style="font-family: inherit;">y would not, on the surface. be very interesting. In the first place, a game that was to be a true representation would not give any maneuvering or command options to the Fren<span style="font-family: inherit;">ch player. Rather he'd be in charge of just moving his pieces stra<span style="font-family: inherit;">ight for<span style="font-family: inherit;">ward into the center of the English line, one after another, and rolling dice<span style="font-family: inherit;">. <span style="font-family: inherit;">It would b<span style="font-family: inherit;">e <span style="font-family: inherit;">more like a game of Tetris <span style="font-family: inherit;">than a wargame.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">However, I can conceive of certain testable scenarios that would turn <span style="font-family: inherit;">a </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Cr</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">c<span style="font-family: inherit;">y </span></span></span></span>game into a <span style="font-family: inherit;">more <span style="font-family: inherit;">"what-if" exercise.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Gre<span style="font-family: inherit;">ater French Control</span></span></b> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">What if, for instance, Philip had been able to stop the impetuosity of his brother<span style="font-family: inherit;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Alen</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">ç</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">ons, and been able to deploy his entire army<span style="font-family: inherit;">, delaying the onset of the battle until the next morning? This <span style="font-family: inherit;">would allow the<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Geno<span style="font-family: inherit;">ese to bring u<span style="font-family: inherit;">p their ammunition carts and their pavises, <span style="font-family: inherit;">giving them a greater chance of surviving and perhaps even pre<span style="font-family: inherit;">vailing o<span style="font-family: inherit;">ver the English archery.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Rain </span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">W<span style="font-family: inherit;">hat i<span style="font-family: inherit;">f it had not rained that afternoon, a<span style="font-family: inherit;">l<span style="font-family: inherit;">lowing the <span style="font-family: inherit;">Geno<span style="font-family: inherit;">ese<span style="font-family: inherit;"> to kee<span style="font-family: inherit;">p their bowstrings dry?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Whatever game rules you do use should provide for a significant range reduction on the part of the<span style="font-family: inherit;"> crossbows if it rains (which event can be deter<span style="font-family: inherit;">mined randomly by dice). If it <span style="font-family: inherit;">does rain<span style="font-family: inherit;">, too, then the movement of French horse should be slowed across the Vallee des Clercs.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Dismounted French Option </span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">What if the <span style="font-family: inherit;">F<span style="font-family: inherit;">rench <span style="font-family: inherit;">men-at<span style="font-family: inherit;">-arms had not gone into a frontal cavalry attack but had dismounted<span style="font-family: inherit;">, meeting the English men-at-arms o<span style="font-family: inherit;">n the same terms? This is not inconc<span style="font-family: inherit;">eiv<span style="font-family: inherit;">able, for the French had gone into battle dismounted on numerous occasions before, and would later do so at Poitiers and Ag<span style="font-family: inherit;">incourt.<span style="font-family: inherit;"> This would have allowed them to avoid the hazards of t<span style="font-family: inherit;">he potholes. <span style="font-family: inherit;">They would have also spared their horses the lethal rain of arrows, and not risk being plunged into the mud. </span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A further "what if" would have been<span style="font-family: inherit;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;">allowing </span>the dismounted French <span style="font-family: inherit;">men-at-arms to have have been able to co<span style="font-family: inherit;">ordinate <span style="font-family: inherit;">with and support the crossbowmen, much as the English did with their archers, spearmen and men-at-arms<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span> This is a huge w<span style="font-family: inherit;">hat-if, given the culture of chivalry and the sociopolitical factors in France at th<span style="font-family: inherit;">e time. They eventually learned the lessons of c<span style="font-family: inherit;">ommand and control, as well as com<span style="font-family: inherit;">b<span style="font-family: inherit;">ined arms tactics, but not <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">in 1346.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Armor<span style="font-family: inherit;">-</span>Pie<span style="font-family: inherit;">rcing Arrows and Crossbow <span style="font-family: inherit;">Bo<span style="font-family: inherit;">lts</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">I have read<span style="font-family: inherit;"> in a few sources, as well as have seen weapons de<span style="font-family: inherit;">monstrations on various cable <span style="font-family: inherit;">documentar<span style="font-family: inherit;">ies<span style="font-family: inherit;">, of the armor-piercing capabilities of longbows and crossbows. There is still some debate about this. However, one <span style="font-family: inherit;">variation of medieval rules co<span style="font-family: inherit;">uld allow for long<span style="font-family: inherit;">bow and cross<span style="font-family: inherit;">bow AP effe<span style="font-family: inherit;">ct under a certain range (say 50 <span style="font-family: inherit;">meters, or one hex, depending on the scale of the game).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Rules <span style="font-family: inherit;">with<span style="font-family: inherit;">out</span> </span>this armor-piercing provision, though<span style="font-family: inherit;">, should still provide for t<span style="font-family: inherit;">he wounding <span style="font-family: inherit;">of horses of heavily armored men-at-arms; e.g. stopping movement, dismounting the cavalry, or even rendering arrow-<span style="font-family: inherit;">wounded</span> cavalry inca<span style="font-family: inherit;">pable of mo<span style="font-family: inherit;">vement or combat for a turn.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Longbow vs Crossbow W<span style="font-family: inherit;">eapons Effectiveness</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Dupuy rates the <span style="font-family: inherit;">English longbow as a superior weapon <span style="font-family: inherit;">to the crossbow (TLI of 36 to 33) owing to its range, armor penet<span style="font-family: inherit;">ration ability and rate of fire. <span style="font-family: inherit;">T<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">he longbow should be allowed a rate of fire of 15 <span style="font-family: inherit;">rpm<span style="font-family: inherit;">, or 5 times that of the c<span style="font-family: inherit;">rossbow. Its max range should be set at 400 <span style="font-family: inherit;">meters, effective<span style="font-family: inherit;"> ra<span style="font-family: inherit;">nge at 250. The crossbow<span style="font-family: inherit;">, on the other hand<span style="font-family: inherit;">, sh<span style="font-family: inherit;">ould be set at a max range of 250 meters with an effective<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>range of 1<span style="font-family: inherit;">00.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br />
<b><span style="color: #b45f06;">To Ransom or Not </span></b><br />
Tradition in chivalric warfare encouraged the participants to spare the lives of wounded or captured enemy nobility for the purpose of ransom. Since warfare in this age was also a business, rules could govern points acquired for captured knights, lords and princes. This was certainly an option at <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Cr</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">c<span style="font-family: inherit;">y. That both sides <span style="font-family: inherit;">order<span style="font-family: inherit;">ed "no prisoners" was elective. <span style="font-family: inherit;">Edward's <span style="font-family: inherit;">restriction in this was that he<span style="font-family: inherit;"> couldn<span style="font-family: inherit;">'t aff<span style="font-family: inherit;">ord to detail off soldiers to guard the captured <span style="font-family: inherit;">enemy<span style="font-family: inherit;"> nobility, not with the overwh<span style="font-family: inherit;">elming numerical superior<span style="font-family: inherit;">ity of <span style="font-family: inherit;">the army facing him<span style="font-family: inherit;">; he needed every man <span style="font-family: inherit;">in the line.</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">If ransom is part of a wargame's victory tally, then the cost for that <span style="font-family: inherit;">should be a certain per<span style="font-family: inherit;">centage of each player's forces would have to be used to "sit on" the captured enemy pieces, taking them, too, out of the battle.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In a later battle in this war, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" target="_blank">Agincourt</a>, <span style="font-family: inherit;">Henry V infamously ordered th<span style="font-family: inherit;">e murder of his prisoners halfway through the battle when he realized that his camp <span style="font-family: inherit;">had been attacked by r<span style="font-family: inherit;">ogue <span style="font-family: inherit;">French<span style="font-family: inherit;">men (who slew all the little boys left in it). <span style="font-family: inherit;">Bes<span style="font-family: inherit;">ides</span></span> re<span style="font-family: inherit;">venge, <span style="font-family: inherit;">this infamous order came from</span> a sense that he couldn't trust his prisoners <span style="font-family: inherit;">to sit by themselves on <span style="font-family: inherit;">"their honor". </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Solar Glare</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Edw<span style="font-family: inherit;">ard occupied a position in which, at the time the battle started (about 17:00), the G<span style="font-family: inherit;">enoese and French were <span style="font-family: inherit;">squinting right into the sun. Wargame rules should take this into account, particularly in <span style="font-family: inherit;">terms of the accuracy of the Genoese crossbows. It might have also affected the last-minute morale of the charging French cavalry as they would not have been able to see their targets well.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8zSxCNunkGw/VPn6FNtfBrI/AAAAAAAABzs/7sbs-S48YLE/s1600/Early-example-of-cannon.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="152" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8zSxCNunkGw/VPn6FNtfBrI/AAAAAAAABzs/7sbs-S48YLE/s1600/Early-example-of-cannon.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Early 14th century illustration of a cannon. Note that it seems to <br />
be firing a large bolt (vs a stone or cannonball) and is mounted<br />
on what looks like an Ikea drafting table.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Artillery</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">There is passing mention by <span style="font-family: inherit;">histori<span style="font-family: inherit;">ans t<span style="font-family: inherit;">hat Edward had <span style="font-family: inherit;">at least a couple of <span style="font-family: inherit;">primitive cannons on the battlefield with him<span style="font-family: inherit;">. Froi<span style="font-family: inherit;">ssart mentions that some of the t<span style="font-family: inherit;">he French casualties came from these<span style="font-family: inherit;">, but they<span style="font-family: inherit;"> seem more of a p<span style="font-family: inherit;">sy</span>chological than physical <span style="font-family: inherit;">factor in the outcome of the battle. T<span style="font-family: inherit;">hey could certain<span style="font-family: inherit;">ly be added to any wargame, but with a very limited rate of fire (say one <span style="font-family: inherit;">round every twenty minutes) and range (probably 200 yards). These were not the galloping guns of Napoleon's <span style="font-family: inherit;">day, or even the <span style="font-family: inherit;">artillery of the <span style="font-family: inherit;">Thirty Years War.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Si<span style="font-family: inherit;">ze of the Armies</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Since there seems to be no cons<span style="font-family: inherit;">ensus for the <span style="font-family: inherit;">sizes of t<span style="font-family: inherit;">he armies among historians, but there does seem to be an<span style="font-family: inherit;"> overall agreement about the relative size of the two forces (1:3)<span style="font-family: inherit;">, I would recommend us<span style="font-family: inherit;">ing th<span style="font-family: inherit;">e ratio rath<span style="font-family: inherit;">er than actual numbers for <span style="font-family: inherit;">a game. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">So if you ha<span style="font-family: inherit;">ve 1<span style="font-family: inherit;">0</span>0 model<span style="font-family: inherit;"> figu<span style="font-family: inherit;">res in your English army, you sho<span style="font-family: inherit;">uld have about <span style="font-family: inherit;">300</span> for your French. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>In my order of battle below, I have taken Nicolle's specu<span style="font-family: inherit;">lative numbers, which are, as far as I can see, as good as any.</span><br />
<h2>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Order of <span style="font-family: inherit;">Battle</span></span></span></span></span></h2><p>
The following order of battle for both armies is, as I have said, very approximate. It is based on David Nicolle's order of battle, which even he admits is speculative.<br />
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</p><h2>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">References </span></span></span></h2>
<a href="http://www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=0-85115-675-4" target="_blank">Bradbury, Jim, <b><u>The Medieval Archer,</u></b> 1985, Boydell Press, ISBN 0-85115-675-4</a><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Evolution-Weapons-Warfare-Trevor-Nevitt/dp/B000NTNCX0/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1425666609&sr=8-1&keywords=0672520508" target="_blank"><br /></a>
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Evolution-Weapons-Warfare-Trevor-Nevitt/dp/B000NTNCX0/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1425666609&sr=8-1&keywords=0672520508" target="_blank">Dupuy, Trevor N., <u><b>The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare</b></u>, 1980, Bobbs-Merrill, ISBN 0-672-52050-8</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Numbers-prediction-war-history-evaluate/dp/0672521318/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1425767726&sr=8-1&keywords=0672521318" target="_blank">Dupuy, Trever N., <b><u>Numbers, Predictions & War: Using History to Evaluate Combat Factors and Predict the Outcome of Battles</u></b>, 1979, Bobbs-Merrill, ISBN: 0-672-52131-8</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.medievalist.globalfolio.net/eng/f/index.php" target="_blank">Froissart, Jean,<u><b> les Chronicles</b></u>. Translation by Thomas Johnes, 1803 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=0-252-01380-8" target="_blank">Jones, Archer, <b><u>The Art of War in the Western World</u></b>, 1987, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0-252-01380-8 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=0-226-56158-5" target="_blank">McNeill, William H., <u><b>The Pursuit of Power</b></u>, 1982, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-56158-5</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=1-870630-56-4" target="_blank">Newark, Timothy, <b><u>Medieval Warfare</u></b>, 1979, Jupiter Books, London, ISBN 1-870630-56-4</a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=978-1-85532-966-9" target="_blank">Nicolle, David, </a></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=978-1-85532-966-9" target="_blank"><u><b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Cr</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">é</span></span></b></u></a></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=978-1-85532-966-9" target="_blank"><u><b>cy 1346: Triumph of the Longbow,</b></u> 2000, Osprey Publishing,Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-85532-966-9</a></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=978-1-84908-739-1" target="_blank">Nicolle, David, <u><b>European Medieval Tactics (2): New In</b></u><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><b>fan</b></u><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><b>try, New W</b></u><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><b>eapons 126</b></u><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><b>0-1500</b></u>, 2012, Osp<span style="font-family: inherit;">rey Publishing<span style="font-family: inherit;">, Ltd. IS<span style="font-family: inherit;">BN: 978-1-84908-739-1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss/185-0139590-1430129?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=+0-88029-044-7" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Norman, A<span style="font-family: inherit;">.V.B. and Pottinger, Donald, <u><b>English </b></u><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><b>Weapons & Warfare</b></u><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><b> 499-1660</b></u>, 1966, Dor<span style="font-family: inherit;">set P<span style="font-family: inherit;">ress, ISBN: 0-88029-044-7</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss/185-0139590-1430129?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=+0-88029-044-7" target="_blank"> </a> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=0-689-10919-9" target="_blank">Seward, Desmond, <b>The Hundred Years War: The English in France 1337-1453</b>, 1978, Atheneum, New York, ISBN: 0-689-10919-9</a></span></span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.academia.edu/2469123/Military_Courage_and_Fear_in_the_Late_Medieval_Chivalric_Imagination_Cahiers_de_Recherches_Medievales_et_Humanistes_24_2012_" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Taylor, Craig, "M<span style="font-family: inherit;">ilitary</span></span></span> Courage and Fear in the Late Medieval Chivalric Imagination" Cahiers de Recherches Medievales et Humanistes, #24 (2012)</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Distant-Mirror-Calamitous-14th-Century/dp/0345349571/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1425508367&sr=8-1&keywords=A+Distant+mirror" target="_blank">Tuchman, Barbara, <b><u>A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century,</u></b> 1987, Random House, ISBN: 0345349571</a><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i>©
</i></span></span>Copyright 2015, Jeffery
P. Berry Trust, all rights reserved. No part of this post may be used
for re-publication or re-posting without documented permission from the
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<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><br /><br />Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com17tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-19142116612907373112015-02-12T14:02:00.004-08:002017-03-25T14:13:45.818-07:00Gqokli Hill 1818<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The Mfecane</span></span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">April, 1818</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #20124d; font-size: large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_people" target="_blank">Zulus </a>under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaka" target="_blank">Shaka</a>, approximately 5,000 (including auxillary allies)</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndwandwe" target="_blank">Ndwandwes </a>under Nomahlanjana, approximately 12,000</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">Weather:</span></b> </span>Hot and dry. </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Location:</b></span> </span>kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa, <abbr class="latitude" title="-28.381202">28° 22' 23" S</abbr>
<abbr class="longitude" title="31.361294">31° 21' 15.77" E </abbr><br />
<abbr class="longitude" title="31.361294"> </abbr><br /><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="longitude"><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">First Light:</span> </span></b> 05:53 <b><span style="color: #990000;"> <span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunrise: </span></span></b>06:18 <b><span style="color: #990000;"> <span style="color: #b45f06;">Sunset:</span></span></b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span>17:27 <span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>End of Twilight:</b> </span>17:51</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="longitude"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Moon Phase:</span> </b>74% Waning Gibbous <b> </b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Moonrise:</b></span> 20:40</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
(calculated for the location and date from <a href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/RS_OneDay.php" target="_blank">U.S. Naval Observatory</a>)<br />
<br />
After having recently written articles on two of history's most <b><i>UN</i></b>obscure battles (<a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/11/blenheim-1704.html" target="_blank">Blenheim</a> and <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/10/picketts-charge-1863.html" target="_blank">Gettysburg</a>), I decided to tack back to the original premise of this site and deal with one of the more obscure battles on the planet--in a completely different hemisphere, in fact. Of course, I'm sure it's not obscure at all to citizens of South Africa, and to the Zulu people in particular.<br />
<br />
Gqokli Hill (in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguni_people" target="_blank">Nguni </a>language pronounced with a clicking noise in the back of your throat for the "Gq" phoneme--non-Nguni speakers may have trouble without gagging) was the first battle in which the upstart Shaka, the new CEO of the tiny clan of Zulus, was able to try out his wholly original military innovations on a living enemy....a soon-to-be not-living enemy.<br />
<br />
In the history of the Zulu nation, Gqokli is probably as famous as Gettysburg or Waterloo to Americans and Europeans. The narrative I've based this article on is mostly from <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Shaka-Zulu-Rise-Empire/dp/0947898999/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&qid=1423366096&sr=8-3&keywords=E.A.+Ritter%2C+Shaka+Zulu" target="_blank">E.A. Ritter's biography</a> of Shaka, much of that from A.T.Bryant's <i>Olden Times in Zulu-land and Natal, </i>which itself was compiled in the 1920s from personal interviews with old men whose fathers had fought with Shaka. Since Ritter's and Bryant's narratives come from a prehistoric (literally) period of history, the details should be taken with a grain of salt, much as the historical accuracy of the <i>Iliad </i>or <i>The Bible</i> might be.<br />
<br />
In terms of the wider war in which Gqokli was one of the opening battles, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mfecane" target="_blank">Mfecane</a> ("The Crushing" ) was a brutal period in South African history from 1815 to about 1840. This period saw almost incessant warfare between Nguni clans and tribes, resulting in millions of deaths and complete depopulation of much of what is now Natal. In many ways it could be compared to the devastation in Europe during the Thirty Years War, and in terms of its utter savagery could, in our own time, be compared to the civil wars in central Africa from Rwanda up to Darfur. The prime instigators of the Mfecane were at first the Ndwandwe and subsequently the Zulu, who, at the date of Gqokli Hill, were a tiny clan but would soon grow to be the dominant military power in southeastern Africa.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Background: A Revolution in South African Warfare</span></span></h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
Shaka was one of those military geniuses that come
along seemingly randomly throughout history, without education or outside influence. Born <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaka" target="_blank">Shaka kaSenzangakhona</a> in 1787 as the illegitimate son of the king of the tiny Nguni clan of the Zulus, his name, which refers to a beetle thought to be the cause of false pregnancies, was given him as an insult to his mother, Nandi of the E-Langeni, by his father, Senzangakhona who denied his paternity. At the age of 29 Shaka had come to power through a military coup in a tiny clan of Nguni people, the Zulus, in south eastern South Africa in 1816, a minor vassal of the recently formed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mthethwa_Paramountcy" target="_blank">Mtetwa Paramountcy</a> founded by the great and innovative Nguni king, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingiswayo" target="_blank">Dingiswayo</a>, Shaka's friend and sponsor.<br />
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Spending his early adult years in the army of Dingiswayo, Shaka had noticed that the traditional Nguni method of fighting seemed pointless: Two bands of warriors would line up on an agree-upon field and start hurling insults about each others' mothers until one side, not being able to stand it anymore, would run forward in ones, twos, and small groups, throwing their light spears (easily deflected by their shields). It was the classic mode of prehistoric warfare, practiced until recent times by early human groups (and even now in remote parts of New Guinea). Casualties were usually light in such short wars, with one side conceding defeat and paying a number of cattle to the winner.<br />
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Shaka, for his part, like General Sherman, thought that the purpose of war should be the utter annihilation of the enemy. He felt that if you were going to go to war, you should go to war in such a way as to never have to fear that particular enemy again, or his heirs. And he had some ideas on how to turn his small band of Zulus into an irresistible army.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;">An Army of Ultra-Marathoners</span></span></h3>
One of Shaka's first innovations, according to Zulu oral tradition, was to get his warriors to discard their sandals and fight barefoot. Evidently, Nguni to that time had worn oxhide sandals and Shaka observed that it made them slow and clumsy, both on the march and in battle. So he discarded his own sandals and forced his men to do the same, toughening the soles of their feet by having them dance on "devil thorns" (<i>inkunsana</i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emex_australis" target="_blank"><i>Emex australis</i></a>), executing any that winced--or so the legend went (see Ritter).<br />
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His doctrine of training also physically conditioned his troops rigorously, to the point where an entire army was supposed to be able to run 50 miles (80 km) in a day and fight a battle at the end. This daily distance is cited in Ritter's biography of Shaka, which, in spite of its thumpingly great storytelling, has to be taken with some eye-rolling. In actuality, the maximum distance, according to Ian Knight, was probably closer to 30 miles, as this was the reported maximum daily distance of the Zulu impis during the 1879 war. And during that latter war, the normal daily range that impis would cover was more like 10-12 miles, with several rest days along the way. This puts the Zulu travel velocity more in line with foot soldiers everywhere.<br />
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Nevertheless, Shaka sought to create an army of highly conditioned fighters. Singing cadence helped the miles go by, too (see below on the use of dance and song in Zulu warfare). And their physical stamina gave them an edge in hand-to-hand combat, as well<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Copyright
2015, Jeffery P. Berry Trust. All rights reserved. Unauthorized
re-posting or use prohibited without permission. Image protected by
embedded Digimarc watermark.</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;">The <i>iKlwa</i>, Stabbing Assegai</span></span> </h3>
It is also held by Zulu tradition that Shaka also redesigned the very weapons of his warriors to match his own philosophy of close combat. Where the traditional Nguni weapon had been the light throwing spear (or <i>assegai</i>, an Arabic, not a Nguni word), which could be defeated by the deft wielding of a large leather shield, Shaka reasoned that a more effective mode of combat would be to close with the enemy and stab him directly, making sure he was dead.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2tk2Sb9OjI8/VNbRSG36L_I/AAAAAAAABsk/W6fTTVxUP20/s1600/Zulu%2BWarriors%2B01-0001.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2tk2Sb9OjI8/VNbRSG36L_I/AAAAAAAABsk/W6fTTVxUP20/s1600/Zulu%2BWarriors%2B01-0001.jpg" width="262" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">This photo was taken much later in the 19th century
<br />(during or after the 1879 Anglo-Zulu War) but <br />illustrates what the
soldiers of Shaka's time looked like.<br /> The warrior on the left is from a
"married" regiment<br /> (recognized by his headring) and carries a small, <br />
ceremonial shield used in dancing. The warrior on the <br />right is from a
"bachelor" ibutho, with full regimental <br />regalia and full-size
isiHlangu (war shield). </span></i></td></tr>
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The new design came from altering the dimensions of the throwing spear (or <i>isiJula</i>)<i>, </i>by tripling the size of the leaf-shaped, iron blade and shortening and thickening the haft, effectively turning it into a kind of sword (where swords had been largely unused as weapons by Sub-Saharan armies). The result was something like the short <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladius" target="_blank">gladius </a>of the Roman legionary, though, with a longer haft, and better balanced for stabbing. The shafts of these weapons were also fitted with an knob at the base to help prevent the spear from slipping out of the wielder's bloody hands. While also called an assegai by most historians, the Zulu term for this very different weapon was the <i>iKlwa</i>, (plural <i>amaKlwa</i>) an onomatopoetic word imitating the grisly sucking sound it made when pulling it out of a body. Nasty.<br />
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The metal of the blades of amaklwa were of soft iron, which made them easy to hone and keep honed to a razor edge. There were no knives, per se, among the Nguni, but the blades of their spears were so sharp that they were actually also used as razors and for skinning and butchering game.<br />
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;">The <i>isiHlangu</i>, War Shield</span></span> </span></h3>
Another technical change Shaka was supposed to have made to his warriors' kit was in the traditional lozenged-shaped oxhide shield (the <i>isiHlangu</i>), which he had enlarged to cover the entire body (roughly 54" x 30"--137 x 76 cm), making it even more effective in deflecting the thrown spears of the enemy. He saw it to be used as another offensive weapon, to knocking an enemy off balance, in much the same way a Roman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutum_%28shield%29" target="_blank"><i>scutum</i> </a>worked. In later battles against enemies occupying high positions, he devised a Zulu version of the Roman <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudo_formation" target="_blank">testudo</a></i>, having his troops lock shields overhead to assault high fortifications and defiles. It was a highly versatile piece of equipment. It could also be easily detached from its shaft and rolled to up to be carried, slung on the back on long marches.<br />
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War shields also served to designate different Zulu regiments, or <i>amabutho</i> (see amaButho System below). The oxhide patterns were color-coded uniformly within each regiment. Senior regiments (like the iziCwe) had all-white shields and junior, or younger regiments had darker, black, brown or mottled shields (such as the twenty-something uFasimba, which had all-black shields). In this way a regiment could be easily distinguished from a distance.<br />
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After Shaka--who evidently had some degree of obsessive-compulsive disorder--the strict uniformity of shields, which also required the organization of regimental herds according to color, became much looser. Photographs of regiments in the late 19th century show a wide variety of shield patterns within a single unit.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EL6IkBEREV4/VN0NX3Oam4I/AAAAAAAABvY/-uLOzzCGnZc/s1600/zulu-460_1109277c.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="281" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EL6IkBEREV4/VN0NX3Oam4I/AAAAAAAABvY/-uLOzzCGnZc/s1600/zulu-460_1109277c.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><i>A late 19th century photograph of members of a Zulu ibutho (probably as
allies of the British, judging by the bell tents in the background). You
can see in this photo that the uniformity of shield patterns had become
lax by this period. Shaka, had he been in charge, would have ordered executions.</i></td></tr>
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The Zulu soldier was trained to fight hand-to-hand, something entirely new to traditional African warfare. He disdained missile combat (though there are several later accounts of him using both a throwing spear, the <i>isijula</i>, and following up for close-in combat with his <i>iklwa)</i>. Charging in close, the soldier was practiced in using his shield to hook the enemy's shield to the left, then quickly stabbing the exposed left armpit with his <i>iklwa </i>for the killing blow, the whole combat taking a second or two. This was a martial arts maneuver that the Zulu soldier practiced until it was reflex, allowing him to methodically move through crowded enemy ranks like a killing machine.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;">Song & Dance as a Military Weapon</span></span></h3>
Another important part of Shaka's military innovation (though I can't find evidence prior to Ritter's book of this <i>not </i>being part of Nguni cultural tradition) was collective dancing. Analogous to cadenced marching in modern boot camps, the Zulu regiments used collective dancing and chanting at festivals to practice their unified action. As William McNeill, in his historical/anthropological study, <a href="http://www.powells.com/biblio/65-9780674502307-0" target="_blank"><u>Keeping Together in Time</u></a>, points out, group dancing and cadence marching also create a psychological bond among the members of a group, fostering an <i>esprit de corps</i>. It's something that's almost instinctive in our species as social beings. This psychological effect can be enjoyed and felt in being part of a "wave" or chant at a ball game today<br />
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But the Zulus took dancing and chanting instinctively further. Group action also has an intimidating effect on an enemy. Thousands of soldiers all stamping their feet in unison can make the ground shake, creating the effect of a gigantic monster about to eat you up. The Zulus delighted in demonstrating their unified discipline and making the ground shake. Whenever an order was sung out by an <i>induna </i>(officer of an <i>impi</i>), the entire formation would stamp their feet as one in reply.<br />
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The warriors also sang call-and-response chants in deep, <i>basso profundo</i> choral performances, which had the same bonding and intimidating purpose as the foot stamping. This choreographic/choral "weapon" went further with a practice called <i>ingomane</i>, or "shield rattling" (see this clip from the classic movie, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODM1RJe4FvQ" target="_blank"><i>Zulu</i></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODM1RJe4FvQ" target="_blank">,</a> for a demonstration of <i>ingomane</i>). The warriors would use their big shields as drums and beat on them with the butts of their <i>ikwla </i>in a rising crescendo, which sounded like rolling thunder. One reads of Roman soldiers also doing this with their scuta. (In the second movie of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> trilogy, there is a scene in which all of the Maori extras playing the orc army besieging Helm's Deep start a spontaneous, synchronized thumping with their pikes something that director Peter Jackson had reportedly not originally intended but left in because the effect was so bone-chilling--at least according to the extras features on the DVD.)<br />
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Finally, in the realm of theatrical performance as a psychological weapon, Shaka, in deploying his army, would have his regiments sit with their shields edge-on to the enemy, concealing their numbers from a distance. At a command, all would stand up in unison and flash their shields forward, suddenly revealing their true strength. As each <i>ibutho </i>(or regiment, see "Regimental System" below) was equipped with its own, distinctive shield color, this effect must have been dazzling. <br />
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It must have been intensely gratifying to be part of a Zulu army (at least the singing and dancing part). And terrifying to face one.<br />
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In effect, these weapons and their corresponding martial arts training turned the Zulu into the southern African equivalent of a Roman legionary. And, like the Roman soldier of two millennia before, the Zulu soldier was disciplined in fighting in formations, usually five ranks deep with each file occupying about four feet of front. As in the Roman legion, the five ranks allowed for a battle system in which, as the front rank became tired, it could be smoothly replaced by the next rank, and so on, so that the entire formation could be kept fresh while keeping its cohesion. The wider distance between the files not only gave more room for the Zulu to use his close-in weapons effectively, but for the soldier in the rank behind him to come up and relieve him. The result was that the wild mobs of otherwise brave warriors who came against a Zulu <i>impi </i>found themselves chewed up in a tireless, human food processor.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tactical Formation: The <i>iMpondo Zankomo</i></span></span></h3>
Shaka also devised a battle formation called <i>iMpondo Zankomo</i> ("beast's horns") that was composed of four sections. He imagined his deployed army as a gigantic buffalo. The center section was called <i>isiFuba, </i>the "chest". This was back up by the <i>uMuva, </i>the "loins", who acted as a reserve to both support the "chest" and deliver the killing blow when the enemy was about to break. On either side of these two formations, were <i>iziMpondo, </i>"horns," each composed of one regiment. While the enemy's main mass was absorbed in its battle with the "chest", the "horns" would swing around both wings and behind, completely encircling him. By the time they had realized they were surrounded, the enemy would panic, try to escape, and the real slaughter would begin. This tactic, very much like that of Hannibal at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" target="_blank">Cannae </a>in 216 BCE and the Athenians at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon" target="_blank">Marathon</a> in 490 BCE, was repeated again and again with relentless success by the Zulus for the next sixty-one years, until <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Isandlwana" target="_blank">Isandhlwana </a>in 1879.<br />
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Shaka also formed regiments of teenage boys, called <i>izimDibi</i>, who would accompany the army as logistical support, carrying sleeping mats, food, water, and medicine. These, as well as some female members of the warriors' families, would follow the <i>impis </i>until close to the battle area, feeding them and supplying them until just before they intended to go into battle, then making their way back home.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>The <i>amaButho </i>or Regimental System</b></span></span></h3>
Nearly all Nguni clans organized their military establishments in a system of fraternities called <i>amaButho, </i>often called "regiments" by Western historians<i>.</i> In each <i>iButho</i> (singular), men of a certain age group (called an <i>intanga</i>) were enrolled in a tight-knit guild that barracked together in military kraals (<i>amaKhanda</i>) where they lived as long as their military service lasted, usually until middle age when they were granted permission to marry by their chief. Each <i>ibutho</i> had a poetic or evocative name (such as the izi-Cwe, or "Bushmen" or the uFasimba, "The Haze") and the <i>esprit de corps</i> was high, fostered by mutual competition among the regiments. I have seen where some writers (e.g. Wikipedia) have conflated the Zulu term <i>impi </i>with "regiments". But an <i>impi </i>was the general Nguni term for any group of armed men; could be a squad, a single <i>ibutho</i>, a brigade of them, or an entire army.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AVrF8Ood8Yw/VNbMF6hrasI/AAAAAAAABsU/0DJf7hAj540/s1600/King%2BMpande%2Breviewing%2Bhis%2Btroops.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="267" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AVrF8Ood8Yw/VNbMF6hrasI/AAAAAAAABsU/0DJf7hAj540/s1600/King%2BMpande%2Breviewing%2Bhis%2Btroops.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<i>A lithograph made later in the century shows a review by Zulu King Mpande of his</i></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i>amabutho, showing two regiments arrayed, identified by their different shield colors.</i><br />
<i>I like the demonstration of the dual use of the shield as a parasol.</i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><br />Lithograph, George French Angas 1847</i></span></div>
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Of course, the Zulu conception of the <i>amabutho </i>system, while somewhat analogous to the regimental system of Western culture, or even of the legions of Rome, had itself no connection to those traditions. It was a wholly original feature of the isolated Nguni culture that had existed since anybody could remember. The term "regiment" had come from early English traders who had applied the European word to describe something that was only vaguely like it. Shaka himself had not invented the <i>amabutho </i>system--indeed, he started his own career as an ordinary soldier in one of Dingiswayo's <i>amabutho</i>, the izi-Cwe, which, after his lord and benefactor's death, he incorporated into the new Zulu army in 1817 as his "Old Guard" regiment.<br />
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But like European regiments of the same period, each Zulu <i>ibutho </i>was distinguished by a uniform. In the case of the Zulus, as we have mentioned, this was primarily represented in each <i>ibutho's</i> more or less uniform shields, made from oxhides that were all white, all black, or variations of mottled red, brown and black. Cattle, too, were organized in herds of homogenous colors to facilitate this shield manufacture for each <i>ibutho</i>. Each regiment was given a herd to tend, organized in a particular color pattern from which to make its shields. The war shields, as well as the cattle from which they were made, were all property of the king.<br />
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In addition to the uniform shields, each regiment also sported distinct bird feathers for the head dress, and specific patterns of ox tails for the "kilts" and neck adornments. Even patterns of beads and bone ornaments served to identify specific <i>amabutho</i>. However, most of these uniform details might be considered "full dress", for festivals and formal celebrations. On campaign and in battle, the soldiers went practically naked but for a leather loin covering (the <i>umutsha</i>), the better to cover distance and fight.<br />
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As of 1818, the date of Gqokli Hill, the Zulu army was composed of only seven <i>amabutho</i>, each of between 300 and 700 men. The Ndandwe army with Nomahlanjana had at least a dozen<i> amabutho</i>, each, according to Zulu oral history, counted upwards of 1,000 each. (see Order of Battle below). Since the Nguni people had no writing prior to 1850, or even a system of counting above twenty, these numbers are only speculative. One can only surmise that they were about the size of a European battalion or Roman cohort, which, when deployed at normal spacing (four feet apart in five-six ranks), was the maximum number of men that could hear the shouted orders of a commander.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Was Shaka a Military Genius?</span></span></h3>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-13yiw9J44DM/VN1XTptHzUI/AAAAAAAABvo/UDgqq4GG7Xs/s1600/shaka.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-13yiw9J44DM/VN1XTptHzUI/AAAAAAAABvo/UDgqq4GG7Xs/s1600/shaka.jpg" width="271" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Shaka in front of his amabutho<br />portrait by Capt. A. D. Shorey</i></td></tr>
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Of course, the Nguni of southern Africa, were, by the beginning of the 19th century, still a relatively isolated Iron-Age culture. Shaka, being illiterate and undoubtedly unaware of Western military culture and technology (at least in 1818), created all of these innovations and tactics on his own. If he didn't actually invent the <i>iklwa</i> stabbing spear, or the logistical system, or the <i>amabutho </i>system, he certainly integrated them all beautifully into a war machine that could have taken on any elite force in the world (at least in the pre-gunpowder age). He was a military genius who came from very humble origins, seemingly out of nowhere. His was very much analogous to the careers of Julius Caesar, Attila, Charlemagne, Genghis Khan, and Napoleon--a type of leader the science fiction writer Isaac Asimov called "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mule_%28Foundation%29" target="_blank">The Mule</a>"; one that could not be predicted and did not leave an heir.<br />
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Studying his biography leads you to wonder what Shaka would have achieved had he had access to Western technology or outside military theories, which he certainly would have been more exposed to had he not been assassinated in 1828 at the relatively young age of 40. His "muleness" (i.e. his conceptual sterility) is evidenced not only in the fact that he left no (acknowledged) children as heirs, but that Zulu military practice remained extremely conservative after his reign, not evolving for the remaining era of Zulu power. The tactics and weapons (aside from begrudging adoption of obsolete muskets) remained unchanged up until the destruction of the Zulu nation in the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. Another example of success-induced failure, perhaps.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Shaka Confronts the Ndwandwe Threat</span></span></h3>
If Shaka had any influences, it was from his previous mentor and <i>nKosi</i> (king), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingiswayo" target="_blank">Dingiswayo</a>, who himself came from humble and ostracized roots to organize confederation of Nguni tribes into the powerful <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mthethwa_Paramountcy" target="_blank">Mtetwa Paramountcy</a>. Dingiswayo was a military and diplomatic genius in his own right, ultimately pulling together some 30 previously warring tribes through a combination of military conquest and astute diplomacy. Shaka himself had started as a simple soldier in Dingiswayo's army, rising quickly through his own talents, ideas, and bravery to become a commander (<i>induna</i> ) of one of the Mtetwa regiments, the izi-Cwe, and a trusted and loyal advisor to the king. When Shaka's biological father, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senzangakhona_kaJama" target="_blank">Senzangakhona</a>, chief of the tiny Zulu clan, died in 1816, Dingiswayo helped Shaka take over the clan in a midnight <i>coup-d'etat</i>, lending him troops, and turning the other way while he had his half-brother (and rightful heir) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigujana_kaSenzangakhona" target="_blank">Sigujana</a> assassinated while the latter was taking a bath in a local stream. It helped that Shaka also had wide popular support among the Zulus themselves in this coup from other members of his family (Senzangakhona's) and the rank and file of the Zulu military.<br />
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I didn't say that Shaka was a saint, just a military and political genius.<br />
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In 1817, Shaka's patron, Dingiswayo, himself was assassinated through the treachery of Zwide, <i>nKosi</i> of the powerful Ndwandwe Paramountcy to the north of the Black Umfolozi River. Having lopped off its head (literally and figuratively) Zwide assumed that Dingiswayo's Mtetwa Paramountcy would break apart and he could gobble up its constituent clans one at a time through a combination of treachery, intimidation, and military conquest. He was now the dominant military and political power in the entire region.<br />
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But Shaka, in a frantic effort to confront what he saw as Zwide's inevitable genocide of his own small clan of Zulus, grew his army from about 400 warriors in 1816 to 4,500 in the year following Dingiswayo's death, all trained and armed in the new way. His recruits came from loyal Mtetwa veterans from all over Natal, men who had known and served with Shaka when he served Dingiswayo, and men who hated Zwide.<br />
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Shaka's first confrontation with Zwide finally came in April 1818 when his spies told him the Ndwandwe king was finally readying an invasion to wipe out the insignificant Zulus; to "eat them up" as the blood-thirsty Nguni saying went (though this was a jingoistic expression, not a literal promise of cannibalism). Zwide's mother, Ntombazi, kept a grisly "museum" in her hut of all of the heads of the chiefs that her son had had killed, with Dingiswayo's one of the most prized in the collection. Zwide intended to add Shaka's skull to her hobby. One wonders why she didn't just collect <a href="http://hummelgifts.com/" target="_blank">Hummel</a> figurines like other grandmothers.<br />
<br />
In anticipation of this invasion, the young Zulu chief evacuated the bulk of his people and their cattle to the safety of the <a href="http://www.sa-venues.com/game-reserves/kzn_nkandla-forest.htm" target="_blank">Nkandla Forest</a> in the southwest and mobilized all seven of his regiments into an <i>impi </i>of some 4,500. He also enlisted the aid of some neighboring allies, raising his total force to a little over 5,000. With these he set off to meet the Ndwandwe as they crossed the White Umfolozi River on the northern border of his little kingdom.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">The First Day: The Fight at the River</span></span></h3>
Shaka had several days to prepare for Zwide's onslaught. The White Umfolozi was in flood from a recent rain and only fordable in two or three places. At those points he set guards of elite companies of his Zulus and some of his loyal allies, the Dlmaninis, Sokulus, and Sibuyas to watch for the approach of the enemy. Meanwhile he found a natural "fort" in a round hill with a flat top, Gqokli, about 250 feet (80 m) high and over a mile (2 km) south of the nearest water. For days he had his men strip the countryside bare of anything edible, while his regiments of teenaged <i>izimdibi </i>stocked the hilltop with water, beer, food, firewood, medicine, bandages and sleeping mats. It was a well-catered picnic. But Shaka was getting ready for a siege.<br />
<br />
Within a few days the huge Ndwandwe army under the command of Nomahlanjana, Zwide's eldest son and heir apparent, appeared on the north side of the main ford of the White Umfolozi (unlike Shaka, Zwide, as Paramount nKozi, did not lead his men in battle; that's what sons were for), and the local Zulu commander, Nqoboka, sent for Shaka. The king mustered his main <i>impi </i>on top of the Gqokli Hill and went off with his elite <i>uFasimba </i>regiment (about 700 men) to support Nqoboka's <i>uKangela</i> regiment at the ford. (See map at top of the article.)<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HkyKOR7LeHw/VM78t0FBKKI/AAAAAAAABrU/poNF-mddf8M/s1600/Warriors%2Bfording%2Briver.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="237" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HkyKOR7LeHw/VM78t0FBKKI/AAAAAAAABrU/poNF-mddf8M/s1600/Warriors%2Bfording%2Briver.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><i>To cross a swift, deep ford, warriors had to link arms and cross in a mass to keep</i><br />
<i>from being swept away. If the opposite side were defended, you can see how</i><br />
<i>vulnerable the front ranks would be.</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Though the Nomahlanjana had as many as 12,000 men, the narrow ford allowed only a handful to cross abreast at a time (see illustration at left). As Ndwandwe warriors tried to negotiate the deep channel in the center of the river, a few Zulus in the shallows on the south shore would bop them on the head with their <i>amawisu </i>(war clubs or "knobkerries", see Zulu Weapons illustration above) as they tried to climb up the slippery rocks. The defending Zulus were largely untouched by the thrown spears of the Ndwandwes struggling in the swift, deep water. Shaka, observing from the south bank, was having a great time. He allowed his men to take turns going down to the water to join in the head-bashing fun. Over the course of the day, a few hundred of Nomahalanja's men were floating dead down the fast river and only a couple of dozen Zulus were slightly wounded.<br />
<br />
By the afternoon, seeing that the main ford was impassable as long as it was defended, Nomahlanjana sent some of this regiments east and west to search for alternate fords. They found two, but these also were defended and faced the same problem. So by evening he called off the assault to await the dropping of the river.<br />
<br />
About 17:00, as sunset approached, Nqoboka noticed that the river was indeed starting to drop and pointed out to Shaka that it would soon be passable in several places. Shaka told Nqoboka to hold off the enemy as long as possible and meet him back on Gqokli Hill after dark with the <i>uKangela </i>and <i>uFasimba</i> regiments. He hastened back to the hill to prepare his men for the main battle.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Shaka's Plans</span></span></h3>
Nqoboka returned with his troops after
midnight, reporting that the river had dropped enough in so many places
that the Ndwandwes were able to cross in force. Shaka thanked him (they
had been best friends since they were fellow raw recruits in
Dingiswayo's izi-Cwe regiment and he regarded Nqoboka as one of his most trusted commanders) and told him to rest the two regiments on the hilltop. Everyone was told to get plenty to eat and get out his sleeping mat (if you look at photos of the hill below, you can imagine how scratchy the ground must have been) and get plenty of rest for the next day.<br />
<br />
Earlier in the evening Shaka had arranged four of his regiments, the <i>uDambedlu</i>, the <i>amaWombe</i>, the <i>Jubingwanga</i>, and the<i> uKangela</i> in a circle on the crest of the hill. They were arranged five ranks deep, with the rear four ranks set back from the first, out of sight from the foot of the hill. Each man occupied a front of about four feet (a little over a meter). In the center of this circle, Shaka placed his two "Guards" regiments, the <i>uFasimba</i> and the <i>izi-Cwe</i> in reserve. All were sleeping in ranks.<br />
<br />
Before they tucked in, Shaka also instructed each regiment in person what he expected of them in the morning. They were not to throw spears back at the enemy. They were not to leave the ranks, even to individually attack the enemy. And, under no circumstances were they to chase the enemy down the hill when he broke and ran. It was a well-known Nguni tactic to feign retreat to get a defender to break his ranks to give chase and then to turn and annihilate him. Shaka could not afford that kind of indiscipline (though he would not have known it, this chasing after a fleeing enemy was the very thing that had lost the Saxons the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" target="_blank">Battle of Hastings</a> in 1066). So he threatened death (after the battle, of course) to any man who broke ranks, even if he heroically killed many enemies. This was a battle of existence for the nation, and personal glory was not a luxury the nation could afford.<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
<br />
Shaka's biggest problem was that even while he held a strong defensive position on top of the steep hill, and even though he had great confidence in the fighting prowess and discipline of his Zulus, and even though the Ndwandwe numbers had been reduced by a few hundred on the first day at the ford, he still faced an overwhelming force. And the Ndwandwes were known as ferocious fighters, even though they had not adopted the new methods and weapons of the Zulu, they still fought to kill. <br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>But Shaka was counting on four factors in his favor:</b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;">1. Circular Formation on High Ground</span></b><br />
While he was outnumbered, Shaka also understood that while his regiments perched on the crest, they would have the advantage in a fight. Not only would the enemy tire himself out climbing to fight, but his assegai would be thrown with less effect uphill. The superior numbers of the Ndwandwes, too, would work against them; as they closed in on the circular formation of the Zulus at the top, they would crowd each other, hampering their room to fight effectively. In a way, he was like a mamba in a hole; why don't <i>you </i>stick your hands in there and get him?<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;">2. The Hot, Barren Landscape</span></b><br />
The area around Gqokli was parched and stripped of any food. The <i>dongas
</i>(stream beds) were dry and the nearest water was a mile to the
northwest at the dropping river. Shaka's own men, however, were stocked with
enough water and food to last them for a few days. He was counting on
the attacking Ndwandwes growing hot and thirsty as they charged up the
hill, growing quickly both physically and psychologically weaker.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;">3. Greed</span></b><br />
Shaka devised a plan to draw off a significant chunk of Nomahlanjana's army by tempting him with an irresistible lure. Before dawn he had his regiment of <i>Nokomendala </i>("the toothless ones", the oldest men in his army) and 200 of his young <i>uFasimba </i>to take the herd of cattle that the army had brought with them to a mountain about seven miles (10 km) south of Gqokli and there raise a lot of dust and commotion, herding the cows back and forth over the mountain to make it seem as though the entire Zulu herd and half his army were retreating that way. Cows were the most valuable commodity in the Nguni economy. He hoped that Nomahlanjana would be unable to resist such a prize and would reduce his own army by sending part of it in pursuit. <br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;">4. His New Fighting System</span></b><br />
And finally, Shaka was confident in the discipline and training of his new army. With their new weapons, their tough conditioning, their Spartan-like discipline, and their <i>esprit-de-corps</i>, he thought he had an advantage in a one-on-one fight over the traditional fighting style of his enemy. This would, of course, be their first real test against the formidable Ndwandwes, but Shaka knew they would make them pay dearly. He was, nonetheless, eager to see his reforms in action.<br />
<br />
As the sun came up, Shaka saw the land below him starting to crawl like ants, as the Ndwandwe army crossed the river and started to surround the hill. It would take a few hours for all of them to cross the river and get in position, but he had done everything he could think of to get ready.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zHio3B1hd9g/VNfH4nBFHJI/AAAAAAAABtc/eF_E-O3rmLw/s1600/Qokli%2BHill%2Bfrom%2BBattlefieldsroute.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="448" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zHio3B1hd9g/VNfH4nBFHJI/AAAAAAAABtc/eF_E-O3rmLw/s1600/Qokli%2BHill%2Bfrom%2BBattlefieldsroute.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><i>Looking
up to the summit of Gqokli Hill from its base. The ground would have been mostly open in 1818,
owing to intensive cattle grazing. Today the site is a nature preserve so the
scrub has grown thick and wild. <a href="http://www.battlefieldsroute.co.za/place/gqokli-hill-battlefield/" target="_blank">Photo: Ken Gillings, used by kind permission. Battlefields Route Association, kwaZulu Natal, SA</a></i></td><td class="tr-caption"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">The Second Day</span></span></h3>
The Ndwandwe crown prince, Nomahlanjana, looking up at what he could see of the few Zulus spread out on top of Gqokli Hill, figured Shaka had taken a suicidally idiotic position. He also saw in the distance the dust of cattle and the scintillating spear points Zulus fleeing south. He reasoned, just as Shaka had bet he would, that half the Zulus had gone off with the whole of the clan's cattle, leaving a forlorn hope at Gqokli. So he made the first of his strategic mistakes: He dispatched a third of
his army--four <i>amabutho</i>, about 4,000 men--to run after the retreating herd
(now about seven miles to the south). Since cattle were the currency of
the Nguni economy, his father, Zwide, would be so proud of him for such
a bag. The traditional objectives of Nguni warfare had been the burning of an enemy's kraals and the capturing of his herds.<br />
<br />
From his command post below the north slope of the hill, Nomahlanjana could only see the outermost ranks of Zulus on the crest and assumed that's all there were, about 1,000 men in a thin circle. He had no idea that the bulk of Shaka's force was hidden in the hollow on the summit, or that it was well-provisioned for long siege. As his remaining <i>amabutho </i>(about 8,000 men) surrounded the hill in preparation for the assault, he was said to have made himself comfortable under a stand of mimosa trees to enjoy some beer with his brothers, and jocularly said, "This will be like slaughtering a lot of cattle in a kraal." Everybody laughed, I'm sure.<br />
<br />
<b><br /></b>
<span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><b>The situation about 09:00 on the 2nd day. The exact deployment of Shaka's amabutho ("regiments") is conjectural but based on the narrative provided by E.A. Ritter. I could not find the names of the Ndwandwe amabutho, except for the amaNkayiya, or "Guards Brigade". The White Umfolozi River is shown having dropped in the night (compare to map above from the day before). This map based on modern satellite imagery so it is hard to tell how much the streambed of the river might have changed in 200 years.</b></span> </span></span>Copyright
2015, Jeffery P. Berry Trust. All rights reserved. Unauthorized
re-posting or use prohibited without permission. Image protected by
embedded Digimarc watermark. </i></span></span><br />
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<br />
<br />
The eight remaining Ndwandwe regiments, including the elite <i>amaNkayiya </i>brigade, took up positions in depth around all sides of the hill. Shaka ordered his <i>indunas </i>(generals) to have their six small regiments get ready, but to remain silent. Shaka also made sure the subsequent four ranks and his reserve regiment of uFasimba and Kangela, all sat on their spears and back from the crest to conceal his true strength. To the Ndwandwes at the base of the hill, this is what made the Zulu force seem far smaller than it actually was.<br />
<br />
About 09:00 Nomahlanjana gave the signal for the attack, and his whole army surged up the hill. Now a simple lesson in geometry became an inconvenient truth. As the 8,000 Ndwandwes charged upward in a constricting circle, they were more and more crowded as the diameter of their formation closed. Soon they were all crammed together, too tightly for efficient fighting, or even for throwing their spears. They stopped about 100 yards from the crest to sort themselves out. And here they began their own songs, taunting the manhood of the Zulus to send out their champions. They opened the battle in the time-honored tradition of Nguni (and most prehistoric) warfare, standing apart and insulting the enemy. I'm sure many flashed their backsides in the direction of the Zulu too. The Zulu remained impassive, not giving in to the infantile urge to taunt back.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RxsTOu5KDb0/VNgFl14dVYI/AAAAAAAABts/-ZNWxhhqjO0/s1600/Bill%2BDavies--Gqokli%2BHill%2B01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="411" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RxsTOu5KDb0/VNgFl14dVYI/AAAAAAAABts/-ZNWxhhqjO0/s1600/Bill%2BDavies--Gqokli%2BHill%2B01.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #990000;"><i><span style="color: black;">View northwest from Shaka's position on the top of Gqokli Hill. In the distance is the bend in the White Mfolozi (see map) where the Ndwandwes crossed. Again, as in the previous images, the ground today is covered in dense scrub as this is a nature preserve. Back in 1818 this landscape, overgrazed by cattle, would have been much more open, punctuated by an occasional copse of mimosa trees.</span> <span style="color: black;">How would you like to sleep on this ground?</span> <a href="http://billdaviesphotography.co.za/?page_id=126" target="_blank">Image used by kind persmission of Bill Davies Photography, </a></i></span><i>© 2013 Bill Davies </i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
Shaka allowed just one of his eager warriors to step forward to reply, one Manyosi of the Jubingqwanga <i>ibutho</i>. The first Ndwandwe champion rushed up the hill, hurling one, then two spears, which Manyosi dodged easily. The Zulu champion then charged down on the man, wrenched the enemy's shield aside with his own, and sank his <i>iklwa </i>into the Ndwandwe's exposed armpit. Standing over his convulsing body, Manyosi shouted the Zulu war cry, "Nga-dla!" ("I have eaten!") and challenged anybody else. Another Ndwandwe came forward and suffered the same fate. After three quick "fights" like this, Manyosi strode back and forth taunting the Ndwandwes, asking if there was anybody else. Apparently there wasn't.<br />
<br />
Now on Shaka's nod, the regimental indunas all shouted their commands and the Zulus all rose up as one, stamped their right feet once in unison to make the hill vibrate. They then began their <i>ingomane </i>(the shield drumming) and sang their basso-profundo war chant. <br />
<br />
This song & dance display by the arrogant Zulus infuriated the Ndwandwes who all rushed upward at once in a confused mob. The Zulu champion, Manyosi, managed to just make it back to the ranks unhurt. As the Ndwandwes neared the top, their momentum began to slow and at about 25 yards (the range at which they'd have normally thrown their spears), the Zulu regiments all flashed their uniform shields forward. The shock of this display seems to have stopped the Ndwandwes in their tracks. Suddenly the Zulus looked far more numerous than before. And their unified movement was intimidating. The Ndwandwes were also packed together so tightly due to their overwhelming numbers trying to crowd into an ever-shrinking circle that few managed to throw their spears. The charge came to a halt.<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #783f04;">Reading accounts of the Zulu style of warfare, it is tempting to think about how psychology and even biological display were so integral to it. All of the synchronized dance, the chants, the drumming and the audio-visual presentation recall similar behavioral displays by birds, elephants, hippos, buffalos, lions, and any territorial species. I'm sure, the Zulus--and all Nguni people--were intimately aware of how this behavioral biology played a part in the world around them. Whether they were conscious of it in their own behavior is conjectural on my part. But, as close as they were to nature in their pastoral culture, they had to be. Also, in their poetic and metaphor-rich language, they often referred to people as animals, Shaka as "The Great Elephant," for instance. But I'm rambling. Back to the battle...</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
Seeing the hesitation in the Ndwandwe line, Shaka now ordered a counter-attack. He ran around the inner circumference of his defensive circle to give the order to each of the four outward-facing regiments. In a wave the first two ranks of each regiment charged down on the packed Ndwandwe and began butchering them with their <i>amaklwa</i>. The Ndwandwes, ferocious warriors themselves but unable to fight back in their crowded pack, slowly gave way until their ranks were able to open up sufficiently to give themselves some room. After ten minutes of this one-sided slaughter, both sides gradually pulled back from each other for a breather. Nomahlanjana observing from below, was exasperated with the ill-coordinated attack of his regiments and took the opportunity to order a general retreat to the foot of the hill to regroup. He needed to consider the unanticipated problem all the crowding had caused.<br />
<br />
Instead of pursuing the Ndwandwes, as a more indisciplined army would have done, the Zulus stopped and came back up to the crest, where the two ranks who had been engaged retired to the rear of their own regiments to rest and get a drink, making the rear ranks now the front. On their way back up they collected all of the thrown Ndwandwe assegai and their own wounded. Those Zulu wounded who were too far gone were "mercifully" dispatched. And all of the Ndwandwe dead and wounded were disemboweled (the Nguni believed that a man killed would haunt the killer unless his soul was released by disemboweling his corpse).<br />
<br />
The <i>u-dibi</i> boys cared for the more seriously wounded Zulus in the center of the summit. Here is where the previous days' stocking up of water, food, bark bandages, and medicine started to pay off. It was not only a hot day in southern Africa then, but fighting itself created a terrible thirst.<br />
<br />
The Ndwandwes were not so fortunate. They had no formal logistical system as the Zulus and their men only had the gourds of beer and water they were able to bring with them. Slowly, in ones and twos at first, Nomahlanjana's men began to sneak off to the northwest, back to the river a mile away, to get a drink. Many took their own sweet time in coming back.<br />
<br />
The first engagement, while short, caused something like 1,000 casualties among the Ndwandwes. The Zulus' casualties were not nearly so numerous, but there were a few.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">The Second Ndwandwe Charge</span></span></h3>
Nomahlanjana and his indunas, seeing the fiasco of the first, clumsy, all-out attack, devised a new tactic. One-half of his regiments would remain in reserve at the foot of the hill while every odd one would spread out and charge in checkerboard fashion, giving themselves enough fighting room once at the top. Once this first wave tired, they could retire and be replaced by the rested, second echelon of regiments.<br />
<br />
This second attack saw the Ndwandwes arrive close to the crest with plenty of elbow room to throw their assegais. The sky was filled with hurled spears as rank after rank came up and threw. None of these volleys seemed to do much damage to the Zulus, though, who had crouched down behind their big war shields, letting the light spears rattle off of them. Soon each of the Ndwandwes had thrown all but their last spear (which they kept for hand-to-hand fighting). In a normal, "civilized" way of Nguni war, the enemy should have courteously thrown their own spears, with both sides exchanging ammunition all afternoon. But the Zulus were selfish: They didn't return the Ndwandwes' assegais and didn't share their own.<br />
<br />
After the Ndwandwe spear volleys had petered out and the attackers stood panting and waiting downhill, Shaka ordered another counter attack with his next two fresh ranks. These fell on the Ndwandwes with blood lust and for five, frantic minutes a thousand individual duals took place. In this fight the training, new weapons, and discipline of the Zulus told. Outnumbered, the Zulus lost a little over 300 men, but the Ndwandwes lost close to another 1,000. Nomahlanjana had already lost a quarter of his 8,000 man army in two short combats. And his parched men were starting to duck off to the river in greater numbers.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">The Third Charge</span></span></h3>
It was now just past noon. Nomahlanjana had another conference with his indunas. The second charge hadn't worked. They all now decided to instruct the warriors to not throw their spears but to close with the Zulus for direct, hand-to-hand combat, as the Zulus themselves did, at least the first ranks. The second ranks were to hold back a little and look for opportunities to throw their assegais through the gaps created by the melee. <br />
<br />
But in this third charge, Shaka didn't give the Ndwandwes a chance to execute their clever tactic. He had his next two rested ranks charge down the hill and smash into the advancing first line of the enemy (letting gravity be their ally), pushing them back on the subsequent ranks so they were again jumbled together and could not throw their spears. After the usual five minutes of huffing and stabbing, both sides pulled apart again. After a rest, Nomahlanjana ordered a fourth charge, trying the same tactic, but it, too, was repulsed in the same way. The Nwandwes were suffering heavily by midafternoon.<br />
<br />
Even though the Zulus were taking a greater toll on the Ndwandwes, they themselves were suffering their own casualties. Shaka had lost, at this point, as many as a third of the men in his four outer regiments. Wisely, though, he hadn't committed his central reserve, the uFasimba and izi-Cwe, yet. These were still fully rested (and hydrated) and lying in wait in the hollow on the crest of the hill.<br />
<br />
From his vantage Nomahlanjana noticed that the Zulu ranks were thinning, but was unaware of the reserve; as far as he could see, the only Zulus on the hill were those dwindling four regiments. Though his army was taking heavy casualties and tiring, he sensed the few Zulus that he could see were on the verge of collapse.<br />
<br />
The Ndwandwes were not only losing more men in stand-up combat, more and more were ducking off to quench their thirst at the distant river. And they weren't coming back. Nomahlanjana was becoming increasingly furious at the incompetence of his regiments, which, though ferocious fighters, were not nearly so disciplined as Shaka's. In this battle we can see the difference between what one could consider a warrior and a soldier. The Ndwandwes were warriors. The Zulus were soldiers. And this battle was <i>not </i>like slaughtering cattle in a kraal, as the Ndwandwe crown prince had predicted that morning. Nomahlanjana still had superiority in numbers, but the ratio was dwindling. He had to devise a new plan. He called his indunas together again under the shade of his headquarters mimosa tree.<br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hi--w0Xx9oc/VNgwR3e61pI/AAAAAAAABt8/cdagW6d34a0/s1600/Gqokli%2BHill%2BBattlefield-valley%2Bwhere%2BZulu%2Breserves%2Bwere%2Bconcealed.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hi--w0Xx9oc/VNgwR3e61pI/AAAAAAAABt8/cdagW6d34a0/s1600/Gqokli%2BHill%2BBattlefield-valley%2Bwhere%2BZulu%2Breserves%2Bwere%2Bconcealed.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>The view southeast from Gqokli Hill. The White Umfolozi can be seen about three miles in the distance. One can see why Shaka picked this site for his battle. Image by kind permission of <a href="http://www.battlefieldsroute.co.za/place/gqokli-hill-battlefield/" target="_blank">Ken Gillings of the Battlefields Route Assoc., kwaZulu-Natal, SA.</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<br />
<br />
Shaka was grateful for these periodic conferences that Nomahlanjana was convening. It gave his men time to rest, get a drink, and dress their wounds. It also meant more time for the Ndwandwes to parch under the hot sun, and for more of them to skulk off to the north to quench their thirst. He walked over to the south end of the hilltop and looked anxiously in the direction of the "bait" cattle he had sent out that morning. He had arranged for a certain smoke signal to be lit by the escort detachment when and if the pursuing four regiments of Ndwandwes caught up with and captured the cattle. This would mean they were on their way back. There was no signal yet. But it was only a matter of time.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">The Fourth Charge</span></span></h3>
The war council that the Ndwandwe convened came up with a clever plan. Nomahlanjana passed the word along that after an initial assault up the hill by four of his regiments, they were to feign a panicked flight down the hill. This would, he reasoned, draw the Zulus down in a "victorious" pursuit, where his remaining four regiments would fall on them and slaughter them in their disorder. This was just the thing that Shaka had warned his men against the night before, under the threat of death. And it almost worked. Just as a similar break in discipline had been the undoing of the Anglo-Saxon army at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" target="_blank">Hastings</a>. (Though I'm reasonably certain that was not on the African prince's mind in 1818.)<br />
<br />
The fourth charge commenced once the Ndwandwes got within a spear's throw (25 yards) of the Zulu lines, they turned and "fled" down the hill, holding their shields against their backs. In spite of their discipline, the Zulu regiments pursued them, just as Nomahlanjana had hoped. Because of their conditioning and the fact that they were barefoot, they outstripped the sandaled Ndwandwes and inflicted terrible carnage on them, such that the first line of the enemy collided with the "ambushing" second line and all of them began to run.<br />
<br />
But Shaka was seething. There would be executions for this direct disobedience. But he also noticed that his regiments were inflicting terrible slaughter on the Ndwandwes and that, in spite of their intemperate rush, had managed to maintain their order. At the bottom of the hill the regimental indunas and company officers had managed to stop the pursuit and were ordering the men to run back up to the hilltop, keeping in formation, which they all did. The Ndwandwes were rallying at the bottom but didn't try to counter-counter-attack.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">The Final Charge: Shaka springs his trap.</span></span></h3>
<br />
The Zulu king looked south again and now, at last, saw the dreaded smoke signal that the 4,000 Ndwandwes were heading back with the bait cattle and would be back to Gqokli within three hours. He had only that time to annihilate the remainder of Nomahlanjana's army.<br />
<br />
But in the meantime, he had to exercise some discipline. While he was proud and relieved at the fighting prowess of his regiments, and their maintenance of formation and discipline, they had still disobeyed his direct orders in chasing after the enemy, risking not just the entire battle, but the extinction of the Zulu people. If the enemy's ploy had worked, he and his entire nation would be exterminated. He couldn't execute all of his brave but disobedient men. But there had to be some punishment.<br />
<br />
So he came up, spontaneously, with the "forlorn hope" solution. In Dutch armies of the 16th century--themselves fighting for their lives against an overwhelming enemy--when there was indiscipline warranting death, the perpetrators were "condemned" to take a position far in advance of the main line, a "forlorn hope" (from the Dutch, <span id="etymologySpanBlock1"><i>verloren hoop</i></span>, for "lost band"). Any who survived would be allowed to live and rejoin their regiment.<br />
<br />
Shaka, undoubtedly unaware of this other military culture's precedent, creatively had each company commander select a single warrior to stand a spear's throw in front of the line and be the first to receive the next enemy charge, allowing them to die heroically like warriors, and take as many of the Ndwandwes with them as they could. This would not only serve to exercise the stern discipline that Shaka demanded, but would go far to inspire and honor the bravery of his troops. It was a deft solution.<br />
<br />
But the next charge would be different again. Shaka's indunas pointed out that there was mass movement at the base of the hill. Nomahlanjana was pulling most of his regiments together at the north side and organizing them as one gigantic column, 20 files wide and perhaps 75 or more ranks deep. The Ndwandwe idea was to stop trying to overwhelm the Zulu circle from every side (which was playing to the strength of Shaka's position), but to make a huge battering ram of people to punch a hole into the heart of the Zulu ring. Nomahlanjana had lost as much as one-third of his army of 8,000 to combat by this stage, and probably as many as that again to desertion by thirsty troops. That left him with a little more than 2,700 left. But these were the toughest ones. And, from his vantage, it looked like the Zulus had only 5-600 men left. So, with 1,500 men in his assault column in this northern quarter he still figured he had a 3:1 advantage. The remaining 1,200 warriors would occupy and pin the rest of the Zulus from the south (see map below).<br />
<br />
This plan would have probably worked had the prince been right in his estimation of Zulu strength. In spite of his losses and tactical setbacks all day, Nomahlanjana reasoned that Shaka was on the verge of collapse with his own losses. Surely, he thought, trapped up on that hot, dry hill, the Zulus were suffering from thirst and fatigue as much as his own men. He was so sure of it this time that the prince, himself, as well as his four brothers, decided to join this final charge personally.<br />
<br />
As the phalanx was assembling, Shaka was overjoyed. To him, Nomahlanjana was playing right into what would become the Zulu's signature tactic, the <i>impondo zankomo</i>, the "beasts horns" (see above). He had been keeping his "Guards" brigade (about 1,000 of his finest) out of sight and resting until now. Now was the moment to unleash them. He kept a thin line at the south side of his position. the "loins", to check the Nwandwes massed on the south. He massed 500 of his amaWombe regiment on the north to meet the assault as the "chest" (the <i>isiFuba</i>). Meanwhile, the two fresh, elite regiments, the uFasimba ("The Haze") and the izi-Cwe (the ironically named "Toothless Ones") as well as the uKangela and uDlambedlu regiments, would sweep around the flanks of the enemy column, enveloping its sides and rear, the "horns"(the <i>iziMpondo</i>). And the butchery would begin.<br />
<br />
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Thinking he's about to administer the coup-de-grace, Nomahlanjana masses most of his remaining forces into a gigantic shock column to the north. As this mass reaches the top of the hill, Shaka unleashes his fresh reserves to sweep around both flanks of the Ndwandwes in a double-envelopment, executing the signature <b>impondu zakonda </b>tactic.</span></i><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i> Copyright
2015, Jeffery P. Berry Trust. All rights reserved. Unauthorized
re-posting or use prohibited without permission. Image protected by
embedded Digimarc watermark. </i></span></span><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mY9fg7FlAlE/VNvuAsKuBpI/AAAAAAAABuo/Dj4ae27Q7ok/s1600/Gqokli%2BHill%2B1818%2Bfinal%2Bcharge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="452" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mY9fg7FlAlE/VNvuAsKuBpI/AAAAAAAABuo/Dj4ae27Q7ok/s1600/Gqokli%2BHill%2B1818%2Bfinal%2Bcharge.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Shaka's tactic worked just as advertised. Nomahlanjana, confident in his shrewd plan of overwhelming force at a single point (something Napoleon himself would have endorsed), he and his brothers ran with his giant mob straight up the north side of the hill right into the trap. Just as the front collided with the "chest" of the Zulu formation, the two horns swarmed out of nowhere and attacked the Ndwandwe column from all sides.<br />
<br />
It was a South African <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" target="_blank">Cannae</a>. Just like at that Punic battle in which Hannibal surrounded and butchered the hemmed-in Roman legions, Shaka's smaller army slaughtered the hemmed-in Ndwandwes, most of whom were unable, in their press, to defend themselves. Resistance didn't last long, and while some fought valiantly, there was less and less room for them to fight and nowhere to run. Moreover, most of the Zulus at this stage of the battle were fresh (and had had plenty of water to drink--probably beer as well), while the Ndwandwes, having fought all day in the hot sun without a drink, were at the end of their stamina. Not one Ndwandwe survived, including Prince Nomahlanjana and all four of his brothers (not to worry, though, his father, King Zwide, had plenty more sons where those came from). As the Zulu oral tradition colorfully described it, the vultures were darkening the sky.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Are we done? Not yet.</span></span></h3>
<br />
The remaining 1,200 Ndwandwes on the southern side of the hill had not seen the disaster on the northern slope. They undoubtedly heard the fighting but probably assumed it was the slaughter of the Zulus by their own <i>amaNakayiya</i> elite brigage and not the other way around.<br />
<br />
The slaughter winding down, Shaka sent his uFasimba and izi-Cwe regiments northwest toward the White Umfolozi to mop up the hundreds of Ndwandes who had wandered off in search of water. Meanwhile he took the remainder of the other regiments (amaWombe, uDlambedlu, and uKangela) to attack the southern wing of Ndwandwes before the relief force of 4,000 showed up from the south, forming the three regiments into another <i>impondo sankomo</i>. He left his sixth regiment, the Jubingwanga, on the hilltop as a reserve.<br />
<br />
Seeing this new threat forming on his flanks, and sensing that things hadn't gone well in the north, the commander of the remaining Ndwandwes on the southern flank ordered a running retreat in the direction of the four regiments coming up from their cattle raid. He had a 200 yard head start, but it didn't take long for the Zulus (faster runners with their thorn-toughened bare feet) to catch up with him and force him into a fighting withdrawal. After a little time, the returning 4,000 came into view with the rustled cattle. Shaka broke off the pursuit and headed toward his main kraal to the southwest. He had given instructions for his other regiments, the ones chasing down the Ndwandwes scattered long the Umfolozi river, to rally there for a final defense, anticipating that the surviving Ndwandwes would try to burn it.<br />
<br />
At this point, Ritter, in his narrative of the battle, claims that the action moved to the Zulu home kraal as the remaining Ndwandwes rallied and trotted over to destroy it. In his account, another heroic battle took place in front of Shaka's hut that same afternoon, resulting in the ultimate defeat of the Ndwandwe army there. While he makes it seem as though this happened later that day (already a long day of battle), given the fact that the kraal was some 40 miles (64 km) to the southeast, this seems highly unlikely. More probably, the main battle that day ended with the destruction of Nomahlanjana and the amaNkayiya on the slopes of Gqokli. Since there were still some thousands of Ndwandwe in various sized bands roaming around the area, it is more believable that these continued to rustle cattle and burn kraals for some days while they were harassed by small bands of Zulus using guerrilla tactics. <br />
<br />
Shaka was relieved that he had dodged a bullet (or, in this case, an assegai) this time, but it was a close-run thing. The Ndwandwes had lost around 7,500 in the battle, or almost two-thirds of their invading army, as well as their heir-apparent and four other princes. The Zulu casualties were lighter (about 2,000, with 1,500 dead and 500 seriously wounded) but this still constituted almost half of Shaka's tiny army. They had also lost several hundred head of cattle but had managed to save about three-quarters of the national herd by prudently hiding them south in the Nakandla Forest. <br />
<br />
Shaka had only barely won the first battle in what would prove to be a long and bloody war with the Ndwandwes. Zwide, with his large confederation of tribes and many allies was still the most formidable military power in southeastern Africa, and he would undoubtedly redouble his efforts to exterminate Shaka and all his people in the following campaign. He had lost five of his oldest sons, and 7,500 of his bravest warriors (including nearly all of his "immortals" the amaNkayiya). But he still had large reserves and client tribes to draw on for the next battle. The Zulus were not out of the woods yet.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Assessment of Gqokli Hill</span></span></h3>
<br />
The battle was to be the first field test of Shaka's new army and his system of combat. And it passed quite respectably. Fighting off a force two-and-a-half times the size for two long, hot days, the Zulus had inflicted almost four times as many casualties--a ten-to-one combat efficiency ratio. Everything had gone well for the Zulus; their discipline, training, weapons, tactics, logistics, and strategic position. Of course, they nonetheless suffered severe losses for such a small tribe, and not a small loss of wealth in the stolen cattle. But, for the most part, their kraals were as yet untouched, their families safe, their tactical cohesion sound, and, most important, their confidence in their own martial superiority greatly boosted. This latter was to prove a powerful asset as Shaka cast about for allies and recruits to join his army, which he knew he would need to do quickly to be ready for the next invasion.<br />
<br />
Shaka further demonstrated his genius of generalship in the way he handled his army. By selecting the little, but steep, hill to defend, he was able to maximize his force by occupying the central position. He could reinforce threatened sides of his battle-circle almost instantaneously, while Nomahlanjana was often out of touch with most of his regiments surrounding the hill. This was the classic advantage of the central position taught in most military colleges, from which Shaka might have received an honorary degree.<br />
<br />
Applying simple geometry, Shaka was also able to neutralize the overwhelming numbers of the enemy as the Ndwandwes tried to cram into the ever tightening circle. This was the same equalizing tactic that had allowed the 300 Spartans to hold off the hundreds of thousands in Xerxes' army at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" target="_blank">Thermopylae </a>2298 years earlier, and 6,000 English to defeat 12,000 French at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" target="_blank">Agincourt </a>403 years before: Force the enemy to come at you in a constricted space. It is an old, reliable tactic; what you could call the Badger-in-a-Hole Defense.<br />
<br />
But Gqokli was a brief respite in the longer war of national existence. Shaka had to scramble furiously to not only build his army back up to its original strength, he had to surpass that. He spent the next several months in diplomacy to bring other clans into the Zulu sphere, and organize and teach them his new way of fighting. Fortunately, though he had been feared, Zwide's reputation was so reviled that many of the clans of the former Mtetwa Paramountcy saw their only hope of survival in not just allying with Shaka, but joining his army and identifying themselves as part of a greater Zulu kingdom. As so often is the case with cruel tyrants, Zwide's strategy of terror turned out to be his worst weakness and the greatest recruiting tool of his enemies.<br />
<br />
By May the following year (1819) the Zulu army had swelled to around 10,000 in eleven amabutho. But Zwide reinvaded with 18,000 under his best general yet, Shoshangane. The result in the second campaign was the same--a Ndwandwe defeat, but the details of it were different. Eventually, Zwide was utterly crushed and while he himself escaped (only to be treacherously murdered by a former ally; a fitting example of bad karma). His nation was absorbed into the growing Zulu empire. And his bloodthirsty mother was executed by Shaka in a particularly ghastly way by locking her in her own skull "museum" with a ravenous hyena, that ate her a little at a time...alive. I'll bet she wished she'd collected Hummel instead.<br />
<br />
Shaka was an inspiring and brilliant military commander, and a shrewd politician, but he was also a sadistic and homicidal despot on the same scale as Caligula, Saddam Hussein, Muammar Qaddafi. And ten years later, he suffered the same fate as those dictators, killed by his own people.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">War Game Considerations</span></span></h3>
<b><span style="color: #990000;">1. An Ancient Battle</span></b> <br />
It should be readily apparent to the casual reader (though, if you've waded this far, you certainly aren't "casual") that though this battle was fought after the Napoleonic Wars, it was, in essence, a pre-gunpower battle. Firearms were known to the Nguni (from their trading with the Portuguese in Mozambique), but not used in combat at this date. Shaka, seeing a demonstration of a musket a few years later by his new English friends from the trading post at Port Natal (modern Durban), was not impressed. He saw that, with the effective range of a contemporary smoothbore musket (such as the Brown Bess) and the slow reload time, a barefooted Zulu impi could overwhelm a force armed with muskets in seconds.<br />
<br />
To play Gqokli as a war game, it would probably be most appropriate, then, to adopt an existing set of Ancient Warfare rules. I have no preferences. There are quite a few options. But they should serve aptly.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;">2. Combat Efficiency</span></b> <br />
I have compared the Zulu warriors to Romans, both in their armament and tactics. For the purposes of unit rating, or combat efficiency, they would also probably rate the same as legionaries in terms of training, discipline, and morale. Or to Macedonian <a href="http://pezhetairos/" target="_blank">pezhetairoi</a>, the elite infantry of Alexander's army. <br />
<br />
The Ndwandwes, while brave and ferocious warriors themselves, were essentially traditional Nguni in their combat efficiency, not having changed their method of warfare in hundreds of years. If you would use roman legionary ratings for the Zulus (without the body armor, of course), you might rate the Ndwandwes as Gauls, Britons, Dalmatians or some other "barbarian" foe of the Romans. They would, in short, be fierce but undisciplined; easy to break but also easy to rally. <br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;">3. Weapons</span></b><br />
The Zulus were armed, so we've been told, with primarily hand-to-hand combat weapons; their iklwa (short stabbing assegai) giving them an advantage in close combat. While later Zulu armies seemed to have returned to carrying the light throwing assegai along with their amaklwa (similar to the way Roman legionaries were armed both with two throwing spears, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilum" target="_blank">pila</a>, and their short stabbing sword, or gladius), it seems that Shaka was insistent that there be no throwing weapons at the enemy. So the Zulus had no missile weapons at Gqokli. <br />
<br />
The Ndwandwe, on the other hand, went into battle with three throwing spears (they apparently had not adopted the ikwla). They would throw two in succession for shock (at a range of about 25 yards) and use the last in close-combat, in a similar way that the classical Greeks used their spears in phalanx. Some may also have been armed with amawisa (clubs), as this was an old Nguni weapon, but it would have been a personal preference on the part of each warrior.<br />
<br />
In a war game of Gqokli, then, the Zulu side should have no missile capability, while the Ndwandwe side should have a range of about 25-30 meters and a total ammunition supply of two (three, but once the third volley is thrown, the unit would be defenseless). In hand-to-hand (or melee) rounds, though, the Zulus would have an advantage in striking power with their iklwa over the lighter izijula. <br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;">4. Organization</span></b><br />
The amabutho system was fairly well-developed all over Nguni culture by this date, and had been in place many generations. So the impis of both sides would have been organized as regiments (see Order of Battle below). There were no records or formal size of amabutho. They could be anywhere from a couple of hundred warriors to 2,500. For the purposes of this narrative, I have used Ritter's estimate that the Zulu regiments were approximately 700 and the Ndwandwe amabutho about 1,000 each. In reality, the establishments were probably all over the scale. And the gamer is invited to vary the relative strengths at whim or through some randomizing algorithm.<br />
<br />
The system was fairly sophisticated for a pre-literate, pre-technological people. Amabutho were subdivided into companies, or <i>amaviyo </i>(<i>iviyo </i>singular). There were not set numbers of amaviyo in each regiment (which could also vary greatly in strength), but they could be detached and were trained to operate independently under "company" officers. For the purposes of war gaming this battle, the scale was such that it could be thought of as a battalion-sized battle, with the smallest units being amaviyo.<br />
<br />
Organization went upward, too. Amabutho were also "brigaded" in twos, called <i>uphalane</i>, (sometimes fours, as with the Ndwandwes) who trained together and developed a "friendly" (if sometimes rough) rivalry. <br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;">5. Fatigue</span></b><br />
The hot, dry weather played a critical role in the outcome of Gqokli, As we have seen, the Zulus were amply supplied on their hilltop "fort" with both water, food, and first aid supplies, while the Ndwandwes had not been so well-provisioned. The need for water became vital as the day wore on and the more indisciplined Ndwandwes were detaching themselves to go back up to the Umfolozi, the nearest water.<br />
<br />
In whatever war game system you use, account should be taken in for the hot weather for fatigue. But the availability of provisions (or just water) should also be allowed to refresh units. <br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;">6. Formation Density</span></b><br />
Because warriors bunched too closely together could not throw their spears or fight effectively in the Nguni style of combat (this was not Greek phalanx warfare but closer to Roman cohort formations), stacking or maximum density rules should be in place for a war game. This proved to be a decisive hindrance to the Ndwandwes, nullifying their numerical superiority.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;">7. How can the Ndwandwes win?</span></b><br />
All of the tactical cards seem to be stacked against the Ndwandwes at Gqokli; they were not as disciplined as the Zulus, they had inferior hand-to-hand combat weapons, they were constrained by topography, and they were thirsty. They were probably cranky, too. But there is a method that I see would have allowed Nomahlanjana to use his superior numbers to wear down the Zulus on the hill. Instead of splitting his force to go off on a cattle raid to the south, he could have retained his entire force in echelon around the hill, sending them up in sequential waves, and allowing each wave to rest after the assault. This is something he tried in a half-hearted way during his third charge (see above), but he never gave it enough of a chance to work as a battle of attrition (nor did he or his subordinate indunas manage it very well). <br />
<br />
Though I could find no account of the Ndwandwes possessing as efficient a logistical system as the Zulus' corps of <i>izindibi </i>(the "caddy" boys), there should be nothing in a war game rulebook that would prevent a player from setting up a more organized system of resupplying the front line with water from the Umfolozi. If playing a battalion sized game, individual companies (amaviyo) could be detached to bring water to the parent amabutho from the river. This would serve to limit the attrition from fatigue and indiscipline. Since this was not evidently a standard practice in Nguni warfare up to this time, one could either roll a die to see if it would be allowed, or that both sides might agree on it, in the interest of academic research, of course.<br />
<br />
A strategic way in which the Ndwandwes could win would be to avoid attacking Shaka on his hilltop entirely, but instead going after the main Zulu kraal and heading toward the Nklanda Forest in search of the Zulu herds (their main treasure). This might have drawn Shaka off of his defensive position and into the open. But this would be for a strategic level (vs a miniature or tactical) game.<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #990000;"><b>8. Deception</b></span><br />
One of Shaka's tactics was deception. He sent off a third of his cattle and 700 of his warriors to the south to tempt and draw off Nomahlanjana, who thought only a small rear guard (and not the entire Zulu impi) was on top of the hill. The trouble with most war games is that both players can see all the forces on the board (or table) at once. How to simulate this all-important tool of deception?<br />
<br />
One idea would be to employ hidden or false marker pieces. The forces on the top of Gqokli hill could be hidden by any number of markers, some of which are false. The same technique could be used with any decoys used to draw off the Ndwandwe player. Deception markers could also be deployed along the White Umfolozi river on the first day to fool both sides about movement and defense. <br />
<br />
There are any number of tried and tested simulation techniques for deception. But as this was a key feature of Gqokli Hill (and could mean the difference between survival and annhilation to the Zulu side), they should be incorporated into a game of the battle.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><b>9. Drifts: Crossing the White Umfolozi</b></span><br />
On the first day, the fords (known as "drifts" in South Africa) across the White Umfozoli were well-defended by the Zulus and their allies, preventing the Ndwandwes from crossing. That the river fell that night could not have been predicted with great certainty, since the source of the water was coming from rains in the Drakenburg range far to the west, and to my knowledge, the Nguni did not have weather apps on their smartphones in 1818. This uncertainty made the action in defending and crossing the river a dicey thing. With the fluctuating bed of the river, too, the crossing points could not have been known without reconnaisance. The defending Zulus didn't have the manpower to guard the whole length of the river. <br />
<br />
So, for a wargame that includes action on the first day of Gqokli Hill, a system should be employed to randomly test where crossing points existed. Either a roll of dice upon a unit "testing the waters", or markers placed along the river face down, with most being blank and, say, two or three with "Drift" printed on them.<br />
<br />
Each player would have to scout the river from his side with actual (not decoy) units to turn and examine the underside of each "drift" marker. Once found, he would keep the knowledge to himself until he set defending or crossing units to cross them. The use of decoy (false) units could also be employed in crossing and defending, as well.<br />
<br />
Since the falling of the river was not predicted, a randomizing test could also be used for each turn to see if the water level drops. This would force the Zulu player to have to hustle and beat back to the Gqokli before the Ndwandwes crossed in force.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Order of Battle</span></span></h3>
<br />
The following orders of battle were put together based on Ritter's narrative of the battle. There were, obviously, no regimental records or parade states. Strengths are conjectural based on total reported strengths of the two armies. Ndwandwe regimental names were unknown to me. <br />
<br />
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="31" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b>
amaButho</b></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="31" valign="MIDDLE" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: yellow; font-size: xx-small;">
STR</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="31" valign="MIDDLE" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: yellow; font-size: xx-small;">
Ranks</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="31" valign="MIDDLE" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: yellow; font-size: xx-small;">
Equipment</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="31" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b>
<span style="font-size: large;">Zulus</span></b></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="31" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="31" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="31" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000000" height="31" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;"><b>
Shaka</b></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="31" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff8100; font-size: xx-small;"><b>
<span style="font-size: large;">5,000</span></b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="31" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff8100; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="31" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff8100; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: grey; font-size: xx-small;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">amaButho (Regiments)</span></span></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff8100; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff8100; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff8100; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>Ngomane</b> --"Guards" Brigade</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff8100; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1,200</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff8100; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff8100; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
uFasimba (The Haze)</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
500</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>
5</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>
iKlwa</b></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
iziCwe (Bushmen)</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
700</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>
5</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>
iKlwa</b></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
<b>Nqoboka </b> --Belebele Brigade</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff8100; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1,400</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff8100; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff8100; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
amaWombe (Single Clash)</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
700</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>
5</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>
iKlwa</b></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
uKangela (Look Out)</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
700</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>
5</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>
iKlwa</b></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
<b>Nzobo</b> -- isim-Pohlo Brigade</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff8100; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1,400</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff8100; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff8100; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
uDlambedlu (Wild Men)</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
700</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>
5</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>
iKlwa</b></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
Jubingqwanga (Shorn Head Rings)</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
700</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>
5</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>
iKlwa</b></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
Allies covering river</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff8100; font-size: x-small;"><b>
300</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff8100; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff8100; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#bf4100" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
Sokulus, Dlaminis, Sibuyas (allies)</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#bf4100" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
300</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#bf4100" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>
5</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#bf4100" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>
isiJula</b></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
(brigade with cattle)</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff8100; font-size: x-small;"><b>
700</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff8100; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff8100; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
uFasimba / det</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
200</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>
5</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>
iKlwa</b></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Nokomendala</span></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
500</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>
5</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>
iKlwa</b></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="31" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b>
<span style="font-size: large;">Ndwandwes</span></b></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="31" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="31" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="31" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#40005f" height="31" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-size: small;"><b>
Nomahlanjana</b></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#40005f" height="31" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-size: small;"><b>
<span style="font-size: large;">12,000</span></b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#40005f" height="31" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#40005f" height="31" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#40005f" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-size: x-small;">
amaNkayiya Brigade</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#40005f" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-size: x-small;">
4,000</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#40005f" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#40005f" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#8242ff" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
ibutho 1</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#8242ff" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
1,000</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#8242ff" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>
5</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#8242ff" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>
isiJula</b></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#8242ff" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
ibutho 2</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#8242ff" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
1,000</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#8242ff" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>
5</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#8242ff" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>isiJula</b></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#8242ff" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
ibutho 3</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#8242ff" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
1,000</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#8242ff" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>
5</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#8242ff" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>isiJula</b></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#8242ff" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
ibutho 4</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#8242ff" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="63"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">
1,000</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#8242ff" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>
5</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#8242ff" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="72"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>isiJula</b></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#40005f" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="189"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-size: x-small;">
2nd Brigade</span></span></td>
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4,000</span></span></td>
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1,000</span></span></td>
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1,000</span></span></td>
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1,000</span></span></td>
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1,000</span></span></td>
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dispatched to chase Zulu cattle</span></span></td>
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4,000</span></span></td>
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1,000</span></span></td>
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">References</span></span></h3>
For the bulk of this post, I relied on E.A. Ritter's <b><i>Shaka Zulu</i></b>. Though first published in 1955, it relied on Zulu oral tradition and accounts handed down to another author, A.T.Bryant, who knew people who knew Shaka. Ian Knight's thin but excellent book on the Zulu military was also useful for corroboration of weapons, organization, and tactics. Since the narrative and details of Gqokli is literally "prehistoric" we should probably take it with a pinch of salt, much as we'd take descriptions of Biblical or Homeric battles. But even in our own times, descriptions of battles and events that have been recorded have also been imbued with mythic dimensions that may have had thin relation to what actually happened. In that context, Gqokli Hill could be ranked--at least to the Zulu people--as Washington's crossing of the Delaware. There's how it actually happened versus how we collectively imagine it. I've attempted to describe it in terms of how it probably happened.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.worldcat.org/title/olden-times-in-zululand-and-natal-containing-earlier-political-history-of-the-eastern-nguni-clans/oclc/7452628" target="_blank">Bryant, A.T., <b>Olden Times in Zululand and Natal</b>, 1929, Green & Co.</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.powells.com/biblio/65-9780813333021-0" target="_blank">Ferrill, Arther, <u><b>The Origins of War: From the Stone Age to Alexander the Great</b></u>, 1985, Thames & Hudson, Ltd., London, ISBN 0-500-25093-6</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="https://ospreypublishing.com/zulu-1816-1906-pb" target="_blank">Knight, Ian, <b><u>Zulu 1816-1906</u></b>, 1995, Osprey Publishing, Warrior Series #14, ISBN 978-1-85532-474-9</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Rise-Fall-Zulu-Nation/dp/1854094211/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1422912397&sr=1-2&keywords=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Zulu+Nation" target="_blank">Laband, John, <u><b>The Rise and Fall of the Zulu Nation</b></u>, Arms & Armor Press, ISBN 978-1 85409-421-6</a><br />
<a href="http://www.powells.com/biblio/65-9780674502307-0" target="_blank"><br /></a>
<a href="http://www.powells.com/biblio/65-9780674502307-0" target="_blank">McNeill, William H., <u><b>Keeping Together in Time: Dance and Drill in Human History</b></u>, 1997, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0674502302</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.powells.com/biblio/61-9780306808661-0" target="_blank">Morris, Donald R., <b><u>The Washing of the Spears: The Rise and Fall of the Zulu Nation</u></b>, 1965, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-671-63108-X</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.abebooks.com/book-search/isbn/0451612310/" target="_blank">Ritter, E.A., <u><b>Shaka Zulu: The Rise of the Zulu Empire</b></u>, 1955, G.P.Putnam, Library of Congress Number 57-6735 </a> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.powells.com/s?kw=Roberts%2C+The+Zulu+Kings&class=" target="_blank">Roberts, Brian, <b><u>The Zulu Kings: A Major Reassessment of Zulu History</u></b>, 1974, Charles Scribner, ISBN 684-14042-4</a><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #990000;">Online References:</span></b><br />
<br />
South African Military History <a href="http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol044sb.html">http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol044sb.html</a><br />
<br />
Wikipedia: Impi <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impi">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impi</a><br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #990000;">Other References: </span></b><br />
<br />
I also want to thank Bill and Peter Davies, as well as Ken Gillings of the <a href="http://www.battlefieldsroute.co.za/place/gqokli-hill-battlefield/" target="_blank">Battlefields Route Association of kwa-Zulu Natal</a>, for their kind and generous advice on this subject, and access to their rare photography from the actual site of Gqokli Hill, which is now an ecologically protected zone in Natal.<br />
<br />
For a demonstration of how the Zulus actually looked and fought, I can recommend the two famous films by Cy Enfield, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_%281964_film%29" target="_blank">Zulu </a>(1964) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_Dawn" target="_blank">Zulu Dawn</a> (1979), which, using hundreds of Zulu historical re-enactors and Zulu technical advisors, show how the Zulus probably looked, fought, marched, danced, and sounded in the 19th century. The films are about the 1879 Anglo-Zulu war but they are also probably a good reference for how Shaka's army might have fought. The first movie also has a marvelous demonstration of Zulu call-and-response war chants and the <i>ingomane</i>, or shield rattling, which the <i>impis </i>used to boost their own morale and intimidate the enemy.<br />
<br />
Another very useful video reference is the 1986 TV series (produced for South African television), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaka_Zulu_(TV_series)" target="_blank">Shaka Zulu</a>, available on DVD and some streaming services (like Netflix). The series, admittedly, does have lots of bad acting (especially by some of the English actors), tedious editing, and cringe-worthy music, but it also has several sequences in which the details of Zulu fighting technique and weapons are meticulously demonstrated. It also seems quite good for describing Zulu costume and cultural details, though I'm sure true experts in these details (which I am not) would probably protest. The landscape is spectacular, being shot in Zulu-Natal. And the actor playing the great Dingiswayo, Simon Sabela, also happened to have been one of the technical advisors, actors, and choreographers of Cy Enfield's earlier movies.<br />
<br />Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com17R66, South Africa-28.3914256 31.348833499999955-28.447300600000002 31.268152499999957 -28.3355506 31.429514499999954tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-41220707488332494652014-11-14T11:00:00.006-08:002023-12-18T14:23:02.317-08:00Kolin 1757<h2>
</h2>
<h2>
<span style="color: #660000; font-size: x-large;">Seven Years War</span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #660000;">18 June 1757 </span></span></h2>
<span style="color: #073763; font-size: large;">Prussians: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" target="_blank">Frederick II</a>: Approx. 34,000, 92 guns</span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;">Austrians: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Leopold_Joseph_von_Daun" target="_blank">Count Leopold Daun</a>: Approx. 52,000, 158 guns</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Weather:</b> </span><span style="color: black;">Mist in low places until mid-morning, giving way to clear, hot weather.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Location: </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@50.0275767,15.1249739,864m/data=!3m1!1e3" target="_blank">50° 1’34” N, 15° 6’12” E<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude"> </span><span class="longitude"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></a><br />
<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="longitude">about 29 miles (47 km) east of Prague.<br />Link in the LatLong above, or you can search Google Maps for Kolin, Czech Republic.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="longitude"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Sunset:</b></span>20:15 <span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>End of Twilight:</b></span> 21:00 <span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Moon:</b></span> New (In other words, none.)</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
(calculated from <a href="https://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/RS_OneDay.php" target="_blank">U.S. Naval Observatory</a>)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">K</span></b></span>olin was another of those battles demonstrating one of my favorite themes in this blog: Success-Induced Failure. In several ways it fell right into that species of events, like <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/10/picketts-charge-1863.html" target="_blank">Pickett's Charge</a> (my previous post), <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/11/blenheim-1704.html" target="_blank">Blenheim</a>, and <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/07/lobositz-1756.html" target="_blank">Lobositz</a>. And like Lee at Gettysburg, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" target="_blank">Frederick </a>was lulled into a false sense of confidence in the power of his own forces and leadership, as well as the reciprocal sense of contempt for the assumed weakness of his enemy's leadership and forces. I do so love the object lessons of these battles.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The map below gives a sense for where
the relative forces stood about 13:30 at Kolin, just before Frederick
launched his attack. </i></span></span><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Prussian infantry had just moved down
the Kaiserstrasse to its start line, while its cavalry was still moving
to supporting positions. The Austrians, who had been facing west in the
morning, were frantically shifting their main forces eastward to meet
Frederick's flank attack.</span></span> </i></span><span style="color: #990000;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Copyright 2014 Jeffery P. Berry Trust. This image protected by <a href="https://www.digimarc.com/application/photography" target="_blank">Digimarc </a>watermark against unauthorized copying.</span>)</span></i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">This was Frederick's first unmitigated defeat in battle, one that even his own subsequent propaganda couldn't disguise. Where <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/07/lobositz-1756.html" target="_blank">Lobositz</a> the year before had been more or less a tactical draw, and to the Austrians</span> a strategic victory, this battle, fought on the home maneuvering grounds of the Austrian Army, was an unmistakable victory for the Habsburgs. Moreover, Kolin was also strategic in that it demonstrated to Austria's new allies, the French, the Russians and the Holy Roman Empire, that Austria was a major force and could defeat the "invincible" Frederick.</div>
<br />
Kolin was a further humiliation for Frederick because it repudiated his favorite maneuver, the indirect attack, something he would try again, but with more success, at the end of the year at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/06/leuthen-1757.html" target="_blank">Leuthen</a>. The Austrian Army under a capable leader (in this case, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Daun%2C_Count_Leopold" target="_blank">Count Leopold Daun</a>) was to prove itself as professional as the Prussian, as well as adept at decisive maneuver and staying power, demonstrating that the indirect attack was only useful against an enemy who was fixed and unsuspecting (as at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/06/leuthen-1757.html" target="_blank">Leuthen </a>and at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" target="_blank">Chancellorsville </a>in 1863).<br />
<br />
And for wargamers who like to play the underdog, or who, like me, find more affinity with the Austrians, Kolin is a good subject. It has plenty of room to maneuver, plenty of opportunities for both sides to make blunders, and the ground was hard and relatively easy to move across. Also, the Austrians were at their peak of combat performance this century, every bit the match for the ferocious Prussians. (See section on War Gaming Kolin toward the end of this article.)<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">The Story So Far: Battle of Prague</span></span></span></span></h3>
The second year of the Seven Years War had started off pretty nicely for Frederick. From his secure positions in both Silesia and Saxony (which he had conquered the year before), he was able to launch a multi-pronged invasion of Bohemia in the spring. His immediate object was the capture of its capital, Prague.<br />
<br />
This he was to attempt in a fairly pyrrhic fashion on <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1757-05-06_-_Battle_of_Prague" target="_blank">6 May</a> at the horrific <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1757-05-06_-_Battle_of_Prague" target="_blank">Battle of Prague</a>. Which would rank among one of the bloodiest battles in the age of horse-and-musket warfare.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-At8zUIg2Lko/VGUHKWKAr3I/AAAAAAAABd0/2OTc1ILg4iE/s1600/Charles_of_Lorraine.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-At8zUIg2Lko/VGUHKWKAr3I/AAAAAAAABd0/2OTc1ILg4iE/s200/Charles_of_Lorraine.jpg" width="178" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Everybody has one </i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>worthless brother-in-law, </i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>and Maria Theresa's was </i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Charles of Lorraine</i></span></span></td></tr>
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The city was defended on the east by some 76,500 Austrians with 177 guns occupying strong positions on ridges and behind a number of ponds. Frederick had with him a smaller force of 64,000 and 210 guns but he was facing his old favorite opponent, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Lorraine%2C_Prince_Charles_Alexander_of" target="_blank">Prince Charles of Lorraine</a>, Maria Theresa's brother-in-law. Knowing Charles to be an indecisive, timid and--let's not mince words--incompetent commander, the Prussian king thought he could take a chance on his favorite ploy, the flanking attack.<br />
<br />
The main Austrian army was lined up on a series of ridges overlooking the right bank of the Moldau River. Frederick moved to outflank the Austrian army by swinging around to its east (his famous indirect approach which he would attempt, too, at Kolin and <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/06/leuthen-1757.html" target="_blank">Leuthen</a>). However, his maps and knowledge of the terrain in this sector were flawed and his men found themselves mired in several unmapped ponds (which looked like meadows before they splashed into them). As they were struggling across these, Charles' ever-capable second-in-command, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Browne%2C_Baron_Maximilian" target="_blank">Marshal Maximilian Browne</a> (of <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/07/lobositz-1756.html" target="_blank">Lobositz </a>fame and, by contrast with Charles, one of Austria's best soldiers), expertly swung the right of the Austrian line to meet them. Having the advantage of interior lines, Browne could quickly feed in defenders faster than the Prussians could march around their flank. Their defensive fire was so devastating that the Prussians were driven back again and again. Some battalions even broke and fled, a first for Frederick's vaunted troops.<br />
<br />
The management of this Prussian flank attack was sloppy. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Christoph_Graf_von_Schwerin" target="_blank">Marshal Schwerin</a>, Frederick's old friend (and hero of <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/02/mollwitz-1741.html" target="_blank">Mollwitz</a> sixteen years before) didn't wait for his full flanking force to be in place, but kept feeding one battalion at a time across the bogs as they came up, with each one being chewed up by the Austrian defenders. At one point, Schwerin, furious at seeing his own regiment, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Schwerin_Infantry" target="_blank">the 24th</a>, falter, grabbed one of its flags and charged up the slope alone, hoping his men would follow. He was immediately cut down by Austrian canister.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-I_BOtTTS5sA/VGRjcAo3UmI/AAAAAAAABdk/n6GXNS_NVMQ/s1600/death%2Bof%2Bschwerin.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="283" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-I_BOtTTS5sA/VGRjcAo3UmI/AAAAAAAABdk/n6GXNS_NVMQ/s320/death%2Bof%2Bschwerin.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><b>Death of Marshal Schwerin at Prague</b> by Richard Knotel<br />Miraculously, his horse seems to have escaped uninjured<br />from the canister blast.</i></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Good for her!</i></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<br />
Eventually, the fury of the repeated Prussian attacks drove the Austrians slowly back. Browne, the on-scene commander, was himself hip-deep (often literally) in managing the defense of the right flank. He had ordered a reserve of eleven battalions under Kheul to plug a gap that had developed in the Austrian line. However, Charles--for God knows what reason--chose this moment to wake up from his stupor and cancel the order, only to reauthorize it a little later. Perhaps he was of that infantile mind, "Hey, I'm the boss!<i> you </i>don't give the orders. <i>I</i> give the orders." Anyway, the damage was done and in the confusion the whole Austrian center began to fall back toward Prague. At this point Charles, in his usual heroic fashion, overcome by the loud, confusing battle, fainted and had to be carried back into Prague, leaving his troops to fend for themselves. Honestly, Maria Theresa did more harm to her country by repeatedly appointing this useless sack of rocks to be her commander-in-chief, even though he had never, ever, ever won a battle for her in 15 years. But nepotism will out. She was very fond of him as her brother-in-law and liked to please members of her family over her obligation to her country. Charles would go on later that year to lose another battle he should have won easily, <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/06/leuthen-1757.html" target="_blank">Leuthen</a>, before the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofkriegsrat" target="_blank">Hofkriegsrat </a>(the Austrian General Staff) finally convinced Maria Theresa to retire him, with honors of course, from military life...for good.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, while Charles was recovering from the vapors in Prague, and the bulk of his army was making a fighting retreat back into the fortress city, he had abandoned the 15,000 men fighting with Browne on the right flank. Most of these escaped southeast to join Marshal Daun's force coming up from eastern Bohemia. Browne, meanwhile, had received a severe wound when a cannonball ripped off his lower leg below the knee. He had at last managed to make it into Prague himself, and even in his agony spent the next several weeks vainly trying to get Charles to break out and lift the siege. Charles was too scared to attempt this, even though for most of these two months he actually outnumbered the dwindling Prussian besiegers. In exasperation Browne gave up. He died from exhaustion and the complications of his wound on 26 June (after Kolin). So one of the biggest losses to Austria of the Battle of Prague had been Austria's most capable commander. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WtU3yE9vIDY/VGlcOxX7upI/AAAAAAAABec/hw8StkKdb-k/s1600/frederick-ii-of-prussia-1757.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WtU3yE9vIDY/VGlcOxX7upI/AAAAAAAABec/hw8StkKdb-k/s1600/frederick-ii-of-prussia-1757.jpg" width="160" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Frederick in 1757, at 45, </i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>before he got old </i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>and cranky looking.</i></span></span></td></tr>
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Even while Frederick forced the timorous Charles to retreat behind the walls of Prague, he had not achieved his primary purpose of seizing the Bohemian capital. Not only that, the battle had been more costly in terms of casualties for the smaller Prussian army, with each side losing about 14,000 men. As Frederick had remarked after the stiff defense of Browne at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/07/lobositz-1756.html" target="_blank">Lobositz </a>at the first battle of the war the previous fall, these were still not the old Austrians of before. They were every bit as tough, professional, and disciplined as his Prussians. And at this rate of attrition, his smaller army would be out of veterans before long. <br />
<br />
Frederick now settled in for what he anticipated would be a relatively short siege. He calculated that the 47,000 that Charles had dragged into Prague with him would exhaust that city's food within two months-- by the first week of July. Unbeknown to him, however, Charles' own calculations estimated they could hold out only until 20 June. So Charles sent an urgent message to Vienna for relief by the balance of the Austrian field army.<br />
<br />
That's all I'm going to cover on the Battle of Prague. I may, at some point, do a more fleshed-out post on this battle (larger in forces and area, actually than either Kolin or <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/07/lobositz-1756.html" target="_blank">Lobositz</a>), but for the purposes of this story, I've done enough to show why there was a battle at Kolin in the first place. <br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Daun Marches to the Rescue</span></span></span></h3>
Having heard the dire news from her brother-in-law in Prague, Maria Theresa and her chief minister, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenzel_Anton,_Prince_of_Kaunitz-Rietberg" target="_blank">Kaunitz</a>, now ordered Leopold Daun to draw together all of the remaining, outlying forces across eastern Bohemia (including the 15,000 under Serbelloni who had escaped the Battle of Prague) and march aggressively to relieve Charles. Daun, who has been criticized as overly cautious (his chief critic being Frederick), now acted like a regular Patton and pulled all of this forces together to march rapidly westward, chasing the Prussian covering troops of of the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Braunschweig-Bevern%2C_August_Wilhelm%2C_Duke_of" target="_blank">Duke of Bevern</a> before them.<br />
<br />
Frederick, meanwhile, was trying to pry Charles out of Prague and started a bombardment of the city toward the middle of May. But the cannonade proved to be ineffective, so, after a week, he ordered it stopped and sat down to starve the Austrians out. This was a tactically ludicrous situation since Frederick had dispatched so many troops away from the siege to cover the east that the besieged outnumbered the besiegers. Yet Charles could not be induced by the slowly dying Browne to venture out to attack Frederick.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LY7pzXWpbz8/VGleZb2-esI/AAAAAAAABeo/aRcaH-kEDuY/s1600/640px-Leopold_Joseph_Graf_Daun.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LY7pzXWpbz8/VGleZb2-esI/AAAAAAAABeo/aRcaH-kEDuY/s1600/640px-Leopold_Joseph_Graf_Daun.jpg" width="154" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">Count Leopold Daun</span></i></span></td></tr>
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But word that a large Austrian army under Daun was heading his way caused Frederick to start dispatching troops under <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Braunschweig-Bevern%2C_August_Wilhelm%2C_Duke_of" target="_blank">Bevern</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Zieten%2C_Hans_Joachim_von" target="_blank">Zieten</a>, and Tresckow southeastward to forestall him. Frederick judged Daun (52) to be cautious and that he would be effectively stopped by a modest blocking gesture by Bevern. The Daun and the Austrians that Frederick knew, would sit when told to.<br />
<br />
Daun, however, was not living up to Frederick's expectations as an underachiever and kept coming on like a weather front, constantly outflanking the "blocking" Prussian detachments and forcing them back toward Prague. All the while, he was gathering forces, joining up with Serbelloni and Nadasty and raising his overall strength to around 52,000. By 16 June he had taken up a strong position on the high ground (Pobortz Hill on the map above) overlooking the Beczvarka Stream facing west, about 29 miles (47 km) from Prague.<br />
<br />
Frederick could not believe that Daun had been acting so aggressively, or that he had moved so far west in force. He left the seige lines around Prague and went east to join Bevern who had established a position anchored on Kauzrim, about 3 miles from Daun's lines. Reconnoitering the heights of Pobortz, Frederick was at last convinced that there was a sizable force of Austrians on it, though he could not ascertain how many. He ordered reinforcements from the siege at Prague, leaving a minimal force to man the lines, and by the 17th had about 34,000 men to attack Daun's 52,000 (a number he was not sure of).<br />
<br />
Since Daun seemed ensconced on the heights of Pobortz facing west, Frederick decided to attempt his indirect approach tactic again. On the night of 17 June he began moving his forces up to the Kaiserstrasse (the Imperial Highway) and began marching them down it toward the town of Kolin to outflank Daun. By the morning of the 18th, his entire force was strung out along the highway (see map above). Zieten's hussars and Hulsen's advanced guard had encountered Nadasty's Croats and hussars blocking the highway and gradually pushed them back.<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">"I do believe the King is going to lose today." </span></span></span></span></h3>
<br />
Daun had picked his position carefully. The fields west of Kolin had been the Austrian Army's training grounds the year before, so he and his men knew the ground intimately. It would be, for the Austrians, the reverse of the advantage the location of <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/06/leuthen-1757.html" target="_blank">Leuthen</a>, the Prussians' own training grounds, would give Frederick six months later.<br />
<br />
The battlefield of Kolin is generally a wide-open area, covered in gently rolling fields, which, at that time of year, were covered in fairly tall crops--wheat, rye and corn--making it ideal for concealing great numbers of irregular infantry (of which the Austrians had plenty in their Croatian Pandours and of which the Prussians had none). The Austrians also had the advantage of high ground in a sequence of low ridges from Pobortz to Przerovsky to Krzeczor Hills, which allowed them to not only see all of Frederick's movements below, but to conceal and protect their own forces behind the crests. The front of the Austrian position, too, was broken up by a series of walled hamlets, sunken roads, and gullies, which would give excellent cover from which the thousands of Croats could harass the Prussians throughout the battle, slowing their uphill advance. <br />
<br />
By late morning, after the ground mist had dissipated, Daun, from his high, unobstructed position, saw Frederick's entire force moving down the Kaiserstrasse below. He began to shift his own army eastward behind the heights paralleling the Kaiserstrasse, ordering Wied's and Sincere's infantry divisions behind the ridge of Przekovsky, keeping them concealed. Nadasty, meanwhile pulled his Croats and hussars back to defend the hamlets of Chotzemitz, Britzvi, Kutlire, and Krzeczor. The latter was made stronger by the presence of ancient earthworks said to be erected by Gustavus Adolphus Swedes during the 30 Years War, over a century earlier, but still high enough to provide a ready-made fort. Others of his 4,500 Croats he strung out parallel to the road, hiding in the high crops from which they were able to pick off the marching Prussians. It was in a manner very similar to the way the American militia harassed the British retreating back to Boston along the road from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" target="_blank">Concord</a> 18 years later.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>View to the south from the Kaiserstrasse toward the Austrian left. This would have been the first view of Daun's army Frederick's forces would have had as they marched eastward. The ground here wasn't as dominated by hills as farther east, but there were ditches (treeline foreground) and gently undulating ground which gave the Austrians' cover. </i></span><br />
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By 13:00 the Prussians were still getting ready on the road, enduring the murderous fire from the "cowardly" Croats popping up and down in the wheat and cornrows. The Prussians had contempt for these people, whom they regarded as nothing more than bandits, but they had nothing (at least in mid-1757) to answer them with. Though the Prussians would eventually give half-hearted attention to fielding jager and frei-battalions as the war progressed, Frederick never developed a credible light infantry doctrine. In his heart he despised this form of warfare as unmanly. Real men fought standing up, shoulder-to-shoulder in tight formations, where they could be controlled by officers with long pikes from behind. So at Kolin, throughout the morning and early afternoon, the Prussian infantry just stood and took it from the Croats.<br />
<br />
About midday Frederick had climbed to the second floor of an inn near Novi Mesto on the Kaiserstrasse to see what he could of his opponent. Even from this higher point he could still not make out the full strength of the Austrian army on the heights above, though he could see dust rising from behind the ridge. (See view below.) So he knew they were up there somewhere.<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: small;"><span><i><span>View of Przerovsky Hill looking south from Frederick's vantage at the Inn at Novi Mesto on the Kaiserstrasse. The Austrian infantry
would have been on the reverse slope about 2,300 yards away. Though the field in the foreground is, in this Google Street View photo, open, at the time of the battle it would have been thickly growing with corn, providing concealment for harrassing Pandours.</span></i></span></span><br />
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His plan was to execute an oblique attack (another of his signature maneuvers) beginning with his left (Hulsen's infantry and Zieten and Pennavaire's cavalry divisions) attacking the Krzeczor village and hill first, followed, in echelon, by Tresckow's division (brigades Ingersleben and Braunschweig) going up Krzeczor Hill on Hulsen's right. Bevern's three brigades (Pannwitz, Manstein and Puttkamer) were to remain on the road in reserve. They, in turn, would be supported on their right by Schonaich's cavalry brigade. On the Prussian extreme left, Zieten was to use his 5,900 hussars to shield Hulsen's left, pushing back Nadasty's hussars.<br />
<br />
In truth, Frederick was punching in the blind. He was not sure what his troops were facing since most of Daun's force was concealed just behind the heights of Przerovsky and Krzeczor Hills. Austrian 12 pounders under Feuerstein were positioned on the two hills and bombarding the Prussian infantry on the Kaiserstrasse. Neither he nor his subordinates had done a reconnaissance of the two villages on the left, Kutlire and Krzeczor, to see if they were occupied. So he had only a vague idea of what he was facing.<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span><i><span>View south </span></i><i><span><i><span>toward Krzeczor, about 1,000 yards away, </span></i>from Hulsen's start line on the Kaiserstrasse. The corn or wheat would have been standing tall here.</span></i></span></span></span> <br />
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By 13:00 Daun, from his own position up on Przerovsky Hill, could clearly see everything Frederick was doing, and what he intended to do. And he was adjusting his positions accordingly, completely unbeknown to Frederick.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, the Croats near the Kaiserstrasse and the Austrian heavy batteries on the Przerovsky and Krzeczor Hills continued to shoot at the standing Prussian infantry, who endured this galling fire for hours, as they had during battle of <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/07/lobositz-1756.html" target="_blank">Lobositz</a> the year before. I do not know whether the Prussian infantry was allowed to lie down while waiting to go in (as the Austrians were), but, from the way they had been used in previous battles, it doesn't seem likely they were. Prussian troops didn't lie down! Also, for these two-and-a-half hours they were still in their columnar formations, which would have meant their companies would have been exposed to enfilade fire from the Austrian cannon.<br />
<br />
But Frederick wasn't going to be goaded into a premature attack like he had been at Prague or <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/07/lobositz-1756.html" target="_blank">Lobositz</a>. He wanted to make sure everything was in place, including the Zieten's and Pennavaire's cavalry, which were still deploying to the east.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i><span>View north from the approximate position of the Austrian artillery on Przerovsky Hill. Simon Millar, in his book, <b>Kolin 1757</b>, describes the agriculture in June that year as wheat, rye and corn (the latter seen in this photo). This would have given the Croatian skirmishers considerable cover in harassing the Prussians, who had no comparable light infantry to counter them. Frederick's headquarters at the in at Novi Mesto, on the Kaiserstrasse, is about a mile away. (Or rather, </span></i><span>was </span><i><span>a mile away. It seems to have been replaced by a EuroOil service station.)</span></i></span></span><br />
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The ironic thing about Frederick's doctrine of the flank attack tactic was that, in order for it to work, it would have to be done quickly and in secret to achieve the element of surprise. Neither was in play at Kolin. The Prussian deployment was observed throughout the entire morning by Daun from Przerovsky Hill, and took so long that Daun was able to shift the bulk of his forces from their western-facing positions on Pobortz Hill to the evident target of Frederick's intended attack up Krzeczor Hill. Frederick, for is part, did almost nothing to reconnoiter the Austrian positions. The Prussians were not even aware of the defenses of the villages they'd have to pass in order to reach the main Austrian position. It may have been apocryphal, but one memoirist claims to have heard Daun say as he observed the Prussian dispositions through his telescope, "I do believe the King is going to lose today."<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Hulsen runs into a nasty surprise.</span></span></span></h3>
<br />
Finally, at 13:30, the entire Prussian line was given the order to deploy into line right in preparation for attack. From the heights, the Austrians could see the ripple of movement as the blue companies sequentially wheeled into line and the scintillation of thousands of bayonets being fixed. Zieten began to move his hussar squadrons forward to push back Nadasty's hussars on the eastern flank.The Austrian field officers got their own troops to stand up and get into line. <br />
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At about 14:00 Hulsen began the attack on Krzeczor and Kutlire villages from the Prussian left with seven battalions (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Schultze_Infantry" target="_blank">IR#29 Schultze</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=M%C3%BCnchow_Fusiliers" target="_blank">IR#36 Munchow Fusiliers</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=G-NG/G-III/G-IV_Kahlden_Grenadiers" target="_blank">Kahlden</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=9/10_M%C3%B6llendorff_Grenadiers" target="_blank">Mollendorf</a>, and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=47/G-VII_Wangenheim_Grenadiers" target="_blank">Wangenheim</a> Grenadiers) with three more battalions of grenadiers (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=33/42_Nimsch%C3%B6fsky_Grenadiers" target="_blank">Nymschovsky</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=12/39_Waldau_Grenadiers" target="_blank">Woldow</a>, and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=13/26_Finck_Grenadiers" target="_blank">Fink</a>) and a regiment of the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Stechow_Dragoons" target="_blank">2nd Dragoons (Stechow</a>) in support. But he hadn't moved very far when his lead battalions started receiving stiff fire from the two villages and the embankments of the "Swedish Works." This was an unpleasant surprise. The hamlets weren't supposed to be defended (though why the Prussians would have assumed this betrays their contempt for Austrian military competence). <br />
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Throughout the wars of the 18th century, since Prussian practice hadn't adopted irregular infantry skirmishing tactics, their infantry frequently ran into the light infantry of Austrians screening their own front. The Croatian light troops (in the case of Krzeczor and Kutlire these would have been the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Banal-Grenzinfanterieregiment_nr._1" target="_blank">Banal Grenz</a>) were masters of light, skirmishing tactics, as well as ferocious and skilled fighters. They did for the Austrians what the American Indians were doing for their British and French allies across the Atlantic during this war...and what, in our own day, the Taliban and other <i>jihadi </i>guerrillas have been doing to Coalition forces in Afghanistan. By the end of the 18th century, during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, of course, all European armies would have integrated light infantry tactics into their forces, but in 1757 the Prussians lacked such doctrine or trained light infantry. So they were surprised again and again.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">The v</span><span style="color: #b45f06;">iew Hulsen's infantry would have had as they entered Krzeczor. The church, with it's high walls, is to the right. The crops, hedges, embankments and walls would have been swarming with irritating Croats. The "Swedish" earthworks , also manned by the Banal Grenz, would have been to the right of this photo.</span></span></i></span> <br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8-DnWS6_2DU/VG_4CEwmjUI/AAAAAAAABgo/8NZIhrap0jQ/s1600/Krzeczor%2BChurch%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bnorth.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="311" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8-DnWS6_2DU/VG_4CEwmjUI/AAAAAAAABgo/8NZIhrap0jQ/w640-h311/Krzeczor%2BChurch%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bnorth.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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The Banal Grenzers were greatly outnumbered but made Hulsen's Prussians pay dearly to take the two villages. After about an hour of fighting house-to-house and ditch-to-ditch, the Croats retreated back toward the wood just south of Krzeczor (referred to as simply "the Oak Wood" by battle narrators). But they had given Daun valuable time to move his army eastward and shore up his vulnerable flank. While the Banalisters were dashing south across the open space between the village and the Oak Wood, they were attacked by the Prussian <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Stechow_Dragoons" target="_blank">Stechow Dragoons (D 11)</a> and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Wartenberg_Hussars" target="_blank">Warnery Hussars (H 3)</a>. But these, in turn, were attacked in flank by the Austrian <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Kaiser_Franz_I_Hussars" target="_blank">Kaiser Hussars (H 2)</a>, who drove them back, giving the running Banalisters time to get to the safety of the woods, where they reformed and dug in.<br />
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After an hour or so of fighting, Hulsen's battalions had worked their way to the south side of the village in disarray. Seeing the need to reform his command, Hulsen lined up 8 of his battered battalions on the southern outskirts of Krzeczor village at the base of the hill. He left the two battalions of the<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Schultze_Infantry" target="_blank"> IR#29 Schultze</a> back in the earthworks as a reserve. Meanwhile, Frederick had ordered Tresckow to move his own division (8 battalions plus a borrowed one from the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Anhalt-Dessau_Infantry" target="_blank">IR#3 Anhalt-Dessau</a>) to link up on Hulsen's right (see map below). As Tresckow's men advanced they slowly pushed back the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Slavonisch-Gradiskaner_Grenzer" target="_blank">Gradiskaner </a>and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Karlst%C3%A4dter-Szluiner_Grenzer" target="_blank">Szluiner Grenz </a>who had been harassing them from the cover of the high crops and the gullies running down the hillside. These fell back slowly, continuing their irritating fire throughout the battle.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">The map below is protected by copyright 2014 Jeffery P.Berry Trust, and embedded with a <a href="https://www.digimarc.com/application/photography" target="_blank">Digimarc </a>watermark against unauthorized copying.</span></i></span>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8PZO4KhSRMU/XS421g7eM2I/AAAAAAAAEBI/GL9JuiRd6iMuUZgfYmQZRY-LjOy0zxHUQCLcBGAs/s1600/Kolin%2B1757%2B1500.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="1600" height="1302" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8PZO4KhSRMU/XS421g7eM2I/AAAAAAAAEBI/GL9JuiRd6iMuUZgfYmQZRY-LjOy0zxHUQCLcBGAs/w2061-h1302/Kolin%2B1757%2B1500.jpg" width="2061" /></a></div>
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It was now about 15:30. Above the Prussians were massed batteries of Austrian twelve pounders and 15 battalions of Wied's and Starhemberg's divisions, hustled over just in time to defend the Krzecor Hill. These were, in turn, joined shortly by another 7 battalions under Sincere. Behind them all, Serbelloni's 65 squadrons of cavalry were just arriving to support them (less a company of "elite" carabniers who had galloped into a hidden, sunken road, breaking most of their damn fool necks--how embarrassing!). Daun's defensive line was beginning to solidify just in the nick of time.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">View looking south up Krzeczor Hill from Tresckow's division abreast Krzeczor village. Wied's troops and an Austrian battery would have been visible on the crest, about 500 yards away. The Oak Wood is no longer there</span>.</i></span></span></span></span><br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Things start to get out of hand for Frederick</span></span></span></span></h3>
Frederick's plan at this point was to seize the Krzeczor Hill and roll up Daun's right flank. But now things began to get out of control. On the Prussian right, Bevern's division was to remain where it was, pinning Daun's center and left on Przerovsky Hill. This was the essence of the oblique attack, to withhold one wing as a reserve for the <i>coup de grace</i>. However, Bevern's men were themselves being relentlessly stung by the shooting-and-ducking Pandours of the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Slavonisch-Brooder_Grenzer" target="_blank">Broder Grenz</a> without being allowed to shoot back. When one of Frederick's aides, one Colonel Varenne, galloped by and noticed the nasty Pandours, he took it upon himself to order one of Bevern's battalions (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Zastrow_Infantry" target="_blank">IR#20 Bornstedt</a> / 2) to chase them off. This was strictly against Bevern's orders and the battalion commander protested. But Varenne played his personal-representative-of-the-King card and insisted. The second battalion of Bornstedt moved into the corn to drive away the Croats. Then, unable to let their brothers have all the fun, the first battalion soon joined them. This started a cascading, forward stampede from each succeeding battalion, whose commanders evidently thought there had been a general attack order. Soon Bevern's whole division was prematurely making its way up Przerovsky Hill. As at Prague and Lobositz, the Prussian Army's sloppy command-and-control began to show itself again.<br />
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This premature attack all worked to Daun's favor, in fact. The uncharacteristically slow deployment of Frederick's outflanking maneuver in full view gave the Austrian time to move his power over to his right in time to meet it...just. And Frederick's unintentional commitment of his right wing under Bevern showed Daun everything Frederick had in his hand. As the map above shows, by 15:30 Wied's command had got into position on Krzeczor Hill, anchoring its right on the tip of the Oak Wood. Sincere's division was quick marching to its left. Starhemberg's infantry had established a supporting, second line behind Wied, on the reverse slope. And Serbelloni had moved his powerful cavalry in a third supporting position. The Austrians had checked Frederick.<br />
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Meanwhile, the Austrians had moved up their artillery to counter the 20 twelve pounders that the Prussians had moved to the south of Krzeczor to support Hulsen. The previous decade of reform and refitting under <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Liechtenstein%2C_F%C3%BCrst_Joseph_Wenzel_von" target="_blank">Prince Liechtenstein</a> had paid off. The new Austrian artillery at the beginning of the Seven Years War had become the finest in Europe, with modern equipment, new doctrines, and an unparalleled professionalism. Though outnumbered on the right, the Austrian gunners gradually neutralized the less experienced Prussians guns, as well as exact a considerable toll on Hulsen's grenadier forming up south of Krzeczor.<br />
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The Prussian guns, though, firing uphill, overshot and unintentionally laid down fire on Serbelloni's cavalry behind the Krzeczor Hill (see this same effect at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/10/picketts-charge-1863.html" target="_blank">Gettysburg </a>from my previous post). The Austrian cavalry, however, held its ground and Serbelloni had his officers constantly move their squadrons forward and backward to minimize the effects of the fire. This was a tactic that the Austrian cavalry had also employed at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/07/lobositz-1756.html" target="_blank">Lobositz </a>the year before. One thing the Austrians did in contrast with the Prussians was to keep their troops out of fire while waiting, either by having the infantry lie down or shuffling their cavalry. This not only minimized casualties but bolstered the morale of the troops.<br />
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In the center, opposite Tresckow's and Bevern's advance, more Austrian guns made the advancing blue lines pay as they labored up the hill. And the Pandours covering the center, though pushed back by the advancing solid lines of Prussian regulars, continued to harry them from the ditches, woods, and sunken roads that covered the slope. It was costly going for Frederick's infantry.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Daun's first crisis</span></span></span></span></h3>
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By 16:15 Tresckow's division had come abreast of Hulsen's grenadiers south of Krzeczor and all now started to push make the final push to the crest of the hill. But Sincere had also, in the nick of time, brought his three regiments (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Botta_Infantry" target="_blank">Botta</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Baden-Baden_Infantry" target="_blank">Baden-Baden</a>, and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Deutschmeister_Infantry" target="_blank">Deutschmeister</a>) to lock them into the left of Wied's line to receive them.<br />
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At the Oak Wood, Hulsen had sent in four battalions (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=M%C3%BCnchow_Fusiliers" target="_blank">IR# 36 Munchow Fusiliers</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=47/G-VII_Wangenheim_Grenadiers" target="_blank">Wangenheim </a>and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=9/10_M%C3%B6llendorff_Grenadiers" target="_blank">Mollendorf </a>Grenadiers) to clear out the Banal Grenz. They did this temporarily but Nadasty rallied the Banalisters, and Strahemberg and Wied mustered a strike force of the grenadier companies of all of their regiments to chase the Prussians out of the woods, forcing them to abandon three battalion guns in the process.<br />
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As so often happens in battle, a localized victory can cause the immediate victorious side to prematurely give chase. This is what happened as Wied's battalions witnessed the Prussian cavalry (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Stechow_Dragoons" target="_blank">DR #11 Stechow</a> and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Wartenberg_Hussars" target="_blank">HR#3 Warnery</a>) and the Hulsen's infantry scamper back through Krzcezor village. Without orders Wied's battalions started to run after them, leaving the cover of the Oak Wood and exposing their flank.<br />
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Galloping in at the right time (for the Prussians) Krosigk's fifteen squadrons of cavalry (now led by Col. <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Seydlitz%2C_Friedrich_Wilhelm_von" target="_blank">von Seydlitz</a> who had taken over the brigade from the wounded Krosigk) (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Normann_Dragoons" target="_blank">DR#1 Normann</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Prinz_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">CR#2 v Preussen</a>, and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Rochow_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">CR#8 Rochow</a>) hit the exposed right flank of the advancing <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Arberg_Infantry" target="_blank">d'Arberg</a> regiment. One by one, the successive Austrian battalions crumbled as the charging Prussians rode on.<br />
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At the same time, Tresckow led his infantry straight at the Austrian line. By about 17:00, with Prussian cavalry thundering on their right and the Prussian infantry bearing down on their front, much of the Austrian front line had started to crumble. Two regiments of Austrian and Saxon cavalry (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Kolowrat-Krakowski_Dragoons" target="_blank">Kolowrat Dragoons</a> and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Saxon_Karabiniergarde" target="_blank">Saxon Garde Carabiniers</a>) were fed forward by Serbelloni to bolster the failing infantry, but they, in turn were hit in the flank by the Prussian Normann Dragoons and also fled. Very quickly, the entire Austrian first line seemed in retreat. The two right regiments of Sincere's line (Deutshmeister and Baden-Baden) also gave way as the Prussian squadrons reached them. <br />
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In Starhemberg's supporting line, the left hand regiment, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Haller_Infantry" target="_blank">Haller's</a> Hungarians, witnessing the panic in the front line, must have said (in Hungarian), "To hell with this!" slung their muskets, drew their sabers, and, in customary Magyar form, charged. But they were met with controlled volleys from Tresckow's infantry and, in their turn, hit in the flank by the Prussian 8th Cuirassiers (Rochow) and overrun.<br />
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Everything on the right was falling apart for Daun. It looked like Frederick had achieved his easy victory after all.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Not so fast, Mr. The Great</span></span></span></span></h3>
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But all was not lost for the Austrians. Admittedly, things looked pretty bleak at 17:00, with Wied's division and most of Sincere's falling back, Prussian cavalry running amok, and Tresckow's battalions coming on like a moving wall of fire. It looked bad. But Daun wasn't Prince Charles. He didn't tend to faint.<br />
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Nor did the Austrian rank-and-file tend to faint. Several regiments <i>had </i>been broken up but they were now rallying and reforming like the professional soldiers they were, even as the victorious but unformed Prussian cavalry was pausing to reform itself on top of Krzeczor Hill. And not all the other Austrian regiments had broken. Sincere's left-hand regiment, three battalions of <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Botta_Infantry" target="_blank">Botta</a>, stood firm and delivered controlled volley after volley to stop both the oncoming infantry of Tresckow and the Prussian cavalry, covering their fellows in the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Baden-Baden_Infantry" target="_blank">Baden-Baden</a> and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Deutschmeister_Infantry" target="_blank">Deutschmeister</a> regiments while they rallied. One of Wied's regiments, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Salm_Infantry" target="_blank">Salm-Salm</a>, had not broken either but had fallen back to link up with the still-steady regiments of Starhemberg's brigade (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Gaisruck_Infantry" target="_blank">Gaisruck </a>and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Neipperg_Infantry" target="_blank">Neipperg</a>). And Serbelloni moved up his cavalry to plug the gap and throw back the rampaging (but now disordered) Prussian cuirassiers.<br />
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So Daun averted disaster--barely--thanks to the tenacity and professionalism of his troops and the quick thinking of his subordinate commanders. The Austrians continued to rally themselves. And Daun moved more pieces on the board.<br />
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For the previous two hours Frederick had been distracted by the frustrated attempts by Bevern's command (remember, it was supposed to stay in reserve according to Frederick's original plan) to take Przerovsky Hill. Eventually all eleven of Bevern's battalions were committed, attacking and falling back repeatedly. But the Austrian line on the hill (Andlau's brigade of infantry regiments <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Erzherzog_Carl_Infantry" target="_blank">Erzherzog Karl</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Moltke_Infantry" target="_blank">Moltke</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Puebla_Infantry" target="_blank">Puebla</a>, and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Mercy-Argenteau_Infantry" target="_blank">Mercy</a>) wouldn't budge. At one point, exasperated, Frederick galloped to the front of one battalion to lead a charge personally up the hill, shouting "Dogs! Do wish to live forever?" Apparently the men must have felt this was a legitimate existentialist question and answered for themselves, "Well, since you put it that way... yes, as a matter of fact," because an aide caught up with the king to point out that nobody was following him. How embarrassing. <br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-931vWAVBc9g/VIYZYl4mexI/AAAAAAAABig/Sm7jzHmEijI/s1600/I_Leibgarde_at_Kolin.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="436" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-931vWAVBc9g/VIYZYl4mexI/AAAAAAAABig/Sm7jzHmEijI/s640/I_Leibgarde_at_Kolin.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;">The 1st Battalion Leibgarde face front and back to fend off the Hesse-Darmstadt Dragoons.</span></span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;">Painting by 19th century salon artist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kn%C3%B6tel" target="_blank">Richard Knotel</a>.</span></span></i></td></tr>
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Meanwhile, Daun, now knowing that Frederick's new intention was to concentrate on Przerovsky Hill, had ordered Puebla's division (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Arenberg_Infantry" target="_blank">Arenberg</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Piccolomini_Infantry" target="_blank">Thurheim</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Leopold_Daun_Infantry" target="_blank">Leopold Daun</a>, and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Harsch_Infantry" target="_blank">Harsch</a> regiments) to move northeast to link up with the left of Andlau's command. He also ordered Stampach's until-now uncommitted cavalry to charge the Prussian right-hand cavalry under Schonaich and then outflank and drive in Frederick's exposed right flank. The Prussian brigade commander, Schonaich, however, refused to charge back. Instead he swung back his line to guard the right flank of the Prussian army. The Austrian, Stampach, pulled his own cavalry back, but not before one regiment, the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Hessen-Darmstadt_Dragoons" target="_blank">Hesse-Darmstadt Dragoons</a>, overran the exposed 1st Battalion of the Prussian <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=I.Leibgarde" target="_blank">Leibgarde</a>, chopped them up, took their two cannons, and some flags. The survivors managed to pick themselves up and reform. Just a flesh wound.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">The map below is protected by copyright 2014 Jeffery P.Berry Trust, and embedded with a <a href="https://www.digimarc.com/application/photography" target="_blank">Digimarc </a>watermark against unauthorized copying.</span></i></span><br />
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By 17:30 the battle, which had a couple of hours earlier looked lost to the Austrians, now seemed to have tipped in Daun's favor. Frederick now began to throw Hail Marys in a desperate attempt to retrieve the situation. He must have reasoned that he had been in tight spots before (as at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/02/mollwitz-1741.html" target="_blank">Mollwitz</a>, <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/03/chotusitz-1742_30.html" target="_blank">Chotusitz</a>, <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-battle-of-soor-1745_23.html" target="_blank">Soor</a>, <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/07/lobositz-1756.html" target="_blank">Lobositz</a>) and had pulled it out. So he ordered Pennavaire's cuirassiers (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Buddenbrock_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">CR#1 Krockow</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Baron_von_Kyau_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">CR#12 Kyau</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Prussian_Leib-Carabiniers" target="_blank">CR#11 Leib Carabiniers</a>, and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Prussian_Leibregiment" target="_blank">CR#3 Leib</a>) to charge up the Krzeczor Hill and exploit the hole he saw in Daun's line. <br />
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Serbelloni, seeing the Prussian heavy horse lumbering up the valley between Chotsemitz and Bristvi, ordered three of his own cuirassier regiments (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Sachsen-Teschen_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Kalckreuth</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Infant_von_Portugal_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Portugal</a>, and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Schmerzing_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Schmerzing</a>) to counter-charge. The Austrian horse would have the advantage because the Prussians had the farthest to go and would be climbing uphill the whole way, through tall crops, so would arrive winded and somewhat out of order at the top. <br />
<br />
However, due to some misunderstanding, the three Austrian regiments turned and filed behind Stahemberg's infantry before Pennavaire's cavalry got to the top, leaving a hole for the Prussians to exploit. The Prussian cuirassiers thought they had achieved an easy, bloodless victory when they saw what they interpreted as the Austrian horse scampering away in terror.<br />
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This turned out to be a fortuitous event for the Austrians, though, since Serbelloni immediately sent 26 more squadrons (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Prinz_Savoyen_Dragoons" target="_blank">Savoyen Dragoons</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Di_Stampa_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Birkenfeld Cuirassiers</a>, and all the Saxon cavalry) to hit the Prussians as they crested the hill, surprising them just as they thought they had chased away the first line of Austrian cuirassiers. This, and a simultaneous attack in their left flank from the Kommanditieren Cavalry, as well as the concentrated volleys they received from the redoubtable Botta regiment on their right, sent all the Prussian cuirassiers stampeding pell mell back down the hill, galloping over their own infantry in the way (Tresckow's battalions), who were next hacked down by the furious Saxon cavalry chasing the Prussian cavalry. Tresckow himself was wounded and taken prisoner in this rout.<br />
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While this disaster was happening in the Prussian center, the 2nd Prussian Cuirassiers (the yellow jacketed <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Prinz_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Prinz von Preussen</a>) had worked their way around the north of Krzerczor village and filtered through Tresckow's line. As soon as they reformed, they charged helter-skelter at Starhemberg's infantry on Krzerczor Hill. They didn't get very far. Starhemberg's men were, by this time, reformed, resupplied with ammunition, and met the single, unsupported cuirassier regiment with controlled volleys. The Austrian artillery, still intact, also devastated the Prussian horse with point-blank canister. The survivors filtered back through the chinks in Tresckow's line, who were, themselves, now being attacked in the rear by the Saxon and Austrian cavalry returning from having routed Pennavaire's division.<br />
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Frederick's cavalry had not made a very good showing today.<br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Frederick's last Hail Mary</span></span></span></span></h3>
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With the attacks by Hulsen, Tresckow and Pennavaire failed and most of their troops pretty much spent for any further action that day, Frederick now tried one last push. It was now about 18:30 and he had only about an hour left before sunset. Time was running out. He had Puttkamer bring over his brigade (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Prinz_Moritz_Infantry" target="_blank">IR#22 Moritz</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Kalckstein_Infantry" target="_blank">IR#25 Kalckstein</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Kreytzen_Fusiliers" target="_blank">IR#40 Kreytsen Fusiliers</a>, and the remnants of <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=I.Leibgarde" target="_blank">1st Battalion Leibgarde #15</a>) to join with what was left of Tresckow's men in one last blow on the Austrian center. Puttkamer's men were fresh, his last uncommitted reserve, and Frederick was certain that the Austrians, who had been fighting all afternoon, must be getting tired and out of ammunition. This would be the last minute save he counted on. His infantry never let him down. And so far, they had managed to open up a gap in Daun's center, which Frederick would now exploit.<br />
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Daun, after the spectacular defeat of the Prussian cavalry, saw his chance to make a killing blow. He pulled his center infantry (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Botta_Infantry" target="_blank">Botta</a>, and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Erzherzog_Carl_Infantry" target="_blank">Erzherzog Karl</a>,) back toward Przerovsky Hill (see map below), supporting them with three cuirassier regiments (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Sachsen-Teschen_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Kalckreuth</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Infant_von_Portugal_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Portugal</a>, and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Schmerzing_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Schmerzing</a>). Seeing that the threat to his left was pretty much contained, with the Prussians in rout on that sector, he felt secure enough to get Andlau to hustle his three regiments (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Moltke_Infantry" target="_blank">Moltke</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Puebla_Infantry" target="_blank">Puebla</a>, and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Mercy-Argenteau_Infantry" target="_blank">Mercy</a>) from Przerovsky Hill over to support Wied and Starhemberg rallying on his right in the Oak Wood. The race was not over yet.<br />
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The Austrian line on the left-center (under Sincere) had been pushed back almost at right angles to its original face, but it was not yet broken. The Deutschmeister and Baden-Baden regiments had retreated in the face of the 14 battalions the Prussians had on the hill, but the heroic <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Erzherzog_Carl_Infantry" target="_blank">Erzherzog Karl</a> and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Botta_Infantry" target="_blank">Botta </a>regiments (as well as an ad hoc battalion of grenadiers Sincere had thrown together on the left) were staunchly returning volley for volley, exhibiting not just fire discipline, but careful marksmanship in firing low and waiting for the Prussians to come up close. These were holding back the blue tide. At one point, the Botta regiment was running out of ammunition for the second time that day when their young commander, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_de_Paula_Ulrich,_3rd_Prince_Kinsky_of_Wchinitz_and_Tettau" target="_blank">Franz von Kinsky</a>, held up a passing ammunition wagon belonging to another regiment at gunpoint. So the Bottas were able to keep firing thanks to this highway robbery.<br />
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Supporting the first Prussian line marching obliquely up the hill, the infantry regiment <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Prinz_Moritz_Infantry" target="_blank">IR#22 Moritz</a> and the undaunted battalion of the Leibgarde (IR#15/1), started working their way south to outflank Sincere's line. These three battalions, however, were completely surprised by a furious charge from all sides by Serbelloni's cavalry, who rode them down. This was the second time that day that the Leibgarde had been ridden over, and like the first, they turned front and back and fought off the Austrian dragoons until they fell to the ground and let the Austrians ride over them. The survivors again picked themselves up and, with the colors they had left, and marched back over the hill to the Kaiserstrasse with their dignity. The three battalions, though, reported 77% casualties for the battle.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">The map below is protected by copyright 2014 Jeffery P.Berry Trust, and embedded with a <a href="https://www.digimarc.com/application/photography" target="_blank">Digimarc </a>watermark against unauthorized copying.</span></i></span>
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Serbelloni's cavalry, supported by the Saxons, continued on their charge and began to hit the rear of the Prussian main line engaged with Sincere's outnumbered brigade. They were joined by three more regiments of cuirassiers (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Schmerzing_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Schmerzing</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Infant_von_Portugal_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Portugal</a>, and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Sachsen-Teschen_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Kalckreuth</a>) from the west, who began to roll up the Prussian line from the south. Sincere's infantry fixed bayonets and charged the wavering Prussians, who were themselves starting to gradually break up into small groups and retreat back to the Kaiserstrasse. By 20:00 the whole line was in retreat under the gloom of twilight.<br />
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Andlau had, by this time managed to hurry his brigade over to the Austrian left to support Wied and what was left of Starhemberg's command. The Prussian left wing commander, Hulsen, who had managed to retake the northern part of the Oak Wood, saw now that he couldn't hold it in the face of these unexpected Austrian reinforcements, so he ordered his men, too, to make their way back in small groups. By 21:00 all of the surviving Prussian troops managed to limp back to their start line<br />
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The battle was over. The Austrians were stunned. They had won. They had actually, for the first time, beaten Frederick in a standup fight. Their infantry had outshot his and held the ground. Their cavalry had ridden down his cavalry. And their artillery had smothered his artillery and butchered his cavalry in close range firing. Frederick was beat by every arm. And Daun hadn't even committed his whole army (the brigades of Stampach and Puebla were still fairly fresh on the left at Pobortz Hill).<br />
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Of course, Frederick, long before the final decision had been made, vacated the field; just as he had done at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/02/mollwitz-1741.html" target="_blank">Mollwitz </a>in 1741 and at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/07/lobositz-1756.html" target="_blank">Lobowitz </a>in 1756. He wasn't one of those ferocious monarchs like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" target="_blank">Harold </a>or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica" target="_blank">Boudicca </a>who stayed with his/her men in the face of defeat. The next time we see him, he's discovered by his retreating troops sitting on the edge of a culvert on the Kaiserstrasse, sulking. It's probably apocryphal but a cuirassier trooper supposedly brought him a hatful of water to drink (yum, would you drink out of some sweaty hat?) and admonishes him to buck up, "Drink, your majesty, and let battles be battles; it's well that you are safe. Let us trust in God that it will soon be our turn to conquer!" I would have loved to have heard what the King's reply was to this soldier soldier who had failed him yet again.<br />
<br />
This little scene was immortalized in one of the famous Prussian propaganda illustrations made by Richard Knotel a century-and-a-half later.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7iMEqB3UhrU/VJtZcqqlFUI/AAAAAAAABnw/yS9XlnoDD-k/s1600/fred-after-kolin-800.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7iMEqB3UhrU/VJtZcqqlFUI/AAAAAAAABnw/yS9XlnoDD-k/w400-h300/fred-after-kolin-800.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Prussian enlisted man hands his king a hat full of dirty water<br />and gives him an unsolicited pep-talk. <br />Looking at this print, I wonder why the shadows are pointing <br /><u>at </u>the setting sun. Ask <b>Richard Knotel</b>, the artist.</span></span></i></td></tr>
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<br />
I'm sure it happened just as it was described. Except, in Knotel's picture, the sun seems to either be setting in the north or the Prussians are retreating south, in the direction of the Austrians. Or that's the full moon rising (which might explain the shadows) and the Prussians are retreating north, instead of west. But wait! The moon was new, which was the opposite of full. </p><p>But the incident could just as likely been apocryphal, one more anecdote of Frederican legendeering.<br />
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</p><div style="text-align: right;">
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<b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Afterwards</span></span></span></b><br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">The battle, which had lasted half the day, was bloody, to say the least. The Prussians lost 13,768 casualties, or 40% of their force; a truly horrific defeat. The Austrians lost some 9,000 men, or about a 17% casualty rate. This is what distinguished Kolin from either Prague or Lobositz the year before, battles in which both sides suffered more or less equally. I have observed that there's a misconception that 18th century battles were less destructive than later Napoleonic ones. But battles like Kolin refute that. It was a slaughter, particularly for the Prussians.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolin was a tactical victory for Austria, but also a strategic one in that it compelled Frederick to abandon his weeks-long siege of Prague and retreat back into Saxony. So the primary mission entrusted to Daun, to relieve Prague, was accomplished as well. </span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Maria Theresa was, herself, so relieved and overjoyed that she created a new medal, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Order_of_Maria_Theresa" target="_blank">The Military Order of Maria Theresa</a>,</span></span></span></span> especially for the veterans and commanders at Kolin, Austria's first unequivocal victory over her arch-nemesis, Prussia. Of course, her brother-in-law, Prince Charles, who was nowhere near the battlefield and had no part in its planning, was one of the first to receive this medal for his "brilliant victory" (he was, remember, the titular commander-in-chief of all of the Austrian forces). If ever one had a worthless brother-in-law, Maria-Theresa's was Charles.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Unfortunately, once Charles was rescued by Daun and was able to personally escape from Prague, he took "active" command again and proceeded to botch up the pursuit of the retreating Prussians, allowing them to get away and reform. Kolin could have ended Frederick's participation in the Seven Years War had the Austrians followed through on it. But Charles knew better.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Frederick, in one of the most remarkable turnarounds in military history, in the months after Kolin, and perpetually outnumbered throughout the rest of 1757, was able to achieve two incredible victories (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1757-11-05_-_Battle_of_Rossbach" target="_blank">Rossbach </a>and <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/06/leuthen-1757.html" target="_blank">Leuthen</a>) which turned the whole war around in his favor. The latter defeat for the Austrians, of course, was the fault of Prince Charles again, who was shortly (and finally) relieved of any further command for good by his indulgent sister-in-law. Much to the relief of everyone else, as well.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Final remarks on the battle</span></span></span></span></h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Return on Investment</b></span><br />
In this battle the investment in reforms that the Austrian defense establishment had made over the previous decade paid astounding returns. They had learned much from their losses in the previous war (of the Austrian Succession) and had applied that learning to great effect. Their tactics were improved, adopting the fire systems and the modern three-rank formations of the Prussian infantry. And the iron ramrod replaced the venerable beechwood one of previous decades, allowing an increase in the rate of fire. The battle showed that training had paid off, with the Austrian infantry holding its own against their Prussian counterparts. Even though they'd lost their cohesion several times during the long fight, most of them rallied to get back into it. This was not the Austrian army that the Prussians had been used to fighting.<br />
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The Austrian cavalry, probably their best arm during the previous war, was even better trained and mounted in this one. As Kolin demonstrated, they were able to out-maneuver and out-fight the Prussians consistently, whipping virtually every last squadron sent against them.<br />
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And their artillery, under the reforms of Liechtenstein, was, in terms of equipment, logistics and tactics, probably the best in the world by the beginning of the Seven Years War. It certainly dominated the Prussian artillery at Kolin and was able to significantly supplement the close-support fire for the infantry. For decades after Leichtenstein's reforms, Austria's long arm was considered the finest in Europe and when <a href="http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gribeauval_system" target="_blank">Gribeauval </a>started to reform the French artillery in 1765, he modeled it on the Austrians'.<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Snatching Defeat from the Jaws of Victory</b></span><br />
Unfortunately, due to the death of Austria's best general (Browne) and the bungling of Prince Charles, the momentum afforded by Kolin was not exploited and the war went on and on. But it did give Austria the needed psychological boost it needed to continue the war for six more years, and ultimately to negotiate favorable terms at the end.<br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">The Prussians Suffer from Success-Induced Failure </span></span></b><br />
The Prussian performance at Kolin was mixed. Their infantry, as usual, saved what could have been an even greater disaster. Most of the regiments fought doggedly until they themselves ran out of ammunition and only quit the field under orders and as night fell. Many battalions were ridden down by the Austrian horse and cut to pieces. But most retained their colors and none broke and fled.<br />
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The same could not be said, though, for the Prussian cavalry. Though there were isolated examples of valor, for the most part, they just broke and fled, just as they had done in the previous battles. By Kolin they were decidedly not as good as the Austrians.<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Where was Zieten when all this was going on?</b></span><br />
Finally, everyone, in the narratives I could find, seems to have forgotten any action on the far eastern side of the battle between all of the Prussian and Austrian hussars (under, respectively, Zieten and Nadasty). Apparently this action spread out almost all the way to Kolin city, with small skirmishing going on all afternoon. Zieten himself was so disconnected from the main battle that he is reportedly to have been completely surprised that the Prussians were in retreat. At any rate, his light cavalry gave no help that day, either to the combat in the main battle or as reconnaissance. Frederick was fighting in the blind, thanks to Zieten. While Daun, thanks to Nadasty, had ample light infantry and cavalry coverage and information on enemy movements.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Wargaming Kolin</span></span></span></span></h3>
Kolin was a big battle composed of several small actions, each of which could be simulated in a miniatures game. The scale of Kolin itself made the ground over which it was fought bigger than Gettysburg or Waterloo and about the same as Austerlitz. And it was segmented, as a play, into several acts, each lending itself to a battalion-level tactical game.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Relative Combat Efficiency</b></span><br />
As I remarked above, because of the reforms of the Austrian Army in the years prior to the Seven Years War, the infantry of both sides should be considered equivalent in terms of combat efficiency, morale, and training; i.e. both would be rated as fully professional veteran level troops.<br />
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I would rate the Austrian cavalry as somewhat better than their Prussian counterparts, as events proved. They were certainly better employed.<br />
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And the Austrian artillery was much more efficient than the Prussian, able to move and unlimber faster, and act as well as Napoleon's artillery fifty years later.<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Light Troops</b></span></span><br />
The Austrian Pandours, as well as their hussars, did marvelous service for Daun during this battle, as they had in previous battles. They gave him very good intelligence. They screened his own army effectively. They consistently stalled, irritated, and broke up the Prussian infantry on their way up the hills. And they even held up the advancing Prussian close-order formations with dogged defense of the villages. Even after the Prussians had taken those villages and moved up to Krzceczor Hill, the Pandours hid in houses, ditches, woods and behind walls to snipe at their flanks and rear. The Prussians really never did completely get rid of them. They were like a persistant infection in Frederick's feet.<br />
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The Prussians, at this stage of the war, had really nothing to answer the Pandours. And his own hussars under Zieten, apparently felt their job was to fight toe-to-toe with their counterparts and not provide any screening or reconnaissance.Consequently, Frederick, though he was trying to execute a surprise flank attack on Daun, was fighting completely in the blind, while Daun was able to monitor his every move and react in time to it.<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hidden Movement</span></span></span></b><br />
The nature of the topography at Kolin gave the Austrians a decisive advantage. Like Wellington at Waterloo, they could conceal their main force and move troops back and forth behind the screen of the ridge south of the Kaiserstrasse. Frederick never knew what Daun's strength was at any point. Also the high cereal crops (corn, wheat, rye) at the time allowed the Pandours to hide.<br />
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A war game could provide for this hidden movement for the Austrian player. While he/she could observe every movement of the Prussian player, any movement south of the Pobortz-Przerovsky-Krzerzcor ridgeline on the Austrian player's part could be done as concealed movement until the Prussian crested the hill.<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Infantry vs Cavalry</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">While there didn't seem to be any instance I could find of infantry using squares at Kolin (though this formation had been in use for generations), there also doesn't seem to be any reason why a war gamer couldn't employ them. They were certainly available to the menu of tactics then. Perhaps local commanders didn't wish to expose their infantry to artillery fire with dense formations.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">But though no formal squares seem to have been reported at Kolin, there were several instances when the Prussian infantry turned its third rank around to fire at cavalry attacking its rear, or from both sides. So some allowance in war game rules should be made for this effect (say 1/2 fire effect from each side). Of course, this would still leave the ends of a linear formation exposed to a flank attack, as happened to both IR#22 Moritz and IR#15 Leibgarde, and being overrun. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Orders of Battle</span></span></span></span></h3>
The following OOB lists were compiled primarily from Simon Millar's Osprey book, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Kolin-1757-Frederick-Greats-Campaign/dp/1841762970/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1419481664&sr=1-1&keywords=kolin+1757" target="_blank">"Kolin 1757"</a> (Campaign 91) as well as the OOB in the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1757-06-18_-_Battle_of_Kolin" target="_blank">Kronoskaf article</a> on the battle <br />
<br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Command</b></span>, besides listing the name of each command, is also coded for primary coat color of the regiment. The alpha-numeric code after each name is the later numerical designation in the Prussian and Austrian armies, for cross-referencing in Kronoskaf or Duffy (see References below).<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Facing</b></span> is color coded in the facings of the regiment (e.g. cuffs, lapels, etc.) For more precise uniform information I refer you to <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Armies" target="_blank">Kronoskaf </a>or Duffy. Under this column, too, is the Military symbol coding for the command (division, bridade, regiment, squadron, etc. as well as the code for the type of unit).<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #e69138;">Flags</span></b> displays miniatures of the flags carried into battle by the units, both the colonel's color (carried by the 1st company) and the regimental colors (carried by all the rest in the regiment). Where units did not carry flags on campaign (like hussars or combined grenadier battalions), this cell is left blank.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Strength</b></span> is an estimate of the strength of each unit at the time of the battle. NB: Please don't use these data for academic reference. Since there were not available precise unit musters during this period (at least that I have been able to research), I have used the gross estimate of strengths reported, and proportionally found the mean for each type of unit. Then, for fun, I applied a randomizing formula around the mean for each type of command (+/- 5%) to make a wargame feel more realistic.<br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Guns</b></span> is number of guns assigned to each command. For this OOB since sections were assigned to individual battalions for close support, I have reflected that here.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Ranks </b></span>is the standard deployment depth for each type and army at the time of the battle. The Austrians would later that year begin to deploy in 3 rank infantry formations (and 2 rank for cavalry), but at Kolin they were still deploying on the old 4 and 3 ranks respectively.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Subunits</b></span>, list the building blocks for each type of command, for instance a Prussian battalion would have 5 companies, an Austrian 8.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #e69138;">Notes</span></b> is used to mark artillery calibers, or position of larger commands in each army. But I've also used this to show the color schemes of Prussian grenadier and fusilier headgear, for quick reference. Again, for anyone painting models, I refer to <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Armies" target="_blank">Kronoskaf</a>.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">References</span></span></span></span></h3><p>
I relied on the following references in composing this post, with most of the detail coming from Millar.<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Great-Magnificent-Robert-Asprey/dp/0595469000/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1364623177&sr=1-1&keywords=Frederick+the+Great%3A+The+Magnificent+Enigma" target="_blank">Asprey, Robert, "Frederick the Great: A Magnificent Enigma", Ticknor & Fields, ISBN 0-89919-352-8</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Army-Frederick-Great-Christopher-Duffy/dp/188347602X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1364622649&sr=8-1&keywords=the+army+of+frederick+the+great" target="_blank">Duffy, Christopher, "The Army of Frederick the Great", Emperor Press, ISBN 1-883476-02-X</a><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Great-A-Military-Life/dp/0415002761/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1364623051&sr=8-1&keywords=Frederick+the+great%3A+a+military+life" target="_blank"><br /></a>
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Great-A-Military-Life/dp/0415002761/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1364623051&sr=8-1&keywords=Frederick+the+great%3A+a+military+life" target="_blank">Duffy, Christopher, "Frederick the Great: A Military Life", Routledge, ISBN 0-415-00276-1</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Maria-Theresa-Historic-armies-navies/dp/0715373870/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1364623117&sr=8-1&keywords=The+ARmy+of+Maria+Theresa" target="_blank">Duffy, Christopher, "The Army of Maria Theresa", Terence Wise, ISBN 0-7153-7387-0 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Great-Art-War-Luvaas/dp/0306809087/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401904964&sr=1-1&keywords=frederick+the+great+on+the+art+of+war+luvaas" target="_blank">Duffy, Christopher, "Instrument of War: The Austrian Army in the Seven Years War", Emperor's Press, ISBN 1-883476-19-4 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Military-Experience-Reason-Wordsworth-Library/dp/1853266906/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401905295&sr=1-1&keywords=Christopher+Duffy" target="_blank">Duffy, Christopher, "Military Experience in the Age of Reason," Atheneum, 1987, ISBN 0-689-11993-3</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Force-Arms-Austrian-Seven-Years/dp/1858189829/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1405012819&sr=1-1&keywords=Christopher+Duffy%2C+By+Force+of+Arms" target="_blank">Duffy, Christopher, "By Force of Arms: Vol 2 of The Austrian Army in the Seven Years War", Emperor's Press, ISBN 1-883476-39-4 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Great-Art-War-Luvaas/dp/0306809087/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401904964&sr=1-1&keywords=frederick+the+great+on+the+art+of+war+luvaas" target="_blank">Frederick the Great, "The Art of War", Da Capo Press, 1999, ISBN 0-306-80908-7 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Greats-Army-Cavalry-Men-at-Arms/dp/1855321343/ref=sr_1_1_title_1_pap?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401906162&sr=1-1&keywords=Frederick+the+Great%27s+Army+1+Cavalry" target="_blank">Haythornethwaite, Philip, "Frederick the Great's Army 1 Cavalry", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-134-3 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Greats-Army-Infantry-Men-at-Arms/dp/1855321602/ref=tmm_pap_title_0?ie=UTF8&qid=1401906225&sr=1-3" target="_blank">Haythornethwaite, Philip, "Frederick the Great's Army 2 Infantry", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-160-2</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Greats-Army-Specialist-Men-at-arms-ebook/dp/B007UI2BS4/ref=sr_1_4?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401906397&sr=1-4&keywords=Frederick+the+Great%27s+Army+1+Cavalry" target="_blank">Haythornethwaite, Philip, "Frederick the Great's Army 3 Specialist Troops", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-225-0 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/Haythornethwaite,%20Philip,%20%22The%20Austrian%20Army%201740-80:%202%20%20Infantry%22,%20Osprey%20Publishing,%20ISBN%201-85532-418-0" target="_blank">Haythornethwaite, Philip, "The Austrian Army 1740-80: 1 Cavalry", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-415-6 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Austrian-Army-1740-80-Infantry-Men-at-Arms/dp/1855324180/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401905692&sr=1-2&keywords=The+Austrian+Army+1740-80%3A+3" target="_blank">Haythornethwaite, Philip, "The Austrian Army 1740-80: 2 Infantry", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-418-0</a><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Austrian-Army-1740-80-Specialist-Men-At-Arms/dp/1855325276/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401905692&sr=1-1&keywords=The+Austrian+Army+1740-80%3A+3" target="_blank"><br /></a>
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Austrian-Army-1740-80-Specialist-Men-At-Arms/dp/1855325276/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401905692&sr=1-1&keywords=The+Austrian+Army+1740-80%3A+3" target="_blank">Haythornethwaite, Philip, "The Austrian Army 1740-80: 3 Specialist Troops", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-4180</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Kolin-1757-Frederick-Greats-Campaign/dp/1841762970/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1419475698&sr=1-1&keywords=kolin+1757" target="_blank">Millar, Simon, "Kolin 1757: Frederick the Great's first defeat", Osprey Publishing, Campaign 91, 2001, ISBN 1-84176-297-0</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Anatomy-Victory-Battle-Tactics-1689-1763/dp/0870520148/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1364623218&sr=1-1&keywords=The+anatomy+of+victory" target="_blank">Nosworthy, Brent, "The Anatomy of Victory: Battle Tactics 1689-1763" Hippocrene, ISBN0-87052-785-1</a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Online References:</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1757-06-18_-_Battle_of_Kolin" target="_blank">Kronoskaf: Seven Years War: Battle of Kolin</a> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<br />
<a href="http://johnsmilitaryhistory.com/Kolin">johnsmilitaryhistory.com/Kolin</a> For panoramic, on-the-ground photography of Kolin , this site is unequalled. </p><p>Yet another great on-the-ground battlefield tour is found at Graham Morris's blog, Battlefield Anomalies. <a href="https://battlefieldanomalies.com/wp-content/tours/kolin/index.html">https://battlefieldanomalies.com/wp-content/tours/kolin/index.html</a><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i>©
</i></span></span>Copyright 2014, Jeffery
P. Berry Trust, all rights reserved. No part of this post may be used
for republication or re-posting without documented permission of the
Jeffery P. Berry Trust. However, feel free to link to this site as a
resource from related sites.</i></span></span></p>Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com26tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-92179477250725673162014-10-30T22:44:00.007-07:002021-07-05T16:16:03.229-07:00Pickett's Charge 1863<h2>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Gettysburg<br />American Civil War</span></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Friday, 3 July 1863</span></span></h2>
<span style="color: blue;">Army of the Potomac under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Meade" target="_blank">George Meade</a>: approx. 9,400 engaged in the defense, 122 guns (in range)</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Army of Northern Virgina under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" target="_blank">Robert E. Lee</a>: approx. 12,000 engaged in the charge, 164 guns (in range). </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Weather:</span> Cloudy in the morning, clear with puffy cumes in the afternoon, 87 degrees (30 C) at 15:00. Humid with still air.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Sunset:</span> 19:41 <span style="color: #990000;">End of Twilight:</span> 20:13<br />
(calculated from <a href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/RS_OneDay.php" target="_blank">U.S. Naval Observatory</a> from date and location)<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #990000;">Geo Coordinates: </span><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/39%C2%B048'07.0%22N+77%C2%B014'10.0%22W/@39.8033299,-77.2390077,16z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d39.8019444!4d-77.2361111" target="_blank">39° 48′ 7″ N, 77° 14′ 10″ W</a><br />
<span title="Longitude"> </span><br />
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">My sand table diorama of Pickett's Charge. View west from Cemetery Ridge. Models are 5mm (1:300 scale), groundscale- 1:1500.</span> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Image protected by Digimarc watermark against unauthorized copying).</span></span></i></h3>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;">The Great American Banzai Charge</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">T</span></span>his is about as far from being an obscure incident in an obscure battle as it's possible to get. Pickett's Charge, in fact, ranks right up there with D-Day as one of the most famous military events in American military history. So why is it a post in my increasingly misnamed blog, Obscure Battles? Because I have the urge to talk about some of the more obscure but important aspects of this battle-within-a-battle that, in my and several of my resources' opinions, had a direct bearing on how it turned out. In playing this as a wargame innumerable times, those aspects have turned out--at least in laboratory--to be critical factors. And there are some obscure details of this charge that may explain the inevitability of its failure.<br />
<br />
Also, the real reason is that I just had to get some things off my chest. So the theme of this post will be obscure in its point of view. Not to say downright revisionist. To inveterate Confederates what I'm going to write here may be considered Yankee propaganda and heresy. But I was never a Confederate in sympathy; my ancestors all fought for the Union--on my mom's side, at least.<br />
<br />
Because it's probably the most written-about battle in American history, I'm not going to spend any time on the buildup to Gettysburg, or even on the events of the first two days of that three day battle. I'm only going to reflect on what I imagine was the strategic mind-set of Robert E. Lee as he conceived of this doomed attack on this third day of one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War.<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">For orientation, here is what the battlefield looked like at about midday on 3 July 1863. The Confederate artillery had been massing all morning and are in their final positions before their bombardment of the Union center on Cemetery Ridge. The Confederate infantry are shown in their waiting positions prior to the attack. All units are represented in the actual footprint that would have been occupied by the regiment or battery given its reported strength on July 3. The map details only the area around the Union center and does not include the action around Culp's Hill to the northwest, Ewell's troops north of the town of Gettysburg, or the forces around Little and Big Round Tops to the south. </span><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Note that this map is protected by Digimarc watermark against unauthorized copying).</span></span></i></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">What, on Earth, was Lee thinking?</span></span></h4>
When I was ten my family visited Gettysburg one Sunday. As my dad and I stood at
the Angle, where Webb's Pennsylvanians stood a century before, looking across to Seminary Ridge, it struck both of us as insane that 12,000
men, all upright and shoulder-to-shoulder, would walk across that open thousand-plus yards into
what must have seemed certain death to them. I was in awe of the courage
of those men, knowing they were going to die horribly in the next
twenty minutes, who marched on anyway, holding onto each others'
sleeves. My dad (inveterate Civil War nut that he was) only said, "Incredible." Then, for dramatic effect, muttered it again under his breath, "<span style="font-size: x-small;">Incredible.</span>" My dad was such a ham.<br />
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The whole point of Lee's second invasion of the North in the summer of 1863 was to end the war. The Confederacy was not doing well. Virtually the entire Mississippi River was cut and the last railroad link to the Trans-Mississippi Confederacy at Vicksburg was about to fall to U.S.Grant (the day after Pickett's Charge, in fact). The South was starving from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" target="_blank">Anaconda </a>strategy of the North, with nearly every seaport blockaded by the U.S. Navy. No foreign power had recognized the Confederacy since its creation and both Lee and Jefferson Davis realized that they needed a decisive military victory to have any chance of help from Britain or France. In fact, there were representatives of the European powers riding with Lee's staff, observing this battle closely, ready to advise their respective governments as to whether the Confederacy had a chance of surviving.<br />
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In spite of uninterrupted battlefield victories by the Army of Northern Virginia over the Union Army of the Potomac for the preceding two years (with the singular exception of Antietam the summer before), Lee was growing weary of the war. How many times did he have to beat "these people" (as he called them) before they saw their cause was hopeless? Gettysburg was intended to be the final battle. Once he crushed the Army of the Potomac on its own ground, north of Washington, he was sure that the Lincoln administration would be forced by Congress to sue for peace.<br />
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But after two days of intense combat, Lee's army had been unable to force Meade to recognize defeat and to retreat like his predecessors would have done. The supposedly whipped Yankees had held off furious attacks on their right at Culp's Hill, on their left at Little Round Top, and in the center at the Peach Orchard and on Cemetery Ridge. But by the third day, they had refused to recognize defeat and remained infuriatingly present. <br />
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So Lee, having spent a sleepless night (he had been, according to memoirists, suffering from a stomach flu the previous two days), saw that the only thing for it was to launch a massive attack on the Federal center at Cemetery Ridge. He reasoned that Meade, having had to reinforce both his left and right wings from the previous days' fighting, would have had to weaken his center. He also thought the Yankees were on the verge of moral collapse, having sustained such horrific casualties since Wednesday. That he didn't reach that same conclusion of the moral status of his own army, who had also sustained terrible losses, betrays his introspective blindness.<br />
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This, too, was another example of success-induced failure (see my articles on <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/07/lobositz-1756.html" target="_blank">Lobositz</a> and <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/11/blenheim-1704.html" target="_blank">Blenheim</a>); the Army of Northern Virginia was full of itself after having enjoyed one glorious victory after another since Lee took command. Lee felt his army was invincible. There was a common belief among the soldiers of that army that one Reb could whip three Yankees. But what neither Lee nor his men seemed to notice was that the Yankees kept fighting--and giving as good as they got. It had been, up to now, the courage of the top leadership of the Army of the Potomac that had been lacking, not of the troops themselves (the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" target="_blank">Seven Days Battles</a> at the end of the Peninsula Campaign the previous summer,
had all been tactical Union victories, which the then spineless McClellan
had retreated from). And, reading the recollections of the Union soldiers on Cemetery Ridge that morning, they certainly didn't sound defeated. Many of them had been itching for another fight with "these arrogant people" as the Confederates were known.<br />
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Several participants on both sides at Pickett's Charge remembered those Seven Days Battles, not to mention the suicidal assaults by the Army of the Potomac at Fredericksburg seven months earlier, and saw the 1300 yards of open field over which the Confederates would have to come as a chilling replay of those slaughters. Longstreet himself, whom Lee had tasked with organizing this assault, thought it was suicidal (at least in his own memoirs after the war, which may have been just a little self-serving).<br />
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Not Lee, though. He may have just been depressed. Or sick. As aggressive and successful as he was, by 1863 he was also weary of the carnage and wanted it to end. So maybe this was just a Hail Mary Pass, an act of desperation.<br />
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Lee liked to flatter himself of his ability to read his opponents, and he'd been up against such a chorus line of unworthy opposite-numbers for the past year (McClellan, Pope, , Burnside, Hooker) that he grew to have contempt for them. George Meade, who had only had command of the Army of the Potomac for four days, was someone Lee had known from the Old Army and he wrote him off, too, as "cautious"--not a compliment from Lee. So, he saw himself on the third day of Gettysburg as fighting just one man, Meade, and not ninety-some thousand veteran fighters dug in on the high ground with enfilading fields of fire.<br />
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Meade, as it would turn out, had one thing he did not share with his predecessors: cockiness. He was more prudent than cautious. He was the type of general who, as Napoleon had enjoined, did not interrupt his enemy when he was making a mistake. He had, the night before, anticipated that Lee, having tried both his flanks the previous two days, would try hitting his center on Friday. His role, as he saw it as Potomac's new commander, was to manage its assets and make sure each sector had enough force to protect its front. Lee was right about him; he was, by nature, cautious--not an aggressive leader--and, unlike his failed predecessor, "Fightin'" Joe Hooker, had no thought of attacking. Meade had a clearly superior position, superior numbers, plenty of ammo, and interior lines. As a native Pennsylvanian, he was also fighting on his home ground, as were several of his brigades. All he had to do was not screw up. That was Lee's role.<br />
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The real Union leaders who would make a difference on Cemetery Ridge were the corps, division and brigade commanders, like Hancock, Gibbon, and Webb.<br />
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And of course there were the men in the ranks of Potomac's First and Second Corps, who definitely didn't see themselves as defeated on that Friday afternoon before the big Fourth of July weekend.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">"No fifteen thousand men ever arrayed for battle can take that position."</span></span></h3><p>
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Lee had originally planned a joint assault at dawn, with Ewell attacking up Culp's Hill again while Longstreet simultaneously hit the Union center. But it was taking Pickett's fresh division so long to get into line that this plan fell apart. Ewell had gone ahead anyway on the morning of 3 July and made a final attempt to take Culp's Hill on the Union right, ultimately to no effect. Lee let this unsupported attack go ahead for several hours, either thinking that Meade would move reinforcements to that sector away from his center, or due to the Army of Northern Virginia's sloppy staff work. Ewell said he'd never got a message to the change of plans. This seems likely.<br />
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Meanwhile, Lee and Longstreet spent the morning riding around the south and west side of the battlefield, planning the big assault. Longstreet, if we are to believe his post-war explanation, spent this time trying to persuade Lee to move the Army further around to the south and go up the left flank of Meade's army at Round Top instead, coming between the enemy and Washington. Lee supposedly ruled this out, saying that it would take too long, that it would demoralize the Army to disengage and maneuver around to the south, and, besides, "the enemy is there" (pointing to Cemetery Ridge). More than once, according to Longstreet, he protested having to make the attack. He writes that he told General Lee,<span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">"General,...It is my opinion that no fifteen thousand men ever arrayed for battle can take that position."</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></p><p>In reality, Longstreet didn't even have that many, but General Lee had made up his mind. And besides, his troops had never failed in a charge before (unless you count what had been happening right on that very field the previous two days).<br />
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What was odd, too, about Lee's plan was that he seemed to have forgotten the lesson of Fredericksburg the previous year when he had been in the same position Meade was in now, defending entrenched heights against an assault over open ground. It is one of the reasons that I, unlike nearly everybody else, don't think Lee was the military genius he was supposed to have been. What was about to happen was a catastrophic lack of imagination. <br />
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The plan called for an initial "softening" bombardment by as many as 160 guns, arrayed in a crossfire arc focusing on Cemetery Ridge (see map above). To this end, batteries from both Longstreet's and A.P. Hill's corps spent the hours of the morning tip-toeing into position so as not to draw attention to themselves. The mass movement of guns, though, was noticed by Union lookouts from their high ground all over the field, from Round Top to Cemetery Hill. So everybody knew a big attack was coming on the center. Eyewitnesses said the morning was very quiet and you could hear the heavy traffic of rumbling and clanking moving artillery from clear across the valley. So much for surprise. Who did the Rebs think they were fooling?<br />
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The southern half of the bombardment was to be made with all of Longstreet's artillery under Porter Alexander, a rising young artillery genius in the A.N.V. who had been on everyone's radar. The northern half (roughly) was to be made by all of A.P. Hill's guns plus some of Ewell's corps artillery, all under Hill's chief of artillery, Lindsay Walker. The whole shootin' match was under the titular direction of a doddering William Pendleton, who, though well-liked by Lee and everyone, had been brow-beaten by his congregation to leave the ministry and return to his pre-retirement profession as an artillery officer. Pendleton, though well-meaning, hadn't been on active duty for years, during which time artillery technology had advanced considerably. His role in the upcoming bombardment was to be largely unhelpful. <br />
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When all the batteries were finally in place, the deployment occupied a shallow arc roughly a mile and two-thirds wide (2.7 km) and constituted 164 tubes. It was to be the largest concentration of artillery ever assembled on any battlefield to date, including of the Napoleonic Wars. In addition to these, another two dozen guns of Ewell's, northeast of Culp's Hill, were intended to fire on the Yankees in an enfilading role. Nine short range howitzers, otherwise useless in this thousand yard bombardment, were withdrawn to a safe place behind the line to be used for close support once the actual charge had begun.<br />
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Originally, Lee wanted all three of Longstreet's divisions (McLaws, Hood, and Pickett) to make the charge. But Longstreet argued that the first two, which had been fighting the previous two days, were in no shape, and besides, they were holding down the southern flank opposite the Round Tops. So Lee assigned Longstreet two of A.P.Hill's divisions (Pender's and Heth's). Of course, these two divisions had been fighting the previous two days, as well, and were no better shape to make the attack than McLaws' and Hood's. But Lee, thanks to his amateurish staff, seems to have been unaware of the relative combat readiness of his various units. Hill, for his part, washed his hands of the whole affair and passive-aggressively retired from the discussion. <br />
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In total, with Pickett's three brigades and Pender's and Heth's six (Pender and Heth had both been wounded and were replaced in command by Trimble and Pettigrew), the assaulting infantry force constituted from 12-13,000 men (see OOB below), a huge force. Lee had no clue as to the size of the Union force on Cemetery Ridge, but from what he could make out through his field glasses it seemed to be only Hancock's II Corps, plus some ad hoc brigades from I Corps (now under Newton). In total he estimated that there were only 5-6,000 troops thinly holding the low ridge. He also counted only 18 guns that he could see. The actual number of Union infantry on Cemetery ridge was over 7,000 and the total number of guns covering the position was closer to 100, not including all the batteries in reserve. Meade, enjoying interior lines, also had quite a few extra divisions in reserve (from the fresh VI Corps as well as V and III Corps), out of sight on the reverse slopes and in the woods.<br />
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Longstreet had all of the nine infantry brigades he was going to use in the assault line up and lie down behind the gun lines (see deployment in map above). Most were hidden back in the woods on the forward slope of the Seminary Ridge, but Kemper's and Garnett's brigades of Pickett's division were made to lie down out in the open in a slight depression right behind Alexander's batteries, hidden from view from at least Cemetery Ridge (but not Little Round Top). In support of these Longstreet had been assigned four other brigades from Hill's corps (Wilcox, Lang, Posey, and Mahone), though there was no formal arrangement. Rodes' division from Ewell's corps was supposed to anchor the left flank of the charge and was lying down in a sunken road northwest of Cemetery Hill. But, except for Wilcox and Lang, none of these troops lifted their heads to help when it was needed.<br />
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His artillery chief, Alexander, had told Longstreet he thought it would take a quarter to half-an-hour to destroy the 18 guns he could see on Cemetery Ridge. Apparently, neither he nor anyone else noticed all of the guns to the north and south of that ridge. Longstreet, who didn't want to make the attack at all and was looking for any excuse to avoid it, told Alexander to let him know, in his judgement, when and if he had suppressed the Union artillery and whether he thought Pickett should step off. This put Alexander, a mere brevet colonel of 28, in a awkward position. He didn't want to the responsibility for cancelling an attack that Robert E. Lee had ordered, and he told Longstreet as much. Longstreet took the buck back...temporarily.<br />
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It was both Alexander's and Longstreet's opinion that the charge would fail. Alexander wasn't going to let his boss off the hook, though. Longstreet was the one getting the general's salary. The only commander who seemed enthusiastic for the upcoming charge was George Pickett, who had been out of action for nearly a year and was champing at the bit to show what his division could do.<br />
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</p><h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">A damn fine fireworks display </span></span></h3>
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Lee had given everyone a target for the attack. It was to be a clump of trees on the northern side of the long, low slope hereafter known as Cemetery Ridge. At the time it wasn't called that as it was barely a ridge that sloped gently south of Cemetery Hill (site of the Gettysburg cemetery, naturally). But it was the center of the Meade's army. So all of the Confederate artillery was zeroed in on this area. And when they stepped off, the divisions of Pickett and Pettigrew were to head for that clump, about 1,300 yards away; the left flank of Pickett's brigades linking up, somehow, with the right flank of Pettigrew's, which was several hundred yards behind and north of Pickett. <br />
<br />
At precisely 1:07, according to the obsessive compulsive record keeper Prof. Michael Jacobs of Pennsylvania College in Gettysburg, the first two of Alexander's guns fired, signalling the beginning of the cannonade. (He also recorded the temperature as 87 degrees.) This time was corroborated by several witnesses on the Union side. According to A.N.V. records (the few that survived), the order to start the cannonade was delivered at 1:30. But, for some reason, everyone in the Confederate Army was on a different time zone than the rest of the country, evidently 23 minutes faster than EST. Supposedly, a surgeon in Pettigrew's division, who, like everybody else, also knew the thing was supposed to start at 1:30, looked at his own watch ("Yup, 1:30 on the dot.") and took it upon himself to walk out to tell Walker (Hill's artillery chief) to start firing.<br />
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The fire started from the southern extremity and rolled its way north in series like a burning fuse.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Detail of sand table model. Alexander's batteries around the Peach Orchard and the Trostle Farm. </i><i>Wilcox's brigade is in the background.</i></span></span><br />
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The troops of Hancock's II Corps had just settled into eating their midday meal when the first shells hit, and scrambled like bugs to find cover. The first few rounds were accurate and took some lives or blew up a caisson or two. But as the smoke started to envelope both the target and the Confederate guns (there was no breeze to carry it away), the accuracy fell off. Confederate gunners tended to be pretty sloppy and shoot high, as was normal when firing at an elevated target, so the subsequent shot and shell mostly flew over the top of Cemetery Ridge, landing in the rear areas.<br />
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Also, Confederate ammunition was extremely faulty. Numerous reports on the receiving end that day indicated that as many as 75% of Confederate shell and shrapnel rounds were duds, landing in the rear areas as inert round shot. Confederate fuses were known to be so slipshod, in fact (either exploding prematurely or not at all) that there was doctrine in their own artillery not to fire over the heads of friendly infantry, lest the shells prematurely explode in the air over their own troops. So, while they were seeming to pulverize the Yankees, in fact, their fire had much less effect than could be seen from Alexander's vantage.<br />
<br />
Throughout the bombardment, there turned out to be very few casualties among the Union infantry, who were able to hug the ground behind the walls, rocks and entrenchments they had dug that morning. In fact, the farther forward they were, the safer they turned out to be. General Gibbon and his aide, realizing this, went all the way forward past the wall and sat down under the shade of a tree to enjoy the fireworks show in safety.<br />
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Obeying Union artillery commander General Hunt's orders, the II Corps batteries on Cemetery Ridge withheld their fire for fifteen minutes, though they were taking the worst of the pounding. Hunt was concerned to conserve his artillery's long range ammunition for the expected infantry assault and not have it wasted on counter-battery duels. One of Osborne's XI Corps batteries on Cemetery Hill did open up at once, and took out a few Confederate guns, but it was soon stopped by Osborne. Nevertheless, while the infantry were not being much hurt, the bombardment was rattling Hancock's men and he began galloping around ordering the batteries under this command to start replying. Hunt, in his wake, himself went around counseling his gunners to fire slowly and deliberately, so as not to waste ammunition.<br />
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When Hancock got to the southern end of the center position he ordered the nearest three batteries of McGilvery's batteries to open fire. They did but as soon as Hancock left, McGilvery himself, whose direct boss was Hunt, galloped over and ordered them to cease fire. The Confederate artillery could not see McGilvery's 34 guns from their vantage and McGilvery wanted to lie in ambush for the infantry assault. His six batteries were in an excellent enfilade position.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>1:1500 scale sand table model during pre-charge bombardment, looking south. Cemetery Ridge is on the left and the arc of Confederate artillery is on right. Photo taken about 2006.</i></span></span><br />
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So the only Union artillery firing back during the Confederate bombardment was that of II Corps' 31 guns. And it was they who took the harshest pounding, losing almost half their guns. Some of the batteries were hit so hard that they barely had enough men left to man the guns that were left.<br />
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The other consequence of the Confederate pounding (though unintentional) was that all the overshot rounds landed on the rear areas behind Cemetery Hill and the Taneytown Road, where a lot of reserve formations, cooks, dressing stations, war correspondents, and sutlers were relaxing. The infantry on the front line, when they heard the telltale scream of one of the Confederate rifle bolts fly over, called them "Quartermaster Hunters" since it was all the rear area support personnel who were getting the worst of it. But a brigade of VI Corps infantry (Eustis' brigade), marching down the Taneytown Road from Culp's Hill to rejoin its parent division behind Round Top , found itself caught in the open by the bounding roundshot and dud shells (which could still kill like a cannon ball if they hit anyone), and quickened its pace to a run.<br />
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One of these collateral targets was the Leicester house, where Meade had set up his headquarters. So many shots came crashing through the light frame farmhouse, and had killed so many of the horses lucklessly tethered in the front yard, that Meade and his staff were forced to move their operations a few hundred yards south to a barn on the Taneytown Road. At the beginning of the bombardment, when Meade and his staff were enjoying lunch in the yard in front of this new positio, one of the orderlies was cut in two by a roundshot, spoiling everyone's appetite. This new headquarters, too, was taking a lot of overshot shells and cannon balls. So Meade's staff was forced to move once again further northwest, to Power's Hill. The result of this was that nobody could find Meade's headquarters. (The lucky orderly he had left at Leicester house as a human forwarding address took it upon himself to leave, as well. He had just seen what happened to his fellow enlisted man.)<br />
<br />
But the biggest unintended consequence of the incompetent Confederate gunnery was that rounds were finding their way back to Hunt's artillery reserve, as well as the army's ammunition park. Ferguson, the acting commander of the park at the time, moved the five reserve batteries as well as all the ammunition caissons south into the shadow of Little Round Top. This was prudent but it had the consequence of putting the reserve artillery and ammunition several hundred yards (and vital minutes) further away from Cemetery Ridge. When Hunt rode back to retrieve a battery to shove into the fight, he was disconcerted to find an empty field and a lone artilleryman who had been left to tell him where everybody had gone.<br />
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For the most part, however, except for roughing up the II Corps artillery batteries, the results of the Confederate cannonade were negligible. Very few Union infantry were killed, hugging the ground behind stone walls as they were, and as the bombardment dragged on it became somewhat of a joke to these battle-hardened, cynical Yankees. One of McGilvery battery commanders sarcastically complimented it as an excellently produced fireworks display but otherwise was "the humbug of the season."A Prussian military observer on the Confederate side, Hauptman Schiebert, pronounced it "<i>Pulververschwendung</i>", roughly translated as a waste of powder (and with an emphasis on the last syllable). To the Confederates, however, it seemed like they were delivering magnificent shock and awe.<br />
<br />
The effectiveness of the Union counter fire, however, was somewhat greater on the Confederates. Though the three dozen guns on Cemetery Ridge also had a tendency to overshoot their intended targets in the Confederate gun line, their shells were not nearly so defective and landed with devastating effect among the waiting formations of Pickett's and Pettigrew's divisions behind. Kemper's brigade, lying in in the open on the Confederate right, was particularly hard hit. Hugging the ground in the deceptive safety of the woods behind Kemper and
Garnett, Armistead's men were suffering from the added danger of shells
exploding in the trees and raining branches and splinters on them, amplifying the effect. Though Confederate record keeping was sloppy (and certainly nobody was walking around with a spreadsheet, ticking off casualties during the bombardment), it's been estimated that Pickett's division alone took between 350 and 500 casualties before they even got up to start their charge (between 8 and 11% casualty rate).<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">The afternoon wears on</span><span style="font-size: large;">...</span></span></h3>
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Rather than the initial fifteen minutes Alexander had optimistically estimated it would take him to silence all the Union artillery in the Union center, the bombardment continued for about an hour-and-three-quarters. It was hard for Alexander and his gunners to tell through the smoke how effective their rounds were, but with the continued bright flashes of the Yankee batteries continuing to return fire through the fog, his batteries kept it up, trying to silence them. His guns, though firing slowly and deliberately (probably about one round per gun every 90 seconds or so), eventually started to run out of ammunition. Each piece had gone into action with a regulation 108 long range rounds in its chests (not including 12 rounds of short range canister), and, as the chests emptied, men sent back to find resupply were unable to find the army's own artillery park.<br />
<br />
General Pendleton, Lee's incompetent but well-meaning artillery chief, had ordered the park to be moved farther to the rear for safety after the Yankees started firing back. But he told no one where it had gone. He had also unhelpfully removed Alexander's reserve howitzers out of harm's way, so that these wouldn't be available for close artillery support of the infantry when the charge got underway. It's just hard to imagine what Pendleton saw as his role as the army's artillery chief.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, across the valley, starting about 14:45, the Union guns seemed to start to retreat.At least the flashes out of the smoke from their side seemed to die away.<br />
<br />
It was about this time that General Hunt and Major Osborne, commander of the XI Corps batteries on Cemetery Hill, were having a conversation and came to the mutual conclusion that the Confederates were indeed about to launch a major attack on the center and that they should probably stop the counter-fire, for two reasons: the first, obviously, to conserve ammunition for the infantry attack, and the second, to actually entice that attack. The two officers reasoned that if an attack <i>was </i>coming, the sooner the better, and that the best way to provoke it was to make Lee think his bombardment was working in suppressing the Union guns.<br />
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So Osborne rode from battery to battery to order them to cease fire. Hunt rode off to pass the order along to II and I Corps batteries on Cemetery Ridge. Coincidentally he ran into an aide from General Meade, whose boss had reached the same conclusion and sent his thoughts to General Hunt. Great minds were thinking alike. At least that's what all of these officers reported later in their memoirs and to the Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War.<br />
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Gradually, as Hunt rode south and visited each battery in turn, the Union guns gradually stopped firing. Indeed, those of II Corps (Arnold, Cushing, Brown, Rorty, Thomas) had already run out of long range ammunition and were going silent because of that. Brown's battery was also the most badly cut up, with just three guns left and barely enough men to man two. Hunt ordered them to the rear and sent for replacement batteries from the Artillery Reserve.</div>
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As Brown's three guns were limbered up and driven off, and as the fire from the Union position started to slacken and stop, Alexander, watching through the smoke, came to the conclusion that his long bombardment had at last paid off. He sent off a message to Pickett:<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i><span style="color: #990000;">"The 18 guns have been driven off. For God's sake, come quick, or we cannot support you. Ammunition nearly out."</span></i></span></div>
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Alexander was mistaken. The "18 guns" in the Union center were not driven off (there were far more than 18, but he, apparently, could only make out that many), but the dwindling fire and the retreating guns from Brown's battery that Alexander could dimly make out through this binoculars convinced him that the whole Union artillery was in mass flight. Incredibly, though he had first estimated the suppressing fire would only take 15-30 minutes to drive off the Yankees, it had taken almost two hours. The Confederate guns had been firing slowly and deliberately all that time, but most of Alexander's batteries had pretty much shot away all of their long range ammunition as well. Walker's batteries, in the northern half of the Confederate line, had not shot so much and had fired even more slowly. Poague's 16 guns, for instance, had fired only 657 rounds in those 105 minutes, averaging a leisurely rate of fire of only one round every 2.5 minutes per piece.<br />
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As the Union guns fell silent, so did the Confederates. And by 14:55 (or 15:17, Confederate Standard Time--see above), the battlefield fell silent again.<br />
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When Pickett got Alexander's message, he galloped eagerly up to Longstreet to get his "go" order. Longstreet said nothing but reportedly just shook and bowed his head, which Pickett took as a grudging "yes".<br />
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Finally, the Great Charge begins</span></span></h3>
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The men on both sides were relieved that the nearly two-hour cannonade was finally over. Even though the mutual bombardment had hurt the Confederate infantry far more than the Union, the Yankees were glad it was finally done and now eager for the Rebs to start their walk across the valley.<br />
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Both the artillery commander Hunt and II Corps commander Hancock hustled to move troops up and get fresh batteries and ammunition positioned. Every second counted; the Confederate attack could come at any time. Exhausted batteries were withdrawn or replenished and fresh batteries from the artillery were hurried to bolster the line. Infantry lying behind low walls were moved up, sometimes four deep. Men collected discarded rifles, loaded and stacked them against the walls, ready to pick up. <br />
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On the Confederate line, Pickett's, Pettigrew's and Trimble's divisions stood up and aligned ranks. Battle flags whipped upward, Bonny Blue for the Virginia regiments, red Confederate Stars-n-Bars for all the others. At 15:10, roughly 15 minutes after the artillery fell silent, the lines started to move. <br />
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The regiments were somewhat smaller than before the Union counter-bombardment. Pickett's division was particularly hit hard, with between 350 and 500 casualties of his original 4,900. This probably owing to the fact that, while the Union gunners also overshot their targets, the rounds that landed on the prone infantry behind the guns nearly all exploded like they were supposed to, killing and maiming in the process. <br />
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As if on cue, a light breeze picked up and whisked away the acrid gunsmoke, revealing the Confederate line moving out of the woods. It must have been a breathtaking sight, spanning a front of over a mile. From the Confederate point of view, too, they could now clearly see their aiming point, the clump of trees on the north end of the low ridge.<br />
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">A complicated plan</span></span></h3>
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The target was simple, but the plan to get there was not. While there had been some attempt at coordination earlier in the day between Garnett (Pickett's left-hand brigade commander) and Fry (Pettigrew's right-hand brigadier), Pettigrew's men had to come from much farther back and to the north. So, initially, the two divisions were separated by a few hundred yards. Moreover, Pickett's division was blocked on the left by a stubborn post fence, thickly overgrown with trees and bushes so not so easy to dismantle. So the left of Garnett's and Armistead's brigades were forced to march slightly southwest, away from Pettigrew, before they could get around this barrier. The idea was that when they passed the end of the separating fence and reached the Emmitsburg Road, they'd oblique march northward to join up with Pettigrew. (See map at top of this article.)<br />
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From the Union line only McGilvery's guns on the south end of Cemetery Ridge, Osborne's XI Corps batteries on Cemetery Hill, and Rittenhouse's rifles on Little Round Top (see map) opened up with shell and shrapnel on the advancing lines. All of Hancock's II Corps batteries in the center had used up their long range ammunition and the replacement batteries from the Artillery Reserve hadn't quite arrived yet. But the Confederate infantry started to hurt from the long range flanking fire early on. It must have been a shock to them that two hours of their own bombardment, in fact, hadn't seemed to have made a dent on the Union artillery after all. Alexander must have felt his stomach drop since it was on his urging that Pickett started his charge. But the grey infantry took hit after hit, closed up ranks and marched on. They had over a thousand yards of open ground to go yet.<br />
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Witnesses on the Union side say that initially the charge was silent. There were no customary Rebel Yells. Some enthusiastic, solitary Yankee began a chant, "Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg!" soon taken up by hundreds more, referencing that terrible battle seven months before in which the tables had been turned and it had been they who were forced to cross open ground in the face of certain death. Now it was the Army of the Potomac's time for payback. This chant could not have been cheering to the Confederates. Here was no broken gaggle of contemptible "blue-bellies" they were advancing toward but thousands of bloodthirsty Yankees eager to kill them.<br />
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Yet the grey brigades moved on at a steady pace of 80 steps a minute, trying to keep their tight order under the rain of artillery shells.<br />
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As the Rebels crossed their own gun line, they received some somber encouragement from the gunners. But the artillerymen didn't follow them as they had promised. Nor could they give them fire support from the rear as standing orders in the A.N.V. forbade artillery firing over troops; the result of too many friendly-fire incidents with the faulty Confederate fuzes. Col. Alexander, galloped up and down the line, trying to find batteries with any ammunition left to follow and support the advancing infantry. The nine howitzers Alexander had earlier positioned in reserve to serve as close support during the charge had been sent to the rear by the ever-unhelpful Pendleton. Alexander found only 18 guns with ammunition and ordered them, one by one, to limber up and follow the right flank of Kemper's brigade. They set off one-by-one, but they were, one-by-one, picked off in short order by McGilvery's 34 guns and Rittenhouse's 3" rifles on Little Round Top. A few managed to move forward, unlimber and try to fire back, only to have whole crews mowed down, and most guns that weren't hit were abandoned by their crews. So the infantry proceeded without any artillery close support.<br />
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Pickett's men were involved in a series of oblique marches and wheels to both link up with Pettigrew's division and to head for their aiming point, the copse of trees. These parade-ground evolutions would have been difficult enough on a Saturday afternoon football field, but with the undulating terrain, the frequent fences, and the constant bombardment by McGilvery's and Rittenhouse's guns, the tidy formations were soon driven together into one, gigantic, close-packed mob.<br />
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<i><span style="color: #b45f06;">My sandtable model of Pickett's Charge at the moment where Pickett's division wheels left to cross the Emmitsburg road. <span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;">Photgraph by Lincoln Brigham. </span></span></span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Copyright 2016 Lincoln Brigham, all rights reserved.</span></i><br />
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At one point, past the Emmitsburg Road, Kemper's brigade had to make a hard left to move north toward the "Copse". In doing so it exposed its right flank to enfilade fire from both McGilvery's artillery and also the musketry from Doubleday's division (see map below). The men fell in bunches and then bunched together more, ironically making a denser target. Many started making for the rear, and not all of them were wounded. Those who kept on came to a swale on the east side of the road which gave them momentary cover from McGilvery's guns (but not Rittenhouse's on Little Round Top, who could follow them every step) and they dressed their ranks before moving northeast again.<br />
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The realignment didn't last long. As Kemper's brigade emerged from the swale and hurried to catch up with Garnett's brigade, all semblance of serried ranks fell apart again and both brigades merged into a disorganized herd. As they moved northward, they exposed their right flank to raking fire from the Union infantry of Harrow's brigade.<br />
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Meanwhile, Stannard, commanding the Vermont brigade, saw a golden opportunity and led his 13th and 16th Vermont regiments into a flanking position to the south of Kemper and started pouring in fire on the rear and right of the Virginians. While he was doing this, Hancock was said to have galloped up and asked him what the hell he thought he was doing. Stannard told Hancock he was going to hit the Confederates in the flank and Hancock said, "Well, hurry up." (Or words to that effect. We have to take all of these stirring battlefield speeches with a grain of salt since they were remembered mostly by old men decades later.) The rightmost regiment of Kemper's brigade, the 24th Virginia, stopped advancing with the others and turned southeast in an attempt to shoot back at this new threat. But the fire from the Vermonters and Harrow's men proved too much.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sand table model halfway during the charge. On the left is Pettigrew's division, which has just passed the burning Bliss farm, supported by Trimble's division. To the right is Pickett's division, which has begun its wide turn toward the Copse and Angle in the middle distance (upper left). </span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />(Image protected by Digimarc watermark against unauthorized copying.)</span></i></span><br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Pettigrew has enough to worry about himself.</span></span></h3>
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Meanwhile, a thousand yards to the north, Pettigrew's men were having their own hell of a time getting across the open ground. His left-hand brigade of Virginians, commanded jointly by Brockenbrough and Mayo (for some inexplicable reason), got off to a late start, following the other brigades of the division several minutes later. This brigade had been fought to exhaustion the previous two days and as they started to climb over the fences and make their way forward to catch up with Davis' brigade, they were blasted by Osborne's batteries from Cemetery Hill. Then, to make matters worse, out of the blue (so to speak), a regiment of Yankees popped up prematurely on their left flank and hit them with a surprise volley.<br />
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This flanking regiment was the 8th Ohio, whose enterprising commander, Lt.Col. Franklin Sawyer, had seen a similar opportunity that Stannard had to the south to outflank the oncoming Confederates. He hustled his 150 Ohioans, and the skirmishing company of the 126th New York, over the Emmitsburg Road and lined them up against the fence flanking the the path of the oncoming Confederates, spreading them out into a single-rank firing line. As Brockenbrough's men started climbing over a fence perpendicular to the hidden 8th Ohio, Sawyer unleashed a regimental volley into their left flank. The Virginians, not expecting to meet such a strong line of Yankees so soon, and especially not from the flank, panicked and broke. All 900 men of Brockenbrough's brigade began running as fast as they could back toward the woods on Seminary Ridge.<br />
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Having brushed away one entire brigade with his little band, Sawyer now turned his attention on the exposed flank of the next Confederate brigade, Davis'. These weren't so skittish as Brockenbrough's Virginians and kept on in spite of the flanking fire. But half-way across the field, they came under fire first from the canister of the up-to-now silent batteries of Woodruff, Arnold and Cushing in Ziegler's Grove and around the Copse, adding to those from Osborne. Three hundred yards from their target, Pettigrew's men also first started to feel the massed volleys of Hays's infantry, who were now packed four deep against the wall, and firing as fast as they could, some with modern breech-loading Sharps rifles and others with muskets loaded by men behind them and passed forward. After the battle, one amateur statistician found a single 16' x 6" wooden plank in the Emmitsburg Road fence to have around 1,800 bullet holes in it, giving some idea of the hailstorm the Confederates were facing.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> <span style="font-size: small;">Sand table model. The "Angle" and the "Copse"</span></span></i></span></span><br />
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Besides wreaking carnage, all this increasing fire from the front and flank further degenerated the organization of Pettigrew's regiments, so that by the time they reached the first fence on the Emmitsburg Road, they stopped to catch their breath and tried to reorganize. Though ordered not to fire during the advance, once they'd reached the illusion of cover of the fence on the highway, many Confederates started to fire through the slats. Once that started, it took herculean efforts on the part of the field officers to get their men up and moving forward again. Flag after flag went down as color parties attempted to climb over the fence, some regiments lost as many as eight successive flag bearers. And once the men climbed over the first fence, they ran only twelve yards to huddle behind the second fence along the road (the one on the southeast side). This latter, at least provided a little more cover to Pettigrew's men since the road was slightly sunken at this point. But the double fences of the road proved to be a major, psychological impediment to any more forward movement.<br />
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In the face of devastating fire from the front and left flank, some men incredibly managed to climb over this second fence and race closer to the Union line, only to run up against yet a third fence, adding insult to injury. Some huddled behind Ziegler's farm buildings to take ducking pot shots at the massed Yankees. Trimble's supporting division (Lane's and Lowrence's brigades), rather than providing more impetuous, just piled up against the huddling mob in Emmitsburg Road.<br />
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It was about 15:30. The charge had been underway for only twenty minutes, and the northern wing of it under Pettigrew had ground to a halt before reaching the stone wall. Regiments were all mixed up and melting away. (See map below)<br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;">Situation about 15:30, just prior to contact with the Angle. Confederate regiments had ceased to have any cohesion and all three divisions had degenerated into a mob.</span></span> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">(map protected by Digimarc watermark against unauthorized copying)</span></i></span><br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Armistead gets over the wall...just</span></span></h3>
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Meanwhile, to the south, Pickett's disordered division was having slightly better luck. No fence had impeded their crossing of the Emmitsburg Road (Confederate skirmishers had been able to remove the planks as the Union skirmishers fell back there). But they had farther to go.<br />
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Kemper's brigade, when we left them last, were crowding against the right of Garnett's people to get away from the Union flanking fire on their right. So all regimental and command cohesion had fallen apart. Battle flags were falling and rising as color parties were cut down repeatedly, so it was hard for individual soldiers to keep track of where their own companies or regiments were. By this time it was just one, roiling mob of huffing men.<br />
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A patch of rough ground of fallen logs and boulders spread out in front of Hall's brigade and many of Pickett's men took the opportunity to seek cover here and shoot back at the Yankee line, going no further. Others, further to the left pressed on to reach the target, the clump of trees. Armistead's big brigade had caught up with Garnett's and Kemper's and were pushing through them, struggling to reach the copse that had been their goal. And some finally reached the wall.<br />
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It wasn't much of a wall (see photo below). Apparently it was only knee high and served as more of a boundary marker than a defensive position. Armistead, when he lead the final push, just stepped over it like it was a curb. The 71st Pennsylvania, holding the right of Webb's line at the awkward angle where the wall jogged eastward for a few dozen yards, panicked as the Confederates got close and finally let out their Rebel Yell. They ran. Fortunately for Webb, his own supporting 72nd Pennsylvania, still wearing their quaint Zouave uniforms, came to the rescue and set up a firing line to stop the further advance of Armistead's men.<br />
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A few hundred Virginians (and some Tennesseans from Fry's brigade) clambered over the wall and raced toward the copse of trees, capturing s couple of Cushing's guns (which had run out of ammunition after having blasted their last canister in the face of the Confederates). It seemed, for a moment, like the charge had succeeded. One Yankee regiment had fled and some of Armistead's men had penetrated the Union line.<br />
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But the lone, fled 71st Pennsylvania was being replaced by many more as Hancock hurried more and more troops up to plug the breech. More gun batteries, too, were being unlimbered and firing into the swarming Rebels. On the left of the section vacated by the 71st, the 69th Pennsylvania refused to budge and swung its right companies to enfilade the Confederates as they came over the wall. And the 1st Delaware on the north side of that gap also faced south to fire at the breakthrough from that side. And the 72nd Pennsylvania, a Zouave regiment, continued to pour in volleys from the front. Soon those Virginians who were left were being blasted from all sides as they tried to hang onto their position. It was during this time that Armistead went down with a fatal wound (Garnett and Kemper had already fallen before they got to the wall). Nearly all regimental commanders had been killed or wounded and nobody seemed to be in command any more. Pickett himself had not gone further than the Codori farm, far back on the Emmitsburg Road, from where he could observe the success of the charge and presumably direct reinforcements. So he was not there to rally his exhausted, butchered men...or really do anything useful.<br />
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There were no reinforcements coming. Longstreet had assigned Pickett two of Anderson's brigades (Wilcox and Lang) in support, and these two started a half-hearted advance after the initial charge had ground to a halt. But this attempt was soon stopped in turn by McGilvery's massed guns and Stannard's Vermonters. Wilcox's men came to a halt several hundred yards short of Cemetery Ridge and fell back without doing any damage.<br />
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Up at the Angle, after a few more minutes of butchery, the Confederates who had managed to make it over the wall either surrendered or crawled back over. Pickett's charged had failed. Spectacularly.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Sand table model, 1:1500 scale. Smyth's and Webb's brigades at the Angle.</i></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span> <span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Lee has a lot to answer for.</span></span></h3>
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Pickett's Charge ranks up there as one of the bloodiest and most useless charges in history, right with the Charge of the Light Brigade in the Crimea nine years before; with the last charge of Napoleon's Old Guard at Waterloo; and certainly with many other equally stupid charges from the Civil War (no less Fredericksburg, Cold Harbor, and the Crater at Petersburg). But Pickett's Charge, in terms of losses alone, was far greater than any of these. The Charge of the Light Brigade cost roughly 37% in casualties. Hancock's division at Fredericksburg lost about 42%.<br />
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But George Stewart, in his seminal study of the Charge, estimates about 62% casualties on Pickett's, Pettigrew's and Trimble's divisions, or 6,497 men. This includes casualties taken during the bombardment prior to the charge, during the charge, at the wall and those captured at the wall. This is a staggering number by 19th century standards, ranking up there with the suicidal banzai charges of desperate Japanese during WWII. Specific regiments and units sustained even higher casualties; some regiments in Pickett's division took 80-92% casualties, and were virtually exterminated. Several companies were annihilated to a man. Since many companies had been recruited from small towns and fought together as brothers, fathers, sons, uncles, cousins, and best friends...entire towns and families across the South were wiped out in those twenty minutes.<br />
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Lee did that.<br />
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Naturally, the noble Lee did not shirk his responsibility and the legends describe him as meeting the few survivors as they limped back to their start line, telling them, "It is not your fault. It is all my fault." Yes it was. Nevertheless, the memoirs continue, many men shouted back to him to let them try again. They felt like they had let him down. He told them they had done enough today. Yes they had.<br />
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The casualties for Pickett's Charge on the Union side were considerably less, even though the three days of battle had severely mauled the Army of the Potomac. Stewart, in his study, estimates that Hancock's and Newton's Corps sustained about 1,500 casualties during the bombardment and charge on the 3rd, or less than a quarter of those of the Confederates, but about 16% of all those engaged. But they had held the line and stopped Lee cold at the copse of trees, which would become known thereafter as the High Water Mark of the Confederacy. This was the first clear, major victory of the often whipped Army of the Potomac in the war. They had proven their mettle, that they could decisively defeat the fire-eating Rebs and the invincible Lee. And they had done it while outnumbered.<br />
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The question that too many historians and apologists have tried to answer, and the one with which I began this post, was, What was Lee thinking?<br />
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Was he a victim of his own hubris? Of success-induced failure? Or did he see the reality of how the war was going and felt compelled to try this one, last, desperate charge? However, had it succeeded, it is still doubtful that it would have ended the war. The North was not on the verge of collapse as Lee had estimated. Union success in other theaters (on the Mississippi, the Tennessee, the Gulf, the Atlantic coast) was bringing the South to its knees. Had Lee managed to break into the Union center and force Meade to retreat, the latter, who still had seventy-thousand men (with the huge Sixth Corps not even committed), would merely have fallen back toward Washington to regroup and fight again. And with the final fall of Vicksburg on the Mississippi the very next day, the Confederacy was effectively cut in two. There is no indication that either Britain or France was about to recognize the new nation, or put any pressure on Lincoln to sue for peace. So even a victory for the Confederates at Gettysburg would have had doubtful effect; it would just have been one more setback for the Army of the Potomac.<br />
<br />
The tragic thing, at least for the South, was that Lee did not see the inevitable after Gettysburg and spare his "country," as he called it, two more years of devastation and death. He could have brought his considerable influence to bear on Jefferson Davis and his administration in Richmond to start negotiating for re-union, and, at the very least, have resigned his command. But that was not in his nature. He was stubborn. A noble gentleman, a brilliant commander, and an inspiring leader. But stubborn.<br />
<br />
It's just my opinion, but I have another, more human, theory of why Lee ordered the suicidal charge. He was physically sick. Historians have noted that he was suffering from dysentery the previous two days. He had probably picked up some gastro-intestinal bug and it was probably taking him off his edge; particularly riding around on that his horse, Traveler, all day. He had initially been drawn into the battle around Gettysburg against his will, and, distracted by his upset tummy, was not at his best those three days. There was also <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1542842" target="_blank">published back in 1992</a> by an historical forensic team at NIH that Lee had suffered a heart attack just prior to Gettysburg. It was the opinion of this team of medical historians that this may have contributed to his lack of attention at the battle. <br />
<br />
I've worked sick with a bug myself. And I know my judgement hasn't been its best when that happens. I just want the day to end so I can get home and curl up in a fetal position. I imagine Lee, too, just wanted the day to end, the battle to end, the war to end, and go home to curl up in a fetal position. This lack of resolve communicated all the way down the chain of command on that third day; through Longstreet and Hill, to Pickett, Pettigrew and Trimble, to the brigade commanders, and the regimental field officers. Eyewitnesses described seeing hordes of men heading back from the advancing Confederate brigades even before they'd gotten halfway. Everybody, apparently, knew what the outcome was going to be.<br />
<br />
The sloppy coordination of the artillery bombardment, of Ewell's
simultaneous attack from Culp's Hill, of the two wings of the charge
itself, and of Stewart's intended rear attack could partly be explained
by amateurish Confederate staff work. But the buck really stopped at
Lee. He had started off on the back foot and been unable to regain the
initiative. And his health that day may have been a decisive factor. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;">Wargaming Pickett's Charge</span></h3>
Aside from this incident in military history being one of the least obscure I could have picked, it has also probably been wargamed more than most other battles but Waterloo. I myself have run numerous wargames of Pickett's Charge (and other incidents of Gettysburg) over the years as I've developed my own gaming algorithm and rules. Because of the wealth of detail on this battle, it has proven to be a very good test of the verisimilitude of any wargaming system.<br />
<br />
There are a number of variables to experiment with in Pickett's Charge. The following are certainly not an exhaustive list.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Confederate Artillery</span></span><br />
<br />
I have long been interested in the controversy surrounding the efficacy of Confederate artillery ammunition. Numerous historians have described it as so badly made that it was almost useless for anything else but round shot and canister. I have run Pickett's Charge through at least a dozen games using my own algorithm, varying the effectiveness factor of Southern shellfire on the Union line, trying to see if it would have made a difference in the success of the infantry charge following the bombardment. In all of those games, whether the Confederate fire effect was as good as the Union or not, the outcome was always the same; it was the concentrated musketry of Hancock's and Newton's brigades that stopped Pickett's Charge. Also, given the fact that the Confederates were firing uphill, their accuracy, regardless of the quality of their fuses, would have suffered anyway. <br />
<br />
But you are welcome to try yourselves to vary the fire effect of the Rebel guns, using your own game rules.<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Coordinated Attack</span></span><br />
<br />
One wonders what would have happened had Lee managed to coordinate a combined attack on Culp's Hill and Cemetery Ridge simultaneously. That he let Ewell go up Culp's Hill hours too early on the morning of the 3rd always puzzled me. Bad Confederate staff work apparently (or his own ill-health, as I've mentioned above). But an interesting wargame variant in which the Confederate side could coordinate simultaneous attacks on both positions might reveal that it was, indeed, possible for Lee to have pulled off a victory.<br />
<br />
Another variant would provide the charge with closer support from Anderson's division (on both ends of the attack), to see if that would have allowed Pickett to follow through with his penetration at the Angle with fresh reinforcements. I often wondered, too, what all of Rode's men were doing lying inertly in that sunken road, letting Pettigrew's and Trimble's divisions just walk past them to their doom.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">J.E.B. Stuart</span></span><br />
<br />
Part of Lee's complicated plan was for his cavalry commander, J.E.B. Stuart, to swing wide around the back of Meade's rear and charge in for the kill at the moment Pickett's brigades achieved their breakthrough. Of course, neither Stuart nor Lee anticipated the stiff resistance the Union cavalry would put up in intercepting Stuart. So the double envelopment never happened and serves as a footnote to the Battle of Gettysburg (one in which George Armstrong Custer was to first make his fame).<br />
<br />
But a wargame scenario might allow for Stuart's cavalry to achieve their breakthrough and hit the Union line from the east...say at 15:30. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Union Counterattack</span></span><br />
<br />
Lincoln was highly critical of Meade for not finishing off Lee after the disastrous charge, prolonging the war another two years. Meade's defense was that, after three of the bloodiest days in American history, the Army of the Potomac was itself pretty much spent. Certainly Hancock's men in the center, who had taken the brunt of the charge, were fought out by the end of it and were in no shape to launch a counter attack. Meade, also, was not sure what kind of force was held in reserve by Lee on Seminary Ridge; he might have subjected the rest of his own army to what he just inflicted on Lee's; a suicidal charge across open ground. As it was, Meade allowed Lee to slip away and back across the Potomac to safety, following half-heartedly the next day to see him off.<br />
<br />
But, one simulation scenario might test the feasibility of Meade launching his almost uncommitted 15,000 men of his vast VI Corps to administer the <i>coup de grace</i> against what was left of Lee's exhausted army later in the afternoon of the 3rd, before Lee could recover from the shock of his failed charge. It might have ended the war (helped a little by the fall of Vicksburg, too) on the 4th of July, 1863. And changed American, if not world, history.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;">Orders of Battle</span></h3>
The following orders of battle are derived primarily from Scott Bowden's detailed OOB, <i>Armies at Gettysburg</i>. Since nearly all of the units except for Pickett's division had taken casualties over the previous two days, I have reduced these from Bowden according to the percentage of losses reported by George Stewart's and Stephen Sears' detailed histories of the charge and battle. The <span style="color: #990000;"><b>%Cas</b></span> represents an approximation of the casualties sustained by each unit from the previous two days. I have also listed the artillery for each side in a group following the infantry formations.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Confederate</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6fGRg1TJ5W4/VFLizLEGkCI/AAAAAAAABac/6fk2niKKTic/s1600/confed-bat-flag%2Bsmall.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6fGRg1TJ5W4/VFLizLEGkCI/AAAAAAAABac/6fk2niKKTic/s1600/confed-bat-flag%2Bsmall.gif" /></a></div>
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<!--This file was created using Lotus 1-2-3 on 10/30/2014 at 06:13:11 PM--><br />
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<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="20" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="20" valign="MIDDLE" width="81"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
Strength</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="20" valign="MIDDLE" width="81"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
Guns</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="20" valign="MIDDLE" width="81"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
% Cas</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="20" valign="MIDDLE" width="81"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
Coys</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="20" valign="MIDDLE" width="81"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
Weapons</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="32" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>
LONGSTREET</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="32" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>
15,140</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="32" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>
164</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="32" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>
</b></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="32" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="32" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>
PICKETT</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>
4,594</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>
</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Kemper</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
1,450</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
0%</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
3rd VA</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
315</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
0%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
7th VA</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
315</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
0%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1st VA</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
190</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
0%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
6</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
11th VA</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
315</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
0%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
24th VA</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
315</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
0%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Garnett</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
1,397</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
0%</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
56th VA</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
285</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
0%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
28th VA</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
257</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
0%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
9</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
19th VA</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
285</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
0%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
18th VA</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
285</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
0%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
8th VA</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
285</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
0%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Armistead</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
1,747</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
0%</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
14th VA</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
330</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
0%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
9th VA</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
297</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
0%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
9</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
53rd VA</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
460</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
0%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
57th VA</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
330</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
0%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
38th VA</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
330</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
0%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="29" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>
PETTIGREW</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="29" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>
4,032</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="29" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="29" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>
17%</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="29" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="29" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Fry</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
618</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
33%</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1st Prov.TN</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
142</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
30%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
13th AL</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
140</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
33%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
14th TN</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
142</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
35%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
7th TN</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
137</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
34%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
5th AL Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
57</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
32%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Marshall</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
1,092</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
49%</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
47th NC</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
308</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
42%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
26th NC</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
176</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
79%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
11th NC</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
299</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
41%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
52nd NC</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
309</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
39%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Joseph Davis</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
1,417</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
34%</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
11th Miss.</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
460</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
0%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
42nd Miss.</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
340</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
30%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2nd Miss.</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
319</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
35%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
11</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
55th NC</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
298</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
32%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Brockenbrough</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
401</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
9%</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
40th VA</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
251</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
9%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
22nd VA</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
150</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
9%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
6</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Mayo</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
504</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
9%</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
47th VA</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
227</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
8%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
9</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
55th VA</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
277</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
9%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
11</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>
TRIMBLE</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>
2,240</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>
</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>
27%</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
James H. Lane</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
1,202</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
20%</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
7th NC</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
249</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
20%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
37th NC</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
229</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
26%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
28th NC</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
241</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
23%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
18th NC</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
247</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
21%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
33rd NC</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
236</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
24%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Lowrence</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
1,038</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
19%</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
16th NC</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
189</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
24%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
22nd NC</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
248</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
17%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
34th NC</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
186</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
26%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
13th NC</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
207</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
17%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
38th NC</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
208</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
17%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>
ANDERSON</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;">
1,977</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>
20%</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Wilcox</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
1,377</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
20%</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
8th AL</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
253</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
29%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
9th AL</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
267</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
18%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10th AL</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
292</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
18%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
11th AL</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
296</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
17%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
14th AL</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
269</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
20%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Lang</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
600</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
20%</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2nd FL</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
232</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
17%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
5th FL</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
170</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
27%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
8th FL</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
198</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
15%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rifles</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="29" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>
PENDLETON</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="29" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>
2,297</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="29" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>
164</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="29" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>
</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="29" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="29" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="29" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>
Alexander</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="29" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>
1,013</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="29" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>
77</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="29" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="29" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="29" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Henry</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
152</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Garden/Palmetto</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
22</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><b><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">29%</span></b></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
24</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><b><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">25%</span></b></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Howitzer</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Reilly</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
36</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><b><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">28%</span></b></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
36</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><b><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">27%</span></b></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
3" Rifle</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
34</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><b><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">31%</span></b></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10# Parrott</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Alexander</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
245</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
24</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Jordan/Patterson?</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
29</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
3" Rifle</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Moody</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
44</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
24 pdr How.</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Woolfolk</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
16</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
20# Parrott</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
15</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Gilbert</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
47</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Howitzer</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Taylor</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
55</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Parker</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
28</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
3</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
3" Rifle</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
11</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10# Parrott</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Eshelman--Washington Arty</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
103</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
9</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Squire</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Richardson</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
24</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
14</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Howitzer</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Miller</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
23</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
3</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Norcom</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
30</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Cabell</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
271</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
16</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Manly</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
47</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
28%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
47</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
29%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
3" Rifle</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Fraser</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
23</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
26%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10# Parrott</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
23</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
28%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
3" Rifle</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
McCarthy </b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
32</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
29%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
3" Rifle</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
33</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
27%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Carlton</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
33</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
27%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10# Parrott</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
33</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
27%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Howitzer</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Dearing</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
242</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
18</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Stribling</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
42</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
30</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
20# Parrott</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Caskie</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
9</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
3" Rifle</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
11</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10# Parrott</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
28</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Macon</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
26</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
17</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10# Parrott</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Blount</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
79</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Walker</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1,284</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
87</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
John Garnett</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
218</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
18</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Maurin</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
70</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
6</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
22%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Moore</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
28</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
20%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
22</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
21%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
3" Rifle</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Lewis</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
25</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
22%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
30</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
19%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
3" Rifle</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Grandy</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
23</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
21%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
3" Rifle</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
20</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
20%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Howitzer</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
McIntosh</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
199</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
16</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Rice</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
61</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
20%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Johnson</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
30</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
21%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
3" Rifle</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Wallace</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
32</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
18%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
22</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
19%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
3" Rifle</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Hurt</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
25</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
19%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Whitworth/BL</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
29</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
19%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
3" Rifle</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Poague</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
295</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
16</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Ward</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
55</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
3</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
20%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
18</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
1</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
18%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Howitzer</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Brown</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
25</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
22%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
22</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
19%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Howitzer</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Wyatt</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
19</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
1</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
21%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10# Parrott</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
38</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
19%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
3" Rifle</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
18</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
1</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
22%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Howitzer</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Graham</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
50</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
19%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
50</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
21%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="25" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Howitzer</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
J. Lane</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
237</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
17</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Ross</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
17</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
23%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
18</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
18%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Howitzer</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
40</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
3</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
20%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10# Parrott</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
15</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
21%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
3" Rifle</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Peterson</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
35</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
22%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
67</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
19%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Howitzer</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Wingfield</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
27</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
3</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
18%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
3" Rifle</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
18</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
18%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10# Parrott</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Pegram</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
335</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
20</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#e12000" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Zimmerman</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
74</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
18%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
3" Rifle</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Marye</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
36</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
20%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
36</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
20%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
3" Rifle</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Crenshaw</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
28</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
22%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
21</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
22%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Howitzer</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Brander</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
35</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
19%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
35</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
20%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
10# Parrott</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
McGraw</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
70</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
21%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Napoleon</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
Hurt</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
25</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
19%</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c27c" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Whitworth</span></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Union</span></span></span><br />
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<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="38" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="38" valign="MIDDLE" width="81"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">
Strength</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="38" valign="MIDDLE" width="81"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">
Guns</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="38" valign="MIDDLE" width="81"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">
% Cas</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="38" valign="MIDDLE" width="81"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">
Coys</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="38" valign="MIDDLE" width="81"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">
Weapons</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#002f80" height="33" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: large;">Hancock</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#002f80" height="33" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: large;">
9,396</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#002f80" height="33" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: large;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#002f80" height="33" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: large;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#002f80" height="33" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: large;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#002f80" height="33" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: large;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#0062e1" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;">
3rd Div - Hays</span></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#0062e1" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;">
2,582</span></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#0062e1" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;">
</span></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#0062e1" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;">
</span></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#0062e1" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;">
</span></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#0062e1" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;">
</span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b>
Smyth, T.A.</b></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
1,201</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
21%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
8th OH</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
150</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
31%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Muskets</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
14th CT</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
130</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
19%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Sharps</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
1st DE</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
245</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
18%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
12th NJ</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
431</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
19%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Muskets</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
108th NY</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
245</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
17%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b>
Sherrill</b></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
1,381</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
19%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
111th NY</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
324</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
21%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
39th NY</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
262</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
20%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
4</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
125th NY</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
375</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
18%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
126th NY</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
420</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
18%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#0062e1" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;">
2nd Div - Gibbon</span></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#0062e1" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;">
2,776</span></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#0062e1" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;">
</span></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#0062e1" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;">
</span></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#0062e1" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;">
</span></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#0062e1" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;">
</span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b>
Webb</b></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
912</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
18%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
69th PA</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
265</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
19%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
71st PA</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
215</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
18%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
106th PA, coys A & B</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
55</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
16%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
2</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Flintlock</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
72nd PA</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
377</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
19%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b>
Hall</b></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
965</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
18%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
59th NY</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
148</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
16%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
4</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
7 MI</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
192</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
16%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
20th MA</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
250</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
17%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
19th MA</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
179</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
17%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
42nd NY</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
161</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
19%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
1st MA Sharpshooters</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
35</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
17%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
1</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
BL</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b>
Harrow</b></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
899</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
29%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
1st Minn.</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
106</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
73%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
8</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
82nd NY</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
319</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
20%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
15th MA</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
196</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
16%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
19th ME</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
278</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
19%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
6</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
19th ME skirmishers</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
182</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
18%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
4</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#0062e1" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;">
3rd Div - Doubleday</span></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#0062e1" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;">
1,826</span></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#0062e1" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;">
</span></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#0062e1" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;">
16%</span></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#0062e1" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;">
</span></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#0062e1" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;">
</span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b>
Gates</b></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
461</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
39%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
80th NY</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
182</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
37%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
151st PA</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
279</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
41%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b>
Biddle</b></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
420</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
37%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
121st PA</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
211</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
31%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
142nd PA</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
209</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
42%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b>
Stannard</b></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
1,365</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
3%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#82c0ff" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
16th VT</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
464</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
32%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
13th VT</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
442</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
32%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
14th VT</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
459</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
31%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rifles</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">HUNT</span></b></span></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;">
2,212</span></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;">
122</span></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;">
</span></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;">
</span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b>
Osborn 11</b></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
570</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
31</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Eakin</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
125</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
6</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
18%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Napoleon</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Bancroft</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
93</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
6</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
19%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
1</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Napoleon</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Hill</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
96</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
4</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
19%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3" Rifle</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Edgell</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
81</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
6</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
21%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3" Rifle</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Dilger</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
101</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
6</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
20%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
1</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Napoleon</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Taft</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
74</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
22%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
20# Parrott</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Wheeler</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
82</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
6</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
42%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
1</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3" Rifle</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b>
Hazard 2</b></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
650</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
35</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Woodruff</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
90</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
6</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
20%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
1</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Napoleon</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Arnold</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
92</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
5</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
21%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
1</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3" Rifle</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Cushing</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
103</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
6</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
18%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
1</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3" Rifle</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Brown</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
102</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
4</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
21%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
1</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Napoleon</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rorty</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
95</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
4</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
19%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
1</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10# Parrott</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Thomas</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
76</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
6</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
20%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
1</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Napoleon</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Daniels</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
92</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
4</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
23%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
1</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10# Parrott</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b>
McGilvery</b></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
502</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
34</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Thompson</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
83</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
6</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
21%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3" Rifle</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Phillips</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
83</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
6</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
20%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3" Rifle</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Hart</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
56</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
4</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
20%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Napoleon</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Sterling</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
49</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
4</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
21%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
James Rifle</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
24</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
2</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
23%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Howitzer</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Dow</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
103</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
6</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Napoleon</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Ames</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
104</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
6</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Napoleon</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b>
Fitzhugh</b></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
484</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
22</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Cowan</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
103</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
6</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
0%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
1</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3" Rifle</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Fitzhugh</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
145</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
6</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
19%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3" Rifle</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Parsons</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
116</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
6</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
18%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10# Parrott</span></span></td>
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<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Weir</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
123</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
6</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
20%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Napoleon</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Cooper</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
100</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
4</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
20%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
3" Rifle</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><b>
Martin</b></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
53</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
6</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ff1f10" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="216"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
Rittenhouse</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
53</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
6</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
22%</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
1</span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="20" valign="BOTTOM" width="81"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;">
10</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;"><b>References</b></span></h3>
<br />
The primary references I used in putting this post together were Stephen Sears' <i>Gettysburg</i>, George Stewart's 1959 study, <i>Pickett's Charge, A Microhistory</i>. For a minute by minute narrative of every little detail of the Charge, Stewart's account is unparalleled. Other references below were also used extensively. <br />
<br />
Bowden, Scott, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Armies-Gettysburg-American-Civil-War/dp/0913037060/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1414720594&sr=1-1&keywords=Armies+at+Gettysburg%2C+Scott+Bowden" target="_blank"><i>Armies at Gettysburg</i></a>, 1988, Empire Games Press, ISBN: 0-913037-06-0<br />
<br />
Coddington, Edwin, <i><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Gettysburg-Campaign-Study-Command/dp/0684845695/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1414717546&sr=1-1&keywords=the+gettysburg+campaign+a+study+in+command" target="_blank">The Gettysburg Campaign: A Study in Command</a>,</i> 1968, Scribners, ISBN: 0-684-18152-5<br />
<br />
Griffith, Paddy, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Battle-Tactics-Civil-Paddy-Griffith/dp/1847977898/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1414720437&sr=1-1&keywords=battle+tactics+of+the+civil+war" target="_blank"><i>Battle Tactics of the Civil War</i></a>, 1987, Yale University Press, ISBN: 0-300-04247-7 <br />
<br />
Hess, Earl J., <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Union-Soldier-Battle-Enduring-Ordeal/dp/0700614214/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1414720558&sr=1-1&keywords=the+union+soldier+in+battle" target="_blank"><i>The Union Soldier in Battle</i></a>, 1997, University of Kansas Press, ISBN: 0-7006-0837-0<br />
<br />
McWhiney & Jamieson, <i><a href="http://www.powells.com/book/-9780817302290" target="_blank">Attack and Die: Civil War Military Tactics and the Southern Heritage</a></i>, 1984, University of Alabama Press, ISBN: <span class="a-size-base a-color-base">978-0817302290</span> <br />
<br />
Naisawald, L. Van Loan, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Grape-Canister-L-Vanloan-Naisawald/dp/0811707024/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1414717715&sr=1-1&keywords=grape+and+canister" target="_blank"><i>Grape and Canister:The Story of the Field Artillery of the Army of the Potomac 1861-1865</i></a>, 1960, Oxford University Press<br />
<br />
Sears, Stephen W., <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Gettysburg-Stephen-W-Sears/dp/0618485384/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1414717245&sr=8-1&keywords=stephen+sears+gettysburg" target="_blank"><i>Gettysburg</i></a>, 2003, Mariner Books, ISBN: 0-618-48538-4<br />
<br />
Stewart, George R., <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Picketts-Charge-George-Stewart/dp/0395597722/ref=sr_1_7?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1414716975&sr=1-7&keywords=pickett%27s+charge" target="_blank"><i>Pickett's Charge: A Microhistory of the Final Attack at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863</i></a><br />
1959, Houghton Mifflin, 1987 ISBN: 0-395-59772-2<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i>©
</i></span></span>Copyright 2014, Jeffery
P. Berry Trust, all rights reserved. No part of this post may be used
for re-publication or re-posting without documented permission from the
Jeffery P. Berry Trust. However, feel free to link to this site as a
resource from related sites.</i></span></span><br />
<br />
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Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com30tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-76470002696201940552014-07-12T00:27:00.007-07:002021-04-12T08:59:38.926-07:00Lobositz 1756<h2>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Seven Years War</span></span></h2>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">October 1, 1756</span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></h3>
<span style="color: #351c75; font-size: large;">Prussians under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" target="_blank">Frederick II<span style="color: #351c75;">,</span></a> 29,016 and 94 guns</span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;">Austrian Forces under <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Browne%2C_Baron_Maximilian" target="_blank">Maximilian Ulysses Browne</a> 32,134 and 92 guns</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;">Weather:</span></b> Fog until about 11:00, then clear until about 19:00 when it started to rain.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;">First <span style="font-size: small;">Light</span>:</span><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">05:37</span></span><b><span style="color: #990000;"> <span style="font-size: small;">Sunrise</span>: </span></b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">06:09</span></span><b><span style="color: #990000;"> Sunset:</span></b> 17:43 <span style="color: #990000;"><b>End of Twilight:</b></span> 18:15<br />
(Calculated from <a href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/RS_OneDay.php" target="_blank">U.S.Naval Observatory </a>for this date and location)<br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000;">Location:</span></b><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Lovosice&params=50_30_54_N_14_3_3_E_type:city%289392%29_region:CZ" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°30′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°3′3″E</span></span></span></a> </span></span></span> On Google Maps search for the present day village of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovosice" target="_blank">Lovosice </a>in the Czech Republic.<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span></span></span></div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
Lobositz
was Frederick the Great's first battle of the Seven Years War. This
battle was a small one, and relatively obscure to those not steeped in
that war, or in Frederickana. It has been generally awarded as a
Prussian victory by historian scorekeepers, but, as I hope to show in my
endearing, iconoclastic way, it was actually a tie and even a strategic
check to Frederick. The Prussian king publicized it as a victory for
his own political purposes, and subsequent Prussophiles have listed it
as such. But Austriophiles (Hapsburgophiles?) might beg to differ.
Lobositz actually demonstrated a brilliant performance by both the
Austrian commander, Browne, and the new, reformed Austrian army. And,
like Frederick's first battle of <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/02/mollwitz-1741.html" target="_blank">Mollwitz</a>,
the Prussian king, being the manic-depressive that he was, gave up
early and went off to sulk while his troops fought on.<br />
<br />
If
you happen to like your history served out on the neat plate already
cut up for you; and you happen to be a Prussophile yourself (nothing
wrong with that), then you probably should stop reading this right now
and go on to more comforting subjects. But if you like your history
showing you a different side to the way things might actually have
been--a more <i>obscure </i>take--or if you just like to be mad--read on.<br />
<i><br /></i>
<i><span style="color: #b45f06;">Situation about 0800 on 1 October 1756</span>. <span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Map protected by Digimarc watermark against unauthorized copying.)</span></i><br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lPLleeyTy8c/YHEPgt1IWiI/AAAAAAAAFK4/GI8r1YbyOwA8iA6avkVMGsiBaSQUT1kYACLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Lobositz%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1556" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lPLleeyTy8c/YHEPgt1IWiI/AAAAAAAAFK4/GI8r1YbyOwA8iA6avkVMGsiBaSQUT1kYACLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Lobositz%2Bfor%2Bposting.jpg" /></a></div><br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">The long awaited Seven Years War starts</span></span></h3>
First
some background questions:. Why was there a Seven Years War in the
first place? And did they call it the Seven Years War when it started?
How long was it?<br />
<br />
To answer those questions in order: Nobody knows. No. Eight years. <br />
<br />
Many
historians have analogized the Seven Years War to World War II. It came
about ten years after the end, in 1745, of the largely unresolved War
of the Austrian Succession, just as WWII came about twenty years after
the unresolved WWI. And both the Seven Years and Austrian Succession
Wars were both World Wars, inasmuch as they were fought all over the
world by the same-great powers (except for Japan). The sides in this
particular war were, on the one side, Great Britain and Prussia and on
the other, Austria, France, Russia, Sweden and practically every other
little German and European principality and archbishopric who wanted a
piece of the action. For a playbill, may I recommend the excellent
website devoted exclusively to the Seven Years War, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Main_Page" target="_blank">Kronoskaf/SYW</a>.<br />
<br />
In
August 1756, Frederick, who had been mobilized for months, was itching
to get fighting. But he was unable to get a provocation out of
uncooperative Austria, whose government kept emphatically insisting they
didn't want war (the duplicitous bastards!). So Frederick decided to
get the ball rolling by invading his southern neighbor, Saxony.<br />
<br />
Saxony,
like Belgium in WWI and WWII, wanted to stay out of it, but was
inconveniently in Frederick's way to Bohemia, It also had a rich
treasury and tax base, which Frederick needed to finance his war (there
is some circular reasoning here). So, under the pretext of launching a
pre-emptive defensive war (where have we heard that pretext in modern
times? Hm.), he quickly overran Saxony, expecting its immediate
surrender. He also expected to find incriminating documents of a plot
against him in the state archives of its capital, Dresden, to <i>ex post facto</i>
justify his invasion. These latter were his WMDs and, like a more
recent government looking for their own WMDs, proved just as elusive. Or
illusive.<br />
<br />
But the Saxons, vexingly, did not surrender
right away. Instead, their King August, their government under Count
Bruhl, and their small army of 17,000 fled south to their impregnable,
pre-fortified camp on the River Elbe at Pirna. There they sent urgent
messages begging help from Austria-Hungary while the Prussians
surrounded them and proceeded to loot their country. This is all so
familiar. And tedious.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Irish to the rescue.</span></span></h3>
The
Austrian government under Maria-Theresa and her prime minister,
Kaunitz, did respond. They were not immediately prepared, though, since,
unlike Frederick, they hadn't been mobilized, and, in truth, had been
sincere in their hopes for peace. So it took them a few weeks to get
together an army large enough to confront the Prussian aggression in
Bohemia and organize a rescue mission for the Saxon army and government.
Maria-Theresa, on hearing that her newly forming army had not
received its guns yet, donated her own stable of luxury horses to haul
the guns north, and exhorted her nobility to do the same to show their
patriotic devotion.The Austrians were moving as fast as they could...or
at least as their bureaucracy would let them.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Eov-X7aQ2r0/U7xpwr_ZDzI/AAAAAAAABRE/8CegXlNd0sQ/s1600/Browne.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Eov-X7aQ2r0/U7xpwr_ZDzI/AAAAAAAABRE/8CegXlNd0sQ/s1600/Browne.jpg" width="162" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Field Marshal Browne</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
As commander of this new army, she promoted a hero of the previous war, with the appropriately heroic name, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_Ulysses_Browne" target="_blank">Maximilian Ulysses Browne</a>,
to Field Marshal. She also invested him with all the authority and
support he thought he might need. Browne, a second generation Irishman,
one of the many Wild Geese fighting in Continental service since their
ouster by the English, was probably Austria's finest soldier of a
generation...at least since Prince Eugene. Not only was he an
organizational prodigy, he was both a tactical and strategic genius. His
biggest failing was his health. Suffering from tuberculosis in his 52nd
year, he had chronic insomnia and frequently collapsed, exhausted,
coughing up blood. Yet, in spite of his debilitating illness, he endured
the same privations he required of his men; he marched with them, slept
outside with them, ate with them, and made sure they were taken care
of. In return his men and his officers loved him and performed wonders
for him. He was a soldier's soldier. On one march north, he lay by the
side of the road on a rainy night to try and catch some sleep, and his
soldiers stopped to cover him with their cloaks. He was probably as much
loved by his men as Frederick was by his own.<br />
<br />
Browne
performed organizational miracles and, with the support of his queen,
Maria-Theresa and her minister, Kauntiz, brought the Austrian army up to
a strength of about 32,000 by mid September at the traditional Austrian
training camp at Kolin, just east of Prague.<br />
<br />
During
these sleepless weeks, the Irish field marshal had conceived of a
strategic rescue mission in which, moving north to the town of Lobositz
on the Elbe at the southern exit from the Bohemian mountain range known
as the Mittel-Gebirge, he would block any attempt by Frederick to invade
the rich Bohemian plain. Then with about 8,000 men, he'd lead a
reconnaissance-in-force up the rugged right bank of the Elbe north to a
landing opposite Pirna, where his men could help the Saxons as they
crossed the river and escort them down to Prague and safety. It was a
good plan, worked out under secret communication with the Saxon
commander Rutowsky, the messages carried under hair-raising adventure by
Browne's courageous secret agents.<br />
<br />
This was where things stood in early September. Kaunitz and Maria-Theresa approved and gave Browne the go-ahead.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">The two move toward each other.</span></span></h3>
<br />
From
14-20 September, Browne moved his 32,000 men and 92 guns 62 miles from
Kolin to Budin (modern Budyne), an easily defensible position just 13
miles south of Lobositz, while he rode ahead and personally
reconnoitered the ground ahead. He also sent his friend and fellow Wild
Goose, Moritz Lacy, with some 4,000 Croat light infantry and hussars
north of Lobositz to secure the left bank river road along the Elbe.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile,
Frederick, frustrated by the lack of zeal on the part of the ungrateful
Saxons to surrender and hand over their army and treasury, took 26,000
troops of his own army south, leaving a force of observation to keep the
Saxons bottled up in their fort. His army was pretty much eating up the
countryside in their unexpected siege and he had to keep it moving to
feed it. <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-esOX3YrNLnA/U7x7WlqOe-I/AAAAAAAABRU/Wz2RBU5TQus/s1600/Kostal+SW+of+Lobowitz+by+Hruzka.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-esOX3YrNLnA/U7x7WlqOe-I/AAAAAAAABRU/Wz2RBU5TQus/s1600/Kostal+SW+of+Lobowitz+by+Hruzka.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><i>Kostal, a typical volcanic cone of the Mittel-Gebirge.<br />
Photo by <a href="http://troglodytes.org/index.php?cat=5" target="_blank">David Hrusk<span>a</span></a></i></span></span> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
He picked his way down through the weird
landscape of the Mittel-Gebirge, around the innumerable extinct
volcanoes (they aren't really innumerable; I just didn't want to count
them). His goal was to invade the flat part of Bohemia, where the rich
farms were, and find comfy winter quarters for his men at Austrian (or,
more precisely, Bohemian) expense.<br />
<br />
Through his own
intelligence Frederick was aware that the Austrians had put together a
small army near Prague, but he wasn't worried about it. Since his
unbroken string of victories over the Austrians in the last war, he had
contempt for anything the Habsburgs might throw at him. And his new
army, which he had spent 10 years sharpening, was his best yet.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">These aren't the Austrians you're looking for.</span></span></h3>
<br />
You
would have thought, however, that Frederick, whose intelligence service
was good, would have paid attention to all the military reforms taking
place in Austria-Hungary since the '41-'45 war. Defeat of a smart people
can be a wise school for them. And the Austro-Hungarians had been very
smart, profiting from their bitter lessons of the last war to completely
reform their artillery, their infantry and even their cavalry.<br />
<br />
The reforms under <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Liechtenstein%2C_F%C3%BCrst_Joseph_Wenzel_von" target="_blank">Prince Liechtenstein</a>
to the artillery were probably the most dramatic. Not only was the
equipment revolutionized to make it some of the lightest, hardest
hitting and most efficient in the world to that date, Liechtenstein had honed the
organization, tactics and logistics for that arm to make it the coming
model for all artilleries in the 18th century, until the Napoleonic
wars. Indeed, all of the famous artillery reforms made by the French
under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Vaquette_de_Gribeauval" target="_blank">Gribeauval </a>toward the end of the century had been made in emulation of Liechtenstein's artillery.<br />
<br />
The
Austrians had not neglected their infantry, either. Learning from their
former enemies, they'd adopted iron ramrods, cadenced marching, platoon
fire systems (see my post under<a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/11/blenheim-1704.html" target="_blank"> Blenheim 1704 </a>of
how platoon fire vs fire by ranks works), and all the advanced
formations and evolutions of their enemies. Frederick had tried to keep
much of his army's tactics a state secret, but in those days it was hard
to keep things done out in the open on a battlefield a secret.
Thousands of eyes across Europe had watched the Prussians and took
notes.<br />
<br />
In cavalry, the Austrians didn't have that much
to improve since that was the one arm during the previous war that had
more than held its own. However, they did adopt the new squadron
organization and tactics (over the previous 13 company structure) and
had kept their horses in top condition. Their officers, too, were
motivated to maneuver and take initiative; and as we'll see in this
battle, this renewed professionalism stood them good against the
Prussian cavalry, who had let themselves get sloppy since 1745.<br />
<br />
In
the area of light infantry, though, the Austrians (or, to give credit
where it's due, their subjects the Croats and Hungarians) still held
dominance in Europe. As in the last war, these irregulars would make
life hell for the rigid Prussians; shooting from behind rocks, trees,
and walls; raiding lines of communications; gathering intelligence; and
refusing to stand up in straight lines and fight like men...or at least
like Prussians. Frederick had utmost contempt for these people, whom he
regarded as mere gypsies, tramps, and thieves. In fact, during this very
campaign, a lurking Croat spied Frederick relieving himself outside his
carriage and took aim and pulled the trigger. Had it not been raining
and the Croat's powder not been soaked, history would have dramatically
changed at the very outset of the war. The Prussians had had some
success at developing their own hussars, but light infantry took some
time. You had to grow up in the mountains fighting Turks and vendettas
against each other to breed a class of bush fighters.<br />
<br />
All of these improvements and work would return on their investment in the next few days--to the nasty surprise of Frederick.<br />
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">The Austrians occupy Lobositz</span></span></h3>
<br />
On
September 28 Browne, finally receiving the welcome news from Count
Bruhl that the Saxons had enthusiastically accepted his offer to come up
to Pirna and rescue them, had his army break their rest at Budin and
move the 13 miles down the Elbe to Lobositz. The idea was to make a
demonstration with his main army on the left bank of the Elbe and keep
Frederick on this side, so as not to interfere with a smaller corps
secretly marching up the right bank toward Pirna.<br />
<br />
The
ground around Lobositz, the main exit from the Mittel-Gebirge Frederick
was likely to take, had some advantageous features for defense. To the
northwest was an extinct volcano, the Lobosch (modern Lovos in Czech), a
steep 1866 ft cone flanked by terraced vineyards and woods, and capped
by a black plug of basalt. The vineyards, enclosed themselves by ditches
and lava rock walls, made an ideal fighting ground for Browne's
Pandour infantry. Frederick coming down the main road toward Lobositz
could not leave this dangerous position on his flank. So Browne
entrusted this ground to the 2,000 Pandours (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Banal-Grenzinfanterieregiment_nr._2" target="_blank">Banal </a>and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Karlst%C3%A4dter-Ottochaner_Grenzer" target="_blank">Karlstadt </a>regiments) under Gen. Draskowitz, backed by five regiments of infantry
under his young Irish friend Count Lacy (see deployment map above).<br />
<br />
To
the immediate west of the town was a gently sloping saddle between the
Lobosch to the north and another old volcano, the Ovcin, to the south.
This saddle was dominated on the southwest side by a thumb-shaped spur
coming out of the Ovcin called the Homolka. While this little hill
dominated the middle of the battleground, Browne saw that he could not
afford to occupy it since it was indefensible from the rear, the
directions the Prussians would have been coming. So he left it as s
welcome gift to Frederick. <br />
<br />
To protect his center,
and offer bait for Frederick to attack, Browne placed a force of all the
elite companies of his cavalry, two regiments of hussars, and the
<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Erzherzog_Joseph_Dragoons" target="_blank">Erzherzog Joseph Regiment of Dragoons (D1)</a> on the flat plain below the
Homolka under another of his most reliable officers, Radicati. These
were supported on their right by two battalions of converged grenadiers
and a strong battery of six 12 pdr guns and six 7 pdr howitzers
commanded by the aptly named Gen. Feuerstein. Behind his "bait", a deep,
sunken road connected Lobositz to the marshy Morellenbach, a natural
defensive trench. Into this he placed some companies of Pandours, and two
more battalions of converged grenadiers. And behind these, two strong
regiments of cuirassiers, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Stampach_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Stambach </a>(C10) and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=O%27Donell_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Cordua </a>(C14).<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>View west from the Austrian heavy battery position,
looking toward the Prussian advance. On the right is the steep Lobosch
hill, to the left is the Homolka Berg, on which the Prussians would
place their biggest guns and from which Frederick watched the first part
of the battle. Photo: Google Maps</i></span></span><br />
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<br />
The
south side of the battlefield was bordered by a wide bog of the
Morellenbach, crossed by bridges and causeways, as well as the village
of Sullowitz, and a walled, wooded park (a Tiergarten--or game park).
Browne concealed the bulk of his army behind this, about 11,000 infantry
and almost 5,000 more cavalry. He had all of his infantry lie down in
the tall grass to hide themselves and the cavalry stationed behind the
thick woods of the Tiergarten, where they couldn't be detected even from
the height of the Homolka.<br />
<br />
All of this clever
deployment was intended to make it look like Lobositz was held by only a
thin, rear guard. This was aided further by the fact that at this time
of year, a thick mist hung around the wet ground around the Elbe until
late morning.<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Frederick stumbles in.</span></span></h3>
<br />
About
6:30 on the morning of 1 October, the Prussians, having been marching
all night, started to arrive in the notch between Lobosch and Ovcin
hills. Frederick was told the town of Lobositz seemed to be held by a
few cavalry and some of those detestable Croats. Peering from the high
ground on the Homolka into the ground mist and blinded by the rising
sun, it was hard for the king to make out anything definite. There
looked like some small bodies of cavalry moving about on the plain. He
could also hear the popcorn rattle of musketry and small 3 pounder guns
wafting down from the vineyards on the Lobosch to his left. For all
intents it looked like the reports of his Green Hussars had been right,
there were just some rear guard cavalry; the rest of Browne's army seems
to have retreated.<br />
<br />
Frederick told Bevern to take seven
battalions of the first arriving infantry (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Kleist_Infantry" target="_blank">Kleist</a> #27, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Braunschweig-Bevern_Infantry" target="_blank">Bevern </a>#7, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Manteuffel_Infantry" target="_blank">Manteuffel </a>#17, and a battalion of grenadiers) and sweep the pesky Croats out of the
flanking vineyards on the mountain. Easier said than done. The broken,
steeply sloping ground made by the vineyards broke up the linear
formations of the Prussian infantry, who were forced to scramble in many
small groups from vinerow to vinerow, while the hundreds of elusive
Croats fired at them from walls, ditches and the brush higher up the
mountain. This close battle was to go on for several hours in a see-saw
manner. The Prussians were exasperated because they could not see their
enemy, in spite of their bright red coats. During this long fight,
whenever Bevern seemed to get the upper hand and start to push the
Croats back, Lacy would send in another battalion or two of regulars to
reinforce them. Both sides, regulars and irregulars, were fighting light
infantry style, but this was the kind of fight the Croats were born
for. The Prussian infantry had not yet been trained in light infantry tactics and presumably made it up as they went along.<br />
<br />
While this bloody combat was going on on the
Lobosch, the main body of Prussian infantry under the Prince von
Pruessen, was marching down the road from Bilinka and deploying across
the saddle in front of and around the village with the unpronounceable
name of Wchinitz (Vchynice in modern Czech--not any better--can we not
send some vowels to those deserving people?). The ground was tight and
the battalions were forced to pack in one behind another, making them juicy targets for
the Austrian 12 pdrs and howitzers in front of Lobositz.<br />
<br />
This
was something I discovered while preparing the battle map for this
article. While typical maps of this battle (even the usually meticulous
maps in Duffy's histories) blithely show neat little blocks representing
regiments of 14-1600 men, each smartly lined up across the white paper
in straight rows, the regiments in my maps show the actual footprints of
these formations (the Prussian infantry in three ranks, two feet per
front per man, the Prussian cavalry still deploying in 3 ranks by this
early stage of the war, at 1.3 yard per trooper). Something doesn't add
up, geometrically, that is. Given the reported muster strengths of the
Prussians, it would have been a really tight fit (see map). Most of the published maps of this battle that I found showed lots of shoulder room around the Prussian formations, but if the documented strengths were accurate, they would have been crowding each other. The narrative of the battle also describe the Prussian infantry as deploying in two lines (not to be confused with two ranks), which the maps I used as reference did not reflect, but which I have done in my map.<br />
<br />
Another feature
that made itself felt in the Prussian deployment was an inconvenient
stream, the Graben, that bisected the position down the middle. It was
probably fordable by infantry, but broke up the ground for the cavalry,
which were forced to deploy straddling this ditch.Contemporary memoires
claim that the horses were so tired after their all-night march that
they couldn't manage to climb the opposite bank.<br />
<br />
The Prussian deployment in this crowded valley went on all morning. Not elegantly.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>This
view south looks across the Prussian center toward the Homolka. The
village of Wchinitz is on the right. The main body of Prussian infantry
would have lined up from here straight toward the Homolka and then
wrapped around the south end of the village. Photo by permission: <a href="http://troglodytes.org/index.php?cat=5" target="_blank">David Hruska</a></i></span></span><br />
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<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Another excellent photograph below by<a href="http://troglodytes.org/index.php?cat=5" target="_blank"> David Hruska,</a>
taken coincidentally on 1 October on the 250th anniversary of the
battle, shows what the
foliage would have looked like. This view is north looking toward the
Lobosch (Lovos) peak from the slopes of the Ovcin.. Vineyards would have
covered the lower shoulders of the mountain.Ten thousand Prussian
cavalry would have filled up the valley in the middle distance, facing
right.</i></span></span><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wJPbOZD0Qt8/U7zkP9lUv6I/AAAAAAAABR8/mi_w0nLG7yg/s1600/View+N+fm+Homolka+hill+by+Hruzka.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wJPbOZD0Qt8/U7zkP9lUv6I/AAAAAAAABR8/mi_w0nLG7yg/s1600/View+N+fm+Homolka+hill+by+Hruzka.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Frederick's
talented artillery chief, Colonel von Moller, expertly set up batteries on
either side of the main road to answer the Austrian heavy battery in
front of Lobositz. He also set up his big 24 pdrs and heavy howtizers on
the commanding dome of the Homolka to fire at the cavalry in the
plain. These latter wouldn't stay still, though. They kept changing
their formations, moving forward and backward, left and right, and
generally frustrating the aim of Moller's gunners. Generals Radacati and
Hadik and their cavalry knew their business.<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Frederick's view from the forward slope of the Homolka
toward the plain in front of Lobositz where Browne's "bait" was
planted. On the morning of the battle, this would have been veiled in
mist and not so clear. Moller's battery would have been unlimbered
roughly about here. The main Austrian force was lying down in and behind
the village of Sullowitz to the right and would not have been visible..</i></span></span><br />
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<br /></div>
The Austrian artillery under Feuerstein, however, had the better of the Prussians in the early duel. Aside from it being more modern and with greater range than the Prussian, it was more nimble and able to move and shift targets rapidly. But the most important factor was that the Austrians had more lucrative targets to shoot at. While most of the Austrian forces were lying down and hidden, or in the case of the few cavalry that were visible, moving around, the Prussians, once they got into position presented static, standing targets. Participants on the Prussian side describe how entire files of men were blown away at a time, and yet they had to stand there for hours, shoulder-to-shoulder, taking it without giving back. One distinction between how Browne handled his troops and how the Prussians did was in this. Browne gave direct orders to his commanders to have their men lie down to avoid needless casualties from artillery...at least until the moment they were needed. To the Prussian military ethic, however, this was unmanly. So they made their men stand up and just take it. Most of the Prussian infantry was standing in compact lines in front of Wchinitz, in plain view of the Austrian gunners. It was probably, too, another reason why Browne's men were endeared to him; he took care of them. To the Prussian soldier, his officers regarded him as so much fodder.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Frederick launches his cavalry.</span></span></h3>
<br />
By 11:00 the fog had not yet lifted completely, but Frederick was still convinced that he was only facing the
rear guard of Browne's retreating army. He was seconded in this opinion by all the yes-men on his staff, including his little brother, Augustus Wilhelm, who said, "This won't cause much trouble. It's just a rearguard action." The prince then advised his brother to send in some cavalry to brush what he assumed were just a few hussars aside. Frederick agreed and ordered Gen. Kyau to take Pennavaire's
cuirassier brigade (5 squadrons of <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Prussian_Gens_d%27Armes" target="_blank">Gensdarmes </a>#10, 1 of the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Prussian_Garde_du_Corps" target="_blank">Gardes du Corps</a> #13, and 2 of the yellow jacketed <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Prinz_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Prinz von Preussen</a> #2, as well
as 8 squadrons of the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Markgraf_Friedrich_von_Bayreuth_Dragoons" target="_blank">Bayreuth Dragoons</a> #5) and brush the presumptuous Austrian cavalry from the field.<br />
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Kyau filtered his squadrons around the south of the Prussian infantry on the Homolka and went right at Radicati's cavalry, who weren't so easily
brushed aside. The cavalry battle clang-clanged back and forth for about
a quarter of an hour, with the Prussians gradually pushing the Austrians
back. But as they started to chase them across the sunken road between
Lobositz and the Mollerenbach, they fell into the ambush laid by Browne.
First they were raked right and left by the hidden grenadiers and
Croats in the sunken road, then in enfilade by the battery in front of Lobositz and a lot of 6 pounders hidden across the Morellenbach. Finally, when their disordered squadrons made it across the sunken road they were met by another unpleasant surprise, Lobkowitz's two fresh cuirassier regiments
(<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=O%27Donell_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Cordua </a>C14 and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Stampach_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Stampach </a>C10) who threw all the Prussians back in
confusion toward their start line. To add insult to injury, these were harried by the two hussar regiments of Hadik and Baranyay, the very presumptuous ones Kyau had meant to brush from the field.<br />
<br />
But failure loves reinvestment. It had been a standing order in the Prussian cavalry, originated by Frederick himself, that when they see the first line in trouble, they are not to wait for orders but are to charge. This is what the overall Prussian cavalry commander, Gen. Gessler, now did...with all 10,000 troopers. Apparently Frederick had recently insulted Gessler about his lack of audacity in battle. Still stinging from that rebuke, the cavalry general decided to show Frederick the audacity he was always clamoring for. While Frederick, in horror, looked on from Homolka, Gessler filtered all of his squadrons through the intervals between the Prussian battalions in front of Wchinitz. When they were all lined up, he ordered a general charge all along the line.<br />
<br />
Frederick, incredulous, was supposed to have said, "My God! What is my cavalry doing? They're attacking a second time and nobody gave the order!" I imagine no one on Frederick's staff had the suicidal urge to point out that Frederick himself had given that very standing order years before, when he was reorganizing his cavalry. And now, ironically, they were doing just what he told them they must always do; act without waiting for orders.<br />
<br />
It must have been a magnificent sight to see 10,000 cuirassiers and dragoons thundering down the valley. But as <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pierre_Bosquet" target="_blank">Pierre Bosquet</a>, an eyewitness to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade" target="_blank">another famous and doomed cavalry charge</a> a century later in the Crimea, said "Magnificent. But it is not war." ("<i>C’est magnifique, mais ce n’est pas la guerre</i>.")<br />
<br />
This second attack, much bigger though it was than the first, suffered the same fate. Now, even aware of the murderous crossfire from Lobositz and Sullowitz, and that this was no "rear guard" they were facing but the entire Austrian army, Gessler led his 10,000 into the same meat grinder. Now all the Austrian infantry south of the Morellenbach swamp stood up and poured devastating volleys into the flanks of the charging horsemen. But the Prussian squadrons, already coming apart, kept moving forward.<br />
<br />
Browne summoned Lucchesi to send fresh squadrons from his cavalry reserve (from <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Anspach_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Anspach </a>and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Bretlach_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Bretlach </a>Cuirassiers) to reinforce the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Stampach_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Stampach </a>and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=O%27Donell_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Cordua </a>Cuirassiers and Joseph Dragoons in the center. The Prussian cavalry were already exhausted after having marched all night, and the Austrians were well-fed and rested. It wasn't an even contest. Some Prussians tried to urge their horses across the Morellenbach swamp to get at the Austrian infantry, but were hopelessly mired down and shot down in the mud from above, like fish in a barrel. A Prussian infantryman watching the spectacle from the heights of the Homolka said the whole battle lasted less than a quarter of an hour before clumps of cavalry and lone horses came limping back, some dragging their mangled riders by the stirrups.<br />
<br />
At some point, Gessler and individual regimental commanders realized it was hopeless and called the retreat, rallying their beaten troopers in front of the Prussian infantry for a third charge. But Frederick, disgusted with the performance of what was supposed to be the finest cavalry of Europe, the victors of Hohenfriedberg and <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-battle-of-soor-1745_23.html" target="_blank">Soor</a>, ordered them back behind Wchinitz. They were done for the day.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Frederick quits.</span></span></h3>
Now, about noon, even Frederick realized he was not facing any "rear guard." but the whole Austrian army. It looked to him like another "first" battle, <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/02/mollwitz-1741.html" target="_blank">Mollwitz</a>, all over again. This time, though, he had no <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Christoph_Graf_von_Schwerin" target="_blank">Schwerin </a>to persuade him to leave the field for the sake of the kingdom: he came to that conclusion on his own. He was convinced he had lost this battle, one he hadn't expected, and turned his horse around and made for the safety of Wchinitz village. One of the last orders he gave that day was for Bevern to clear the slopes of the Lobosch of Austrians, to at least secure the flank of the army before they retreated the next day. Something Bevern had been trying to do all morning, thank you for noticing.<br />
<br />
Bevern, now imbued with this new authority, began to appropriate other regiments from the Prussian center to throw them against the Croats and Austrians in the vineyards. In trying to rally the jumble of Prussian infantry already fighting, they complained that they had shot away all their ammunition. To this he is supposed to have memorably said, "Well, you have bayonets, don't you? Skewer the dogs!" Supposedly this was the moment when the Prussians heroically leapt up and surged forward, skewering, poking, clubbing, bashing and driving the enemy off the hill and down toward Lobositz town. But the relatively fresh reinforcements of second battalions of IRs <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Itzenplitz_Infantry" target="_blank">Itzenplitz #13</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=H%C3%BClsen_Infantry" target="_blank">Hulsen #21</a>, and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=M%C3%BCnchow_Fusiliers" target="_blank">Munchow #36</a> and the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=3/6_Kleist_Grenadiers" target="_blank">Kleist</a> and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=8/46_Alt-Billerbeck_Grenadiers" target="_blank">Billerbeck </a>grenadier battalions probably helped, too. And the fact that the Croats and Austrians were themselves running low on ammunition and pretty exhausted by the early afternoon themselves also helped. General Lacy, commanding the Austrian center and right, felt that they had done their job. Retreat was the better part of valor.<br />
<br />
Lacy ordered a slow fallback toward Lobositz, covering the retreating men with the remaining seven of his intact battalions. It was not a rout; it was an orderly withdrawal. As the Austrians slowly backed off the hill and into the town, fighting every foot of the way, the Prussian howitzers with the three batteries began raining hot shells on Lobowitz and Sullowitz, setting those hapless villages on fire and burning alive the wounded that had been brought into them (even some Prussian cavalry wounded). That was the last resort of a scoundrel: when all else failed burn private property. It was mostly just spiteful.<br />
<br />
By this time Browne, having accomplished his strategic goal of stopping the Prussians, and not wishing to risk the integrity of his army, ordered a general evacuation of the town, taking as many of his and the Prussian wounded as possible and calling forward three regiments of his infantry reserve to cross the Morellenbach and set up a covering defense, which they did professionally.<br />
<br />
It was about 15:00 now. And Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, whom Frederick had left in charge while he went to hide behind the lines, called off the pursuit, which was costing the Prussians as much as the Austrians anyway. The battle was over. A rain storm was coming in and by sunset a downpour mercifully put out the fires in Lobositz and Sullowitz. Both sides stopped firing.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Now it's done.</span></span></h3>
<br />
Browne's army camped on the field in the rain, below the safety of the swelling Morrelenbach. Frederick's men camped where they were, in Wchinitz and the soggy ashes of Lobositz. It was not until reports came in much later that night that Frederick was convinced by his officers that he hadn't lost the battle. The Austrians had apparently retreated. But the king was a nervous wreck.<br />
<br />
The next morning, Browne ordered a general withdrawal of the entire army to its original defensive line at Budin. To commence the move he ordered a single round from a 12 pounder to be fired as a start signal. The fact that the signal happened to include a live round that bounded through the Prussian camp only added insult to injury. Many on that side thought, with sickening awareness, that another day of battle was starting.<br />
<br />
But Frederick and his staff could see that Browne was actually withdrawing. The enemy's army was still a potent fighting force, but Frederick pulled a "technical" and by the rules of 18th century warfare sent back dispatches to Berlin of a glorious Prussian victory. After all, he stayed on the field of battle which the enemy abandoned (even though it was the next day and with all his guns and his army intact. Still...) So a great Prussian victory is how Lobositz has been officially viewed ever since. <br />
<br />
Tactically, this first battle of the Seven Years War was actually a draw. Both sides had lost about 2,900 (a slightly harsher loss to the smaller Prussian army). But Browne had achieved his immediate strategic objective in stopping the forward momentum of Frederick into the Bohemian plain and buying time for his ultimate scheme of rescuing the Saxon army. He had never meant to hold Lobositz but had always seen it as a great place for an ambush, which he pulled off beautifully. In fact, in moving his army forward on the 28th, he only brought enough provisions for two days, never meaning to stay. So even with Frederick claiming he had won the ground, he didn't gain the usual fruits of such a victory in terms of captured enemy stores. There were none. The Prussians were tired and hungry, camping on a soggy battlefield covered with thousands of dead and dying men and horses, amid smouldering ruins. In the rain.<br />
<br />
Privately, Frederick knew the truth. And both he and his men recognized to each other that these were not the Austrians they had grown accustomed to beating in the last war. He wrote to his old friend, Marshal Schwerin, "They have more tricks at their disposal than ever before; believe me, unless we can bring a mass of cannon against them it will cost us a great number of men to beat them down." And, he might have added, eight more long years more of fighting.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Now Browne can do what he set out to do in the first place.</span></span></h3>
<br />
With upper Bohemia now safe, Browne could now execute on his strategic plan of moving unhindered down the right bank of the Elbe toward Pirna to help the Saxon army make its escape across the river. Taking only 7,459 troops (including regulars, Croats, hussars and dragoons), while leaving his main army defending Budin, Browne crossed the river at Raudnitz (modern <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@50.4290336,14.2866488,12673m/data=!3m1!1e3" target="_blank">Roudnice</a>) and started making his way up toward the bank opposite <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@50.9195886,14.06944,2685m/data=!3m1!1e3" target="_blank">Konigstein </a>castle, the easternmost fortress of the Saxon defensive positions at <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@50.9468683,13.9897342,8051m/data=!3m1!1e3" target="_blank">Pirna</a>. He did this all without detection, hard marching with his men through mountains and forests in the rain for more than sixty miles in four days, all the while coughing up blood himself. That a healthy man could do this, and lead thousands of men without losing one, was amazing. That an old man with TB could do it was heroic. <br />
<br />
However, when Browne got to his destination and sent word across the river that he was here and ready, the Saxons weren't. Their prime minister, Count Bruhl and King August, were prevaricating. First they said they couldn't find their pontoons to build a bridge. Then they said there was sickness in the camp. Then, day after day they said they needed one more day. While Browne waited, his own provisions were running out and it was getting harder and harder to conceal his presence from the Prussians, who themselves managed to cross the river and block him from the proposed crossing site for the Saxons at Konigstein.<br />
<br />
What was really going on was that Bruhl, King August, the Saxon commander, Rutowsky, and the Saxon court were all bargaining with the Prussians to get as much as they could for themselves personally out of a surrender. Which they did on 19 October. So Bruhl had double-crossed Browne and his erstwhile allies (in true 18th century style). The king and nobility were given safe passage out of Saxony into August's other kingdom, Poland. And all of the Saxon troops were "sold" as soldier-slaves to their new Prussian masters.<br />
<br />
Frederick, thinking he had just recruited 17,000 new troops on the cheap, unwisely just made all the Saxon regiments Prussian regiments by making them put on blue coats, renumbering them and making them all swear personal oaths to their new king, Frederick. He let them stay in their original Saxon regiments, but he assigned contemptuous Prussian officers to run them. Not a wise management decision.<br />
<br />
But you get what you pay for, and within a year, all but three of these "new" regiments had deserted to the enemy, sometimes en masse. Not being able to trust the remaining three, he relegated them to rear, garrison duties. I have no idea what Frederick was thinking. But he probably had trouble putting himself in the place of an ordinary Saxon soldier, not imagining that he might have resented his country being sold out from under him, himself turned into a slave, working for brutal foreign officers who were all too quick with a whip, and forcibly pressed into an army that had contempt for all Saxons. Who wouldn't have leapt at that new job?<br />
<br />
Browne, for his part, simply had to withdraw the way he had come. Fortunately he did so without losing anyone. But historians have unfairly tended to describe this rescue mission--the real object of his giving battle at Lobositz--as a strategic failure. A Wikipedia article on the Lobositz battle claims he "arrived too late" to help the Saxons. But he had got there right when he said he would, in four days of heroic, hard marching. It was the Saxon Count Bruhl and King August who held things up. The plan would have worked had the Saxon king and his government not gone "Vichy" on their own people and basely surrendered to the Prussians, making Browne cool his heals "in the lobby" while they double-dealt with the enemy. Browne held up his end of the bargain. He was ready and waiting, where and when he said he would be, engine running and the car door open.<br />
<br />
The battle at Lobositz itself was to do its job and stop Frederick in his invasion of Bohemia. He never went farther south that year but retreated back to Saxony to regroup. So, strategically, Browne should have been given the victory. I give it to him, anyway, for all it's worth from me, two-and-a-half centuries later.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Lessons of Lobositz</span></span></h3>
<br />
I always like to take some time to analyze what made one of these Obscure Battles interesting. What were some of the things we should pay attention to, at least from an historical and military perspective. And this battle is fat with lessons, starting with one that shows up again and again in the history of war:<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><b>1. Don't be cocky</b></span><br />
Frederick charged down on Bohemia, having swept through Saxony like crap through a goose (as General Patton liked to say), fully expecting to have his way with Austria, too. He was thinking of the old Austrians--before they had reformed their faults of the last war. But he faced, instead, a very different enemy; infantry better trained, equipped and led; cavalry which had not only held its professionalism but had evolved tactically and organizationally as well; and an artillery arm that was completely refitted and revolutionary. In the previous war, too, the Prussians had only had to face a series of really bad Austrian commanders, usually Prince Charles of Lorraine, Maria-Theresa's criminally incompetent brother-in-law who never fought a battle he didn't expect to lose. This time, they faced one of the best military leaders in Europe, Maximilian Ulysses Browne. The Prussians tripped carelessly into Lobositz thinking this would be a brush over, and got their hats handed to them.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><b>2. The importance of light infantry</b></span><br />
While Frederick may have held the Austrian's Croatian irregular infantry in contempt, these "gypsies" had again turned out to be the enemy's trump card. In fact, Lobositz was distinct in that, aside from the short cavalry battle on the plain, it was largely a battle of troops fighting in broken country in small groups, using improvised "light infantry" tactics. This was a lesson that the British army was to learn the hard way in North America during this same war as they fought Indians ("The French and Indian War," as the Seven Years War was known in America), and later fighting colonists during the American Revolution. But the Prussians also learned it as they gradually developed their own specialist light infantry, the Frei Companies and jagers. <br />
<br />
The lesson here is that, even in the era of geometric, Enlightenment warfare, a commander could not always fight on flat, open terrain. Battlefields weren't usually parade grounds. Frederick was delighted to be able to fight on his own parade ground the next year at his "masterpiece" <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/06/leuthen-1757.html" target="_blank">Leuthen</a>. But at Lobositz there was barely room to line up his infantry in the narrow valley. And the rugged hills on his flanks was completely unsuited for linear warfare. Lobositz was a battle of jungle fighting and ambushes.<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #990000;">3. Frederick wasn't the only military genius</span></b><br />
At Lobositz Frederick had met his match as a leader. While the Prussian king was idolized by his officers and men, in Browne he had an adversary who was also worshiped by <i>his </i>men. The Austro-Irish field marshal was both a shrewd tactician and strategic planner. At Lobositz he outfoxed Frederick, carefully concealing his strength, husbanding his resources until the right moment to strike. He also had an integrated team of sub-commanders he had hand-hand picked for their military prowess (not their court connections); aggressive and smart generals like Hadik, Lucchesi, Lacy, and Macquire.<br />
<br />
Browne had not only stopped the Prussian juggernaut cold at Lobositz, he was strategic enough to let Frederick enjoy a hollow, public relations victory. Making this small sacrifice he gained the time he needed to pull back and make an end run around the Prussians, aggressively racing toward the main prize in this campaign, the rescue of the Saxon army (only foiled by diplomatic betrayal on the part of the Saxon prime minister, Bruhl--see above).<br />
<br />
Marshal Browne was quick, smart, and decisive. He didn't hold ineffectual, self-defeating "war councils" that were the bane of 18th century armies (and would eventually lead to the Austrian disaster at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/06/leuthen-1757.html" target="_blank">Leuthen</a> next year). He led by personal example and courage, and by trusting his commanders and men, who, in turn, earned <i>his </i>trust by performing miracles.<br />
<br />
I can only imagine that had Browne not died in 1757 (not, as you might expect, from TB, but from wounds he sustained at Prague), and had continued to lead the Austrian army, the Seven Years War might have been known as the Two Years War. <br />
<br />
Instead, Maria-Theresa, in some ways her own worst enemy, again felt compelled to appoint her grossly incompetent brother-in-law, Charles of Lorraine, to lead her main field army. Otherwise, Austria had a very good chance of knocking out Prussia early in that war.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;">4. On Formations</span></b><br />
The Austrian infantry had been undergoing considerable modernization during the decade prior to the Seven Years War. It had, as I mentioned, adopted iron ramrods (over the previous beechwood ones that tended to become brittle and break in the heat of combat) increasing the rate of fire to a theoretical five shots per minute. It had also adopted the methods of its Prussian enemy in fire systems (using faster platoon fire methods vs fire-by-ranks) and drill (adopting cadence marching and reloading).<br />
<br />
However, by 1756 the Austrian infantry was still forming up in four ranks, as they had for generations. There had been considerable experimentation with the thinner, three rank formation used by the British, the Dutch, and the Prussians since the War of the Spanish Succession. It was generally accepted that, in a firefight, the fourth rank was pretty much useless. But there were conservatives in the Austrian Army who believed that the fourth rank kept a reserve bank account of loaded muskets in case of emergencies. Other die-hards believed that the deeper formation gave the men higher morale. By late 1757, those antique arguments fell to the reality of manpower shortages; traditional four-rank battalions couldn't maintain a required frontage with fewer men. So the standard formation was permanently established as three ranks. But at Lobositz we can assume that the Austrian infantry still formed up in four.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>A comparative size of an average Austrian infantry division (or company) in four ranks and a Prussian division in three ranks. Note that according to regulations, the Austrian infantry separated their ranks by three paces (or 6') while the Prussians packed theirs in by 2'2". </i></span><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Image protected by Digimarc watermark against unauthorized copying.)</span></i><br />
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Comparative dimensions of Austrian and Prussian infantry battalions in 1756, including battalion artillery (3 pdrs). </i></span><br />
<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Image protected by Digimarc watermark against unauthorized copying.)</span></i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">The cavalry of both sides, however, were still forming in three ranks in 1756, mostly under the belief that the third rank "furnished the charge", i.e gave more weight to the shock--sort of like a rugby scrum.While horse shortages compelled both armies to thin their ranks to two as the war progressed (in order to preserve the same frontage of a squadron), it wasn't until later in the war that cavalry commanders (at least the Prussian officers) realized that the third rank wasn't needed in shock after all, as two-rank squadrons, well handled and in tight, knee-to-knee formation, could overthrow an enemy just as handily. This was something, ironically, that the British and Dutch had demonstrated decades before during the War of the Spanish Succession, but which other armies, including the Prussians, who had fought alongside the British in that war, failed to pick up. While the Prussians would adopt the two-rank cavalry formation later in this war, the Austrians (unless compelled by horse shortages) would keep three ranks until well into the Napoleonic Wars. Beliefs die hard.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>A Prussian squadron in three ranks. Until late 1757 regulations had Prussian cavalry deploying on three ranks, just like their Austrian counterparts. But as the war progressed, horse shortages compelled a reduction to two ranks to maintain the standard squadron frontage of around 50 yards.</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #990000;"><b></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><b></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><b></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><b></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><b>5. Ammunition Supply</b></span><br />
The fighting on the north side of the battlefield, in the vineyards on
the Lobosch, lasted so long that troops began to run out of ammunition.
The Prussians supposedly went into combat with an average of 90 rounds
per man (30 in their pouches and another 60 in wagons to the rear). But
by mid-afternoon even this supply had been shot away. We can assume the same
supply problem existed on the Austrian side, though Lacy fed in
reinforcements (with full cartouches) slowly. Men on both sides were
said to be scrounging among the dead and wounded for ammunition. <br />
<br />
This problem turned out to be so vexing, particularly in long battles, that Frederick, for his part, was obsessed with making sure his troops had enough ammunition before going into battle, increasing the allotment to 120 rounds per man by Leuthen in the next year. Each regiment would have been followed by wagonloads of small rounds, the regimental quartermasters feeding ammunition to the troops as they advanced.<br />
<br />
Ammunition was also a factor when troops fought on their own, in light infantry fashion, as even the regulars were doing on Lobosch hill that day. The officers, unable to control the rate of fire (and expenditure of rounds), would helplessly watch their men shoot away all their supply as fast as they could (probably averaging two rounds per minute). The other incentive for individual soldiers to fire away all their ammunition was that, if they ran out, they had an excuse to go to the rear for some needed rest and relaxation; their job done that day.<br />
<br />
So to keep units supplied with ammunition in a firefight was a vital goal.<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Wargame Considerations</span></span></h3>
My purpose in this section of each article is not to design specific rules or systems for wargaming. It is, rather, to propose concepts to consider when designing a game, especially one that fits the unique features of this particular battle. There are endless varieties of game systems out there, both commercial and personal. And I'm sure there are specific rules that could be applied to reflect the following considerations.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><b>1. Equal Combat Effectiveness</b></span><br />
Because the Austrian military had accomplished so much in bringing its arms up to the professional level of the Prussians by 1756, I would treat the units of each side in a wargame of Lobositz (or any SYW game involving Austrians and Prussians) as essentially equivalent in combat effectiveness and morale. This had not been the case during the previous war (The Austrian Succession, 1741-45). At Lobositz, and throughout the Seven Years War, Austrian infantry could stand up in a toe-to-toe firefight with even the best of Prussian infantry, and frequently beat them.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><b>2. Rate of Fire</b></span><br />
Likewise, because the Austrian infantry had, during the previous ten years, mastered the intricacies of platoon fire systems, and had adopted both the efficient cadenced loading procedures and iron ramrods of the Prussians, I would give them the same firepower in a wargame. Because they were lining up in four ranks at Lobositz, however, in which the fourth rank could not fire, you could reduce the firepower of a battalion by 1/4, but subsequently increase the morale by a fraction (not necessarily as much as 25%) to account for the purported psychological bonus of having a deeper formation.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><b>3. Fatigue of Prussians</b></span><br />
The Prussians had been marching all night through the Mittel-Gebrige mountains to get to Lobositz. They had expected to relax in the comfort of the town and its surrounding villages when they got there at first light, perhaps sampling the fine wines of the region later in the day, They had not expected to fight a major battle. So, by the morning of the 1st we can assume they were tired and cranky. The Austrians, by contrast, had been well rested, well fed, and were ready for the Prussians. In a wargame of Lobositz, I'd let the Prussians start off with a reduced energy level, however your game system calibrates it. (<i>IF</i> it calibrates it. Some games seem to operate as if the units are composed of supermen, with inexhaustible reserves of energy and ammunition.) This may have been the biggest factor in the abysmal performance of their otherwise excellent cavalry that morning; the horses and men were just exhausted.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><b>4. Concealment</b></span><br />
Another notable feature of this battle was the ability of Browne to conceal his strength and intentions. Unlike the Prussian infantry, for instance, the Austrian infantry was made to lie down while waiting, not only hiding them more effectively, but shielding them from Prussian long range artillery fire. A wargame of Lobositz that made some rule providing for Austrian concealment would be instructive. The old <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_(1964_game)" target="_blank">AH Midway</a> system of off-map concealment and reconnaissance might work as a game mechanic here (with cavalry units acting in the same role as air search in that classic naval game). Or, the even older concept of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship_(game)" target="_blank">Battleship</a>. <br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #990000;">5. Defense Against Artillery.</span></b><br />
In the same vein, the fact that the Austrian infantry were made to lie down, greatly minimizing their exposure to artillery fire, could be incorporated into a wargame rule, allowing for the Austrian player to avoid bombardment on his infantry. This simple trick was, apparently, beneath the "manliness" of the Prussian infantry, however. An experimental wargame allowing the Prussian player to lie his infantry down (in contravention to practice) might reduce its exposure to the cannonading they received in the center.<br />
<br />
Lying down would have been harder for the cavalry, of course, but the Austrians also employed a technique where they would constantly move and change the formations of their cavalry squadrons to throw off the aim of the Prussian gunners. So a rule detracting from the fire effectiveness of artillery on a target that was in a new location would compel the player to move his cavalry around to keep the opponent from "zeroing in". The game system I have developed for my own wargames distinguishes between new targets and ones that have been homed in aftera few rounds, which means that units which are in motion receive fewer hits than static ones.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><b>6. Ammunition</b></span><br />
It is common among simpler wargames to assume that the markers or figures representing troops have unlimited ammunition; so no rule is made for running out. But a more sophisticated and realistic game would have ammunition supply be a factor. In games with 30 minute turns, it could be assumed that an infantry unit would shoot away all its immediate ammunition in that turn, and so be unable to fire until resupplied by an "ammunition wagon" marker, which the player would "spend" (take off the board) when used. In games with shorter turns, some other bookkeeping method could be used. My own system is computer-based so each unit's ammunition supply is accounted for automatically, round for round. I'm sure there are a number of different systems out there, both commercial and custom-designed. But the point is that Lobositz was one of those battles where ammunition supply proved to be a critical factor.<br />
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<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;"><span>Orders of Battle</span></span></h3><p>
<br />
These orders of battle were derived from Christopher Duffy's latest and exhaustive study of the Austrian Army during the Seven Years War, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Force-Arms-Austrian-Seven-Years/dp/1858189829/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1404975744&sr=1-1&keywords=Christopher+Duffy%2C+By+Force+of+Arms" target="_blank"><i>By Force of Arms</i></a>. Anyone who has looked carefully at other OOBs will notice that this one is at variance with those, and even with some of Duffy's earlier OOBs of this battle (particularly on the Prussian side) . The reason I have gone with this one is that A) it is the most recent, 2008; B) Duffy, in my view, is probably the most authoritative scholar on the Seven Years War there is (certainly the most prolific); and C) he must have had a reason to change his Prussian OOB for Lobositz from his earlier, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/military-life-Frederick-Great/dp/0689115482/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1404975918&sr=1-1&keywords=Christopher+Duffy%2C+Frederick+the+Great%2C+A+Military+Life" target="_blank">Frederick the Great, A Military Life</a>, 1985. His primary sources are copious and impressive, from both Berlin and Vienna.<br />
<br />
However, strength figures for each regiment and battalion are derived from the highly detailed OOB on <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1756-10-01_-_Battle_of_Lobositz" target="_blank">Kronoskaf</a>. Austrian returns are approximate averages, while Prussian parade states were more precise.<br />
<br />
My deployment map, at the top of this article, is based on Duffy's OOB. Another detailed deployment map and detailed OOB may be found at the Kronoskaf site, the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1756-10-01_-_Battle_of_Lobositz" target="_blank">page on Lobositz</a>. But that one is apparently based on a German General Staff history from 1901, and not the sources that Duffy used from the Austrian Army Museum. Since I am not a professional historian (but I was a military intelligence officer in my earlier life), I tend to go with the source that seems the most credible to me. But it's always good to read from a balance.<br />
<br />
Austrian regiments were not numbered until after this war, but I have included the eventual numbers of the regiments as they are referenced in Duffy's OOBs and battle maps. As the names of the regiments changed with the <i>inhabers</i>, doing this helps give a point of reference for those interested in tracking regimental histories and uniform details.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xZI43sQ9ZZ0/YHRsj0gequI/AAAAAAAAFLI/renQElZmXlYMeKTXDAwV0eH6E5mxi9GtQCLcBGAsYHQ/s3618/Lobositz%2BOOB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3618" data-original-width="600" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xZI43sQ9ZZ0/YHRsj0gequI/AAAAAAAAFLI/renQElZmXlYMeKTXDAwV0eH6E5mxi9GtQCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Lobositz%2BOOB.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p><br />
</p><h3><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></h3><h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">References</span></span></h3>
I have relied on all of the following references in building this
article on Lobositz, but the most detailed and revealing have been the
books and links marked with a *.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Great-Magnificent-Robert-Asprey/dp/0595469000/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1364623177&sr=1-1&keywords=Frederick+the+Great%3A+The+Magnificent+Enigma" target="_blank">Asprey, Robert, "Frederick the Great: A Magnificent Enigma", Ticknor & Fields, ISBN 0-89919-352-8</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Force-Arms-Austrian-Seven-Years/dp/1858189829/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1405012819&sr=1-1&keywords=Christopher+Duffy%2C+By+Force+of+Arms" target="_blank">*Duffy, Christopher, "By Force of Arms: Vol 2 of The Austrian Army in the Seven Years War", Emperor's Press, ISBN 1-883476-39-4 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Army-Frederick-Great-Christopher-Duffy/dp/188347602X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1364622649&sr=8-1&keywords=the+army+of+frederick+the+great" target="_blank">Duffy, Christopher, "The Army of Frederick the Great", Emperor Press, ISBN 1-883476-02-X</a><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Great-A-Military-Life/dp/0415002761/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1364623051&sr=8-1&keywords=Frederick+the+great%3A+a+military+life" target="_blank"><br /></a>
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Great-A-Military-Life/dp/0415002761/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1364623051&sr=8-1&keywords=Frederick+the+great%3A+a+military+life" target="_blank">Duffy, Christopher, "Frederick the Great: A Military Life", Routledge, ISBN 0-415-00276-1</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Maria-Theresa-Historic-armies-navies/dp/0715373870/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1364623117&sr=8-1&keywords=The+ARmy+of+Maria+Theresa" target="_blank">Duffy, Christopher, "The Army of Maria Theresa", Terence Wise, ISBN 0-7153-7387-0 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Great-Art-War-Luvaas/dp/0306809087/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401904964&sr=1-1&keywords=frederick+the+great+on+the+art+of+war+luvaas" target="_blank">Duffy, Christopher, "Instrument of War: The Austrian Army in the Seven Years War", Emperor's Press, ISBN 1-883476-19-4 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Military-Experience-Reason-Wordsworth-Library/dp/1853266906/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401905295&sr=1-1&keywords=Christopher+Duffy" target="_blank">Duffy, Christopher, "Military Experience in the Age of Reason," Atheneum, 1987, ISBN 0-689-11993-3</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Great-Art-War-Luvaas/dp/0306809087/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401904964&sr=1-1&keywords=frederick+the+great+on+the+art+of+war+luvaas" target="_blank">Frederick the Great, "The Art of War", Da Capo Press, 1999, ISBN 0-306-80908-7 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Greats-Army-Cavalry-Men-at-Arms/dp/1855321343/ref=sr_1_1_title_1_pap?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401906162&sr=1-1&keywords=Frederick+the+Great%27s+Army+1+Cavalry" target="_blank">Haythornethwaite, Philip, "Frederick the Great's Army 1 Cavalry", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-134-3 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Greats-Army-Infantry-Men-at-Arms/dp/1855321602/ref=tmm_pap_title_0?ie=UTF8&qid=1401906225&sr=1-3" target="_blank">Haythornethwaite, Philip, "Frederick the Great's Army 2 Infantry", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-160-2</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Greats-Army-Specialist-Men-at-arms-ebook/dp/B007UI2BS4/ref=sr_1_4?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401906397&sr=1-4&keywords=Frederick+the+Great%27s+Army+1+Cavalry" target="_blank">Haythornethwaite, Philip, "Frederick the Great's Army 3 Specialist Troops", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-225-0 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/Haythornethwaite,%20Philip,%20%22The%20Austrian%20Army%201740-80:%202%20%20Infantry%22,%20Osprey%20Publishing,%20ISBN%201-85532-418-0" target="_blank">Haythornethwaite, Philip, "The Austrian Army 1740-80: 1 Cavalry", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-415-6 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Austrian-Army-1740-80-Infantry-Men-at-Arms/dp/1855324180/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401905692&sr=1-2&keywords=The+Austrian+Army+1740-80%3A+3" target="_blank">Haythornethwaite, Philip, "The Austrian Army 1740-80: 2 Infantry", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-418-0</a><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Austrian-Army-1740-80-Specialist-Men-At-Arms/dp/1855325276/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401905692&sr=1-1&keywords=The+Austrian+Army+1740-80%3A+3" target="_blank"><br /></a>
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Austrian-Army-1740-80-Specialist-Men-At-Arms/dp/1855325276/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401905692&sr=1-1&keywords=The+Austrian+Army+1740-80%3A+3" target="_blank">Haythornethwaite, Philip, "The Austrian Army 1740-80: 3 Specialist Troops", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-4180</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ospreypublishing.com/store/Rossbach-and-Leuthen-1757_9781841765099" target="_blank"><br /></a><a href="http://www.ospreypublishing.com/store/Rossbach-and-Leuthen-1757_9781841765099" target="_blank">*Millar, Simon "Rossbach andLeuthen 1757: Prussia's Eagle resurgent", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84176-509-0</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Anatomy-Victory-Battle-Tactics-1689-1763/dp/0870520148/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1364623218&sr=1-1&keywords=The+anatomy+of+victory" target="_blank">*Nosworthy, Brent, "The Anatomy of Victory: Battle Tactics 1689-1763" Hippocrene, ISBN0-87052-785-1</a><br />
<br />
<br />
Internet:<br />
<br />
*Kronoskaf: <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1756-10-01_-_Battle_of_Lobositz">http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1756-10-01_-_Battle_of_Lobositz</a><br />
<br />
Kronoskaf is, without doubt, the best source online
for information about the Seven Years War. Virtually every regiment of
every country, every battle, every major personality is covered. And the references are impeccable. However, my own OOB, as I've said, varies with the one on Kronoskaf for Lobositz in that it is derived from Duffy's latest book, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Force-Arms-Austrian-Seven-Years/dp/1858189829/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1405012819&sr=1-1&keywords=Christopher+Duffy%2C+By+Force+of+Arms" target="_blank">By Force of Arms</a>. <br />
<i><br /></i>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i>©
</i></span></span>Copyright 2021, Jeffery
P. Berry Trust, all rights reserved. No part of this post may be used
for re-publication or re-posting without documented permission from the
Jeffery P. Berry Trust. However, feel free to link to this site as a
resource from related sites.</i></span></span> <br />Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com17tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1403809316122064334.post-61018574321913874822014-06-04T16:50:00.000-07:002015-07-13T20:17:07.626-07:00Leuthen 1757<h2>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Seven Years War</span></span></h2>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">December 5, 1757</span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="color: #351c75; font-size: small;">Prussians under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" target="_blank">Frederick II<span style="color: #351c75;">,</span></a> approximately 39,000 and 125 guns</span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: small;">Austro-Imperial Forces under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Charles_of_Lorraine" target="_blank">Prince Charles of Lorraine</a>, approximately 55,000 and 202 guns</span></h3>
<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;">Weather:</span></b> Cold and clear after a morning fog. Clouding over late in the afternoon as a new front of snow moved in. Fresh dusting of light snow already covered frozen ground.<br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000;">First Light: </span></b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">07:06</span></span><b><span style="color: #990000;"> Sunrise: </span></b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">07:45</span></span><b><span style="color: #990000;"> Sunset:</span></b> 15:50 <b><span style="color: #990000;">End of Twilight:</span></b> 16:29 <br />
(Calculated from <a href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/RS_OneDay.php" target="_blank">U.S.Naval Observatory</a> from date and location)<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="color: #990000;">Location: </span></b><a href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Lutynia%2C_%C5%9Aroda_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska_County&params=51_8_N_16_48_E_type:city%281500%29_region:PL">51°8′N 16°48′E</a> On Google Maps search for the present day village of <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Lutynia/@51.1274335,16.7713705,4175m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x470fbe1725cd4db5:0xfc4af1ecaa3491a9" target="_blank">Lutynia in Poland</a>, about 16 km west of Wroclaw (formerly Breslau).<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span></span></span></div>
<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"></span></span></span><br /></div>
<br />
<b>Author's Note: </b>Here is another one of those battles which (like <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/11/blenheim-1704.html" target="_blank">Blenheim</a>) is not so obscure (at least to aficionadi of 18th century European history--my impression is that Gettysburg is obscure to most people, and many have trouble telling you how long the Seven Years War was.). However, I have a take on this otherwise well-known battle that may give some a second look--even if the event itself is not obscure to them.<br />
<br />
Besides. as I've said before, this is my blog and I can write about any battle I want. You want to cover your favorite obscure battle? Start your own blog. I'll be your first follower.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">What's So Obscure About Leuthen? </span></span></h3>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>B</b></span></span>ut what <i>is </i>my take on this? Well, for one thing, Leuthen is, for German historians, one of those great battles that has become symbolic to the evolution of the German national myth, and therefore its explanation has been, shall we say, a tad distorted. It probably stands in Germany as Gettysburg or the Battle of the Bulge does for Americans. Leuthen was supposed to be that apotheosis of Frederican warfare; the perfect example of the superiority of Prussian military prowess and the paradigm of the oblique attack that was Frederick's "secret weapon." And yet that was all just propaganda used by two centuries of German nationalists. Here was tiny Prussia, overwhelmingly outnumbered by the papist mongrels of the south, Austria-Hungary, defeating those hordes with discipline and simple Protestant virtue. Leuthen was Frederick's (and, by extension, Prussian) military genius at work.<br />
<br />
And yet, as I hope to show, it was no such thing (that's the obscure part). Frederick's forces were not as outnumbered as has been represented; Leuthen was more of an even match. The simple brilliance of the oblique attack was, in reality, an old idea, even by 1757. In fact, within that very year the same tactic had been attempted by both Frederick (at Kolin) and the Allies (at Rossbach) and failed miserably. At Leuthen Frederick's oblique attack had a lot of luck to give it wings. Bigger guns didn't hurt either.<br />
<br />
Finally, the strategic outcome of Leuthen was not nearly as geopolitically momentous as later historians would have us believe. The Austrians weren't annihilated (they rebounded quite energetically the next spring, in fact). The strategic situation wasn't altered. And the end of 1757 saw Frederick, while still on his throne and barely hanging on to Silesia, pretty much bankrupt. Leuthen was kind of a pyrrhic victory.<br />
<br />
In this retelling, I hope to add that "obscure" perspective on a well-known battle. <br />
<br />
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">This is a general map showing the ultimate dispositions of the Prussian and Austro-Imperial armies at the cusp of the battle, about 13:00, when Frederick was about to launch his coup on the left flank of Charles' position. The colors of the map conform to the early winter landscape; a light dusting of snow and bare trees. Elevations have been exaggerated for illustrative reference. "Bergs" were barely a few feet above the surrounding, undulating plain. Regimental names are suffixed with the eventual numbers of those regiments, which, for the Austrian Army didn't happen until after the Seven Years War. At the time of the battle, the regiments were only listed by the names of their inhabers (owners). The color of each regiment's facing is also noted in the color of the number.</span></i><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>(This image protected by Digimarc watermark against unauthorized copying.)</i></span></span><br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">A Bad Year for Frederick</span></span></h3>
1757, the second year of the war, had had some significant ups and downs for Frederick. In June, attempting to achieve his signature maneuver, the flank attack, against the Austrians at <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/11/kolin-1757.html" target="_blank">Kolin</a>, his army was defeated for the first time when his highly trained troops could not get their act together. There are many reasons for that defeat, which I may cover in a future post, but the immediate consequence was the huge boost in confidence it gave the Allies; that the unbeatable Prussians could be beaten. It also forced Frederick to abandon his siege of Prague.<br />
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This was made worse at the end of August for Frederick when one of his armies, under Lehwaldt, was also mauled by the Russians at <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1757-08-30_-_Battle_of_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf" target="_blank">Gross-Jagersdorf</a>, in East Prussia. Then in October, an audacious raid by Austrian Croats and hussars ran through the streets of Berlin itself, stealing linens and gloves (this is true). And a critical fortress at Schweidnitz in Silesia was captured (along with 6,000 Prussians and 180 guns) by Charles. The Austrians were on a roll.<br />
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Finally that October, the French piled in and, hooking up with the Imperial Reichsarmee, invaded from the west with a combined army of 41,000. It looked like the Prussian beast was finally going to be dispatched. <br />
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Frederick, meanwhile, was chasing all over central Europe trying to shore up his defenses. His only ally, Britain, was not helping much yet (except in subsidies) and was making noises of an early, separate peace with France. All the rest of Europe was against him; Austria, Hungary, Russia, France, Sweden, Spain, Bavaria, Saxony and nearly all of the Holy Roman Empire. To someone with a clinical history of manic-depression, the situation sparked several bouts of despair in Frederick. But 1757 showed Frederick to be at his best. He showed true leadership, forgiving failures where honest effort had been made, shaming subordinates (mostly his brothers) when effort wasn't made, and inspiring his troops. And almost by sheer will-power (this before the age of Xanax) the king made himself snap out of depression.<br />
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In spite of all of these setbacks, too, the Prussian Army was also at its peak in 1757. Undaunted by defeats, their training and <i>esprit de corps</i> saw them bounce back again and again. They were also still a national army, a purely Prussian force. Unlike the troops of the Allies, which were made up of mercenaries and draftees from all over Europe and from both Protestant and Catholic states, the Prussian Army at this early stage of the war was still almost entirely Prussian, almost entirely veteran, and almost entirely Lutheran. Not only were they still the best trained, best led, best equipped army on the Continent, they were animated by a zeal for God. Even at the stealthy approach to Leuthen, when Frederick was trying to keep everybody quiet, he could not begrudge them their urge to belt out pious, Protestant hymns as they marched. They were insufferable.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">A Good Month for Frederick</span></span></h3>
Then on one day, 5 November, everything changed. Frederick, having hustled what few troops he could westward to stop the Franco-Imperial invasion, decisively defeated a force twice his size at <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1757-11-05_-_Battle_of_Rossbach" target="_blank">Rossbach</a>. The poetic-justice thing about Rossbach (particularly in light of Leuthen exactly one month later), was that the Allies were trying to pull Frederick's own favorite maneuver, the flank attack, against him. Having studied his methods, they started off right, pinning what they thought was his front with a diversionary force and rolling around his left flank with the bulk of their army. It was a good plan. But it required a level of professionalism that the Allies just didn't have. Frederick's troops handily pivoted when he saw what was happening, and hit the French and German troops hard while they were still in route formation. Studying both Rossbach and Leuthen, you can't help but see how they mirror each other, but how the exact same maneuver failed in the one case and succeeded in the other.<br />
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Anyway, an analysis of Rossbach is for a later post (if I think it's that interesting). The immediate outcome was to knock both the French and the Reichsarmee out of the ring for the rest of the year and allow Frederick to swing back and concentrate on Charles and the main Austrian army in Silesia. It was also the shot in the arm that the Prussian troops needed as well. For all of their Lutheran stoicism, Rossbach was welcome medicine.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">But One More Setback </span></span></h3>
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Now Frederick hustled his little army back east some 250 miles to deal with the Austrians. He had left the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Braunschweig-Bevern%2C_August_Wilhelm%2C_Duke_of" target="_blank">Duke of Brunswick-Bevern</a> in Silesia, defending the strategic fortress city of <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1757-11-22_-_Battle_of_Breslau" target="_blank">Breslau </a>(modern day Wroclaw, Poland), to occupy Charles until Frederick could get back to relieve him. But Charles, still feeling his oats after <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2014/11/kolin-1757.html" target="_blank">Kolin </a>(for which he had no part) and the capture of Schweidnitz (Nadasty was the actual victor there), didn't wait. He had some 83,000 men facing only 20,000 Prussians in Breslau. Charles launched a massive attack against Bevern's outnumbered defenders in their trenches, and after a day of heroic effort, the Prussians finally gave way. Several made their escape back through the town and over to the other side of the river, but Charles had seized this strategic prize with all of its stores. It was his first real personal victory in his career--at least one in which he had been actually in direct command. He was now in the driver's seat in Silesia. Or so he thought.<br />
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When Frederick reunited with Bevern's defeated and dispirited survivors, he was generous and encouraging. Instead of blaming them for the defeat, he praised them for their heroic defense against overwhelming odds. And, like a good coach at half-time, was able to relight their fire for the second half.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Charles Calls the Game Prematurely.</span></span> </h3>
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Charles, meanwhile, was feeling pretty self-satisfied. He looked back on very successful year for his side, with strategic victories at Kolin, Gross-Jagersdorff, Schweidnitz and now the great prize of Breslau, and he thought the game was over.All he had to do was keep possession of the ball and run down the clock. There had been only one big hiccup, the Allied defeat at Rossbach. But that had happened to the French and was not too much for the Charles to worry about. It was time to rest his battered and depleted army and put it into winter quarters. That's what good commanders did in the 18th century. In the spring he would still be in a strong position to finish off Frederick if the little Prussian still wanted to fight.<br />
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So at the start of December, with that object in mind Charles left a garrison in Breslau and started to march his army back toward Bohemia and winter quarters.<br />
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Even though a few contemporary memoirists (who evidently weren't there) have insisted that Charles marched west to deal Frederick a final, stunning blow, Christopher Duffy gives a persuasive argument that Charles had no such intention. His intelligence indicated that Frederick had, at most, with him 13,000 troops (it hadn't occurred to him, apparently, that the defeated Prussians from Breslau would rejoin Frederick) and wouldn't think of attacking his overwhelming army.<br />
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For another thing, Duffy points out, Charles left most of his heavy artillery back in Breslau. Had he intended to attack Frederick, he would surely have brought as much firepower with him as possible. Then more evidence; all of the detached grenadier companies (which, during a campaign, were brigaded as elite striking units) were ordered to rejoin their regiments, something that every 18th century army did as a matter of administrative procedure at the end of a campaign. He also brought all of his tents with him, something he would not have done had he merely intended to make a strike at Frederick close to Breslau. And finally, Duffy's evidence points to the fact that Charles had sent his army's mobile bakeries and quartermasters to Neumarkt (about 20 miles west of Breslau) to start cooking and laying out his winter camp. Duffy asserts that Charles' intention on leaving Breslau was to protect his line of communications during the winter. Had he had any idea that Frederick, with his tiny force of previously beaten men, was intending on attacking him directly he would surely have stayed behind his strong defenses at Breslau.<br />
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Charles had started off the year with some 83,000 men. But after dropping off garrisons in captured towns, as well as the year-long attrition from eight months of hard campaigning and fighting, his actual force on the field of Leuthen was probably much less. Parade states on the eve of the march reported 14,778 men sick in the hospitals back in Breslau. Though most military historians give Charles his full, original strength at Leuthen, Duffy calculated that, at most, Charles had with him not much over 50,000, possibly 55,000 at most. It was a force still larger than Frederick's 39,000, but not the overwhelming two-to-one that German propagandists would have it. As I've mentioned above, Charles also had left most of his big guns back in Breslau, bringing with him only about 50 medium tubes (12 and 6 pounders), some howitzers and 160 or so little battalion 3 pounders, which many don't even think should count as artillery.<br />
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Just a day's march out of Breslau, on the way to Neumarkt, the Austrian
army downed packs and started building fires, bivouacing in the fields
behind the villages of Leuthen, Frobelwitz, and Nippern (see map
above). They would make formal camp at Neumarkt (another 10 miles on)
the next day. They were on their way to winter quarters at last, the year's fighting was over. And Christmas was coming!<br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">The Battlefield</span></span></h3>
Leuthen and its surrounding terrain is in the middle of the great, flat, North German plain. The ground is relatively flat, with only slight undulations and patchy, deciduous woods. I have inserted, below, a panorama of the ground taken from a Googlecam along the highway between Wroclaw (Breslau) and Legnica (Legnitz) to give some idea of the flatness of the ground. This view would be from the approximate center of the Austrian line looking south-southwest toward the Prussian flank march. Though the map features so called "bergs" or hills, two of these (Schmiedeberg and Schonberg) are right in the middle of the frame. Clearly they weren't very prominent. But they were just high enough to have concealed marching troops and to have given the Prussians elevated firing positions for their artillery.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>View from Austrian Center toward the southwest, the direction of Frederick's outflanking maneuver.</i></span><br />
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The convenient thing for Frederick and his men was that the area around Leuthen just happened to be the site of the Prussian Army's historic training grounds. Everyone, from the lowest private to Frederick himself, knew every inch, fold, and subtlety of this terrain. It was as if Charles had picked Camp Pendleton to fight the United States Marines (to you those of you not familiar with California's geography, Camp Pendleton is the Marines' big training base in...oh, never mind). To the Austrians it was a foreign land, deceptively flat. They did little to examine the ground because they didn't expect to be there long.<br />
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But Frederick's officers knew just where the defiles and low places were. This was their backyard.<br />
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To the north, the battlefield is bisected by the Zettlebusch, a forest of hardwood much bigger in expanse today than it evidently was 257 years ago. By December it would have been leafless. It was also not a dense wood and fairly accessible to all troops, horse, foot, and guns. To the east of it was a large marshy area, which, on the day of battle, was probably frozen hard and would not have posed as significant an obstacle on a warmer day.<br />
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To the south of Leuthen, the area from which Frederick would launch his flanking attack, the ground was more broken up by copses, ditches, streams and marshy ground. But the frozen ground made it negotiable for guns, horses and men. The forested sections in this area, too, were lightly wooded and posed no obstacle to foot, horse or guns.<br />
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The many villages in the area were very small, mostly of one-storey, masonry buildings and barns. Leuthen was the largest, but even its buildings were widely spaced. The largest structure on the whole battlefield was the great church of Leuthen with its tall steeple (a good observation platform) and surrounded by a stone wall like a fort, complete with corner bastions. <br />
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The battlefield was vast by 18th century battle standards. Charles' front extended almost six miles (9 km--by comparison, the entire battle of Blenheim spanned a little of four miles flank to flank, Gettysburg about three miles, Waterloo barely two). To move troops from one flank to another would take an hour-and-a-half. It was not great ground to fight a defensive battle.<br />
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It had snowed lightly the night before and though December
5th was clear (when the morning fog eventually lifted), the ground was
hard; perfect for fast marching and moving guns. While the snow muffled
the sound of artillery wheels and tramping feet.<br />
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Christopher Duffy's excellent book on the battle, <a href="http://www.emperorspress.com/home/books/prussia-s-glory" target="_blank"><i>Prussia's Glory: Rossbach & Leuthen 1757</i></a> (see reference below) has many good views (albeit black and white) of the ground around the battlefield.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">An Unexpected Appearance</span></span></h3>
As the Austrians stirred from their cold night on the ground and started poking their fires, alarming news came galloping in from the west. Prussians had attacked the bakeries at Neumarkt and the small force of cavalry and irregular troops guarding the highway west of Borne. Saxon chevaulegers and Hungarian hussars, as well as hundreds of Croats, began streaming back to the main body, all bloody. Hundreds more had been captured by Frederick's advanced guard. The Saxon cavalry, in particular, suffered in this retreat because their horses were not in great shape and were overburdened with luggage (remember, everybody thought they were heading for home). Enough made it back to join up with Nasasdy's cavalry on the south side of the battlefield to play a role later.<br />
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Hurriedly, Marshal Daun, Charles' chief of staff, began riding all over, ordering sleepy, stiff troops into hasty line and trying to get a sense of the battlefield. He was so unready to fight here that he had to ask local peasants what the place names were. There is an anecdote (undoubtedly apocryphal) that Daun asked one peasant what one of the low hills was called and the peasant, thinking he meant the whole area in general, said, "That's where the Prussians beat the Austrians every year," referring, of course to the fact that this was a training ground. Daun then said to his staff, "Hm, that doesn't sound good." <br />
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But Charles felt, for some reason, that he had to cover this extent of the whole distance all the way from Nippern, six miles down to Sagaschütz. To make the army reach that far, Daun had the infantry battalions thin their ranks from the traditional four to three. Though this was a formation the Prussians (and several European armies) had long been comfortable with, it was brand new for the Austrians. But even doing this, Charles had gaps in his line. And he didn't have nearly enough artillery to cover this wide front..The prudent thing to have done, in hindsight (we all love hindsight),
would have been to consolidate the army in a tighter formation, ready to
take an attack from any direction. <br />
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It took the Austrians several hours to all get into position on the unfamiliar ground. There was a lot of confusion. One smart thing that Daun did, though, was retain a reserve striking force (Alpern's eight infantry battalions and Serbelloni's cavalry division). These he initially placed behind the left-center, just south of Leuthen.<br />
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The Prussians started showing up on the east side of Borne (see map below) shortly after 08:00, as the morning fog began to lift. Frederick had pushed his aggressive hussars forward, some reaching almost all the way to the Austrian line at Leuthen. Three battalions of Freicorps, a couple of companies of Fussjager, Württemberg's cavalry division (not to be confused with the Württemberg division on the Allied side), and a battery of 12 pounders made as if Frederick's main attack was going to be on the Austrian right. General Lucchesi, who commanded the Austrian cavalry on Charles' north flank, was convinced of this and begged for reinforcements. About 11:00 Daun and Charles agreed with Lucchesi and ordered Arenberg's reserve infantry, followed shortly afterwards by four regiments of Serbelloni's cavalry (<a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=De_Ville_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Gelhay</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Stampach_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Anspach</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Schmerzing_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Schmerzing</a> and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=O%27Donell_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">O'Donnell Cuirassiers</a>), to start the long trek north to cover Nippern. This left a dangerous gap in the line below Leuthen.<br />
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At this stage, though, Charles and most of his staff were not convinced Frederick was going to attack. They believed he was just as surprised as they were to bump into them (he was, actually, though he had better on-the-ground intelligence). They also thought, with his tiny army (which they underestimated at about 13,000--not realizing the Breslau losers had rejoined the main army, swelling it to 39,000), he would not dare attack their huge one. So when, after some perceived hesitation on the part of Frederick, they finally saw blue formation after formation march through Borne and make a hard right turn to march southward, they concluded that Frederick was wisely making his escape and would just keep marching south and west.<br />
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This is exactly what Frederick wanted them to think. <br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>This map shows the main movements during the morning, from 08:00 to about 13:00. </i></span><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(This image protected by Digimarc watermark against unauthorized copying.)</span></i><br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">"Now we've got 'em!" </span></span></h3>
When news came to Frederick from his scouts that Charles' entire army had left Breslau and was only a few miles ahead of them, camped all over the Prussian Army's old stomping grounds, the word rippled back through the column quickly. The marching pace increased and the men started shouting to each other, "Now we've got 'em." They had been game enough to attack the Austrians in the entrenched positions at Breslau, but they all knew that the Austrians had made a tactical blunder by coming out to meet them in the open. The odds had narrowed considerably. And these men, especially the recently defeated troops from Breslau, were salivating for payback.<br />
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Frederick had ordered the drummers not to beat, in order to conceal his approach in the fog. But the men started, irrepressibly, to sing Lutheran hymns. His adjutant asked him if he wanted them to stop, but Frederick (who wasn't religious himself, being a cynical creature of the Enlightenment and friend of Voltaire), said, "No. Let them sing." And then to Zieten (who <i>was </i>religious), "With men like these, how can I fail to win?"<br />
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I think he was mostly trying to reassure himself. In spite of the incredible victory at Rossbach the month before, Frederick was acutely aware that he was outnumbered and surrounded on all sides by most of Europe. That unnerving defeat at Kolin was still raw in his mind. His men may have been confident, but he wasn't. This might be his last battle. He had confided in one of his dragoon commanders that he wanted him to keep a squadron ready to act as a bodyguard in case he had to flee for his life.<br />
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Nevertheless, he had a plan. He was not going to march south to escape battle (as Charles thought he was doing), but to outflank the enemy and attack his weakest end. His scouts had reported that the southern flank was held by the most unreliable troops in the Allied army, the Bavarians and Württembergers, and, except for a few light battalion guns, was unsupported by artillery. Spending most of the morning getting his troops assembled around Borne, and making feints to the north, he achieved the deception he wanted. At about 11:00, from his vantage on the Schonberg, Frederick saw what he was waiting for. He noticed that the Austrians began to pull out several thousand troops (horse and foot) from the center of their line (these were the commands of Alpern and Serbelloni moving north to counter the perceived threat to the Austrian right flank--see above).<br />
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Frederick was like a soccer player lining up for a penalty kick, waiting to see the telltale sign of which way the goalie was going to lunge so he could kick to the opposite side. Charles was the goalie. And he lunged first. <br />
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Charles having moved his reserves north at about 11:00, Frederick now kicked the other way. He ordered his army south, not to retreat, as the Austrian staff was concluding, but to attack the southern flank of the long Austrian line. He was going to try his oblique attack again. The Prussian units, having assembled around and behind Borne, made a hard right turn, and for a couple of hours disappeared behind the low hills. Now these "hills"--Schonberg, Schmeideberg, Schelerberg, Sohpienberg--would never have been called that except by peasants who had never seen real hills. They were probably
no more than a ten or so feet in height (see image above; they are all in the center of that apparently flat plain). But ten feet was enough to conceal
marching men, even cavalry.<br />
<br />
In 1904, wondering about this in writing an official history of the battle,
officers of the Imperial German General Staff ran an experiment.
They stood approximately where they thought Charles and his staff would have
and had a cavalryman, carrying a large flag, gallop the length of Frederick's
route. Even using modern field glasses, the General Staff officers could not see any of him or his big white flag for the entire three miles. So it was
probable Frederick was able to conceal the true target of his southward march
in 1757, keeping the Austrians thinking he was merely withdrawing, until he showed up on their southern flank.
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But Frederick didn't share his plan with his men. As they marched southward, behind the hills, they were under the impression that they <i>were </i>running away from the battle. The happy Lutheran hymns stopped. That suited Frederick fine. The better to conceal their destination. And make the ruse more convincing. A lie works better when the liar believes it himself.<br />
<br />
When the head of the column reached the vicinity of the little hamlet of Kol-Wustung, a staff officer was there to direct them to make a hard left. Spirits lifted again. Everybody now knew what was going on now. They weren't running away. They were going to do to the Allies what the Allies had tried to do to them at Rossbach; an outflanking attack. But this time they were going to show them how real soldiers did it. Excitement was electric. However, Frederick now instructed the officers to keep the men from breaking out in song again.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">An Aside About Formations </span></span></h3>
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Much has been made of how Frederick's army was able to deftly execute the complicated maneuver of shuttling 37,000 troops for three miles over undulating, often broken terrain and having them all line up perfectly at their jumping off positions to the south of Leuthen.<br />
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Most of the narratives of the battle that I have read, including Brent Nosworthy's highly detailed description of 18th century formations and tactics, describe the maneuver of the Prussian Army as if it were on review at the Potsdam parade ground. While marching military formations are relatively rare today, anyone who has seen the marching bands in the Rose Parade (or who lives in a military dictatorship) knows what this looks like. The veteran company officers were supposed to keep perfect distance between the platoons in column so that, when they got to the designated launch point, all the stacked platoons had to do was wheel left in unison, like a gigantic set of louvered blinds, and, TA DA! they were instantly in line of battle. No adjustments necessary. This evolution was called "Processional Deployment." See the animation below for how this was supposed to have worked.<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #990000;"></span></b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><span style="color: #990000;"> The Processional Deployment</span></b> procedure from a column at full distance. The entire evolution would take about 45 seconds, assuming the column distances had been maintained throughout the approach march, and not counting for dressing ranks.</i></span><br />
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But the Leuthen battlefield, even though familiar to the Prussians from their annual wargames, was not a smooth parade ground. It was bumpy and criss-crossed with inconvenient ditches, streams, copses, hedges, cabbage patches, and bogs. While it is elegant to think of the Prussians demonstrating the essence of geometric warfare at Leuthen, my hunch is that the reality was much messier. As each platoon maneuvered over the rolling ground, negotiating all the etcetera, the idea of keeping perfect distance between them was ludicrous.<br />
<br />
I have a theory that another, simpler tactical evolution was in play: <br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #990000;"><b>Flank Marching from Close Columns</b></span><br />
More years ago than I will admit, when I was in Naval Officer Candidate School, one of the many "useless" skills we had to master was close order marching. Everywhere we went--to class, to the gym, to the mess hall, to the exchange, to the docks, back to the barracks--we were required to march in formation. If there were two or more of us going anywhere, we'd have to form up and move in close order. We practiced for hours, getting ready for the big parade at the end of every week when the whole battalion would assemble for inspection. <br />
<br />
I'm not sure what all this had to do with working on a modern warship, but the experience (and I'm sure many of you reading this who have been through boot camp, OCS, ROTC, military school, or even band, share it) made me appreciate the problem of getting a whole lot of people from point A to point B in a perfectly aligned formation...oh, and doing it while walking in cadence. (Actually walking in cadence makes it easier; something the Prussians discovered a quite a few years before Leuthen.) And one of the most useful and basic commands was "By the right flank, march!" (or "left flank" etc). This command would have everyone in the formation instantly turn in place (right, left, about face, oblique--45 degrees) and march in that direction. Flank marching would allow the company to march up right behind another company in the battalion, and without even halting, move right (or left) and then left (or right) again to move up to place itself in line. No need for the officers to preserve full distance between the platoons in column so they could hopefully wheel precisely into column. Flank marching took the guess-work out of moving men into position. <br />
<br />
I have studied so many 18th and 19th century tactical diagrams in which platoons and companies perform these cumbersome wheeling maneuvers to get from column to line, and I wondered if they just didn't do it the way it's done now, with the flank march. It would obviate the need to keep perfect distance between following platoons, and make deployment much simpler, even in the roughest terrain. And it was certainly far more intuitive that the processional method.<br />
<br />
In his book on the battle of Leuthen, Duffy cites eyewitness testimony by a Württemberg officer on the Allied flank that the Prussians moved into position in closed-up columns and "fanned" out into deployment when the columns were in position. Marching across all those miles of uneven terrain in close columns would have allowed them to cover the ground much more quickly, and at the same time, continue to deceive the observing Austrians as to their intentions. And the only way they could have done that would be by executing the flank march ("By the right flank march!") when they arrived at their deployment point and needed to get into line. In his earlier book, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Army-Frederick-Great-C-Duffy/dp/088254277X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1401474721&sr=8-1&keywords=The+Army+of+Frederick+the+Great" target="_blank"><i>The Army of Frederick the Great</i></a>, Duffy also describes this technique in detail, which Frederick describes as "<i>Deployiren en tiroir</i>" (a medley of German and French military language), a metaphor for pulling out the drawers of a cabinet.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><span style="color: #990000;">Deployiren en tiroir</span></b>: A Prussian infantry battalion moving from close column of divisions to line using the flank march method. Total time to change formation is approximately 1:20 minutes (not counting dressing ranks), assuming the troops are hustling at double time (120 yds/min)</i></span>. <br />
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The Prussians were highly trained in linear warfare. But my suspicion is that they were also very pragmatic in the field. Abraham Lincoln told a story about when, as a young man, he was drilling a local company of militia. He said that when he marched his men up to a gate in a fence, rather than issuing all the complicated commands to double ranks, wheel, etc. to get them through the gate, everybody would break ranks, run through the gate, and line up again on the other side. I would bet that this is the way the Prussians, for all their spit and polish, did it, too.<br />
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The other advantage of maneuvering in close columns, besides the ease of moving across rough terrain, was that, when viewed from ground level (or even a church steeple), the formation concealed the true strength, the enemy seeing only a platoon or two. It wasn't until the column was close up and started fanning out that its true strength was revealed. To the Austrian command, too, watching the Prussians march off to the southwest from Borne in close columns, they looked like columns of route, confirming their belief (or wishful thinking) that Frederick was avoiding battle today.<br />
<br />
There is a misconception that these kinds of close columns were not used as combat formations until the Napoleonic Wars; the well-known "columns of attack." But there is ample evidence that the Prussians at least were using them regularly for half-a-century prior.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Everything is Falling into Place</span></span></h3>
By about 13:00, after two hours of marching and getting all ready, the entire Prussian army was in position at right angles to the Austrian line, about 1,200 yards from the nearest Allied positions at Sagaschütz (see map at the top of this article). They formed the traditional two lines of 18th century battle formation: infantry in the center, cavalry on the wings, heavy artillery to the front. Today, Frederick had given his right wing commander, Zieten, in addition to 53 cavalry squadrons, 6 infantry battalions (two musketeers and four grenadiers) to provide a strong mixed force on his vulnerable right. This was a deployment reminiscent of the mixed force he had first experimented with at his first battle, <a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/02/mollwitz-1741.html" target="_blank">Mollwitz</a>, 16 years before, with somewhat less success. In front of this whole array, he also assembled an assault force of three battalions under General Wedell, supported by a battery of 10 heavy siege guns called Brummers, an onomatopoetic nickname from the deep boom they made. These would play a crucial role in punching a hole in the Allied left. <br />
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All this time, while Charles and his staff were still convinced that Frederick was on his way south, away from a confrontation, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=N%C3%A1dasdy_auf_Fogaras%2C_Franz_Leopold_von" target="_blank">Nadasdy</a>, commanding the Austrian left, including the shaky Imperial troops, saw with horror what was really happening. At first the Prussians seemed like only a few companies assembling near Schriegwitz--perhaps a rear guard. But as they started unpacking their dense columns he soon realized, with hair standing on the back of his neck, that this was the entire Prussian army, not a few isolated companies of rear guard. He sent frantic messages to Charles to recall the reserve (Arenberg and Serbelloni) from the north, or to send him any reinforcements (it was disputed by some of the German troops that he actually sent for help). Charles, too, realized his mistake and sent a recall order to Arenberg and Serbelloni. But the Arenberg's reserve corps was now over an hour-and-a-half away, up defending Nippern from grazing cows.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>View north from the final Prussian jump-off positions. The Leuthen church steeple can be see in the left distance. I am not sure where exactly this photo was taken from. Could that be Sagasch</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>ütz in the middle distance?. Photograph: <span style="font-weight: normal;"><span dir="auto">Krzysztof Dusza, 2004</span></span></i></span><br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Now, Coach?</span></span></h3>
Frederick's officers were chomping at the bit. It was now around 13:00 and Prinz Moritz of Anhalt-Dessau pointed out that they only had less than three more hours of daylight (sunset was at 15:55 at this latitude and date). But Frederick wanted to make sure everybody was ready. The last thing he needed was another Kolin, where his enveloping maneuver was not properly coordinated and was defeated in detail. But by 13:30, after giving some personal pep talks to the assault troops of Wedell's command, he gave the order to attack.<br />
<br />
Now here is where I have found some confusion about the nature of what happened next. Leuthen is supposed to be an example of what Frederick called his "oblique" or echelon method of attack. What this involved was a staggered line in which each battalion was about fifty yards ahead of the one on its left. The purpose of this was to allow a series of triphammer blows on the enemy. The refused battalions (the ones not yet engaged) would therefore be in a flexible position to either sustain a check to the right hand battalions or capitalize on their success. So the oblique order of attack always had a succession of fresh reserves.<br />
<br />
The confusion arises in how Frederick initially deployed his two lines. Several battle maps I have found show the staggered line (the echelon formation--like a staircase) from the beginning. Some show the line starting off straight and then becoming staggered as each succeeding battalion from the right started marching a little before the next. I have read other accounts that have the infantry marching obliquely, left foot crossing over the right in a kind of dance step in order to get to the enemy positions--a peculiar way to charge. It's hard to imagine 25,000 men doing this in unison without a misstep, regardless of how well trained they were.<br />
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I have a different, simpler theory (a more "obscure" one, perhaps?). If you look at the initial deployment, the Prussian line is facing in the wrong direction to its first intended target, Sagaschütz (see deployment map at the top of this article). If, however, each battalion in line were to wheel 30 degrees right, this would aim them in the direction of the target and automatically stagger the line in echelon. It seems logical to me that Frederick's staff officers, in setting the end points for the line as Kol-Wustung (on the left) and Shriegwitz (on the right), anticipated the echelon and speeded up the deployment. It is easier to line up dozens of battalions in a straight line than in echelon. When the order was given to march, each battalion simultaneously wheeled 30 degrees right and headed straight toward the enemy. The effect would be an automatic echelon--or oblique--attack. See map below.<br />
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">The oblique attack. Frederick's line all wheel as individual battalions 30 degrees and march straight ahead in echelon at the Allied salient. Few of them had to engage before the entire lot of Allied troops fled. </span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(This image protected by Digimarc watermark against unauthorized copying.)</span></i><br />
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Attack Begins.</span></span></h3>
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As Wedell's leading elements marched straight at their target (the little knoll on which the hamlet of Sagaschütz sat), the Croatian Pandours (put out front to act as a skirmishing screen for the main Allied line) fled almost without firing a shot. Hundreds of them scurried right back through the line of Württembergers in front of the village, and took many of those "regular" troops with them in the panic.</div>
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Colonel von Moller, the Prussian artillery commander, quickly moved his heavy Brummer battery onto the high ground opposite Sagaschütz (another one of those low "bergs," the Glanzberg) and started to blast the Württembergers from close range. All the latter had to answer with were their eight little three-pounder battalion guns, which were soon demolished by the heavy Prussian ordnance. The single heavy battery at Nadasdy's disposal was not available here. This was still unlimbered in front of the Bavarians farther west, confronting the 41 other big guns (12 pdrs, 24 pdrs and howitzers) that Moller had had unlimbered on the Judenberg. So the hooked Allied line was being raked from two sides by 51 heavy guns.<br />
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As Wedell's three battalions neared the woods and hill that the Württemberger's occupied, the latter's <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Roeder_Infantry" target="_blank">Roeder Regiment</a> got off one or two volleys but the Prussians kept coming. If truth be known, this is where religion revealed its inconvenient truth again. The Württemberger's--at least the rank and file--didn't have their heart in this war from the beginning. They had more affinity with their fellow Lutherans, the Prussians, than their Catholic allies, the Austrians. Württemberg officers admired and emulated their Prussian neighbors. Even their organization, their equipment, and their uniforms were almost identical to the Prussians. Most of them felt like they were on the wrong side in this war. So for Charles to have placed them and the Bavarians (also historic enemies of the Austrians) to guard his vulnerable southern flank was the acme of moronity. This is not even in hindsight: Frederick himself, acting on his superior intelligence, recognized that this flank was Charles' weak spot. He knew the Imperial troops would not stand (just as they hadn't at Rossbach).</div>
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The Roeder regiment was the only one of the Württemberg troops to even begin to fight. But as soon as they saw that their first volleys were not stopping the oncoming Prussians, they threw down their muskets and fled, almost instantly followed by all the other Württemberger and Bavarian troops in a cascade of panic. In seconds there was a general stampede. And the Prussians collected hundreds of prisoners, eager to surrender. The bulk of the Prussian line hadn't even been engaged yet.</div>
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Meanwhile, further on the right. Nadasdy personally led all of his cavalry (even his hussars, which usually didn't fight in pitched battles) against the Prussian right in an attempt to turn Frederick's flank. Unfortunately, not familiar with the ground and running into the unexpected infantry (Bevern's six battalions) on Zieten's flank, the Austro-Saxon cavalry were broken up and attacked in detail by Zieten's 53 heavy and hussar squadrons, who did know the ground intimately and could take advantage of every ditch, fold and copse. Quickly, all of the Allied cavalry was either killed, captured, or chased off the field along with their infantry.</div>
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Leuthen Falls.</span></span></h3>
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Having quickly wrapped up the Imperial infantry and cavalry, the Prussian line moved past Sagaschütz and onto the open ground between it and Leuthen. All Nadasdy had left were his 10 Austro-Hungarian infantry battalions, with which he tried to organize a counter-attack.But these were overwhelmed by the oncoming Prussian infantry and enfilading artillery on the Judenberg. Moller continued to move his heavy artillery aggressively and pushed his Brummers into Sagaschütz , where they pumped canister into the Nadasdy's battalions. <br />
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Von Moller's handling of the Prussian artillery at Leuthen is noteworthy. Traditionally, big guns were unlimbered into battery at the beginning of typical 18th century battle and not moved. The drivers and their teams were civilian contractors and once they had brought the guns into position, their contract was fulfilled and they withdrew to a safe spot. But Frederick had several hundred dragoons without mounts. Rather than letting them miss all the fun, he assigned them as grunt labor to manually haul the big guns <i><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--></i><i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">á</span></i> bricole</i>, pulling them with ropes and harnesses. This allowed Col. von Moller to move his guns with the infantry in close support, laying down fire immediately where it was needed. Indeed, he moved these heavy guns ahead of the infantry to engage the enemy line from close range, anticipating Senarmont's famous "artillery charge" at the Battle of Friedland 50 years later (a possible, future Obscure Battle I may cover). The Austrians, having left most of their heavy ordnance back in Breslau, had little to counter it.<br />
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Soon Nadasdy's remaining infantry was thrown back, retreating through Leuthen and creating a traffic jam ahead of it. Frederick's infantry moved inexorably on.<br />
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It was now about 15:00, less than an hour of daylight left. The Austrian command had been frantically trying to reface its army southward, using the village of Leuthen as its new strongpoint. Battalions were forming column and hurrying southward, struggling against the tide of fleeing men. One, the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Roth_W%C3%BCrzburg_Infantry" target="_blank">Rot (Red) Regiment of Würzburg</a>, the only other Imperial unit in the Allied army (and, apparently, the only one worth anything...at least to the Austrians), double-timed it into Leuthen and garrisoned the churchyard, furiously throwing up firing steps behind the rough stone wall.<br />
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Other Austrian battalions quickly worked to fortify the masonry buildings and barns, and a convenient drainage ditch on the north side of the town. The men of Arenberg's reserve command, who had been exhausted by long marches and counter-marches all day, were now lining up in the gardens of Leuthen village behind Serbelloni's remaining cavalry. These latter attempted a frontal charge on the Prussian infantry, but that proved to be foolhardy; the infantry were not intimidated and brought down scores of men and horses with controlled volleys. So Serbelloni, the last remnant of Nadasdy's right wing force, was forced to follow his fleeing troopers. He did, however, through this gallant sacrifice, buy enough time for Arenberg's eight battalions to get into position in the gardens of Leuthen.<br />
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Charles' staff also tried to move the only available batteries of heavy guns into the field below Leuthen to try and stop the oncoming Prussian infantry, but the mobs of fleeing men masked their field of fire. The only result of this was that several guns were dismounted by the Prussian artillery on the Judenberg and the guns themselves were overrun by Wedell's assault force.<br />
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Arenberg's force had just barely and breathlessly arrived in Leuthen when the main Prussian assault hit them. Some of the battalions didn't have room inside the village to deploy and so lined up behind their fellows. The <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Andlau_Infantry" target="_blank">Andlau </a>battalion, for instance, crowded in behind the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=De_Ligne_Infantry" target="_blank">Ligne </a>battalion and, in their panic, started to fire volleys into their backs, which I'm sure was not appreciated.<br />
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The Rot Würzburgers held their ground inside the churchyard, blasting away at the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Prussian_Grenadier_Garde" target="_blank">Prussian Garde Grenadiers</a> swarming around them. Their defense, and that of Arenberg's corps, was enough to grind the Prussian <i>blitzkrieg </i>to a halt for some time, giving their comrades up the line time to reform an east-west defensive position north of the town. It was mostly the Prussian regiments on the right of the line that engaged in close fighting in the town (right to left: <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Markgraf_Carl_Infantry" target="_blank">Markgraf Carl</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=M%C3%BCnchow_Fusiliers" target="_blank">Munchow</a>, <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=II._and_III._Garde" target="_blank">the Garde</a>, and <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Knobloch_Infantry" target="_blank">Pannewitz</a>). And it was these, too, which would sustain the greatest number of casualties in the entire battle.<br />
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Finally, after having bogged down exchanging gunfire with the Austrians in the barns and houses and behind the walls and hedges, some entrepreneurial junior officers of the Prussian Garde Regiment, stormed the eastern gate of the churchyard and broke through and swarmed into the enclosure, bayoneting right and left (inspiring several 19th century salon paintings commemorating the battle). At the same time, Prussian artillery brought up close blasted a breach in the south wall allowing more companies of the Garde to rush in. The brave Würzburgers, having shown their mettle long enough, escaped over the north wall.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>One of the many famous paintings of the storming of Leuthen by one of the 19th century's celebrated "salon" painters,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_R%C3%B6chling" target="_blank">Carl </a></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_R%C3%B6chling" target="_blank">Röchling</a>. This one is of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichard_Joachim_Heinrich_von_M%C3%B6llendorf" target="_blank">Capt. Mollendorf</a> leading the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=II._and_III._Garde" target="_blank">Third Battalion of the Garde</a> in a charge on the eastern gate.</i></span><br />
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Once the churchyard "fort" was taken, all other resistance in the town collapsed and the rest of Arenberg's battalions scrambled out of Leuthen and into a ditch on the north side of its outskirts. Though they lost the town, they achieved their mission, which was to stop the Prussian attack long enough for the rest of the army (which still outnumbered Frederick) to reorient its line from north-south to east-west. It also gave time for the Austrians to amass all of the rest of their guns into a large battery on the "hill" around the windmills north of Leuthen. <br />
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It was now getting close to 16:00 and the was setting (15:50) At this late date and under the cloudy skies, there would not be much twilight (official twilight ended at 16:39 for this location and date)so the light was going to be fading fast. If Frederick didn't quickly push forward his attack and destroy the rest of Charles' army, the battle would be a draw, which was something he wasn't prepared to live with.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Lucchesi Strikes. Then Driesen.</span></span></h3>
While the right-hand battalions of Frederick's line were busy fighting for Leuthen village, the refused left wing were maneuvering around the west side of the town to envelope the Austrian line forming beyond it. They were taking punishing fire from the massed Austrian battery around the windmills, which were, in turn, also taking rounds from von Moller's own massed guns on top of the adorably named Butterberg. Von Moller had also brought up his big Brummers to add to this formidable fire base, bringing the total Prussian tubes to 51 vs 24 Austrian 12 pounders and howitzers. The Prussians were just about ready to overwhelm the new Austrian flank.<br />
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Then something bad happened.<br />
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Seeking to save the day for his country, General Lucchesi, commander of Charles' right wing cavalry, saw in the dimming light a shining opportunity. The left wing of the Prussian infantry, in wheeling inward toward Leuthen, had left its flank completely unprotected. Seizing the moment, he moved his regiments south, first at a walk, then at a trot. Almost 6,000 heavy cavalry thundering down on the exposed flank of the Prussian infantry. It was almost too good to be true.<br />
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It was.<br />
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Lucchesi failed to notice one tiny detail; group of officers silhouetted by the setting sun on the crest of one of the knolls to the southwest (the Sophienberg to be precise). One of them was the fat Lt.Gen. Driesen, the others were the brigade commanders of his corps, 4200 of some of the finest heavy cavalry in Europe, hidden from view behind those damned, deceptive "bergs".<br />
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Driesen saw what was unfolding in slow motion, and without waiting for orders from his king (whose standing order was for cavalry to attack anything in front of them anyway), he waited until Lucchesi's cavalry had turned just opposite him. Then he ordered the surprise attack. And it was a nasty surprise indeed.<br />
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The distance was still such that some of the Austrian right hand squadrons were able to turn to meet the Prussian charge on their flank and rear. And when the first line hit, they held their own for a time. But then, after the Austrians momentarily pushed back the first Prussian line, Driesen's second line hit them. Then the homicidally maniacal "White" Hussars came in, swinging their razor-sharp scimitars. And finally, seeing his own opportunity to join the fun, the Prussian General Wurttemberg's own hussar division galloped up from the south, adding another 2400 sabers to the fight.<br />
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Lucchesi himself had been decapitated by a lucky (or unlucky, depending on your point of view) cannon ball early in the charge. So he was not able to lend his legendary charisma to rallying his squadrons. He was now really legendary. As more and more furious Prussians joined in, from regiments that had been humiliated at Breslau weeks before and were here for payback, the Austrians started to give way, first one at a time, then in small groups, and soon in one massive tide. They galloped for their lives straight back through their own infantry on the windmill hill, starting a chain reaction. The Prussian cavalry was in hot pursuit.<br />
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The entire Austrian army started to run back toward Breslau in the dark, leaving most of their guns. Nadasdy had rallied what was left of his command, his trusty Hungarian and Netherlandish infantry, to line the woods and guard the exit roads east of Leuthen, allowing thousands of Austrians to escape and holding off the pursuing Prussian cavalry. In the dark, the Prussians didn't know what force this was or how strong, so they stopped.<br />
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By this time it had really become too dark to see. And snow had started to fall again, further restricting visibility. <br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Game Called on Account of Darkness</span></span></h3>
It was about 17:00 and it was snowing heavily and dark as pitch. The victorious Prussians made themselves comfortable around all of the abandoned campfires the Austrians had abandoned, helping themselves to the generous provisions and singing more evangelical hymns of the "Nearer Mein Gott to Thee" variety. As I said, they must have been an insufferable lot.<br />
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Frederick, for his part, wasn't done. And wasn't in the mood for a sing-a-long. He realized he had an incomplete victory with the bulk of Charles' army making its escape back to to Breslau. He was also aware that his army had performed wonders that day. He was a tyrant, but not a "tyrant". So he called out for volunteers to go with him to chase the Austrians in the night. Three grenadier battalions, the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Rochow_Cuirassiers" target="_blank">Seydlitz Cuirassiers</a> #8, and a couple of gun detachments mounted up.<br />
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He got as far as the crossing of the Schweidnitzer stream at Lissa, a 200 yard long wooden bridge. The opposite side was covered by an unknown number of Austrian guns and troops. His own guns and grenadiers kept up a fire fight for an hour or so, but Frederick called it a night, satisfied that he had, at least secured the bridge. It had been prepared for burning, but all the straw piled up for that was wet with snow, so he had his grenadiers kick it all into the river.<br />
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So he went into the nearby <i>schloss </i>for the night, surprised that it was already filled with wounded Austrian officers, who thronged around him like a bunch of fans. Frederick was la rock star, even to his enemies, apparently. But by 19:00 the battle was finally over, even for the king.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Was Leuthen the Greatest Victory of German Arms?</span></span></h3>
Not if you were a German on the Allied side. But not even if you were a Prussian, either. Frederick himself, not known for self-aggrandizement, assessed Leuthen as his masterpiece and often referred to it later as the battle that best demonstrated all of his principles of war. It was certainly a clever maneuver (very much like Stonewall Jackson's outflanking maneuver at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" target="_blank">Chancellorsville </a>a century later) and the battle was indisputably a victory on the tactical level. The Austrians suffered a loss of 23,190 men (KWM), almost half their committed force as well as 131 guns. The Prussians paid a high price, too, with 6,382 KWM, or about 16% of their much smaller army.And the Prussian did get to eat the Austrians' dinner that night.<br />
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But strategically, while Leuthen allowed Frederick to end the campaign season with a win--like going into half-time with a touchdown (sorry for all the bad sports similes; it's because I'm an American and we like sports metaphors in our military history) it didn't stop the war. It did give him a small diplomatic win, at least. For much of 1757 it looked as though Prussia was about to lose the war, with one defeat after another and enemies closing in from all quadrants. But victory in the last two battles (Rossbach and Leuthen) at least kept Frederick in the game.<br />
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As for the Austrians, they took the defeat philosophically. Charles abandoned Breslau and fell back to Bohemia for the winter. But in the spring they were reformed, wiser, and back in the fight. Maria Theresa herself was forgiving and gracious with her troops, thanking them for their heroic stand. She fired her brother-in-law (graciously) and made Daun boss again. And we should also remember that the Austrians were dogged fighters. Historically they may have lost a lot of battles, but that made them stronger and tougher. The war went on for another five years, with Austria doing most of the heavy lifting on the Allied side and it left Prussia and Austria pretty much in the same place they had started (if broke). <br />
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To the German nation, however, Leuthen has ranked up there with Gettysburg (for the U.S.), Waterloo (for the U.K.) and Austerlitz (for France). For almost two hundred years, until Germany at last abandoned militarism as the source of its success, it was the symbol of the genius of the Prussian (and eventually the German) spirit.. This is why so many scenes of it have been painted, and the spectacle of pious Prussian soldiers singing hymns on the field of battle have persisted. They used it as propaganda during the Napoleonic Wars, during the rise of Bismarck and the unification of the Reich, and during WWI. The Nazis wantonly pimped the spirit of Leuthen in their own propaganda (even though Hitler himself was an Austrian). Frederick immediately milked it as propaganda for all it was worth, mostly to keep his only ally, Britain, in the war with him (and subsidizing him).<br />
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Leuthen was also used to perpetuate the myth of the invincible Prussian soldier, which ran into a brick wall in the form of the new French Army (the same he had humiliated at Rossbach) a generation later at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" target="_blank">Jena-Auerstedt</a>. But, ironically, it was the zenith of the Frederickan soldier. The battles of 1757 had so sapped Prussia's native manpower, its treasury, and its moral strength that the caliber of its army saw a steady decline in subsequent years of the war. More and more foreigners were impressed into its ranks. Shortcuts in equipment were forced by shrinking budgets. And, like the demise of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, the military stars that had led it earlier were being killed off, to be replaced by lesser talents.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tactical Lessons of Leuthen</span></span></h3>
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;">Intelligence</span><br />
The Prussians were fortunate in that Charles happened to fight them on ground they knew intimately. Ironically, at the earlier victory of <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Daun%2C_Count_Leopold" target="_blank">Marshal Daun</a> (Charles' chief-of-staff at Leuthen) at <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1757-06-18_-_Battle_of_Kolin" target="_blank">Kolin </a>that same year, it was the Prussians who attacked the Austrians on their own training grounds.<br />
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But beyond this, Frederick's collection and use of tactical intelligence was superior to Charles'. The Prussian King dispatched scores of young officers all over the area to observe and report back. This was how he found out the Austrians had come out of Breslau (he had expected to attack them in their trenches there). It was how he learned about their extended deployment. It was how he was able to discover their weak flank; his officers recognized the Bavarian and Württemberg regimental flags and knew about those troops' disaffection. Using this intelligence, Frederick was able to precisely find just where to hit Charles where it would hurt most.<br />
<br />
By contrast, Charles was criticized even by his own staff for not sending out scouts. Apparently he didn't trust what he couldn't see with his own eyes, which wasn't much on the rolling topography of Leuthen. He convinced himself (and his sycophants agreed) that the southward movement of Frederick's army at 11:30 was evidence of Frederick avoiding battle and not moving to attack his weak, southern flank. But he didn't send any scouts down there to follow up and see for themselves. It wasn't until the overwhelming din of the attack on his left that he reversed his convictions.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;">United Command</span><br />
Command structure was another area where the Austrians were fighting at a disadvantage. Charles, brother-in-law (twice over) to Maria-Theresa, brother to the Holy Roman Emperor, Francis I, had been appointed nepotistically, not for any military talent. His <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">resumé</span> </span>was long with experience, but mostly from a list of spectacular defeats (<a href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/03/chotusitz-1742_30.html" target="_blank">Chotusitz</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenfriedberg" target="_blank">Hohenfriedberg</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rocoux" target="_blank">Rocoux</a>). To make up for this, he was assigned Marshal Daun, the victor of Kolin, as his chief-of-staff. The idea was that Daun would be able to keep Prince Charles out of trouble. But the two men didn't like or listen to each other. Charles, being an aristocrat of the worst sort, was prone to listening to toadying staff officers and dismissing the reports of lesser nobles and especially commoners.<br />
<br />
This divisiveness at headquarters was compounded by the two wing commanders, Nadasdy and Lucchesi, who, though ferocious and able soldiers themselves, tended to fight their own battles on their separate wings. Officers in Nadasdy's command later complained that he saw the growing threat to the south without thinking to send off messenger to HQ.<br />
<br />
Frederick, however, being king and strong willed commander, kept a tight rein on his commanders. He was affable, frank, but strong willed. And his commanders evidently worshiped him, feeling totally at ease in his presence. He encouraged his officers to express their opinions and was definitely not a snob when those opinions came from commoners. Even Driesen and Wurttemburg, acting on their own at the end, were still acting on Frederick standing orders for cavalry; never hesitate to attack the enemy in front of you.<br />
<br />
This unity of command and a shared vision of the goal from subordinates was probably the single most decisive factor in the Prussian victory. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;">Dispersal vs Concentration</span><br />
The disorganization of all of the Austrian staffs was not helped by Charles' decision to disperse his already diminished force over so large a front (6 miles). Even thinning his infantry ranks from four to three did not help his troops cover the ground, and there were large gaps in the line (particularly around Leuthen itself). Even his contemporaries criticized the wisdom of spreading out your force in the presence of an enemy of unknown strength or intention. It meant that, if attacked on a flank (which he was), he would not be able to quickly reinforce the threatened sector. Daun, at least, had seen the wisdom of creating a centralized reserve (Arenberg and Serbelloni)--this is what saved the day at Kolin. But even this was squandered when Charles', reacting to Lucchesi's nervousness on the right, sent them all up to that wing--in precisely the wrong direction.<br />
<br />
The Prussians, again by contrast, concentrated their entire army in compact striking force. Even in maneuvering they condensed their columns to make them easier to manage and deploy. Frederick only kept the bare minimum (four battalions and some artillery) up by Borne to act as a fixing force.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;">The Oblique Attack</span><br />
Frederick's favorite tactic, the oblique attack, is the lesson most people draw from Leuthen. All it meant was to attack a weak flank of the enemy with overwhelming, local force, fixing the rest of the enemy's army with a smaller force (in Frederick's case, the three-an-a-half battalions of light infantry in front of Borne). But the real lesson was planning, control, and proper timing. The oblique attack had been attempted by him at Kolin and by the Franco-Imperial army at Rossbach, both with disastrous results. Stonewall Jackson had used an almost identical ploy at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" target="_blank">Chancellorsville </a>106 years later (being a professor at Virginia Military Institute, he was undoubtedly a student of Frederick). Both were only successful because they were done in secret and made on a clueless enemy that had left his flank in the air. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;">Echelon Order</span><br />
The real success of Frederick's (and later Jackson's) use of the oblique attack was the simultaneous use of the echelon formation. Each attacking unit was backed up on the flank and rear by fresh, supporting troops.This allowed greater flexibility in the assault, withholding successive units to either follow up a successful breakthrough (as happened with the Imperial troops around Sagaschütz) or provide an intact fallback in case of a check. Frederick was certainly not the first commander to use such tactics. He had, apparently, been inspired by the same tactic used by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epaminondas" target="_blank">Epaminondas </a>at the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leuctra" target="_blank"> Battle of Leuctra</a> over 2,100 years before.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;">The Importance of Strong Points</span><br />
The biggest thing that stopped Leuthen from being an overwhelming victory for Frederick was the village of Leuthen itself. Having swept away all opposition, the assaulting Prussian line stopped cold at Leuthen, which, with its mile-long east-west orientation and its stone buildings and walls, acted like a strong breakwater against the Prussian wave. Granted, the village was eventually taken, but it was costly (the majority of Prussian casualties in the entire battle occurred in the assault of the village of Leuthen itself). But it's defense by Arenberg's men and the Rot Würzburg Regiment also provided vital time for the bulk of the Austrian army to re-orient itself and assemble a grand battery of heavy guns on the windmill hill behind it.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;">Ammunition</span><br />
Frederick's army enjoyed an enviable supply system. While Austrian troops deployed with the cartridges they had on them (usually around 40), the Prussian army went into the battle with enough ammunition to supply its troops with up to 180 rounds per man. If your army is trained for fast firing and movement, it's important to make sure they're fed with cartridges frequently. Ammunition carts followed the advancing lines and musicians would make frequent runs back to the wagons to bring fresh rounds to their platoons.<br />
<br />
One of the main reasons for a regular unit to bolt and run is not that it's scared and has had enough (though this may be true), it's that it has run out of ammunition. To the defending Allied infantry, it must have seemed like the Prussians had unlimited supplies.<br />
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;">Wargame Considerations</span></span></b></h3>
<br />
To me, the main purpose of a wargame is as a laboratory experiment to test certain theories; a "what-if" exercise. Wargames whose rules are stacked in favor of the historic winner are not interesting, especially to the side who draws the historic loser. But that's just my cranky opinion. <br />
<br />
For Leuthen there are a few theories that might be worth test in different scenarios.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Concentration</span></span><br />
In light of the observations above about dispersal, one variant of a battle of Leuthen would be to allow the Allied (Austrian) player to concentrate his army in a tighter area. There is no tactical or strategic need to cover all the ground between Nippern and Sagaschutz. So it would be interesting to see if the Prussians would have been so successful.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;">Artillery</span><br />
The Prussians were very adept at moving and redeploying their superior artillery. A similar mobility might also be allowed the Austrians. It would also be interesting to see what the outcome would have been had Charles brought all of his heavy artillery with him out of Breslau.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;">Concealed Movemen</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">t</span></span><br />
The key feature of Leuthen was that Frederick was able to move his entire force in concealment. Unfortunately there is no concealment on a game board or sand table. So a rule that would allow the Prussian player to move pieces in secrecy (off board) beyond a certain range of Austrian units could simulate this. Another variant of this game technique is to provide the Prussian player with decoy markers, so that the Austrian player doesn't know which force is real, or how big it is. Using a variant like this would allow the Prussian player to keep the Austrian player guessing which flank (or even the center) he will attack. Both sides should be able to use "scout" markers or figures to reveal the presence of actual troops. This is similar to the old <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_%281964_game%29" target="_blank">AH Midway</a> game model.<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;">Orders of Battle</span></h2>
<br />
The following orders of battle are based on a number of sources: primarily on that of Simon Millar's book, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Rossbach-Leuthen-1757-Prussias-Resurgent/dp/1841765090/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1401862427&sr=8-1&keywords=Rossbach+and+Leuthen+1757" target="_blank"><i>Rossbach and Leuthen 1757: Prussia's Eagle resurgent</i></a><i> </i>and the <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1757-12-05_-_Battle_of_Leuthen" target="_blank">Kronoskaf </a>website. But they are refined from Duffy's works as well, particularly more realistic estimates of combat strengths. The strengths listed in the tables below are averages based on these estimates. Unit Codes refer to the eventual regimental seniority number in that country's army (in effect in Prussia by the SYW and not in Austria until 1769). Regiments were still referred to by the names of their <i>inhabers </i>(aristocratic sponsors) in 1757, but Duffy uses these codes to keep track of regiments in his narrative. The number after the decimal point indicates the battalion number for that regiment.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Key:</span></b><br />
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<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="32" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><b>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Regimental Coat Color</span></span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="32" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><b>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Facing Color</span></span></b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="32" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: deepskyblue; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><b>
Average Unit Strength</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="32" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #82c0ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"> <span style="color: cyan;">Number of Gun</span>s</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="32" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #82c0ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><b>
<span style="color: cyan;">Companies</span></b></span></td>
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</tbody></table>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--lFXMsAk0Fw/U465_fwIshI/AAAAAAAABOs/wTXbsxNTZ9c/s1600/Asutrian+1756+flag+1+inch.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--lFXMsAk0Fw/U465_fwIshI/AAAAAAAABOs/wTXbsxNTZ9c/s1600/Asutrian+1756+flag+1+inch.gif" /></a></div>
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<h3>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;">Austrians</span></span></span></h3>
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<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><b>
Regiment</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><b>
Regt #</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><b>
Strength</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><b>
Guns</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><b>
Coys</b></span></td>
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<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>
Prince Charles</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffe118; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>
55,354</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>
202</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Leopold Daun</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffe118; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Luzinsky</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffe118; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2,240</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Gradiskaner Pandours / 1</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #f6b26b;"><span style="background-color: #20124d;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
67.1</b></span></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Gradiskaner Pandours / 2</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #f6b26b;"><span style="background-color: #20124d;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
67.2</b></span></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="background-color: #0b5394;"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Szluiner Pandours /1 </b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
63.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="background-color: #0b5394;"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Szluiner Pandours / 2</b></span></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
63.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><b><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
von Arenberg</span></b></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: #ffe118; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></b></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><b><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
4,592</span></b></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
16 </span></b></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Los Rios </b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#008000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
9</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Konigsegg</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#0000a1" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
16</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #000061; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Saxe-Gotha</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#0000a1" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
30</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">d'Arberg</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
55</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 7 pdr Howitzers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
28</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #00a1e0; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Haller / 1st Bn</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00bfff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
31.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Andlau</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
57</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #000061; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Mercy</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#0000a1" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
56</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ff2259; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">de Ligne </span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff82c2" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
38</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>
Lucchesi</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffe118; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
3,973</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Spada</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1,131</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#008000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Erzherzog Joseph Dragoons </b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
D1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
377</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
13</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Erzherzog Leopold Cuir</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
C3</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
377</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
13</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Lucchese Cuirassiers </b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Cii</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
377</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
13</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Wollwarth</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
754</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Stambach Cuirassiers </b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
C10</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
377</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
13</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Lowenstein Cuirassiers </b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
C27</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
377</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
13</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><b>
Daun</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
754</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#008000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Benedict Daun Dragoons</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
D31</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
377</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
13</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Wurttemberg Dragoons </b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
D38</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
377</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
13</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="font-size: small;">Trautmannsdorf</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
754</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Anhalt-Zerbst Cuirassiers </b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
C25</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
377</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
13</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Serbelloni Cuirassiers </b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
C12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
377</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
13</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><b>
Esterhazy</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
580</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#00bfff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffe118; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: black;">Esterhazy Hussars</span> </b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
H24</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
290</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
10</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffe118; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Festetics Hussars #32</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
H32</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
290</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
10</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>
Kheul</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffe118; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>
12,664</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
44 </span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
Andlau</span></b></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></b></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
3,464</span></b></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
12 </span></b></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Kaiser / 1st Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 7 pdr Howitzers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
28</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Kaiser / 2nd Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Botta / 1st Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#0000a1" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Botta / 2nd Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#0000a1" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 7 pdr Howitzers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
28</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Neipperg / 1st Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00bfff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
7.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Neipperg / 2nd Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00bfff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
7.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: orange;">Bn 3 pdrs</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
MacQuire</span></b></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></b></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
2,876</span></b></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
10 </span></b></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Leopold Daun / 1st Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
59.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Leopold Daun / 2nd Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
59.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Puebla / 1st Bn</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
26.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 7 pdr Howitzers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
28</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Puebla / 2nd Bn</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
26.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #00a1e0; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Arenberg</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00bfff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
21</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
Starhemberg</span></b></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></b></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
4,004</span></b></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
14 </span></b></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Carl Lothringen </span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
3</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Waldeck </span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
35</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Wallis</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
11</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Pallavicini #15</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
15</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Kollowrat / 1st Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
`7.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Kollowrat / 2nd Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
17.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Baden Durlach </b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00bfff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
27</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
Angren</span></b></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></b></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
2,320</span></b></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
8 </span></b></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #000061; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Alt-Wolfenbuttel / 1st Bn</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#0000a1" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
29.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 7 pdr Howitzers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
28</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Alt-Wolfenbuttel / 2nd Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#0000a1" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
29.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Joseph Esterhazy / 1st Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
37.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: orange;">Bn 3 pdrs</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Joseph Esterhazy / 2nd Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
37.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 7 pdr Howitzers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
28</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><b><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
Colloredo</span></b></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
</span></b></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><b><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
8,008</span></b></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
44 </span></b></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
d'Arberg</span></b></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></b></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
572</span></b></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
10 </span></b></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #000061; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Nikolas Esterhazy / 1st Bn</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#4000a2" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
33.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #000061; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Nikolas Esterhazy / 2nd Bn</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#4000a2" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
33.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Thurheim </b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
25</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Kheul / 1st Bn</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
49.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 7 pdr Howitzers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
28</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Kheul / 2nd Bn</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
49.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
Puebla</span></b></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></b></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
572</span></b></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
10 </span></b></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #00a1e0; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Moltke</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00bfff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
13</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Hildberghausen / 1st Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
8.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 7 pdr Howitzers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
28</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Hildberghausen / 2nd Bn</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
8.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #004080; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Erzherzog Karl #2 / 1st Bn</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffe118" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #004080; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Erzherzog Karl #2 / 2nd Bn</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffe118" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 7 pdr Howitzers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
28</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">
Haller</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">
</span></b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">
3,432</span></b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">
12 </span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">
</span></b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #000061; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Deutschmeister #4</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#4000a2" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Rot Wurzburg </span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
RW</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #00a1e0; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Browne</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00bfff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
36</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: green; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Betheln </span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00a000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
52</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Harsch / 1st Bn</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
50.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Harsch / 2nd Bn</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
50.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><b>
Wied</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><b>
3,432</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
<b>12</b> </span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #000061; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Baden-Baden</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
23</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Gaisruck</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#0062e1" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
42</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Jung Wolfenbuttel / 1st Bn</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
10.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Jung Wolfenbuttel / 2nd Bn</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
10.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Harrach / 1st Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#4000a2" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
47.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="color: black;">Harrach / 2nd Bn</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#4000a2" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
47.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>
Serbelloni</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>
3,393</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Hohenzollern</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
754</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Anspach Cuirassiers </b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
C33</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
377</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
13</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Gelhay Cuirassiers </b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Ci</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
377</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
13</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Buccow</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1,131</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Kalckreuth Cuirassiers </b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
C22</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
377</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
13</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Erzherzog Ferdinand Cuir </b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
C4</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
377</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
13</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffe118; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Batthyany Dragoons #7</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
D7</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
377</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
13</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="font-size: small;">Starhemberg</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
754</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>O'Donnell Cuirassiers </b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
C14</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
377</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
13</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Schmerzing Cuirassiers </b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
C20</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
377</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
13</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Kollowrat</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
754</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Birkenfeld Cuirassiers </b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
C23</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
377</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
13</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Kollowrat Dragoons </b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
D37</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
377</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
13</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>
Nadasdy</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>
20,484</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
<b>50</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><b>
Forgach</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><b>
5,752</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
<b>20</b> </span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
H. Daun / 1st Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
45.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 7 pdr Howitzers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
28</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
H. Daun / 2nd Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
45.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Leopold Palffy </b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00bfff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
19</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Haller / 2ns Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00bfff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
31</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 7 pdr Howitzers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
28</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
MacQuire</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
46</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Luzan</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00c200" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
48</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Clerici</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
44</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Forgach</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00bfff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
32</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
A. Batthyani</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
34</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
J. Palffy</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
39</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#00a1e0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>
<span style="font-size: small;">d'Aix (Bavarians)</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00a1e0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#00a1e0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
<span style="font-size: small;">5,720</span></b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#00a1e0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>20</b></span> </span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00a1e0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffe118; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Kurprinz / 1st Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Kur.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c0c0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffff35; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffe118; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Kurprinz / 2nd Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Kur.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c0c0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffff35; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffe118; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Clemenz / 1st Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff8100" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Cle.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c0c0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffff35; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffe118; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Clemenz / 2nd Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff8100" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Cle.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c0c0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffff35; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Leibgarde / 1st Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
LG.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c0c0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffff35; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Leibgarde / 2nd Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
LG.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c0c0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffff35; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Morawitzky / 1st Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffe118" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Mor.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c0c0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffff35; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Morawitzky / 2nd Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffe118" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Mor.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c0c0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffff35; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Minucci / 1st Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffe118" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Min.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c0c0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffff35; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Minucci / 2nd Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffe118" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Min.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#c0c0c0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffff35; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#a11f12" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial Narrow; font-size: large;"><b>
<span style="font-size: small;">Spiznass--Wurttemberg</span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#a11f12" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#a11f12" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><b>
5,108</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#a11f12" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
<b>10</b> </span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#a11f12" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><b>
Roeder</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><b>
4,304</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">
8 </span></b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">
</span></b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Truchess / 1st Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffe118; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Tru.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
6</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Truchess / 2nd Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffe118; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Tru.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
6</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Roeder / 1st Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff82c2" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Roe.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
6</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Roeder / 2nd Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff82c2" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Roe.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
6</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Prinz Louis / 1st Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
PL.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
6</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Prinz Louis / 2nd Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
PL.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
6</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Garde zu Fuss / 1st Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
GzF.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
448</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
6</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Garde zu Fuss / 2nd Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
GzF.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
448</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
6</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Romann</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
804</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
</b></span>
<b><span style="color: red;">2</span></b></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Georgi Gren (Truchess/Roeder)</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff82c2" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Geo</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
268</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Plessen Gren (Pr Louis/Spiznass)</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Ple</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
268</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Rettenburg Grenadiers (Garde)</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Ret</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
268</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Spiznass / 1st Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Spi.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
6</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Spiznass / 2nd Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Spi.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: silver; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
6</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
O'Donnell</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1,508</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffe118; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Hesse-Darmstadt Dragoons </b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#626200" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
D19</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
377</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
13</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#0000ff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffe118; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Zweibrucken Dragoons </b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
D39</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
377</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
13</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Jung Modena Dragoons</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00bfff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
D13</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
377</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
13</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffe118; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Saxe-Gotha Dragoons</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00bfff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
D28</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
377</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
13</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Nostitz</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2,396</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#006000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffe118; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Prinz Karl Chvlgr (Saxon)</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
PK</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
348</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
12</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#006000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffe118; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Prinz Albrecht Chvlgr (Saxon)</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
PA</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
348</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
12</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#8f8f8f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bruhl Chvlgr (Saxon)</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00bfff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bru</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
348</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
12</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#00a000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Nadasty Hussars</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#2200a1" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffe118; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
H11</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
290</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
10</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#00a1e0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Dessewffy Hussars</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
H34</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
290</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
10</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Banalisten Pandours 1st Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
69</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Banalisten Pandours 2nd Bn</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
70</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
560</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>
Artillery</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>
644</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
<b>48</b> </span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Battery # 1 (12 pdrs)</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
140</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
10</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 7 pdr Howitzers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
28</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Battery # 2 (6 pdrs)</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
84</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
6</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
(12 pdrs)</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
56</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 7 pdr Howitzers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
28</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Battery # 3 (6 pdrs)</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
3</b></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
140</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
10</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 7 pdr Howitzers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
28</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Battery # 4 (6 pdrs)</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
84</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
6</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
(12 pdrs)</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
56</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#806210" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 7 pdr Howitzers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
28</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#ffe1b0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #20124d;"> </span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #20124d;"> </span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #20124d;"> </span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #20124d;"> </span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #20124d;">Prussians</span></span></h3>
<br />
<!--This file was created using Lotus 1-2-3 on 06/04/2014 at 03:13:07 PM-->
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<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="32" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><b>
Regiment Name</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="32" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><b>
Regt #</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="32" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><b>
Strength</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="32" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><b>
Guns</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="32" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><b>
Coys</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="59" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #00c1c2; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>
Frederick</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="59" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="59" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #00c1c2; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
38,800</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="59" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #00c1c2; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
125</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="59" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #00c1c2; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Angelleli</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2,100</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#626200" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Jagers zu Fuss</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #ffbf18; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
JzF</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
300</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
le Noble Freikorps</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#2181ff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
FB1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Kalben Freikorps</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#2181ff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
FB3</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Angelleli Freikorps</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#2181ff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
FB4</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
Wurttemberg, Avant Garde</span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2,294</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#0000ff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Warnery Hussars</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffe118" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
H3</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
444</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#c20000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Seydlitz Hussars</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
H7</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
666</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
18</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#bf4100" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Werner Hussars</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffe118" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
H6</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
740</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
20</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#808000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Szekely Hussars</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#808000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
H1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
74</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#0082bf" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Wurttemburg Dragoons</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
D12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
370</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>
Driesen</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
3,700</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#0082bf" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bayreuth Dragoons</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#800000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
D5</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
740</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
20</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffd0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Driesen Cuirassiers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffe118" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
C7</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
370</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffd0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Lieb Carabiniers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00a1e0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
C11</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
370</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffd0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Krockow Cuirassiers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffbf18" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
C1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
370</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffd0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Gessler Cuirassiers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
C4</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
370</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffd0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Schonaich-Carolath Cuir</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
C9</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
370</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffd0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Kyau Cuir</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff8100" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
C12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
370</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#0080ff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Puttkamer Hussars #4</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
H4</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
740</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
20</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>
Anhalt-Dessau</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
15,864</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
42</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Wedell</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
1,836</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
6</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Itzenplitz / 2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
13.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 6 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Meyerink / 1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
26.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 6 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Meyerink / 2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
26.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 6 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Geist</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
4,860</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
10</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Forcade / 1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
23.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 6 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Forcade / 2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
23.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 6 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Brunswick / 1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
5.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 6 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Brunswick / 2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff80" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
5.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 6 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
von Hacke Grenadiers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
G 3/6</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Shenckendorff Grenadiers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff00" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
G 35/36</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Diringshofen Grenadiers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
G 21/27</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Kurszell Fusiliers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
37</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 6 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Munchow</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
2,448</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
8</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1 Winterfeldt / 1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 6 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Winterfeldt / 2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 6 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Hagen / 1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
8.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 6 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Hagen / 2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
8.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 6 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><b>
Kahlden</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
3,060</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
10</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Pannewitz / 1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffe118" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
10.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 6 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Pannewitz / 2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffe118" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
10.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 6 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Kannacher / 1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
30.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 6 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Kannacher / 2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
30.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 6 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Grenadier Garde</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
6</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 6 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><b>
Brunswick</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
3,660</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
8</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Kremzow Grenadiers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
G 17/22</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Markgraf Carl / 1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
19.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 6 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Markgraf Carl / 2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
19.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 6 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Garde / 2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
15.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 6 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Garde / 3</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
15.3</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 6 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Unruh Grenadiers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
G 45/48</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Kleist Grenadiers </b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
G 4/16</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
12</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>
Forcade</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
6,692</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
16</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><b>
Oldenburg</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
3,060</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
8</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Kalckstein / 1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
25.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
628</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
8</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Kalckstein / 2</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
25.2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
8</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Pr Henry Fusiliers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff00" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
35</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
8</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Stehende Grenadier 1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
SG 1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Pr Ferdinand</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
34</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
8</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><b>
von Bulow</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
3,632</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
8</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Stehende Grenadier 6</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#e26200" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
SG 6</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Ostenreich Grenadiers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff60af" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
G 29/31</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Wurttemberg Fusiliers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
46</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
8</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Jung Braunschweig Fus</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffff00" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
39</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
8</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Munchow Fusiliers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
36</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
8</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Pr v Preussen</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff60af" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
18</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdr</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00004f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
8</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>
Zieten</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
7,338</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
4</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#2f2f2f" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><b>
Alt Krockow</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
3,922</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffd0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Friedrich Cuirassiers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#00bfff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
C5</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
370</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffd0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Schonaich Cuirassiers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
C6</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
370</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffd0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Seydlitz Cuirassiers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000061" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
C8</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
370</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffd0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Gensdarmes</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
C10</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
370</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#ffffd0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Gardes du Corps</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
C13</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
222</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
6</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#0082bf" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Stechow Dragoons</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffe118" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
D11</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
370</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#0082bf" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Krockow Dragoons</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
D2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
370</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#0082bf" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Cztettriz Dragoons</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
D4</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
370</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#0082bf" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Normann Dragoons</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
D1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
370</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#0000ff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Zieten Hussars</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
H2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
740</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
20</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><b>
Bevern</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
3,416</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
4</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: #ffff80; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Itzenplitz / 1</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
13.1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
8</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Asseburg</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
27</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
400</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bn 3 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
8</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Bornstadt Grenadiers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
G 13/26</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Heyden Grenadiers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
G 19/25</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Manteuffel Grenadiers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff82a0" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
G 37/40</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Wedell Grenadiers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#ff0000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
G 1/23</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
600</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><b>
von Moller</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
812</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
63</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#404040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Battery #1 (Brummers)</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
140</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
5</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Battery #2 12 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
180</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
15</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
5</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Howitzers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
28</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Battery #3 24 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
3</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
140</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Howitzers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
28</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Battery #4 12 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
4</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
120</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
5</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Howitzers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
28</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Battery #5 12 pdrs</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
5</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
120</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
10</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
5</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="216"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
Howitzers</b></span></td>
<td align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000040" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="117"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
28</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
2</b></span></td>
<td align="RIGHT" bgcolor="#000000" height="25" valign="MIDDLE" width="54"><span style="color: #5291ef; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>
1</b></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> References</span></span></span></h2>
<br />
I have relied on all of the following references in building this article on Leuthen, but the most detailed and revealing have been the books and links marked with a *.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Great-Magnificent-Robert-Asprey/dp/0595469000/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1364623177&sr=1-1&keywords=Frederick+the+Great%3A+The+Magnificent+Enigma" target="_blank">Asprey, Robert, "Frederick the Great: A Magnificent Enigma", Ticknor & Fields, ISBN 0-89919-352-8</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.emperorspress.com/home/books/prussia-s-glory" target="_blank">*Duffy, Christopher, "Prussia's Glory: Rossbach and Leuthen 1757", Emperor's Press, ISBN 1-883476-29-1</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Army-Frederick-Great-Christopher-Duffy/dp/188347602X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1364622649&sr=8-1&keywords=the+army+of+frederick+the+great" target="_blank">Duffy, Christopher, "The Army of Frederick the Great", Emperor Press, ISBN 1-883476-02-X</a><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Great-A-Military-Life/dp/0415002761/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1364623051&sr=8-1&keywords=Frederick+the+great%3A+a+military+life" target="_blank"><br /></a>
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Great-A-Military-Life/dp/0415002761/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1364623051&sr=8-1&keywords=Frederick+the+great%3A+a+military+life" target="_blank">Duffy, Christopher, "Frederick the Great: A Military Life", Routledge, ISBN 0-415-00276-1</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Maria-Theresa-Historic-armies-navies/dp/0715373870/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1364623117&sr=8-1&keywords=The+ARmy+of+Maria+Theresa" target="_blank">Duffy, Christopher, "The Army of Maria Theresa", Terence Wise, ISBN 0-7153-7387-0 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Great-Art-War-Luvaas/dp/0306809087/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401904964&sr=1-1&keywords=frederick+the+great+on+the+art+of+war+luvaas" target="_blank">Duffy, Christopher, "Instrument of War: The Austrian Army in the Seven Years War", Emperor's Press, ISBN 1-883476-19-4 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Military-Experience-Reason-Wordsworth-Library/dp/1853266906/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401905295&sr=1-1&keywords=Christopher+Duffy" target="_blank">Duffy, Christopher, "Military Experience in the Age of Reason," Atheneum, 1987, ISBN 0-689-11993-3</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Great-Art-War-Luvaas/dp/0306809087/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401904964&sr=1-1&keywords=frederick+the+great+on+the+art+of+war+luvaas" target="_blank">Frederick the Great, "The Art of War", Da Capo Press, 1999, ISBN 0-306-80908-7 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Greats-Army-Cavalry-Men-at-Arms/dp/1855321343/ref=sr_1_1_title_1_pap?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401906162&sr=1-1&keywords=Frederick+the+Great%27s+Army+1+Cavalry" target="_blank">Haythornethwaite, Philip, "Frederick the Great's Army 1 Cavalry", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-134-3 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Greats-Army-Infantry-Men-at-Arms/dp/1855321602/ref=tmm_pap_title_0?ie=UTF8&qid=1401906225&sr=1-3" target="_blank">Haythornethwaite, Philip, "Frederick the Great's Army 2 Infantry", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-160-2</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frederick-Greats-Army-Specialist-Men-at-arms-ebook/dp/B007UI2BS4/ref=sr_1_4?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401906397&sr=1-4&keywords=Frederick+the+Great%27s+Army+1+Cavalry" target="_blank">Haythornethwaite, Philip, "Frederick the Great's Army 3 Specialist Troops", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-225-0 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/Haythornethwaite,%20Philip,%20%22The%20Austrian%20Army%201740-80:%202%20%20Infantry%22,%20Osprey%20Publishing,%20ISBN%201-85532-418-0" target="_blank">Haythornethwaite, Philip, "The Austrian Army 1740-80: 1 Cavalry", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-415-6 </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Austrian-Army-1740-80-Infantry-Men-at-Arms/dp/1855324180/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401905692&sr=1-2&keywords=The+Austrian+Army+1740-80%3A+3" target="_blank">Haythornethwaite, Philip, "The Austrian Army 1740-80: 2 Infantry", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-418-0</a><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Austrian-Army-1740-80-Specialist-Men-At-Arms/dp/1855325276/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401905692&sr=1-1&keywords=The+Austrian+Army+1740-80%3A+3" target="_blank"><br /></a>
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Austrian-Army-1740-80-Specialist-Men-At-Arms/dp/1855325276/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401905692&sr=1-1&keywords=The+Austrian+Army+1740-80%3A+3" target="_blank">Haythornethwaite, Philip, "The Austrian Army 1740-80: 3 Specialist Troops", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-4180</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ospreypublishing.com/store/Rossbach-and-Leuthen-1757_9781841765099" target="_blank"><br /></a><a href="http://www.ospreypublishing.com/store/Rossbach-and-Leuthen-1757_9781841765099" target="_blank">*Millar, Simon "Rossbach andLeuthen 1757: Prussia's Eagle resurgent", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84176-509-0</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Anatomy-Victory-Battle-Tactics-1689-1763/dp/0870520148/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1364623218&sr=1-1&keywords=The+anatomy+of+victory" target="_blank">*Nosworthy, Brent, "The Anatomy of Victory: Battle Tactics 1689-1763" Hippocrene, ISBN0-87052-785-1</a><br />
<br />
Wikipedia: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leuthen">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leuthen</a><br />
<br />
*Kronoskaf: <a href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Main_Page">http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Main_Page</a><br />
<br />
Kronoskaf is, in my experience, and hands down, the best source online for information about the Seven Years War. Virtually every regiment of every country, every battle, every major personality is covered.<br />
<i><br /></i>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><i>©
</i></span></span>Copyright 2014, Jeffery
P. Berry Trust, all rights reserved. No part of this post may be used
for re-publication or re-posting without documented permission of the
Jeffery P. Berry Trust. However, feel free to link to this site as a
resource from related sites.</i></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />Jeff Berryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09188876209461291938noreply@blogger.com15